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Vogel was featured in the first episode of In Search Of... hosted by Leonard Nimoy, called "Other Voices". He gave his theories regarding the possibility of communication between plants. | 0 | Luminescence |
Some sperm banks enable recipients to choose the sex of their child, through methods of sperm sorting. Although the methods used do not guarantee 100% success, the chances of being able to select the gender of a child are held to be considerably increased.
One of the processes used is the swim up method, whereby a sper... | 1 | Cryobiology |
* Tooth organoid (TO) (see also tooth regeneration)
* Thyroid organoid
* Thymic organoid
::Thymic organoids recapitulate at least partly the architecture and stem-cell niche functionality of the thymus, which is a lymphoid organ where T cells mature. Thymic organoids have been generated through the seeding of thymic st... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In molecular biology and biochemistry, glycoconjugates are the classification family for carbohydrates – referred to as glycans – which are covalently linked with chemical species such as proteins, peptides, lipids, and other compounds. Glycoconjugates are formed in processes termed glycosylation.
Glycoconjugates are v... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Reverse osmosis is a more economical way to concentrate liquids (such as fruit juices) than conventional heat-treatment. Concentration of orange and tomato juice has advantages including a lower operating cost and the ability to avoid heat-treatment, which makes it suitable for heat-sensitive substances such as protein... | 5 | Separation Processes |
In April 2014, a team of scientists led by Anthony Atala reported that they had successfully transplanted laboratory-grown vaginas into four female teenaged girls with a rare medical condition called Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome that causes the vagina to develop improperly, or sometimes not at all. Between ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
EFDA (1999 — 2013) has been followed by EUROfusion, which is a consortium of national fusion research institutes located in the European Union and Switzerland.
The European Union has a strongly coordinated nuclear fusion research programme. At the European level, the so-called [http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/in... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The alpha process, also known as alpha capture or the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements. The other class is a cycle of reactions called the triple-alpha process, which consumes only helium, and produces carbon. The alpha process most comm... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Acid attacks are common in Vietnam. Most victims are female. While the issue in other Asian countries like Cambodia, India and Pakistan is constantly monitored by domestic and transnational organizations, the situation in Vietnam is rather off the radar. Official statistics on acid attacks in the country are hard to re... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
In 1946, some maple syrup producers started using RO to remove water from sap before boiling the sap to syrup. RO allows about 75–90% of the water to be removed, reducing energy consumption and exposure of the syrup to high temperatures. | 5 | Separation Processes |
* Stilbene will typically have the chemistry of a diarylethene, a conjugated alkene.
* Stilbene can undergo photoisomerization under the influence of UV light.
* Stilbene can undergo stilbene photocyclization, an intramolecular reaction.
* (Z)-Stilbene can undergo electrocyclic reactions. | 0 | Luminescence |
In 1960 John Nuckolls published the concept of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The laser, introduced the same year, turned out to be a suitable "driver".
In 1961 the Soviet Union tested its 50 megaton Tsar Bomba, the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever.
Spitzer published a key plasma physics text at Princeton in... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Polyols are found naturally in mushrooms, some fruit (particularly stone fruits), including apples, apricots, avocados, blackberries, cherries, lychees, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, watermelon, and in some vegetables, including cauliflower, snow peas, and mange-tout peas. Cabbage, chicory, and fennel cont... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Luminescence in a semiconductor results when an electron in the conduction band recombines with a hole in the valence band. The difference energy (band gap) of this transition can be emitted in form of a photon. The energy (color) of the photon, and the probability that a photon and not a phonon will be emitted, depend... | 0 | Luminescence |
Strontium aluminates are considered non-toxic, and are biologically and chemically inert.
Care should be used when handling loose powder, which can cause irritation if inhaled or exposed to mucous membranes. | 0 | Luminescence |
A detailed account of the history of spin glasses from the early 1960s to the late 1980s can be found in a series of popular articles by Philip W. Anderson in Physics Today. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Chloroauric acid is the precursor used in the purification of gold by electrolysis.
Liquid–liquid extraction of chloroauric acid is used for the recovery, concentrating, purification, and analytical determinations of gold. Of great importance is the extraction of from hydrochloric medium by oxygen-containing extractan... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
One study conducted by investigators at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill looked into donated sperm utilization within the United States from 1995 to 2017. Cross-sectional studies recorded that an estimated 170,701 individuals during 1995 used donated sperm, while the 2011 to 2013 cohort had a decreased amou... | 1 | Cryobiology |
At the beginning of the Society, it was agreed that there would be Continental Chapters of TERMIS, initially TERMIS-North America (TERMIS-NA) and TERMIS-Europe (TERMIS-EU), to be joined at the time of the major Shanghai conference in October 2005 by TERMIS-Asia Pacific (TERMIS-AP). It was subsequently agreed that the r... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R2 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene and isobutylene from C4 raffinate stream and which mainly consists of cis- or trans-2-butene 50~60 wt%, 1-butene 10~15 wt%, and n-butane ~20 wt%. Normally C4R2 is a side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if C4R1 is used... | 5 | Separation Processes |
During the more than 80 years of technical development of sensor-based ore sorting equipment, various types of machines have been developed. This includes the channel-type, bucket-wheel type and cone type sorters. The main machine types being installed in the mining industry today are belt-type and chute-type machines.... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Eletrospraying is used to create alginate spheres by pumping an alginate solution through a needle. A source of high voltage usually provided by a clamp attached to the needle is used to generate an electric potential with the alginate falling from the needle tip into a solution that contains a ground. Calcium chlorid... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Lactulose is a disaccharide formed from one molecule each of the simple sugars (monosaccharides) fructose and galactose. Lactulose is not normally present in raw milk, but is a product of heat processes: the greater the heat, the greater amount of this substance (from 3.5 mg/L in low-temperature pasteurized milk to 744... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Machine perfusion (MP) is a technique used in organ transplantation as a means of preserving the organs which are to be transplanted.
Machine perfusion has various forms and can be categorised according to the temperature of the perfusate: cold (4 °C) and warm (37 °C). Machine perfusion has been applied to renal transp... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Industrial separation processes are technical procedures which are used in industry to separate a product from impurities or other products. The original mixture may either be a natural resource (like ore, oil or sugar cane) or the product of a chemical reaction (like a drug or an organic solvent). | 5 | Separation Processes |
Trehalose (from Turkish tıgala – a sugar derived from insect cocoons + -ose) is a sugar consisting of two molecules of glucose. It is also known as mycose or tremalose. Some bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrate animals synthesize it as a source of energy, and to survive freezing and lack of water.
Extracting treha... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
, where is the enthalpy of the liquid and is the enthalpy of the vapour
By substituting the mass balance equation in above equation we get the following expression: | 5 | Separation Processes |
In scientific literature, the term "carbohydrate" has many synonyms, like "sugar" (in the broad sense), "saccharide", "ose", "glucide", "hydrate of carbon" or "polyhydroxy compounds with aldehyde or ketone". Some of these terms, especially "carbohydrate" and "sugar", are also used with other meanings.
In food science a... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Pure organochlorides like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) do not absorb any light above 220 nm. The initiation of photo-oxidation is instead caused by various irregularities in the polymer chain, such as structural defects as well as hydroperoxides, carbonyl groups, and double bonds.
Hydroperoxides formed during processing a... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The fluorophore absorbs light energy of a specific wavelength and re-emits light at a longer wavelength. The absorbed wavelengths, energy transfer efficiency, and time before emission depend on both the fluorophore structure and its chemical environment, since the molecule in its excited state interacts with surroundin... | 0 | Luminescence |
Peptide therapeutics such as are attractive for their high specificity and potency, but they often have poor pharmacokinetic profiles due to their degradation by serum proteases. Though O-GlcNAc is generally associated with intracellular proteins, it has been found that engineered peptide therapeutics modified by O-Glc... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Ignition should not be confused with breakeven, a similar concept that compares the total energy being given off to the energy being used to heat the fuel. The key difference is that breakeven ignores losses to the surroundings, which do not contribute to heating the fuel, and thus are not able to make the reaction sel... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
An example that illustrates nuclear binding energy is the nucleus of C (carbon-12), which contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The protons are all positively charged and repel each other, but the nuclear force overcomes the repulsion and causes them to stick together. The nuclear force is a close-range force (it is stron... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Pregnancy rate may be defined in various ways. In the United States, SART and the Centers for Disease Control (and appearing in the table in the Success Rates section above) include statistics on positive pregnancy test and clinical pregnancy rate.
The 2019 summary compiled by the SART the following data for non-donor ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The waste discharge can be used as land stabilizer as dry bio-solids that can be distributed to the market. The land stabilizer is used in reclaiming marginal land such as mining waste land. This process will help to restore the land to its initial appearance. | 5 | Separation Processes |
In chemistry, recrystallization is a procedure for purifying compounds. The most typical situation is that a desired "compound A" is contaminated by a small amount of "impurity B". There are various methods of purification that may be attempted (see Separation process), recrystallization being one of them. There are al... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Microscopic algae that can tolerate extremely cold temperatures can survive in snow, ice, and very cold seawater. On snow, cold-tolerant algae can bloom on the snow surface covering land, glaciers, or sea ice when there is sufficient light. These snow algae darken the surface of the snow and can contribute to snow melt... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In a ferromagnet, the magnitude of the magnetization at each spacetime point is approximated by the saturation magnetization (although it can be smaller when averaged over a chunk of volume). The Landau-Lifshitz equation, a precursor of the LLG equation, phenomenologically describes the rotation of the magnetization ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Cold-adapted arctic frogs, such as wood frogs, and some other ectotherms in polar and subpolar regions naturally produce glucose, but southern brown tree frogs and Arctic salamanders create glycerol in their livers to reduce ice formation.
When glucose is used as a cryoprotectant by arctic frogs, massive amounts of glu... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Ions can be created by electrons formed in high-frequency electromagnetic field. The discharge is formed in a tube located between electrodes, or inside a coil. Over 90% proportion of atomic ions is achievable. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Transportable semi-mobile installations have gained increasing popularity in the last two decades. They are enabled by the fact that complete sensor-based sorting systems are relatively compact in relation to the capacity in tonnes per hour. This is mainly because little infrastructure is needed. The picture shows a co... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Trehalose is a disaccharide formed by a bond between two α-glucose units. It is found in nature as a disaccharide and also as a monomer in some polymers. Two other isomers exist, α,β-trehalose, otherwise known as neotrehalose, and β,β-trehalose (also referred to as isotrehalose). Neotrehalose has not been isolated fro... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Besides being a source of energy, few other functions have been described for galactogen in the snail eggs, and all of them are related to embryo defense and protection. Given that carbohydrates retain water, the high amount of this polysaccharide would protect the eggs from desiccation from those snails that have aeri... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In atherosclerosis, a severe disease in modern society, coronary blood vessels occlude. These vessels have to be freed and held open i.e. by stents. Unfortunately after certain time these vessels close again and have to be bypassed to allow for upkeep of circulation. Usually autologous vessels from the patient or synth... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Luminescence is the "spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically excited species (or from a vibrationally excited species) not in thermal equilibrium with its environment", according to the IUPAC definition. A luminescent object is emitting "cold light", in contrast to "incandescence", where an object only... | 0 | Luminescence |
Fluorescent paints glow when exposed to short-wave ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These UV wavelengths are found in sunlight and many artificial lights, but the paint requires a special black light to view so these glowing-paint applications are called black-light effects. Fluorescent paint is available in a wide range o... | 0 | Luminescence |
The Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 (asp 4) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament to consolidate and overhaul previous legislation regarding the handling of human tissue.
It deals with three distinct uses of human tissue: its donation primarily for the purpose of transplantation, but also for research, education or tra... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Viaspan was the trademark under which the University of Wisconsin cold storage solution (also known as University of Wisconsin solution or UW solution) was sold. Currently, UW solution is sold under the Belzer UW trademark and others like Bel-Gen or StoreProtect. UW solution was the first solution designed for use in ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Ferrimagnetic materials have high resistivity and have anisotropic properties. The anisotropy is actually induced by an external applied field. When this applied field aligns with the magnetic dipoles, it causes a net magnetic dipole moment and causes the magnetic dipoles to precess at a frequency controlled by the app... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Plants in temperate and polar regions adapt to winter and sub zero temperatures by relocating nutrients from leaves and shoots to storage organs. Freezing temperatures induce dehydrative stress on plants, as water absorption in the root and water transport in the plant decreases. Water in and between cells in the plant... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The Zeeman energy is the interaction energy between the magnetization and any externally applied field. It's written as:
where H is the applied field and µ is the vacuum permeability.
The Zeeman energy favors alignment of the magnetization parallel to the applied field. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The most famous cold fusion claims were made by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann in 1989. After a brief period of interest by the wider scientific community, their reports were called into question by nuclear physicists. Pons and Fleischmann never retracted their claims, but moved their research program from the US ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The MIRAGE reporting guidelines provide essential frameworks for subsequent projects related with the development of both software tools for the analysis of experimental glycan data and databases for the deposition of interaction analysis data (e.g. from glycan microarray experiments) and structural analysis data (e.g.... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Genetic disorders are often an issue within captive populations due to the fact that the populations are usually established from a small number of founders. In large, outbreeding populations, the frequencies of most deleterious alleles are relatively low, but when a population undergoes a bottleneck during the foundi... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Carbohydrate chemistry is a large and economically important branch of organic chemistry. Some of the main organic reactions that involve carbohydrates are:
* Amadori rearrangement
* Carbohydrate acetalisation
* Carbohydrate digestion
* Cyanohydrin reaction
* Koenigs–Knorr reaction
* Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transf... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In 1989, after Fleischmann and Pons had made their claims, many research groups tried to reproduce the Fleischmann-Pons experiment, without success. A few other research groups, however, reported successful reproductions of cold fusion during this time. In July 1989, an Indian group from the Bhabha Atomic Research Cent... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The exchange energy is a phenomenological continuum description of the quantum-mechanical exchange interaction. It is written as:
where A is the exchange constant; m, m and m are the components of m;
and the integral is performed over the volume of the sample.
The exchange energy tends to favor configurations where the... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
When no external field is applied, the antiferromagnetic structure corresponds to a vanishing total magnetization. In an external magnetic field, a kind of ferrimagnetic behavior may be displayed in the antiferromagnetic phase, with the absolute value of one of the sublattice magnetizations differing from that of the o... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The categorization of amylopectin began with the first observation in starch in 1716 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, where he differentiated starch into two fundamental structural components.
The terms amylose and amylopectin where not coined until 1906, by French researchers Maquenee and Roux in the course of an examinati... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In a horizontal sedimentation tank, some particles may not follow the diagonal line in Fig. 1, while settling faster as they grow. So this says that particles can grow and develop a higher settling velocity if a greater depth with longer retention time. However, the collision chance would be even greater if the same re... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Various biomaterials, whether they are biological, synthetic, or a combination of both, can be used to create scaffolds, which when implanted in a human body can promote host tissue regeneration. First, cells from the patient in which the scaffold will be implanted in are harvested. These cells are expanded and seeded... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
One of the greatest obstacles in sonoluminescence research has been trying to obtain measurements of the interior of the bubble. Most measurements, like temperature and pressure, are indirectly measured using models and bubble dynamics. | 0 | Luminescence |
Intestinal organoids grown from rectal biopsies using culture protocols established by the Clevers group have been used to model cystic fibrosis, and led to the first application of organoids for personalised treatment. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that is caused by gene mutations of the cystic fibrosis tran... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The Frozen Ark is a charitable frozen zoo project created jointly by the Zoological Society of London, the Natural History Museum and University of Nottingham. The project aims to preserve the DNA and living cells of endangered species to retain the genetic knowledge for the future. The Frozen Ark collects and stores s... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Carnobacterium pleistocenium is a recently discovered bacterium from the arctic part of Alaska. It was found in permafrost, seemingly frozen there for 32,000 years. Melting the ice, however, brought these extremophiles back to life. This is the first case of an organism "coming back to life" from ancient ice. These... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Methanediol, also known as formaldehyde monohydrate or methylene glycol, is an organic compound with chemical formula . It is the simplest geminal diol. In aqueous solutions it coexists with oligomers (short polymers). The compound is closely related and convertible to the industrially significant derivatives paraforma... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Endangered animal species and breeds are preserved using similar techniques. Animal species can be preserved in genebanks, which consist of cryogenic facilities used to store living sperm, eggs, or embryos. For example, the Zoological Society of San Diego has established a "frozen zoo" to store such samples using cryop... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In polymer chemistry photo-oxidation (sometimes: oxidative photodegradation) is the degradation of a polymer surface due to the combined action of light and oxygen. It is the most significant factor in the weathering of plastics. Photo-oxidation causes the polymer chains to break (chain scission), resulting in the mate... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
From a study of lithium abundances in 53 T Tauri stars, it has been found that lithium depletion varies strongly with size, suggesting that lithium burning by the P-P chain, during the last highly convective and unstable stages during the pre–main sequence later phase of the Hayashi contraction may be one of the main s... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The Pyrenean ibex went extinct in 2000. In 2003 frozen cells from the last one (a female killed by a falling branch) were used to clone 208 embryos, of which 7 successfully implanted in goats, and one made it to term. That one ibex died of respiratory failure just after birth; quite possibly as a result of the cloning ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Candoluminescence is the light given off by certain materials at elevated temperatures (usually when exposed to a flame) that has an intensity at some wavelengths which can, through chemical action in flames, be higher than the blackbody emission expected from incandescence at the same temperature. The phenomenon is no... | 0 | Luminescence |
The process efficiency of sensor-based ore sorting is described in detail by C. Robben in 2014. The total process efficiency is subdivided into the following sub-process efficiencies; Platform efficiency, preparation efficiency, presentation efficiency, detection efficiency and separation efficiency. All the sub-proces... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The development of UVGI traces back to 1878 when Arthur Downes and Thomas Blunt found that sunlight, particularly its shorter wavelengths, hindered microbial growth. Expanding upon this work, Émile Duclaux, in 1885, identified variations in sunlight sensitivity among different bacterial species. A few years later, in 1... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Super-LumiNova is a brand name under which strontium aluminate–based non-radioactive and nontoxic photoluminescent or afterglow pigments for illuminating markings on watch dials, hands and bezels, etc. in the dark are marketed. When activated with a suitable dopant (Europium and Dysprosium), it acts as a photoluminesc... | 0 | Luminescence |
It is sometimes stated that "the conjugate of a weak acid is a strong base". Such a statement is incorrect. For example, acetic acid is a weak acid which has a = 1.75 x 10. Its conjugate base is the acetate ion with K = 10/K = 5.7 x 10 (from the relationship K × K = 10), which certainly does not correspond to a strong... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Unlike ferromagnetism, the magnetization curves of ferrimagnetism can take many different shapes depending on the strength of the interactions and the relative abundance of atoms. The most notable instances of this property are that the direction of magnetization can reverse while heating a ferrimagnetic material from ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The liver is a major organ of metabolism, and it is related to glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, certain protein and hormone synthesis, and detoxification. Within these functions, its detoxification response is essential for new drug development and clinical trials. In addition, because of its multi-f... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
There are a number of non-invasive head cooling caps and helmets designed to target cooling at the brain. A hypothermia cap is typically made of a synthetic material such as neoprene, silicone, or polyurethane and filled with a cooling agent such as ice or gel which is either cooled to a very cold temperature, , before... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology (TDEL) is a phosphor-based flat panel display technology developed by Canadian company iFire Technology Corp. TDEL is based on inorganic electroluminescent (IEL) technology that combines both thick-and thin-film processes. The TDEL structure is made with glass or othe... | 0 | Luminescence |
The K factor or characterization factor is defined from Rankine boiling temperature °R=1.8Tb[k] and relative to water density ρ at 60°F:
K(UOP) =
The K factor is a systematic way of classifying a crude oil according to its paraffinic, naphthenic, intermediate or aromatic nature. 12.5 or higher indicate a crude oil o... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The earliest barometers were simply glass tubes that were closed at one end and filled with mercury. The tube was then inverted and its open end was submerged in a cup of mercury. The mercury then drained out of the tube until the pressure of the mercury in the tube — as measured at the surface of the mercury in the ... | 0 | Luminescence |
To help mitigate inbreeding depression for two endangered species, the Black-footed ferret(Mustela nigripes), Revive & Restore facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. The program seeks to restore genetic variation lost from the... | 1 | Cryobiology |
There is no time-dependence of the magnetization when the nanoparticles are either completely blocked () or completely superparamagnetic (). There is, however, a narrow window around where the measurement time and the relaxation time have comparable magnitude. In this case, a frequency-dependence of the susceptibility... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The stream is exposed to ozone and ozone is unstable at atmospheric condition. The ozone (O3) decomposes into oxygen (O2) and more oxygen is dissolved into the stream. The pathogen is oxidised to form carbon dioxide. This process eliminates the odour of the stream but result in slightly acidic product due to the effect... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Colorless fluorescent dyes that emit blue light under UV are added as optical brighteners to paper and fabrics. The blue light emitted by these agents counteracts yellow tints that may be present and causes the colors and whites to appear whiter or more brightly colored.
UV fluorescent dyes that glow in the primary col... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The role of gastric acid in digestion was established in the 1820s and 1830s by William Beaumont on Alexis St. Martin, who, as a result of an accident, had a fistula (hole) in his stomach, which allowed Beaumont to observe the process of digestion and to extract gastric acid, verifying that acid played a crucial role i... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The Super-Kamiokande is a 50,000 ton water Cherenkov detector underground. The primary uses for this detector in Japan in addition to neutrino observation is cosmic ray observation as well as searching for proton decay. In 1998, the Super-Kamiokande was the site of the Super-Kamiokande experiment which led to the disc... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Directed differentiation is primarily applied to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) of mammalian origin, in particular mouse and human cells for biomedical research applications. Since the discovery of embryonic stem (ES) cells (1981) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (2006), source material is potentially unlimited... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Regenerative medicine involves processes of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function. A major technology of regenerative medicine is tissue engineering, which has variously been defined as "an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of eng... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is more common and inexpensive compared to selective laser sintering. This printer uses a printhead that is similar in structure to an inkjet printer; however, ink is not used. Plastic beads are heated at high temperature and released from the printhead as it moves, building the object i... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
3D-printing techniques have been used in a variety of industries for the overall goal of fabricating a product. Organ printing, on the other hand, is a novel industry that utilizes biological components to develop therapeutic applications for organ transplants. Due to the increased interest in this field, regulation an... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Lactulose is used as a test of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Recently, the reliability of it for diagnosing SIBO has been seriously questioned. A large amount of it is given with subsequent testing of molecular hydrogen gas in the breath. The test is positive if an increase in exhaled hydrogen occurs bef... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Low-carbohydrate diets may miss the health advantages – such as increased intake of dietary fiber – afforded by high-quality carbohydrates found in legumes and pulses, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. A "meta-analysis, of moderate quality," included as adverse effects of the diet halitosis, headache and constipati... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Ion separation is another application of magnetic separation. The separation is driven by the magnetic field that induces a separating force. The force differentiate then between heavy and lighter ions causing the separation. This phenomenon has been demonstrated on test bench and pilot scale. | 5 | Separation Processes |
OFM can be fabricated into a range of different product presentations for tissue engineering applications, and can be functionalized with therapeutic agents including silver, doxycycline and hyaluronic acid. OFM has been commercialized as single and multi-layered sheets, reinforced biologics and powders.
When placed in... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Common methods include those of the DISCO family, including 3DISCO, and CLARITY and related protocols. Others include BABB, PEGASOS, SHANEL, SeeDB, CUBIC, ExM, and SHIELD. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Although most previous and current research on frustration focuses on spin systems, the phenomenon was first studied in ordinary ice. In 1936 Giauque and Stout published The Entropy of Water and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity of Ice from 15 K to 273 K, reporting calorimeter measurements on water through... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Normally, ice crystals grown in solution only exhibit the basal (0001) and prism faces (1010), and appear as round and flat discs. However, it appears the presence of AFPs exposes other faces. It now appears the ice surface 2021 is the preferred binding surface, at least for AFP type I. Through studies on type I AFP... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Many inorganic oxyacids are traditionally called with names ending with the word acid and which also contain, in a somewhat modified form, the name of the element they contain in addition to hydrogen and oxygen. Well-known examples of such acids are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid.
This practice is fully... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Before delving into the mathematical model, it is important to understand that pycnonuclear fusion, in its essence, occurs due to two main events:
* A phenomenon of quantum nature called quantum diffusion.
* Overlap of the wave functions of zero-point oscillations of the nuclei.
Both of these effects are heavily affect... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
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