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H: Power of a controlled voltage source I'm learning a bit about controlled sources and I'm a bit confused about calculating their power. I have this circuit. Link to Falstad Simulation According to the formula for power P = U * I, I get PR1 = 1.033W PR2 = 0.318W PR3 = 0.204W PRSum = 1.555W The voltage source is ou...
H: Reduction of the harmonic currents in LCC HVDC systems Why there is a reduction of the harmonic currents in the AC side in an LCC HVDC system? Here is represented the AC current in yellow, in red the DC voltage and the sinusoidal waves are the AC voltages. As you can see, the AC current is not a simple step but is...
H: SinePWM - Modulation Index calculation for a 3phase igbt inverter with ac load For a project I have to create a simulation of a 3 phase IGBT inverter with SinePWM (in Plecs) with a AC load Udc = 650V; cos(phi) = -1; I_ph = 500A; Uun/Uvn/Uwn = 230V; So I calculate my SinePWM modulation index like this 2*230V*sqrt(2)...
H: current path into the ground? Considering a monopolar HVDC system, with the ground as the return path. I was wondering if the current path is physically speaking like the red one or the green one in the picture? I think it is like the green one, although if there are living beings in the middle, they can be thunder...
H: Frequency of the standard battery discharge curve What can we say about the frequency of the discharging battery? You know that batteries, for example Li-Po, have a characteristic charge and discharge voltage curve. And under a certain rate of discharge and a certain load, the voltage drops for a time, for example ...
H: What's the intuition for reading transistor/resistor circuits? The below circuit supposedly provides constant current to an LED. I tested using everycircuit.com and that seems correct (used R = 70 ohm for example). What's a step by step way of thinking about the flow of electrons in such a circuit? How can we tell ...
H: I'd like to know if I can push 40 volts at 3 amps through an IRLZ44N MOSFET? I already have the datasheet, it states it can handle 50 volts at 50 amps but I'm worried about spikes since I'm using it to switch the primary side of the transformer at 70 Hz and it will be a square wave signal, so my concern is won't it...
H: Coarse counter giving incorrect pulse length measurements at high frequencies I am using a simple counter to measure pulse length. I have copied the code below, but the counter increments by 1 at each positive edge of the clock. Once the counter is done incrementing for that pulse, the current count is multiplied b...
H: Set up STM32f1xx MCU for SPI communication in slave mode I set up an stm32f1xx MCU SPI for slave mode. How can I write in the SPI shift register that whenever the controller starts a full-duplex communication, the data written to the SPI shift register is transferred to the controller? AI: SPI2->DR is related to sp...
H: Driving Smart LEDs (integrated IC) at 24V I need the help of someone more competent at deciphering datasheets of obscure components. I am currently building an LED indoor light installation and would like to have hundreds (400-800) of individually addressable LEDs. The most straight forward solution would be to use...
H: schematic design I have a demultiplexer and I want to design it. It is 1 in 2. It is not a multiplexer. What I did: Truth table. SW1 SW2 Out1 Out2 Sel In LED4 LED5 --------------------- 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 It is my first trial of design but I d...
H: Identifying the model of LCD for replacement for temperature sensor I want to replace a broken LCD with a rubber zebra connector in a "cheap" temperature sensor. There is no model or any data on the screen nor on the PCB. I'm looking for a replacement part. How can I identify it? UPDATE So my initial question was b...
H: ESP32 and moisture sensor transistor switch I'm doing the classic water moisture sensor project with my ESP32, but I want to be able to switch the sensor on and off since that will reduce the amount of corrosion that occurs. Can I use a BC547 transistor as suggested below to achieve turning using GPIO18? I've als...
H: When looking through a datasheet for a connector how do I find out which pin on the part does what? I was shopping for some aux connectors and when I found one that should suit my purpose I checked the data sheet. Now I am unsure how I can figure out which pin on the part does what. I looked at some other data shee...
H: Harmonics produced by LCC converters Considering an LCC HVDC system and that the flow of power is ALWAYS in the direction shown in the figure. I know that converters in general produce harmonics. My questions are: Does this HVDC system produce harmonics only in the DC side in the middle and in the AC side circled ...
H: Circuit Gives DC Current instead of Sine signal (LTspice XVII) I'm a mathematics and physics student. I am trying to simulate the circuit from the paper "Design and implementation of a lightweight high-voltage power converter for electro-aerodynamic propulsion". However, this is my first time using LTspice and I'...
H: What does 'not controllable' mean in power electronics? A book says that the power diode is 'not controllable' whereas a 'Thyristor' is semi-controlled and a 'MOSFET' is fully controlled. What do these degrees of controllability mean? Is it somehow related to feedback loops? AI: simulate this circuit – Schematic cr...
H: How does ground close the circuit, why isn't the current miniscule? Let's say I have a 230v version of a AA battery resting on a table say, I touch the + terminal, think of me as a resistor of 1 ohm, the circuit needs to close, and can take infinitely many parallel paths, which is a bit confusing, but let's think o...
H: Difference between simulator and my analysis I have this circuit: I have done circuit analysis and found the total current to be 21mA. Here is what I have done: But when I run the same circuit in multisim it shows me 20.6mA.What could it be?Am I wrong? This is the output of the multimeter XXM1 I know I have done...
H: NPN Transistor Data Sheet, Source vs. Sink Current Even though I'm an EE with 30+ years experience, a simple question asked by a junior colleague really stumped me. Namely, on a data sheet (e.g., for a 2N2222), that transistor can only SINK conventional current so why does the Ic or Ib not have a minus sign on the ...
H: Is a spice model unique? i found an SPICE model for a component with diferent parameters than the ones that i found earlier (wich have the same parameters). So i am questioning wether there is a way in wich it is posible (and right) for a component with the same name (identifier code) to have diferent spice models ...
H: Pads in IC's corners One can sometimes observe rectangle pads in the corners of some IC's footprints: What are they for? AI: They are there to allow for wave soldering. As the solder flows on the legs, any excess can end up on those pads, not shorting out the pins of the IC.
H: How close should the diode be to a solenoid? When using a diode to deal with the back EMF from a solenoid, common advice is to put the diode as close to the solenoid as possible. Indeed, in pinball machines, I've seen diodes soldered directly to the solenoid's contacts. I've got a solenoid valve that's sealed (IP ...
H: MUR460 diodes get extremely hot - what am I missing? I have a 110W solar panel that I use to charge some LiFePO4 battery packs. The panel delivers 18-20V, so I have a DC buck converter between the panels and the batteries to bring the voltage down to 14.8V. To avoid having the batteries feed the buck converter when...
H: Microcontroller PWM LED strips driver with N-channel MOSFET I'm trying to control 12 V or 24 V LED strip (consumption around 5A) with an STM microcontroller. The outputs of the microcontroller are 3.3V PWM. I'm looking to use the following N-channel MOSFET: PSMN2R8-80BS-1 or FDS6910 I'm a bit worried if the 3.3 V w...
H: Simple and efficient way to send a 5V square wave to an 8ohm 1W speaker I want to use a 5 V square wave generated by an ATTINY85 to drive a 1 W, 8 ohm speaker at 1 W. The project has to be battery powered. I would like to use a 18650 rechargeable 3.7 V Li-ion battery and a 5 V 600 mA boost converter: With a simple...
H: Determine voltage with which to run COB LEDs I have a few COB LEDs laying around, but unfortunately I don't know the exact model anymore. Hence I can't read their data-sheet. However, I would still like to use them. I own a good multimeter, and figured it might be possible to use it to determine some characteristic...
H: Unused output of a flyback transformer I have a flyback transformer. It has 2 outputs. I'm going to use one of them on a flyback converter. Should I leave the second output of the transformer unconnected or connect a load to it? AI: should I left the second output of the transformer empty or connect a load to it? ...
H: If I use twisted pair cable for I2C, should I twist SDA with SCL or both with the ground/power? I need to design about 1 meter cable for I2C communication. It contains 4 wires, SDA, SCL, ground and power. I plan to use the shielded cable with the shield grounded at one end only. It looks reasonable to use the twist...
H: Where does this white dust come from? I have a PCB from a humidifier which ceased to work. It could be water damage but I am not sure. I sm unsure if it is the transformer or some capacitor. Please advise if I can repair or if it is better to take the good parts and throw away the rest. AI: This white dust is caus...
H: Improving transformer voltage regulation / efficiency through construction I am wondering what modifications can be done to a transformer during manufacturing to improve its voltage regulation and efficiency? AI: The best that can be done during manufacturing is to build the equipment according to the design. These...
H: Why is the 2.2k resistor needed in an MT3608 module? I am trying to implement an MT3608 module on my PCB. I went through its schematic which clearly describes the module. I see they have used 2.2k ohm resistor in addition to a potentiometer. From what I read in datasheet of MT3608 is that it needs 0.6V on the FB pi...
H: „Power circle“ - first buck then boost for converter testing I would like to test the efficiency of some buck converters. I am thinking of using two current sensors like INA219 (or similar) connected to an Arduino and using the serial monitor to gather data. Vin: 12V Vout: 5V, 3.3V for now. Iout: 8-10A max. maybe...
H: Volume Control - Logarithmic Potentiometer Placement Thanks in advance! I am building an headphone amplifier with PCM1794A, OPA1612, and OPA1622. Where would be the best placement of the logarithmic potentiometer for volume control without decreasing the bandwidth and without introducing a lot of distortion and noi...
H: Twisted Pair input routing on PCB I have a twisted pair input to the IN+ and IN- pins of the MAX9278 deserializers. The Parallel data output of the deserializer consists of 4 LVDS data channels and 1 LVDS Clock channel to a 3.1" TFT whose Pixel Clock is calculated to be as 27MHz. So, I guess the twisted pair inputs...
H: How to program MCUs and test PCBs in mass production? I am working on a PCB which includes an microcontroller (STM32), some sensors and a BLE module. Right now it is still a prototype, only 3 units have been produced. To program the microcontroller, I am using the programming probe provided by STMicroelectronics (...
H: Wattage of adapter to size my inverter I have a couple of appliances that already have their power specified on them. However A few of them do not. The device is powered from an external power brick adapter. One adapter for instance has the following specifications on it: Input: 100-240V ~ 1.5A (I use 230Vac) Outpu...
H: What happens when I overload an induction generator I am trying to generate power with a small induction generator. The RPM is constant. What will hapen when the rated input torque is exceeded? AI: You cannot maintain constant RPM with an induction machine. More torque means more RPM. Two things may happen: you ma...
H: Substitute for transistor 2N3904 that is a SMD I have the circuit shown below and one of the components (Q2) is a common through-hole transistor. I'd like to replace this through hole device 2N3904 with a common SMD transistor that will do the same job so that my PCB manufacturer can solder these for me. Does anyo...
H: Microcap 12 - Import PSpice models I'm trying to do a simulation on Microcap 12 using vendor provided models. The devices I'm trying to use in my schematic are the following: 2SA1312 2SC3324 I add the models via component editor as per this guide suggests. After drawing my circuit, I try starting a transient simula...
H: How to delay astable 555 timer IC by ~1 min My problem: I've reproduced the 555 timer circuit from here: https://www.gadgetronicx.com/door-open-alarm-ic-555/. Because of the specifics of my application I'd like the signal at the speaker to be delayed by 60 seconds. To clarify: Reed switch gets disconnected 60 seco...
H: Using SPI to get higher sampling rate from ADC module vs using ADC on microcontroller I am currently looking at a microcontroller, and I would like to use ADC on Arduino but found out that the Arduino has a limited sampling rate. Is it possible to us SPI communication with a separate ADC module to get higher sampli...
H: SPD I2c Address for DDR4 SODIMM While designing DDR4 SODDIM schematic for a mini-pc motherboard, I understood that I need to set an address to Serial Presence Detect (SPD) EEPROM so the CPU can identify the memory. While looking at a previous design at a project in my company, I noticed that 3 pull down resistors a...
H: What type of battery is used in Oura ring? What type of battery is used in Oura ring, and how many mAh is available? I am not sure how does Oura ring manage to claim up to 7 days of battery life. Should not using an LED and BLE connection in continuous mode drain the battery before 7 days that they claim? AI: Oura ...
H: Mechanical relay circuit schematic and PCB. What is wrong here? I built a relay that closes when a GPIO gives a GND signal. I have tested the circuit with a breadboard and it works with the same components (except breadboard uses THD diode and PCB uses SMD), but for some reason my PCB circuit will not close the re...
H: How should DC motor brush capacitors be sized? I have seen capacitors placed near the brush connectors on DC motors. What are these for? How should they be sized? Do they affect PWM behavior? AI: They are for EMC - noise suppression, interference with radio transmissions. 0.1uF disc ceramics are commonly used, in ...
H: Fine-tuning/calibrating DS18b20 thermometer via 1-wire I am trying to enable remote reading of the temperature gauges in my furnace room by adding DS18B20 thermometers. Since I had some Raspberry Pis and DS18B20s, and some networking equipment on hand, I decided to crimp on a couple of RJ45 jacks and chain some RJ4...
H: Could this simple circuit charge li-ions in parallel? My goal is to design a circuit that can reliably charge 3.7V li-ion batteries in parallel for extreme high current applications (think over 100 amps). Normally, I would just buy a cheap li-ion balance board, but I can't find one that can handle the currents in ...
H: Through node analysis, how do i find the unknown? I have this circuit I have to find \$V_a\$ and \$V_b\$, when I tried to do so, using node analysis I had the Equation \$\frac{V_a}{6} + \frac{V_a-12}{3}+\frac{V_a-V_b}{5} - 6 - 2 = 0\$ and \$\frac{V_b}{22}+\frac{V_b-20}{4}+\frac{V_b-V_a}{5} +2-3=0\$. Solving it sim...
H: How to find unknowns when there are current dependent sources? simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab There is this circuit, I tried solving it using the equations Va/4 + (Va-10)/5 -2iy -1 = 0, Vb/2 + Va/10 + 1 + 2iy = 0, Vb-Vc = 5ix, (Va-10)/5 = ix, and Vc/10 = iy. Now, I dont know if my equat...
H: Programming I2C devices with NV EEPROM Some I²C devices like the MCP4728 DAC have a small EEPROM allow programming the I²C address (and other configuration bits). I know that in high volume can be programmed by the vendor, but for low volume prototyping, how are these typically programmed? Are they programmed on ...
H: How do I solve the equivalent resistance of this circuit? How do I determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit looking into terminals A and B? I am quite stuck and the only thing I've figured out is that there are 3 pairs of parallel resistors: 90&12, 18&6, 100&150. The diagonal wires with no resistors kind ...
H: Can induction go through metal with holes? I admit that I have already made this question in physics SE, but after a month of no answers, I realized engineering might be better suited to everyday applications. I intend to use (Qi) wireless charging for a project of mine. It uses induction coils to transfer power wi...
H: Why are n-channel MOSFETs at high-side position and p-channel MOSFETs at low-side position on many push-pull circuits? Like in this example Common drain stage/Source follower circuit analysis there are many MOSFET push-pull circuits that show n-channel MOSFET on high-side position and p-channel MOSFET on low-side p...
H: Differential impedance matching Below is a small portion of a schematic which I have seen: It mentions that the transmission lines will have a differential impedance of 100 Ω between them. In case of single-ended it would be 50 Ω between signal and ground. Can someone help me understand how a single-ended 50 Ω imp...
H: Logic level conversion between ESP32 and house alarm control panel I am trying to connect to my home alarm panel via it's built in serial port. It is made by Paradox and there is a GitHub project that I want to use to integrate the alarm into a smart home setup such as OpenHab or HomeAssistant. Some things I've lea...
H: Practical formula/method to predict the necessity of termination resistor I am not into high frequency much and just know about ringing caused by reflections due to impedance mismatching in transmission lines. So I recently saw some non-engineer researchers in a lab that they were measuring 3MHz signal with 1 meter...
H: Is it possible to solder a USB cable directly to a board? I'm working on a design for a PCB carrier for Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4, and I need to connect by USB 3.0 a wire to this carrier board. Is it possible to solder it directly to the PCB in order to save space? AI: Yes, but no. The leads are very thin, so y...
H: Reverse voltage protection using N channel MOSFET I was looking for a reverse voltage protection for the 100 ohm load in the circuit using an N-channel MOSFET, this is my design. The Zener diode is for gate voltage and of 5.1 volts, assuming the MOSFET wont turn on if the gate voltage is 0.7 volts, is the schematic...
H: VHDL: on variable declarations to act as register I am currently a CPE student taking up computer architecture, learning how to model major computer components using VHDL. Currently, I am working on a shift register as a sub component for a top-level design. I have a script written and somehow my outputs are not wh...
H: Correct calibration of reflection (S11) measurement Following situation (apologies for my potential stupidity, I am very new to RF): I am doing a reflection/S11 measurement using a cut-off piece of coaxial cable (no stub, just a straight cut). The idea is to get the reflection response of a circuit to be touched/ap...
H: 5V regulator circuit with MOSFET. Will this catch on fire? I have a circuit that takes a 5V output from a USB bank with 10000mAh and supplies MOSFET1, whose drain (5Vgreeni) then goes through a fuse to a 5V regulator circuit. I don't have any heat sinks or fans. The power supply needs a capacity of 2amperes but wi...
H: What does apostrophe mean for a register description in a datasheet e.g. 4'd5? The datasheet lists something like this: [0x01f] EPRXREG EPRXLock[3:0] = 4'd5; EPRXReLock[3:0] = 4'd5 I understand that it is an 8-bit register at address 0x01f, it contains 2 fields and each of them is 4 bits wide ([3:0] and t...
H: How Dual MOSFETs are used in Power Management or Protection circuits? I'm learning the basics of MOSFETs and came upon these common-drain, dual MOSFETs in single package, AFN8205: It seems they are used for some specific applications (e.g. load switch) as noted by manufacturer. one of its common application would ...
H: What is a DC block and how can I put this on a PCB? The circuit diagram that I am trying to replicate casually mentions a component called "DC block" but doesn't go into details. I believe this has something to do with RF filtering? Will I be able to solder a component onto a PCB to perform this function? The co...
H: Why is the internal resistance of BJTs considered in small signal AC analysis but not in DC analysis of BJT amplifiers? Specifically, I want to know why "r" parameters are considered in AC analysis but not in DC. I am reading from Electronic Devices by Floyd. For example, in the picture below, VBE is calculated by ...
H: Can I use two arduino output pins to simulate a RS422 trigger? I have measuring wheel encoder like this one, which outputs its position using two RS422-encoded pin pairs, standard quadrature encoding. Note that these are not using the RS422 communication protocol, just the 2-pin differential encoding that RS422 use...
H: Please review my LED driver circuit I have drawn a schematic for a simple LED-driver. It is nothing special, but how can I try circuit out? Some parts are only available in SMD. So my idea is that some one looks it over before I send it to the manufacturer. With the MOSFETs in SMD, how big must be the thermal pad o...
H: Raspberry Pi Single-channel relay with 6 pins pinout decipher needed I've got this single-channel relay for my Raspberry Pi. The relay has 6 pins instead of the usual 3, more over out of the box there was a jumper connecting 2nd and 3rd pin (I'm counting pins from top to bottom starting with 1). This is my first ev...
H: How much voltage before Zener diode will be physically damaged? I have this 1N4742 Zener diode which is specified to have 12V nominal Zener voltage. What will happen when I apply a 20V as a source voltage for circuit containing the mentioned Zener diode? AI: If you do this, it will go "bang!": simulate this circui...
H: Truncate 16-bit number in Verilog Given a [15:0] number (there is no fractional part, only integer). How do I truncate the lower two bits [1:0] and round it off to the closest possible value? Consider a case where no overflow happens. I need to do it in Verilog. input [15:0] A; output [13:0] B; AI: To implement rou...
H: Uncertain of 8-bit vs 32-bit alternatives to AVR32 I was browsing a distributor to find options for simple 8-bit and 32-bit RISC uCs and came across AVR32. After some searching on the web, it seems that AVR32 is a bit dated and possibly not a good choice for long term sustainability. (I am unfamiliar with what’s po...
H: Two sine wave of 0 to 5V,with a frequency of 500Khz. How do I find the phase difference between the two sine wave I have two sine wave with a frequency of 500Khz, and voltage range of 0 to 5V. I would like to detect phase difference between the two sine wave; especially, when the phase difference between the two si...
H: Why is the Irms so different from Isat in different power inductors? I'm looking at power inductors for a DC-DC boost converter clocked in the 500KHz range (but KHz could change if necessary). Here are two examples: Example 1: Irms=55A, Isat=140A, 70nH Example 2: Irms=74A, Isat=65A, 70nH In both cases they are r...
H: How sensitive are laptop barrel jack sizes? In particular, is a barrel jack described as 1.35mm x 3.5mm likely to work with a socket made for a 1.3mm x 3.4mm jack? AI: Strictly speaking manufacturing tolerances mean that there is some play between stated sizes and actual product. This applies in both directions too...
H: Verilog - Use integer constant to define signal width I have a module which takes two parameters, ParameterOne and ParameterTwo. I use their ratio a lot, so I gave it a name const integer Ratio = ParameterOne/ParameterTwo. I want to have a signal whose width is this ratio, so I defined a signal logic [Ratio-1:0] wi...
H: What to do with unused open drain pins I have a light sensor IC. I have 2 questions: The I2C Lines is connected between the microcontroller (3.3V domain) and the light sensor IC. The microcontroller is placed on a PCB and the light sensor is placed on a separate PCB. Both PCBs are connected by a cable of length 30...
H: Which alcohol is bad to use when cleaning computers? I heard there are some alcohols that are prohibited to be used when cleaning a computer or an electric device. Apart from beverages, which ones are these? AI: You would want to use as clean alcohol as you can get hold of. It doesn't really matter if it is ethanol...
H: How is the feedback estimated in the torque mode control of a servo motor? The torque mode control of a servo motor requires the feedback of the current torque generated by the motor in order to compare it against the torque reference signal. Is the product \$K_t I\$ of the torque constant \$K_t\$ with the measur...
H: Do lead and lag filters have the behavior of high and low pass filters even if the zero and pole used are complex? Consider the compensation transfer function \$\frac{s+z}{s+p}\$ so that the inequalities \$0<z<p\$ and \$0<p<z\$ correspond to lead and lag compensation respectively. At very low frequencies of input s...
H: Regarding transistor RC Phase Shift Oscillator I have been recently studying about the transistor RC phase shift Oscillator. I calculated the attenuation provided by the RC network to be equal to 29. But when we use a transistor to make the circuit the attenuation will not be equal to 29 because the input impedance...
H: FT232 Chip as UART to USB freezes windows and and access denied (Posting my own solution here) I was trying to use a FT232 to communicate with my Atmega328p-AU (arduino uno's MCU) and even though I had several times made this connection which worked fine, this time, when I try to connect to it using Tera Term, this...
H: What is the purpose of this zener diode from USB Vbus to Vcc? tl;dr: The ESP32 DevkitC v4 has a BAT760-7 diode between the USB VBUS and the EXT_5V. What is the purpose of it? I am planning to make a hobbyist project where I need 4.9-5.1V to an external sensor (a MQ3 gas sensor), and use a ESP32 Devkit (non-branded ...
H: Did I connect the FT232 with the Digital isolator Data wired the other way? I think I connected the Data wires from the FT232RL to the USB Isolator ADUM3160BRWZ upside down. I just want to confirm this, Data - of the one should be connected to Data + of the other ? Datasheet page 7 of the isolator: NOTE: The FT23...
H: How can capacitors pass AC without or with minimal voltage passing? My question is: How can capacitors pass AC without or with minimal voltage passing? If the current is caused by a voltage (potential) difference and current is just the voltage (or charge) passing per unit time across a cross-sectional area of the ...
H: No BOOT1 pin on ST MCU I watched this video where ST itself states that BOOT0 and BOOT1 pins are used to select the memmory that MCU starts reading after the boot : ┌───┬───────┬────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ BOOT0 │ BOOT1 │ After reset MCU starts reading │ ├───┼───────┼──────────...
H: Can an FPGA/ASIC have an operating system? I know FPGA/ASIC are for a specific task and they are not microprocessors and an OS is needed mainly if multiple processes (tasks) need to be run concurrently. Just wondering if an FPGA/ASIC can have an operating system. Is there any real time need which may require this? ...
H: High voltage FET or other transistor What is the highest maximum voltage for a high voltage FET or other transistor? I do not need to be able to buy it, just want to know the voltage it can handle. I was searching the internet and found that I couldn't find any real high voltage FETs or other transistors. The highe...
H: Is auto generated projects for embedded system the future? I'm using CubeMX for auto generate projects for the STM32 micro controllers. I really like CubeMX because it's fits both STM8 and STM32 micro controllers. One thing that I'm wondering about is if CubeMX is really good if you want to program micro controller...
H: What is 'metal mask' here? It's common to see 'solder mask' in PCB design. But sometimes, I see 'metal mask', such as in page 5 of this datasheet, does it mean I need to design a pad larger than the solder mask opening? AI: Metal mask in this case I believe refers to the solder paste stencil, given it specifies a t...
H: Flywheel/Dynamo behavior under variable load I have a special effects project in mind where I simulate a bellows and coal fire without, you know, actual fire. My vision thusfar involves rigging a flywheel to a short-stroke lever (the upper arm of a modified bellows), and a bicycle dynamo (or low power alternator, i...
H: What kind of electronic component is this? I am trying to repair the flash of a P900 camera, since it gives a burning smell after being used. After disassembling the flash unit, I came across this part for which I need some professional eyes in order to identify what kind of component that is. AI: It is the trigger...
H: FOC performance direction dependent I'm struggling with a FOC setup, which turns the motor better in one direction than the other and I really don't know, what I could do, to solve this problem, since nothing seems to change it. You can see, that one direction has higher Id current spikes (depcited in red). So wha...
H: Capacitor in presence of an external electric field Let's consider a capacitor made of a couple of parallel metal strips (suppose they are made of perfect electric conductor) as shown in the figure, which represents a little capacitor. Suppose an external (time variant) electric field is applied in the space in whi...
H: Unknown function generator I've found this Function Generator in the deep of school's Lab: I wasn't able to find an user guide or any similar document. I'm not sure on how to correctly use it. For example, I don't know: Which output to use: Hi, Lo, Gnd ? What are and how may I use Auxiliary Output? Any idea? Tha...
H: Is there a resource to look up widely in-use/standard connector styles? I'm working on rebuilding a design that currently uses obsolete parts. I'm taking the opportunity to increase reading accuracy. In doing so, I will have to replace our current connector to go from a 2 wire resistance measurement to a 4 wire res...
H: How to find voltages of a node using commands in lt spice? I am simulating this circuit, how do i find the voltage of the diode through the error log in each step of the the voltage source through a command? I tried using the .meas command but it just shows nothing. AI: I used .meas TRAN Vdiode FIND (V(Va) - V(vn...
H: NL17SZ74 D-Flip Flop circuit doesn't work! I've been having trouble with what should be a really simple Momentary-to-Latch D flip flop switch circuit. Basically: I want the momentary switch PUSH to set the CP (Clock Pulse) Pin Low and on toggle SYSPWR pin high and low BMOUT = supply = 5V R107 is to act as a pulld...
H: Tunnel diodes Zener breakdown Do tunnel diodes exhibit Zener breakdown? Since tunnel diodes are more doped than Zener diodes they should, but I am unsure. AI: The typical IV curve of a tunnel diode shows that the breakdown voltage is positive: That's from the RCA Tunnel Diode Manual that I linked to in my answer t...
H: VHDL: port declaration design for a feedback signal I am a Computer Engineering student currently learning computer architecture, and working on modeling a booth's algorithm in VHDL. My design hierarchy contains a datapath and a control unit. The datapath contains primary sub-components (ALU, decrement counter, M r...