array/Qwen2.5-VL-Mull

Mull-Tokens: Modality-Agnostic Latent Thinking

This is the model for the paper "Mull-Tokens: Modality-Agnostic Latent Thinking".

[Paper] | [Project Page] | [Code]

Overview

Mull-Tokens are latent tokens that can be pre-trained to hold intermediate information in either image or text modalities so as to think towards the correct answer. Across four challenging spatial reasoning benchmarks, Mull-Tokens achieve a +3% average improvement and up to +16% on reasoning-heavy splits compared to the strongest baseline.

Available Models

Model	Description
array/Qwen2.5-VL-Mull	Mull-Tokens with multimodal warm-up
array/Qwen2.5-VL-MullGRPO	Mull-Tokens + GRPO reinforcement learning

Quick Start

from transformers import Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration, AutoProcessor
from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info
import torch

# Choose model: "array/Qwen2.5-VL-Mull" or "array/Qwen2.5-VL-MullGRPO"
MODEL_ID = "array/Qwen2.5-VL-Mull"
NUM_LATENTS = 20

# Load model and processor
model = Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
    MODEL_ID,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
    device_map="auto",
)
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(MODEL_ID)

# Prepare your question
image_path = "path/to/your/image.jpg"
question = "If you stand at the X marked point and turn left, will the table be to your left or right? Please choose between the following answer choices: A. left. B. right. "
question_type = "multiple choice"

QUESTION_TEMPLATE_LATENT = (
    "{Question}\n"
    "Please think about this question deeply. "
    "It's encouraged to include self-reflection or verification in the reasoning process. "
    "Provide your final answer between the <answer> </answer> tags."
)
TYPE_TEMPLATE = {
    "multiple choice": " Please provide only the single option letter (e.g., A, B, C, D, etc.) within the <answer> </answer> tags.",
    "numerical": " Please provide the numerical value (e.g., 42 or 3.14) within the <answer> </answer> tags.",
    "OCR": " Please transcribe text from the image/video clearly and provide your text answer within the <answer> </answer> tags.",
    "free-form": " Please provide your text answer within the <answer> </answer> tags.",
    "regression": " Please provide the numerical value (e.g., 42 or 3.14) within the <answer> </answer> tags.",
}
prompt = QUESTION_TEMPLATE_LATENT.format(Question=question) + TYPE_TEMPLATE[question_type]

# Build messages with latent thinking tokens
messages = [
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {"type": "image", "image": image_path},
            {"type": "text", "text": prompt},
        ],
    },
    # IMPORTANT: Mull-Tokens requires latent thinking tokens before answer generation
    {
        "role": "assistant",
        "content": [
            {
                "type": "text",
                "text": "<think>" + "<|latent_pad|>" * NUM_LATENTS + "</think>\n",
            }
        ],
    },
]

# Process inputs
text = processor.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=False)
text = text.replace("<|im_end|>\n", "")  # Remove end token so model continues generating

image_inputs, video_inputs = process_vision_info(messages)
inputs = processor(
    text=[text],
    images=image_inputs,
    videos=video_inputs,
    padding=True,
    return_tensors="pt",
).to(model.device)

# Generate response
with torch.no_grad():
    output_ids = model.generate(
        **inputs,
        max_new_tokens=512,
        do_sample=False,
    )

# Decode output (skip input tokens)
generated_ids = output_ids[:, inputs["input_ids"].shape[1]:]
response = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)[0]
print(response)

Citation

@misc{ray2025mulltokensmodalityagnosticlatentthinking,
      title={Mull-Tokens: Modality-Agnostic Latent Thinking},
      author={Arijit Ray and Ahmed Abdelkader and Chengzhi Mao and Bryan A. Plummer and Kate Saenko and Ranjay Krishna and Leonidas Guibas and Wen-Sheng Chu},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2512.10941},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10941},
}