Slope_and_Intercept.py

# Slope and Intercept
# Find The Slope
'''
The slope is defined as how much calorie burnage increases, if average pulse increases by one. It tells us how "steep" the diagonal line is.
We can find the slope by using the proportional difference of two points from the graph.
If the average pulse is 80, the calorie burnage is 240
If the average pulse is 90, the calorie burnage is 260
We see that if average pulse increases with 10, the calorie burnage increases by 20.  
'''
  # slope = 20/10 = 2 ==> The slope is 2.
  # Mathematically, Slope is Defined as: Slope = f(x2) - f(x1) / x2-x1
'''
    f(x2) = Second observation of Calorie_Burnage = 260
    f(x1) = First observation of Calorie_Burnage = 240
    x2 = Second observation of Average_Pulse = 90
    x1 = First observation of Average_Pulse = 80
'''
  # Slope = (260-240) / (90-80) = 2 => Be consistent to define the observations in the correct order! If not, the prediction will not be correct!

# Use Python to find the Slope
 # - Calculate the slope with the following code:
 # Ví dụ:
def slope(x1,y1, x2,y2):
    s = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
    return s
print(slope(80,240,90,260))

# Find the Intercept
 # - The intercept is used to fine tune the functions ability to predict Calorie_Burnage.
 # - The intercept is where the diagonal line crosses the y-axis, if it were fully drawn. 
 # - The intercept is the value of y, when x = 0.
'''
Does it make sense that average pulse is zero?
No, you would be dead and you certainly would not burn any calories.
However, we need to include the intercept in order to complete the mathematical function's ability to predict Calorie_Burnage correctly.
'''
'''
Other examples where the intercept of a mathematical function can have a practical meaning:
Predicting next years revenue by using marketing expenditure (How much revenue will we have next year, if marketing expenditure is zero?). It is likely to assume that a company will still have some revenue even though if it does not spend money on marketing.
Fuel usage with speed (How much fuel do we use if speed is equal to 0 mph?). A car that uses gasoline will still use fuel when it is idle.
'''

# Find the Slope and Intercept Using Python
 # - The  np.polyfit()  function returns the slope and intercept.
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
health_data = pd.read_csv('data-calculate-slope-and-intercept.csv', header=0, sep=',')
x = health_data['Average_Pulse']
y = health_data['Calorie_Burnage']
slope_intercept = np.polyfit(x,y,1) # 1 means the degree of the function
print(slope_intercept)
'''
Example Explained:
Isolate the variables Average_Pulse (x) and Calorie_Burnage (y) from health_data.
Call the np.polyfit() function.
The last parameter of the function specifies the degree of the function, which in this case is "1".
'''

'''
Tip: linear functions = 1.degree function. In our example, the function is linear, which is in the 1.degree. That means that all coefficients (the numbers) are in the power of one.
'''

'''
We have now calculated the slope (2) and the intercept (80). We can write the mathematical function as follow:
Predict Calorie_Burnage by using a mathematical expression:
'''
 # f(x) = 2x + 80
'''
 Task:
Now, we want to predict calorie burnage if average pulse is 135.
Remember that the intercept is a constant. A constant is a number that does not change.
We can now substitute the input x with 135:
'''
 # f(135) = 2 * 135 + 80 = 350 => If average pulse is 135, the calorie burnage is 350.
 
# Define the Mathematical Function in Python
 # Ví dụ:
def my_function(x):
    return 2 *x + 80
print(my_function(135))

 # Another Task: Try to replace x with 140 and 150.
def my_function(x):
    return 2*x + 80
print(my_function(140))

def my_function(x):
    return 2*x + 80
print(my_function(150))

# Plot a New Graph in Python
 # - Here, we plot the same graph as earlier, but formatted the axis a little bit.
 # Max value of the y-axis is now 400 and for x-axis is 150:
 # Ví dụ:
  # Three lines to make our compiler able to draw
# import sys
# import matplotlib
# matplotlib.use('Agg') # Giá trị AGG viết tắt của "Anti-Grain Geometry", được thiết kế trong môi trường ko có giao diện đồ họa => ko chạy được ra hình ảnh

import pandas as pd 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
health_data = pd.read_csv('data-linear-functions.csv', header=0, sep=',')
health_data.plot(x ='Average_Pulse', y='Calorie_Burnage', kind='line')

# Tiêu đề và nhãn trục
plt.title('Average Pulse vs Calorie Burnage')
plt.xlabel('Average Pulse')
plt.ylabel('Calorie Burnage')

plt.xlim(xmin=0)
plt.ylim(ymin=0)
plt.show()
  # Two lines to make our compiler able to draw(In ra nhị phân trong VScode)
  # plt.savefig(sys.stdout.buffer)
  # sys.stdout.flush()
'''
Example Explained
Import the pyplot module of the matplotlib library
Plot the data from Average_Pulse against Calorie_Burnage
kind='line' tells us which type of plot we want. Here, we want to have a straight line
plt.ylim() and plt.xlim() tells us what value we want the axis to start and stop on.
plt.show() shows us the output
'''