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When the huge reconstruction work began at the World Trade Center following 2001’s tragedy, constructors uncovered something no one was expecting to find there – a wooden ship, right under where the twin towers used to stand.
Measuring 22 feet (6.7 meters), the skeleton of the ship went unexplained for years. Now, scientists analyzing the rings from the trees used as wood showed that it was built sometime in 1773 or soon after that, probably in a small shipyard in Philadelphia. To make it even more interesting, it was probably constructed using the same white oak trees used to build parts of Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution were signed.
How they figured it out
Archaeologists have carefully monitored the entire building site. Among others, they found animal bones, bottles, ceramic pieces, and of course, the ship. Piece by piece, it was carefully extracted from the ground and sent to the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory where it was soaked in water, to prevent the wood from cracking or breaking. After this, it was sent to the Tree Ring Laboratory at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, New York. There, researchers cut thin slices and analyzed the tree rings.
In order to determine when the trees were cut and from where, they used a technique called dendrochronology. Dendrochronology is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. After they establish how old the trees are, they then compare the rings to other previously studied rings from trees in other areas, checking for similarities.
“What makes the tree-ring patterns in a certain region look very similar, in general, is climate,” said the leader of the new study, Dario Martin-Benito, from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. “Regional ring patterns arise from local rain levels and temperatures, with wetter periods producing thicker rings and drier periods producing smaller rings”, he added.
He and his colleagues narrowed the place of tree origin to the eastern United States. Their search was aided by the keel of the ship, which contained hickory, a tree found only in eastern North America and eastern Asia – and eastern Asia was not really a possibility. If the trees had been more common, the search would have been more difficult.
The tree ring growth patterns were very similar to those previously obtained from rings found in old living trees and historic wood samples from the Philadelphia area.
There are two main theories as to how the ship got there in the first place. Either it simply sank accidentally or it was purposely submerged to become part of a landfill, to strengthen Manhattan’s coast line.
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Fresh Water Ecology
The Atmosphere
Every day millions of people drive their car to work. These cars let out many fumes. One is carbon monoxide (CO) another is carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide is a green house gas. Carbon dioxide and other gases trap the sun's heat after it bounces off Earth surface. This affect (the green house affect) allows life on Earth by keep and constant temperature. With out the green affect Earth would become to cold at night and we would freeze to death. BUT, to many green house gases will cause the Earth will become to hot to allow life.
So What can you do???
To reduce green house gases try to drive your car less.
Walk or ride a bicycle instead. If you do need to go some where far,
try to take mass transit like a bus or train.
Another problem is Ozone depletion. The ozone is a layer is the atmosphere that captures ultraviolet rays from the sun, allowing life on Earth. The Ozone is made of O3 molecules. CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) are used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and arousal cans. These molecules (CFC's) escape and float up to the ozone layer. It is here that the chlorine atom breaks off and attacks O3 molecules changing them into O2 molecules.
Where are the
Biggest ozone holes found???
A. The Poles of the Earth (Arctic and Antarctic)
B. The Equator (tropics) of the Earth
C. The Temperate zones (USA)
Click here for the Answer.
Home Atmosphere Fresh Water Ecology Garbage Meteorology Search
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Deaf and Hard of Hearing Canada
Home D&HH Culture About us Contact us Links
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Cultural (<- click Back home)
Deaf and hard of hearing culture is composed of people who consider deafness to be a difference in human experience, rather than a disability. When used in the cultural sense, the word deaf is very often capitalized in writing, and referred to as "big D Deaf".
Big D Deaf communities do not automatically include all those who are clinically or legally deaf, nor do they exclude every hearing person. According to Charlotte Baker-Shenk and Carol Padden, a person is Deaf if he or she "identifies him/herself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as a part of the community." Deaf culture may include those who attended deaf schools, children of deaf parents, and some sign language interpreters.
The primary languages of those who identify themselves as Deaf are signed. Deaf communities also often possess social and cultural norms that are distinct from those of surrounding hearing communities.
Deaf Culture vs. Medicalization
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Social Studies Worksheets and Study Guides Third Grade. World Holidays
The resources above correspond to the standards listed below:
Wisconsin Standards
B.4.6. Explain the significance of national and state holidays, such as Independence Day and Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, and national and state symbols, such as the United States flag and the state flags.
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Changes on the way to the Nutrition Facts Label
Emma Falconer BIDMC Dietetic Intern
JUNE 16, 2016
nutrition label
You probably know there's added sugar in candy, soda and ice cream. But what about ketchup? Yogurt? Canned vegetables? It might come as a surprise, but a recent study found that over 60 percent of packaged food and drink items contain added sugar. Scary, right? That’s why the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is creating a new nutrition facts label — to make it easier to understand exactly how much added sugar is in your favorite foods.
What are Added Sugars?
The FDA defines added sugars as “sugars that are either added during the processing of foods, or are packaged as such.” These added sugars can come from syrups, honey, or concentrated fruit or vegetable juices. Look at soda, for example. The current FDA daily value for added sugar is set at 50 grams, which is about 12 teaspoons. A 16 oz bottle of soda contains 55 grams of added sugar, considered 110% of the daily value for sugar!
Besides sweetened beverages, a few other major sources of added sugar are processed snacks, cereals and sweets. However, there’s also added sugar in unexpected places like sauces, dairy products, condiments and canned foods.
Why Make a New Label?
The American Heart Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Institute of Medicine and the World Health Organization all agree that added sugars can be harmful to public health. Consuming excessive sugar can lead to increased risk of Obesity, Type II Diabetes, heart disease and some cancers. Existing nutrition facts labels already show the amount of total sugars in packaged foods. The new labels will empower consumers to make healthier choices by differentiating between added sugars and sugars that occur naturally.
How will it Work?
This new label will feature a refreshed design, easier to understand nutrition information and updated serving sizes. However, it won’t appear on packaged food items until July 2018. If you’re looking to cut down on added sugars before the new labeling goes into effect, make sure to read through a product’s ingredient list. If you see things like high fructose corn syrup, brown sugar, molasses, honey, corn syrup, agave, beet sugar, cane juice, sorbitol, glucose, mannitol and sucrose, try to stay away. Cutting down on packaged items and eating more fresh, in-season fruits and vegetables can do wonders for your health and well-being.
For more information, visit the FDA’s website.
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Leonardo da Vinci Helicopter: Aerial Screw
Around the year 1490 Leonardo da Vinci drew this helicopter in one of his notebooks, which he called “Aerial Screw”. Why did he give it that name? He believed that the rotor of his machine would twist and penetrate the air, just as a screw or a drill does in the wood when they turn. In this way, Leonardo correctly interpreted that the air had consistency and we could lean on it to ascend.
Leonardo da Vinci Helicopter | ''Air screw'' Codex Atlanticus f.844r is a drawing Ms B 83v by Leonardo da Vinci 1486-1490
Leonardo da Vinci Helicopter | ”Air screw” Codex Atlanticus f.844r is a drawing Ms B 83v by Leonardo da Vinci 1486-1490
Description and operation of the Leonardo da Vinci helicopter
The helicopter, whose structure measures about 15 meters in diameter, consists of two main parts:
Helical rotor
On a structure of canes and wood, a spiral of linen fabric treated with starch is joined to cover the pores. A metal strip covers the outer edge of the spiral to reinforce it.
The central mast is fixed with four rods, which the crew would have to push to keep the rotor rotating.
Fixed disk under the rotor
The crew would walk on this disk and push the rotor rods. This makes the propeller rotate on the base.
The strength of four men would not have been enough to lift the weight of this structure. The helicopter might have been able to fly with a powerful modern engine. It would also be necessary to drastically reduce its size and weight.
Leonardo also did not realize that when he got up from the ground, the fixed disc of the base would start to turn in the opposite direction to the propeller. His helicopter would have needed a tail rotor, as modern helicopters incorporate, to prevent the rotation of the base.
The historical background of the helicopter
Around 400 B.C., the “bamboo dragonfly” existed in China. A toy made up of a propeller attached to a thin, cylindrical stick. Turning this stick between the hands quickly, the artifact quickly rose upwards.
Bamboo Dragonfly, historical background of helicopter
Bamboo Dragonfly, the historical background of helicopter
You may want to see drawings of other flying machines thought up by Leonardo da Vinci in this other article in El Reloj de Sol.
You can find more information about Leonardo’s inventions in this Wikipedia article.
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Nov. 12, 1935: You Should (Not) Have a Lobotomy
1935: The world's first modern frontal leukotomy is performed in a Lisbon hospital by Portuguese neurologist Antonio Egas Moniz.
Moniz's leukotomy (or leucotomy, from the Greek for "cutting white," in this case the brain's white matter) soon became popularly known as the lobotomy. It was not, however, the surgical procedure now generally associated with lobotomies. Rather, Moniz drilled two holes in the patient's skull and injected pure alcohol into the frontal lobes of the brain to destroy the tissue, in an effort to alter the patient's behavior.
Within a year of Moniz's procedure at Lisbon's Santa Marta Hospital, American neurosurgeons Walter Freeman and James Watts had performed the first prefrontal lobotomy in the United States. Their approach, which they would continue refining in subsequent surgeries, also involved drilling holes, but instead of using alcohol they surgically severed the nerves connecting the prefrontal cortex to the thalamus.
With various refinements, this became standard operating procedure for the prefrontal lobotomy.
Lobotomies were performed on patients suffering from severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, although its use on people identified as having social disorders was not unknown. That the lobotomy succeeded in altering a person's personality and behavior is beyond dispute, but the results were often drastic, and occasionally fatal.
The notion that a mental patient's behavior could be modified for the good by psychosurgery had its roots in the work of Gottlieb Burckhardt, a 19th century Swiss neurologist who performed a number of crude surgical lobotomies and declared the procedure generally successful. His documentation was almost nonexistent, however, and the view was never universally held in the medical fraternity.
Although Moniz would share the 1949 Nobel Prize in medicine for his pioneering work in psychosurgery, the lobotomy had not only fallen out of favor by the 1950s but was being excoriated as a barbaric practice. The Soviet Union banned the surgery in 1950, arguing that it was "contrary to the principles of humanity." Other countries, including Germany and Japan, banned it, too, but lobotomies continued to be performed on a limited scale in the United States, Britain, Scandinavia and several western European countries well into the 1980s.
The United States performed more lobotomies – roughly 40,000 – than any other nation. Some very conspicuous failures, including a lobotomy that reduced John F. Kennedy's elder sister, Rosemary, to a near-vegetative state, helped turn public opinion against the surgery.
Or, as the hard-drinking wit Dorothy Parker observed: "I'd rather have a bottle in front of me, than a frontal lobotomy."
Source: Various
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The Stellar Magnitudes and the Limiting Visual Magnitude of a Telescope
Proxima Centauri: Image credit Esa/Nasa
The brightness of the stars is indicated with a scale, called the scale of magnitudes, which has the following rules:
1. The more the star is shining, the smaller the number is. Thus a star of magnitude 1 is brighter than a star of magnitude 2.
2. The scale is not linear, but logarithmic; between a value and the next one there is a value of about 2.5 times (the fifth root of 100, which is almost exactly 2,512). Thus a star of magnitude 1 is more than 2,512 times brighter than a star of magnitude 2.
3. The brightest stars in the sky are called “first magnitude”, but in reality there are stars of magnitude 0 (like Vega) and 3 stars, Sirius, Canopus and Arturo, which have negative magnitudes. The Sun has an average magnitude of -26.73.
4. The stellar magnitudes are understood to be apparent, because the brightness of a star also depends on its distance. There is a scale of magnitude that places the stars all at the same standard distance (1 parsec = 3.26 light years) and which is called Absolute Magnitude; this value expresses the real brightness possessed by the star.
The telescope is able to show, in the visual use, stars of magnitude weaker than that perceived by the naked eye, and the larger the telescope’s lens, the higher the magnitude of the high limit, or the weaker stars are seen, thus in larger quantities. As an example, a small 60 mm refracting telescope can show us stars of a magnitude of about 13.0 at high magnifications and in the best observational conditions. Many factors condition this limit value. The main factors are: light pollution, the transparency of the sky, the atmospheric turbulence, the height of the star observed on the horizon, the color (ie the “spectral type”), the magnifications and the optical quality of the instrument, if optics are clean or dirty, but also the experience, age and visual acuity of the observer.
Seeing weak stars is one of the factors that determines the satisfaction of a visual observation because it allows us, for example, to discover the nature of dense galactic clusters like M11 or globular clusters like M3, M13 and M22.
In the past many books have been published in which the magnitude limit of a telescope of a certain opening was decidedly underestimated, perhaps to prevent the “disappointment of expectation” by beginners or, more likely, because the authors did not personally experience the real limits of the tools they used, simply copying and pasting the data found in previously published texts.
One of the “classical” formula for determining the visual magnitude limit of a telescope is the following: ML = 9.5 + 5.0 * Log10 (D)
where D = aperture in inches of the telescope lens (1 inch = 25.4mm) Source:: “THE OBSERVATIONAL AMATEUR ASTRONOMER” by Patrick Moore.
Applying these old formulas that do not take into account other factors of great importance such as magnification are obtained, for a 60 mm aperture telescope, a magnitude gain of about 5-6 with respect to the night-time limit magnitude to the naked eye. So, in the case of a dark and transparent night, observing from a place not disturbed by light pollution, with magnitude limit to the naked eye equal to 6a, according to these old formulas the stellar magnitude limit of this small refractor would have been little more than 11a .
Practical experience, and perhaps even the noticeable advances in optics that have improved the quality of lenses and anti-reflective treatments, has taught me that the real limit is far higher. Under mountain skies I easily reached with my refractor ED 66/400 used at 100x, the visual magnitude of 13. As already mentioned, in addition to the obvious advantage given by the dark sky of the mountain site, with low light pollution, greater transparency and the choice of high stars on the horizon, played a key role in the use of high magnifications, which have the effect of darkening the sky background, improving sharply the contrast between the stars, which are point-like objects at any magnification, and the let us fuse it that instead it is an extended source; the contrast between the two subjects increases as magnification increases, always taking into account the limits represented by atmospheric turbulence and diffraction.
The color of the stars also plays a fundamental role, because the eye is less sensitive to red than to yellow-green, even when our eyes act in conditions of scotopic (ie nocturnal) vision so if a weak star is red or orange, you will see it less easily than a yellow or white star.
In the past years Professor Bradley Shaefer, a professor of astrophysics, has studied the problem in more depth, reformulating the calculation of the visual limit magnitude in a more articulated way and allowing a better description of reality.
On this site: there is an application that, using the Shaefer formula, allows to enter the parameters of the instrument, the observer and the quality of the sky, arriving to results which are very close to the real ones.
Trying to insert data in this application and trying to change some fundamental parameters, such as the type of telescope (refractor, reflector or catadioptric) the limit magnitude to the naked eye, the height on the horizon or the magnification, important differences between the results have been achieved.
For example, if you enter the data of a 10 × 50 pair of binoculars, without changing the other parameters you will find that the ML is, with good sky (SQM 20) equal to 10.6 while if you take a small telescope with the same aperture of 50mm but used at 50x (1 magnification per millimeter) the value of ML rises to 12.1.
As a second example, we take a 200mm Newton with a focal length of 1000mm, used with a 32mm eyepiece that many authors recommended, in the past, as an optimal eyepiece for observations of deep-sky objects. With this eyepiece you get only 31x and then an exit pupil of 6.4mm. By entering the data of this configuration into the application, a limit magnitude of 13.1 is obtained, a rather low value for a 200mm. However, if we enlarge at 200x (1 magnification per millimeter) the limit magnitude jumps to the value of 15, which allows us to distinguish, if we are expert observers, the stars of many globular clusters belonging to the Messier catalog.
It means that, if you are looking at the deep sky and you want to see weaker objects, especially if you prefer stars, but also galaxies and nebulae, you need to bring the magnification of the telescope to at least 1 magnification per millimeter of aperture. And if you want to frame large fields at the same time, take advantage of the availability of Ultragrandangular eyepieces like Nagler, Ethos or similar. For example, using the 10mm Ethos on a 200mm f / 5 Newtonian you get 100x and you set a field of 1 degree, it is enough to contain the vast majority of objects of the deep sky within a 200mm range.
I conclude by repeating one of my “fixed points”: never trust too much the values shown on tables, articles and books, always check yourself. It is the observation made with a method that makes data valid and which, above all, makes observational astronomy stimulating.
Plinio Camaiti
Telescope Doctor
All rights reserved
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10 Fascinating Facts About Butterflies
Did you know butterflies taste with their feet?
Butterfly sipping nectar.
Steven Allen/The Image Bank/Getty Images
People love watching colorful butterflies float from flower to flower. From the tiniest blues to the largest swallowtails, how much do you really know about these insects? Here are 10 fascinating facts about butterflies.
Butterfly wings are transparent
How can that be? We know butterflies as perhaps the most colorful, vibrant insects around! A butterfly's wings are covered by thousands of tiny scales, and these scales reflect light in different colors. But underneath all of those scales, a butterfly wing is actually formed by layers of chitin, the same protein that makes up an insect's exoskeleton. These layers are so thin you can see right through them. As a butterfly ages, scales fall off the wings, leaving spots of transparency where the chitin layer is exposed.
Butterflies taste with their feet
Butterflies have taste receptors on their feet to help them find their host plants and locate food. A female butterfly lands on different plants, drumming the leaves with her feet until the plant releases its juices. Spines on the back of her legs have chemoreceptors that detect the right match of plant chemicals. When she identified the right plant, she lays her eggs. A butterfly will also step on its food, using organs that sense dissolved sugars to taste food sources like fermenting fruit.
Butterflies live on an all-liquid diet
Speaking of butterflies eating, adult butterflies can only feed on liquids, usually nectar. Their mouthparts are modified to enable them to drink, but they can't chew solids. A proboscis, which functions as a drinking straw, stays curled up under the butterfly's chin until it finds a source of nectar or other liquid nutrition. It then unfurls the long, tubular structure and sips up a meal. A few butterflies feed on sap, and some even resort to sipping from decaying carrion. No matter the meal, they suck it up a straw.
A butterfly must assemble its proboscis as soon as it emerges from the chrysalis
A butterfly that can't drink nectar is doomed. One of its first jobs as an adult butterfly is to assemble its mouthparts. When a new adult emerges from the pupal case or chrysalis, its mouth is in two pieces. Using palpi located adjacent to the proboscis, the butterfly begins working the two parts together to form a single, tubular proboscis. You may see a newly emerged butterfly curling and uncurling the proboscis over and over, testing it out.
Butterflies drink from mud puddles
A butterfly cannot live on sugar alone; it needs minerals, too. To supplement its diet of nectar, a butterfly will occasionally sip from mud puddles, which are rich in minerals and salts. This behavior, called puddling, occurs more often in male butterflies, which incorporate the minerals into their sperm. These nutrients are then transferred to the female during mating, and help improve the viability of her eggs.
Butterflies can't fly if they're cold
Butterflies need an ideal body temperature of about 85ºF to fly. Since they're cold-blooded animals, they can't regulate their own body temperatures. The surrounding air temperature has a big impact on their ability to function. If the air temperature falls below 55ºF, butterflies are rendered immobile, unable to flee from predators or feed. When air temperatures range between 82º-100ºF, butterflies can fly with ease. Cooler days require a butterfly to warm up its flight muscles, either by shivering or basking in the sun. Even sun-loving butterflies can get overheated when temperatures soar above 100° F and may seek shade to cool down.
A newly emerged butterfly can't fly
Butterflies live just a few weeks, usually
Once it emerges from its chrysalis as an adult, a butterfly has only 2-4 short weeks to live, in most cases. During that time, it focuses all its energy on two tasks – eating and mating. Some of the smallest butterflies, the blues, may only survive a few days. Butterflies that overwinter as adults, like monarchs and mourning cloaks, can live as long as 9 months.
Butterflies are nearsighted, but they can see and discriminate a lot of colors
Within about 10-12 feet, butterfly eyesight is quite good. Anything beyond that distance gets a little blurry to a butterfly, though. Butterflies rely on their eyesight for vital tasks, like finding mates of the same species and finding flowers on which to feed. In addition to seeing some of the colors we can see, butterflies can see a range of ultraviolet colors invisible to the human eye. The butterflies themselves may have ultraviolet markings on their wings to help them identify one another and locate potential mates. Flowers, too, display ultraviolet markings that act as traffic signals to incoming pollinators like butterflies – "pollinate me!"
Butterflies employ all kinds of tricks to keep from being eaten
Butterflies rank pretty low on the food chain, with lots of hungry predators happy to make a meal of them. Some butterflies fold their wings to blend into the background, using camouflage to render themselves all but invisible to predators. Others try the opposite strategy, wearing vibrant colors and patterns that boldly announce their presence. Bright colored insects often pack a toxic punch if eaten, so predators learn to avoid them. Some butterflies aren't toxic at all, but pattern themselves after other species known for their toxicity. By mimicking their foul-tasting cousins, they repel predators.
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Winston Churchill: Hero or Villain?
Teacher Training Day
22nd March 2019
ActiveHistory Training Day: 22/03/2019, Sheffield UK: BOOK YOUR PLACE NOW!
This detailed, stand-alone study unit is based around an interactive Head2Head Virtual Interview with Winston Churchill.
The unit is designed to be used with Year 9 students (13-14 years) but is easily adaptable to other contexts.
The unit develops sourcework and essay-writing skills, and the outcome is a detailed, structured essay answering the key question "Was Winston Churchill a hero, or a villain?".
Click Here to Interview Churchill Online!
The purpose of this unit is to provide a "Study Through Time" which will cover the Boer War, the Liberal government between 1906-1914, World War One, the Interwar Period, World War Two, the Cold War and the foundation of the Welfare State. A completely new "Head2Head" interactive interview forms the backbone of this new unit .
Introductory Lesson and Activity - Teacher Lesson Plan
This introductory lesson gets students to pull apart what it means to be a 'hero' or a 'villain'. Students brainstorm what they know about Churchill and will probably lean more towards a 'hero' interpretation. But then the teacher provides a twist in the tail for the second half of the lesson that should get them thinking....!
Photographs of Churchill: What deductions about him can we draw?
"What impression is created of Churchill in each of the following photographs? Record your thoughts to the right of each picture. Compare your ideas with a partner, then with the class. TIP: To help you analyse each picture, you might want to consider such things as: What has just happened? What is he doing? What's his mood and why? What is he thinking? What will happen next?"
Diamond9 Activity: Photographs of Churchill
"Cut out and create a "Diamond 9" Diagram of these images, with the most 'positive' images towards the top, and the most 'negative' towards the bottom. Explain your choices either in a paragraph or by putting clear captions next to each of the images themselves. TIP: Start by writing your captions next to each of the following pictures. Then cut them out, rearrange them as you see fit, and stick them down as a display piece".
Quotes by Churchill
From a consideration of visual sources students now move towards quotes by Churchill. Winston Churchill was well-known for his speeches and his quotes. In this activity we will look at a number of these quotes, and work out whether on balance they suggest that he was a hero or a villain.
"Read through the following quotes by Winston Churchill (your teacher may wish to divide them between the class, with each student taking several each). What does each quote suggest about the sort of man Churchill is and what he believes in? Put your choice of word(s) in the appropriate column(s). Discuss with a partner / as a class. Reduce the list down to your favourite 10 quotes. Aim to have a balanced number of positive and negative quotes".
Primary sources about Churchill - Silent Discussion
Prior to the lesson, your teacher will print off sets of sources and place them on different tables. The class will be divided into pairs, and each pair will be directed to a different table with a different set of sources. "Read the sources in silence, then still in silence, annotate the source by underlining key words / phrases and either (a) Making your observations, or (b) Asking questions, in the margin (your partner can answer these questions if they wish - otherwise the teacher may do so later). During this time, the teacher will move between the groups silently adding extra questions / observations and answering any questions raised..."
Head2Head Interview - Teacher led activity to determine if Churchill was prejudiced
The teacher now defines the key words in each of these questions, and then 'interviews' Churchill about each one. Students record the findings in terms of negative / positive responses.
Were you racist?
Were you sexist?
Were you antisemitic?
Were you islamophobic?
Were you homophobic?
Head2Head Preparation: Identifying 'Heroic' and 'Villainous' qualities and framing the questions ready for the interview
The class will be divided into two teams. The first team needs to make a list of 'heroic' (positive) qualities. The second team needs to make a list of 'villainous' (negative) qualities. These are then matched up in pairs, prioritised in terms of importance, and then transformed into questions ready to ask in the interview with Churchill.
Head2Head Interview!
" You will now be directed to the Virtual "Head2Head Interview" with Churchill. Starting with the first row of words in your table, ask Churchill questions to test whether he was a hero or a villain (e.g. "Were you brave?", "Were you cowardly?"). Record his response(s) in the right hand column of the row. Before moving on to the next question, highlight things he said that suggest he was a 'hero' in green. Highlight things he said that suggest he was a 'villain' in red. Finally, give Churchill a 'hero score' out of 100% and record this in the final column of the row".
Independent Research Phase and Mark Scheme for the Essay
"The main body of your essay is now completed. To distinguish your study, you should now take the time to conduct some extra research to develop each of your main paragraphs with fresh evidence. Make use too of this mark scheme..."
© 1998-2019 Russel Tarr, Limited (Reg. 6111680)
All rights reserved | Privacy Policy | Contact
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"url": "https://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/menus/Year_9/churchill/"
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Create a Constellation Project
This Create a Constellation Project activity & project also includes:
Provide your class with the opportunity to come up with their own constellation. Using a real star chart, pupils sketch out new constellations and label the stars with their real names. Individuals then compose myths about their constellations using the graphic organizer, making sure that their writing is original and clear. After self-evaluation, individuals turn in their constellation illustrations, myths, and stories.
98 Views 64 Downloads
Additional Tags
• Provides a rubric for both the writing assignment and the star chart portion as well as additional useful reference and project planning materials
• Includes some instructions specific to a teacher and school that can be deleted if desired
• Some pupils might need more scaffolding or teacher assistance to successfully complete the project
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By Tim Lambert
About 1.8 million years ago a new species called Homo erectus appeared in East Africa. Later (about 1 million years ago) they spread to Asia. Some scientists believe that some specimens of Homo erectus actually belonged to a different species and should be called Homo Ergaster. At any rate Homo erectus had a small brain size of about 800-900 ml, which is considerably smaller than modern humans but larger than Homo Habilis, an earlier species. A Homo erectus boy aged about 12 discovered in 1984 stood about 1.68 metres tall. Homo erectus were as tall as modern humans and they were powerfully built.
However in some ways they were different from us. They had smaller brains and they had low foreheads and very prominent ridges over their brows. Obviously it is impossible to tell from a skeleton how hairy someone was. However scientists believe Homo erectus had little body hair and controlled their body heat by sweating. We do not know if Homo erectus could speak. They probably communicated by using a mixture of simple sounds and gestures.
Homo erectus inhabited caves and they made stone tools such as hand axes and cleavers. They probably also made wooden tools but they have not survived. Scientists believe that in Asia Homo erectus used bamboo tools. There is a debate about when hominids first used fire. However between 400,000 and 300,000 years ago there is evidence of hearths. Charred bones were found on them so it seems Homo erectus had learned to cook. Obviously fire was also useful in cold weather and Homo erectus may have made tools by firelight after dark.
From about 500,000 onward a slightly different species called Home Heidelbergensis lived in Europe. At that time it was a very different place from today. Animals like elephants, lions, bear and wolves lived there. Homo Heidelbergensis had a larger brain than Homo erectus and they hunted animals like horses and deer with spears. It is believed that Homo Heidelbergensis gave rise to the Neanderthals.
The Neanderthals
The Cro-Magnons
Prehistoric Europe
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When it comes to concerns about the widespread use of drones, one of the big ones is the worry that the things will crash on peoples' heads. That's why researchers at the University of Zurich have created a system to keep that from happening. Their technology allows a drone to regain stable flight after losing control, and to autonomously land in a "safe" area in the event of mechanical or battery failure.
The system was developed using small drones equipped with a single camera, and computer vision software running on an onboard smartphone processor.
While one of these drones is in stable flight, its software identifies distinctive landmarks in its environment. As long as those landmarks pass by in the manner that they should according to the flight commands, it knows that everything is proceeding properly.
If something such as a gust of wind or an obstacle suddenly knocks the aircraft off-kilter, however, it will automatically realign itself with those landmarks, instead of continuing to veer off in the wrong direction. "Our system works similarly to a tight-rope walker," said Matthias Faessler, who worked with Prof. Davide Scaramuzza on the project. "When you balance on a rope, you fixate on some static points in the environment and shift your weight accordingly to restore balance."
While GPS can also help in such situations, it's entirely possible that delivery drones flying amongst tall buildings could temporarily lose their GPS signal.
Additionally, the software continuously creates a 3D map of the drone's surroundings. Should a failure occur, it will identify flat, open "safe" terrain for the drone to land on, passing over "risky" areas. The drone will then proceed to set down there, under its own control.
It's reminiscent of a system recently developed at ETH Zurich, which allows multicopter drones to make controlled landings even if one of more of their propellers conk out.
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"url": "https://newatlas.com/drone-recovery-system/36895/"
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History of Otero Mesa
History of Otero Mesa
The lands of the Greater Otero Mesa Area have born witness to the presence of Native Americans, the Spanish in the Colonial era, Mexicans, and the sovereignty of the United States. Both prudence and due diligence should be exercised to insure that our cultural heritage is not jeopardized in a precipitous rush to exploit this fragile landscape.
Prehistory & Native Americans
In prehistoric times, salt was a necessary food additive for human survival. It was used widely as a food preservative and therefore a valuable commodity for trade. The salt deposits in the eastern Tularosa Basin provided a significant resource upon which the populations living in the high plains desert region depended.
Human habitation in the Hueco Mountains extends back 10,000 years. with various Native American cultures being identified as having occupied the land since these first inhabitants. Radiocarbon dating indicates that ceramics were introduced into the salt deposit regions of the eastern Tularosa Basin between 700-1000 A.D. These ceramic vessels were fragile and it has been suggested that they were used to transport and store salt from the salt beds too more densely occupied sites.
Unfortunately, many of these remains were collected in the 1920’s from these sites. Grooved and ungrooved stone axes, mauls, projectile points, metates and manos can be seen in private collections in the area. But information as to when, where and under what circumstances they were removed from their sites is lacking.
The Hueco Tanks State Park contains numerous petroglyphs and pictoglyphs and is a sacred site to several Native American tribes. Petroglyphs and pictoglyphs are also found in the caves and stone outcrops in the Guadalupe and Cornudas Mountains. The Guadalupe Mountains are a sacred site to the Apache Indians where the Apache deity White Painted Woman, a central figure in the female coming-of-age ceremony, rests.
Spanish Colonization
The need for salt also led the Spaniards to these salt deposits during the Hispanic Colonial Period. In addition to preserving food, the Spanish used salt to refine silver ore.
In 1692, Don Diego de Vargas, the newly appointed Governor of New Mexico, ventured east–seeking salt for the people of old El Paso (known as Juarez today). He and his force traveled from the Hueco Mountains to the Cornudas Mountains, Crow Spring (Ojo de Cuervo) and on to the “South Point” of the Guadalupe Mountains.
His is the first written account documenting the presence of salt deposits, a description of the Guadalupe Mountains, and critically, the finding of water at Alamo, Crow, and Guadalupe Springs.
The route De Vargas took became the preferred route from El Paso to the salt deposits and the Guadalupe Mountains because of this discovery of water. The presence of Apaches in the region was a significant barrier to the full use of the route and the land it accessed until the later part of the 19th century.
Westward Expansion of the United States
With the end of the Mexican War in 1848, the lands north of the Rio Grande were ceded to the United States by Mexico. United States Military maps of the era show that the De Vargas trail continued to be used as an access to the Guadalupe Mountains and points east. In 1858, the 1st Butterfield stage heading west encountered the 1st Butterfield stage heading east at the foot of the Guadalupe Mountains along the De Vargas trail. This famous stage route that ushered in the California gold rush and brought farmers, miners and ranchers west utilized the very route that De Vargas had opened from the Hueco Mountains to the Guadalupe Mountains.
Contact Us
Coalition for Otero Mesa
Email: oteromesa@yahoo.com
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Confucianism Beliefs, Symbols and Practices - Savage Facts
Confucianism Beliefs, Symbols and Practices
Confucianism Beliefs, Symbols and Practices
Share the knowledge
Confucianism is a philosophical belief system that originated in China in about 500 B.C. The concept of Confucianism is derived from the beliefs and teachings of a Chinese philosopher named Confucius. Confucius’ real name was Kong Fuzi and Confucius is the Latin version of the same name. His teachings had a significant impact on China as well as its neighboring countries. Here are some facts on the teachings, beliefs and practices of Confucianism.
Confucianism Beliefs
1. Confucianism carries forward the belief that ‘Do not do to others what you would have them not do to you.’
2. Confucianism is not a religion, but a set of principles and ideas that it advocates people to live by in order to have a happy and satisfied life.
3. Confucianism lays importance on valuing others, treating others with kindness and having a mutual respect for each other.
4. Confucius believed that individuals in a society can only be happy if there is a social order in the society. Confucius was born at a time when his state was engulfed by administrative feuds between the princes. This was what motivated Confucius to think of a moral code that could bring happiness to people.
5. Confucianism consists of 5 basic virtues that people should adhere to:
• Li: Each individual should have a proper social conduct and good behaviour.
• Ren (Jen): People should direct their energies towards social welfare activities like altruism and humanity.
• Xin: An individual should stay faithful and loyal to their relatives as well as their work.
• Zhi: Wisdom is the only way to truth.
• Yi: To understand the value of righteousness and truth and hence, to always speak the truth.
1. Confucius also gave 5 cardinal relations:
• Sovereign-Subject
• Father-Son
• Elder-Younger Brother
• Husband-Wife
• Friend-Friend
1. As per Confucianism, an individual should put family before himself.
What is Filial Piety and why is it important?
Filial Piety is an important cultural value in China that has its roots in Confucianism. Filial Piety, known as xiào () in Chinese, means having loyalty to one’s parents. Confucius mentions the importance of strong family bonds in society through his book Xiaojing or “Book of Filial Piety”. As per Chinese traditions, a filial son serves his parents and, fulfills their wishes at any cost. The idea behind Filial Piety is that the parents give birth to their child and bring him up by giving him food, shelter and, education. Filial Piety is important in Confucianism because Confucianism considers family as the building blocks of society.
Symbols of Confucianism Philosophy
Confucianism has 4 symbols that represent its teachings. These four symbols are Confucius, Chinese character for Water, Chinese character for Scholar and Yin Yang.
• The Confucius symbol is there to represent the philosopher who produced the ideas and teachings of Confucianism.
• The second symbol, water, represents one of the five elements.
• The third symbol, Scholar, represents wisdom and knowledge. Confucius laid a huge importance on knowledge.
• The fourth symbol, Yin and Yang are an integral part of the Chinese Philosophy. It represents attainment of balance.
Writings on Confucianism Philosophy
Writings associated with Confucianism include four books and five classics.
Four Books on Confucianism:
This books is the most widely studied book on Confucianism. It was written by the followers and disciples of Confucius. It consists of his ideas and teachings.
Great Learning
It represents Chinese philosophies and thinking.
Doctrine of the Mean
This book is written by the grandson and disciple of Confucius – Zisi.
It consists of conversations of a scholar named Mencius with the ruling kings.
Five Classics on Confucianism
Classics of Poetry
It is a collection of 305 poems which are sung at sacrifices to gods and the ancestral spirits of the royal house.
Book of Documents
It is a collection of documents and speeches written by princes and kings of the early Zhou period.
Book of Rites
It contains a description of ancient rites, social forms, and court ceremonies.
Book of Changes
The books is based on principles of Yin and Yang
Spring and Autumn Annals
It gives a historical reference to the state of Lu.
Related Reading:
Interesting Facts About Confucius
Leave a Reply
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The Ottoman Empire
Teacher Training Day
22nd March 2019
Interactive exercises
1. Decision-Making Game
Virtual Field Trip: The Ottoman Empire
An epic adventure: Journey around every corner of the Empire trying to complete a mission set by Suleiman the Magnificent!
2. "Fling the Teacher" Quiz
The Foreign Policy of Suleiman the Magnificent
3. Interactive Worksheet
The Ottoman Military System
PowerPoint Presentations
1. Mehmed the Conqueror
2. Bayezid II
3. Selim 'The Grim'
4. Suleiman 'The Magnificent'
1. Introduction to the Empire
2. Topological Map
3. The Foreign Policy of Suleiman the Magnificent
4. The Foreign Policy of Suleiman the Magnificent
5. The Murder of Mustafa and the Succession Crisis
6. De Busbecq on the Ottoman Military System
7. The Ottoman structure of Government
8. The Ottoman social system
9. The Devshirme
10. The Ottoman Economy
11. Religion in the Ottoman Empire
12. The Internal Strengths of the Ottoman Empire
13. A Comparison of Ottoman and Western societies
14. Crossword: The Ottoman Empire in the 16th Century
15. Ottoman Empire: Key Word List
All rights reserved | Privacy Policy | Contact
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"url": "https://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/menus/A_Level/Early_Modern/Early_Europe/Ottoman_Empire.htm"
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You are here
Technologies are not gender neutral, and tackling climate change demands that everyone's experience and skills are utilized. Therefore climate technology action needs to ensure that women and men are both engaged in decision-making processes, development and use of technologies, and benefit from their outcomes. Women commonly face higher risks and greater burdens from the impacts of climate change, and their needs must be addressed to ensure effective and equitable climate change actions. Women also bring new perspectives and innovations in identifying and implementing solutions. Below you will find gender-related publications, partners, CTCN technical assistance, technologies and other information for exploring the topic of gender and climate change solutions further.
• Gender and Waste Management
Publication date:
Monday 18 September 2017
Why gender perspectives need to be incorporated into waste management:
1. Waste is not necessarily a gender neutral concept
2. Women may have different needs and preferences on waste management service
3. Women’s gender responsibility for community cleanliness is often uncompensated, and when these voluntary activities become paid, women are often left out
4. Formalising waste activities can also force women out
5. Gender aspects are left out in the selection of the technology
6. Women are exposed to specific health risks in various ways
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"url": "https://www.ctc-n.org/technology-sectors/gender?f%5B0%5D=field_sectors%3A2&f%5B1%5D=search_api_combined_1%3ACentral%20African%20Republic&f%5B2%5D=field_sectors%3A8&f%5B3%5D=field_objective%3A14913&f%5B4%5D=search_api_combined_1%3AMyanmar"
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Battle of Corinth
On this day in 1862, Confederates under General Earl Van Dorn attemptto recapture Corinth, a vital rail center in Mississippi. However, the following day, the Second Battle of Cornith ended in defeat for the Rebels.
Northern Mississippi was the scene of much maneuvering during the summer of 1862. The Confederates were forced to evacuate Corinth in May in the face of heavy Union pressure, but they maintained two armies in the area. On September 19, one of these armies, commanded by Van Dorn, was defeated by Union General William Rosecrans at the Battle of Iuka, 20 miles east of Corinth. Shortly after, Van Dorn combined his force with that of General Sterling Price to form a 22,000-man army that turned toward Corinth to launch anotherattack against Rosecrans, who had consolidated his forces there.
Van Dorn hurled his army at the outer defenses of Corinth on the morning of October 3. Over the course of the spring and summer, both Union and Confederate occupiers of Corinth had constructed concentric rings of trenches around the city. The Confederates were initially successful at capturing the outer defenses, driving the 23,000 defenders back nearly two miles. The battle lasted all day, and only nightfall brought relief to the battered Yankees.
The next day, the Confederates made a series of desperate assaults on the inner trenches. They suffered heavy losses and began to withdraw from Corinth by early afternoon. The Confederate defeat was devastating. The Union losses included 315 dead, 1,812 wounded, and 232 taken as prisoners, while the Confederate losses included 1,423 dead, 5,692 wounded, and 2,268 prisoners. The Confederate defeat at Corinth allowed the Union to focus attention on capturing Vicksburg, Mississippi, the last major Rebel stronghold on the Mississippi River.
UAW walks out on Ford
On this day in 1961, the United Auto Workers (UAW) union goes on strike at Ford plants across the country to win higher wages and better benefits for its members. It was the first company-wide strike since Ford had agreed to a collective-bargaining deal in 1941. Ford had been the more
Maze hunger strike called off
Iraq wins independence
With the admission of Iraq into the League of Nations, Britain terminates its mandate over the Arab nation, making Iraq independent after 17 years of British rule and centuries of Ottoman rule. Britain seized Iraq from Ottoman Turkey during World War I and was granted a mandate more
Britain successfully tests A-bomb
Britain successfully tests its first atomic bomb at the Monte Bello Islands, off the northwest coast of Australia. During World War II, 50 British scientists and engineers worked on the successful U.S. atomic bomb program at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After the war, many of these more
O.J. Simpson acquitted
Operation Wallowa commences
Elements of the 1st Cavalry Division launch Operation Wallowa in South Vietnam’s northernmost provinces. A task force was sent in to relieve pressure on the U.S. Marines, who were fighting a heavy series of engagements along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). As these operations more
The shot heard round the world
On October 3, 1951, third baseman Bobby Thomson hits a one-out, three-run home run in the bottom of the ninth inning to win the National League pennant for the New York Giants. Thomson’s homer wrapped up an amazing come-from-behind run for the Giants and knocked the Brooklyn more
Clive Owen born
On this day in 1963, the ruggedly handsome actor Clive Owen, who will become known for his work in such movies as Closer and Sin City, is born in Coventry, England. After graduating from London’s Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Owen performed with the Young Vic Theater Company and more
Hurricane Stan bears down on Mexico
On this day in 2005, Hurricane Stan bears down on the Mexican coastline after passing over the Yucatan Peninsula. The storm brought torrential rains to Central America and caused a series of landslides over the next several days that buried several towns and killed more than more
East and West Germany reunite after 45 years
Less than one year after the destruction of the Berlin Wall, East and West Germany come together on what is known as “Unity Day.” Since 1945, when Soviet forces occupied eastern Germany, and the United States and other Allied forces occupied the western half of the nation at the more
War Revenue Act passed in U.S.
On October 3, 1917, six months after the United States declared war on Germany and began its participation in the First World War, the U.S. Congress passes the War Revenue Act, increasing income taxes to unprecedented levels in order to raise more money for the war effort. The more
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Make a home for us
Who and what lives in our conservation area?
Common Banded Demoiselle
Can be found in most of England, Wales and Ireland
Common Toad
Latin name: Bufo bufo
Size: A male toad is around 65 mm in length. The females are around 25mm longer. Sometimes larger toads can be found, and these are usually females.
Distribution: Found throughout England, Scotland and Wales, but not in Ireland.
Months seen: All year round.
Habitat: Fields, hedgerows, gardens and woodlands.
Food: Worms, slugs and insects.
Special features: Common Toads are Britain's largest and heaviest amphibians.
The colouring of the toad varies according to the colour of the soil in it s habitat. If the soil is a greyish colour, the toads skin tends to be greyish to blend in. If the soil is more brownish, then so is the toad.
Common Frog - Latin name: Rana temporaria
Size: The male is approximately 70mms from head to tail, and the female is slightly larger.
Distribution: Can be found in most parts of the UK.
Months seen: March to October. Hibernates through the winter, often underwater.
Habitat: Damp woodland and meadows.
Great Crested Newt - Latin name: Triturus cristatus
Size: Grows up to 17cms in length.
Distribution: Found in most parts of England, Wales and southern Scotland.
Months seen: March to October.
Habitat: During spring and summer they can be found in, or near, ponds and streams. In early October they come out of the water to hibernate on dry land.
Special features: The great crested newt is a protected species. It is illegal to handle great crested newts unless they are in immediate danger. During springtime, the male has a large crest running along its back (hence the name) and a bright orange belly. They are sometimes called the 'warty newt' as their skin is very bumpy. Special glands in the skin release a foul-tasting
Smooth Newt - Latin name: Triturus vulgaris
Smooth newts grow to a length of around 9cms.
Distribution: Found throughout the UK.
Months seen: March to October.
Habitat: They can be found in, or near, ponds and streams during spring and summer. In early October they come out of the water to hibernate on dry land through to spring time. They spend the winter under a stone, under a log, or in compost heaps, where the temperature can be a little warmer.
Food: Slugs, worms and insects
Special features: When they emerge from hibernation in the spring, they head for their breeding ponds. Smooth newts are fairly slow moving, and if they have to cross roads to get to their ponds, this creates a problem for them. Where the kerb stones are too steep for them to climb, they can get trapped in gutters. In addition, some carelessly fall into drains. If you see one in a road, and it looks like it's in trouble, give it a helping hand by putting it out of the way of road, and foot traffic.
Where frogs and toads lay a mass of spawn, in the hope that a few will survive, newts carefully deposit single eggs, which they hide under the leaves of aquatic plants.
In the summer months, the undersides of their tails and their bellies become bright orange, however, this colouration fades in autumn and winter.
Back to conservation home
Food: Insects, slugs and small worms.
Special features: Although called the common frog, this animal is now becoming quite rare in Britain. The widespread use of insecticides, and the diminishing number of breeding sites has greatly reduced their numbers.
Frogs are different in appearance to toads in that their skin is quite smooth, and it has a moist feel.
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The Fascinating Tasmanian Devil
The fascinating Tasmanian devil is a carnivorous, semi-nocturnal creature, whose aggressive nature and wild hissing, growling and screaming earned it the name.The Tasmanian devil is a marsupial, related to koalas and kangaroos. It is the world’s largest carnivorous marsupial, reaching 76 centimeters (30 inches) in length and weighing up to 12 kilograms (26 pounds), although its size will vary widely depending on its specific range and the availability of food.
Body of Tasmanian devil is covered with black fur, with white patches on the chest, shoulders and rump. Tasmanian devil has large head and very strong jaw. It has one of the strongest bites in the animal world; 84 kilogram per square centimeter (1200 pounds per square inch), which means that it can bite through the metal trap.
While devils are usually solitary, their excellent noses will often lead several of them to the same carcass at once, and communal feeding is rather common. Tasmanian devils can take prey up to the size of a small kangaroo, but in practice they are opportunistic and eat carrion more often than they hunt live prey. As scavengers, devils also help their habitat by eating most anything lying around, no matter how old or rotten. When Tasmanian devils do prey, they hunt mainly small animals, including birds, lizards, insects and other marsupials, such as wallabies.
On average, devils eat about 15% of their body weight each day, although they can eat up to 40% of their body weight in 30 minutes if the opportunity arises. They store extra fat in their tails. Curious and energetic, Tasmanian devils travel long distances each night in their pursuit of food, sometimes covering as much as 16 kilometers (10 miles).
Tasmanian devils’ breeding season lasts from March to May. Tasmanian devil mothers have a gestation period of three weeks. Like all marsupials, Tasmanian devil mothers give birth to very tiny young (about the size of a raisin). Once born, the babies called imps crawl up the mother’s fur and into her pouch. She will have up to 50 young at once, but only a maximum of 4 survive in the pouch. Babies stay in their pouch for four months. When they emerge from the pouch, the imps often ride on their mother’s back, like young koalas, or stay in the den while she hunts. After about six months old, the young are weaned, becoming independent at around nine months.
Threats to Tasmanian devils include attacks by domestic dogs and foxes, being hit by cars, loss of habitat, and disease. In the 1990s, the total Tasmanian devil population was estimated at 130,000 to 150,000. However, the population has been in continual rapid decline since then. Tragically, since the mid-1990s, a catastrophic disease has killed thousands of Tasmanian devils. Called devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), this fatal condition is a rare contagious cancer that causes lumps to form around the animal’s mouth and head, making it hard for it to eat. Scientists are working hard to find a way to stop the spread of DFTD before it wipes the species out.
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African-american spirituals developed out of the agony of individuals stripped of their home and identity, forced to travel to an unknown land and become slaves, Slave labor was excruciating and demeaning, spending countless hours of backbreaking labor under the sun.
Slaves began singing songs to pass the time. Through several generations work songs and spirituals developed as ways to pass the time and communicate with one another. Work songs focused on the rough conditions faced on a daily basis. Slaves were prohibited from talking about their master overseers, so they often incorporated code words to mention subjects that were off-limits.
Slaves were often expected to sing by the overseer. If they were being silent, constantly being oppressed and physically abused, these songs took on a sorrowful tune and told stories of hardship and struggle. Ex slave Frederick Douglass once wrote ‘the songs of slaves represented their sorrows, rather than their joys. Like tears, they were a relief to aching hearts.’
Slave spirituals are often the most well recognized forms of early African-American music, as slaves on plantations or in the city, African Americans were allowed to attend Christian Church. They often stayed after service to participate in song. Slaves took the common Christian themes of repentance and deliverance and incorporated them into a genre that would become one of the biggest influences on early American music.
These spirituals also ignited a strong religious faction among slaves. Themes from the Bible like the Exodus became a metaphor for slavery, substituting the Mississippi or Ohio River for the Jordan River. Songs like Follow the Drinking Gourd became a metaphor of the Big Dipper, giving slaves directions to the Underground Railroad. Contrary to myth, slave and work songs were actually organized, intelligent compositions.
Their music has historically been labeled as manaphobic, meaning there is one melody, one note at a time. This is not true at all. Upon dissecting these songs one can see if their music is actually homophonic, as the melody is often included accompanying parts and rhythms. One of the most crucial elements of slave songs known as syncopation actually originated in Africa.
Syncopation is a rhythmic technique which involves stressing beats that are not normally stressed. Drums and other percussion instruments were banned on the assumption that slaves would use them to communicate ideas of escaping or uprising with each other, so they implemented stomping and clapping to create
cross rhythms that went against the fixed beat to create a sound previously unheard of by white settlers.
Slaves that could play instruments however we’re allowed a banjo or other stringed instrument. Some songs use a call-and-response style of singing, where a lead singer will call out a short verse and the rest of the workers will respond with the refrain, usually with the recurring theme. An interesting and crucial aspect of this nature of music is that it is imperfect. Followers may begin the refrain before the leader was finished with the solo, or the leader may begin the solo before the chorus was finished.
This type of call and response create a unique blend of melodies and high and low pitches that were bound together by strong rhythmic elements. The actual songs sung were unique in themselves, as they portrayed striking imagery without the use of rhyme scheme as most songs originated. As improvisation spirituals became synonymous with hope, weather for freedom or perhaps the darkest form of emancipation, death : regardless slave songs shared a common theme of fighting disguised as good versus evil or God fighting the devil.
Spirituals invigorated African-americans to fight their bondage and free their souls and before your slave I’ll be buried in my grave and go home to my Lord and be free. Throughout American history African-americans have been patronized to continue to face prejudice in their daily lives. One way in which African Americans became involved with music was through minstrel shows, tracing the inception back to Chatham Theatre in 1843 a white Irish American Protestant with a black face sat on stage of three others dressed in Plantation or slave like clothing singing tales of slave life.
This was the first performance of Emmet’s Virginia minstrels and is still generally considered to be the birth of the commercialized blackface minstrel show. In their early form these impersonations were conventionally staged by white male performers blackening up their face and when they were not wearing white gloves, also blackening their hands. The visual picture was completed by dance music and song performances.
This form of entertainment became a central part of the saloons, taverns and musics halls across Britain. Glasgow, a city departing point for America, had developed close ties with certain American states such as Virginia, a place where American musical influence was truly alive. During this time, period sheet music was evolving. The evolution of sheet music led to more racial cues and circumstances.
Throughout these shows the Irish in America as a group used the phrase ‘blacking up’ to establish its ethnic separation from other races across the country. There were two groups of Irish Americans that participated in blackface, Minister Lee these two consisted of the Irish Catholics and the Irish protestants. Christopher J Smith suggests that when we examine all the sources we should see that the roots of blackface minstrel go back virtually to the founding of the American colonies.
During this entertainment period based on cross race impersonation, blackface delineation or minstrel. it consisted in the grotesque and caricatured impersonations of African-american men and were performed by white British or American men. In most cases, however, after the end of the Civil War, blacks were thoroughly integrated in dimensional shows.
When one race impersonates another for entertainment, reception becomes a barometer of ethnic hegemony, interracial politics and power. Artists have been repeatedly tempted to appropriate and even try to reassign signifiers from this tradition, but blackface and it’s indenial liability associated minstrel repertoire retained the power to reopen these hard to heal deep wounds.
While most regarded them as a representation of African-american low cultural, one vision originated among whites in another originated among blacks. 20th century artists also had to address the derogatory way in which minstrel represented black people. Most regarded them both those instances of African-american low culture.
In today’s society we see the impact of minstrel shows and blackface performances. The language of modernity therefore involved a measure of what historian Michael North calls ‘racial ventriloquism’, yet it wasn’t only white writers who resorted to this practice. Although one might imagine that early 20th century black modernists would have seized the opportunity to silence the ways of minstrel, in fact they did no such thing at all.
Minstrel tropes are still ubiquitous in black modernist literature. Wallace Thurmond, Langston Hughes, Alain Locke all used, interrogate and revised the form of these minstrel shows. As the minstrel men of the 19th century encouraged styles of racialized masculinity, contemporary white youth too were attracted not only to the music, but various cultural artifacts.
Extended beyond what was once considered to be hip and cool for blacks was now beginning to be liked by whites. This began with the integration of black and whites and minstrel shows at saloons and theaters all across America. Simply put, blackface minstrel was for buy-in about the white community, although in its early period it was a form of engaging the black other.
It is misleading to suggest that thisengagement might even have been supportive of action to correct the other social play. Black mints really promoted racism and undermined the African-american race during this time period, thus allowing prejudice and stereotyping to live on after the Civil War, after the transatlantic slave trade had ended.
It is during this period to which America witnessed the birth a powerful musical expression conceived as the result of the black man’s struggle for his survival and freedom. Known for his ability to endure, his spiritual strength, his outstanding sense of rhythm, black men in America would use these characteristics to shape the sounds and ideas of their music in the years to come.
The earliest trace of popular black music that still exists today is the Blues. In the difficult period of transition from slavery to freedom during the mid 19th century the Blues became an outlet and a therapeutic release for black men to unburden himself from the cruel and harsh realities of his life. It is during this time while performing the in company of whites that the black American singer had to develop dual personality traits as a survival mechanism by removing black slang verbal codes and suggestive material in order to appeal to the white crowd.
At the turn of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th the earliest forms of jazz emerged when black musicians and other African Americans became immersed in modern life in society, and what was originally known as a ‘coon song’ during the American minstrel period. It was during the earliest 20th century where it acquired the additional label of ragtime, with the focus primarily based exclusively upon syncopated time and not so much melody or fine harmony.
Ragtime would become the precursor to modern-day jazz, seen as a revolt against Victorian codes of behavior. The Black American artists of this time were abandoning accepted musical styles of the time period and entering risky stylistic and social terrain, being a direct challenge to Western norms and culture. The birth of jazz music was more than just music. It was a cultural movement which influenced the entire language and attitude of all its followers.
In this respect jazz became a prototype for later forms of music such as rock and roll and hip hop, because it was hated by the bourgeoisie and musical establishment of that time period. Largely associated with the drug use and deviancy, jazz music in its earliest forms was referred to as the devil’s music. One cannot discuss the rods of jazz without mentioning the great Jelly Roll Morton. Identified as a major influence on the development of early American jazz, the self-proclaimed inventor of jazz was responsible for writing the first complex and self-conscious compositions employing breaks, stopped on devices, improvising feeling and the swing rhythm, all factors of jazz that would continue to shape the genre for decades to come.
Growing up as a Creole in New Orleans in the early 20th century , Joe Roman became both the face and the talked about jazz musician. Known for his flamboyant demeanor, Morton was also a whorehouse entertainer. An alleged payment with the diamond tooth and a large wardrobe of flashy suits, making much of the American society associate jazz music with criminality and deviance.
Growing up in New Orleans, Morton describes the city as the stomping grounds for all the greatest jazz pianists in the country. Wherever jazz was being played Morton notes how there was no discrimination of any kind, with people of different color and backgrounds mingled together just as they wish to, and everyone was just like one big happy family. Although by the early to mid 20th century major cities like New York and Chicago, both had established jazz scenes, they cannot be comparable to New Orleans.
Historically, New Orleans was a major port where on Sundays, a place called Congo Square became a destination hotspot for slaves and free blacks for Sunday recreation and market activity. Here in Congo Square, African music was performed throughout the early and middle decades of the 19th century, leaving many historians to believe that jazz, and by extension, all black music, traces its genealogy to this iconic square in New Orleans.
Another major reason why New Orleans had such a distinct jazz culture would be the city’s complex social order of white black and Creole inhabitants, who each had their own unique musical performances and styles. With the racially mixed and diversity there is no wonder how New Orleans jazz became such a unique style and expressive art form.
Although many see a direct connection between African music and dance and the early rise of jazz, Jelly Roll Morton stresses how early jazz was a unique product of America, not Africa. He notes how African music is nothing like New Orleans music. Just like oil come out of Oklahoma, jazz came out of New Orleans, starting with Jelly Roll Morton, followed by other New Orleans greats, like Louis Armstrong and King Oliver.
All three allowed it to branch out and become music that no longer only belonged to New Orleans, but to the world. While the blues, ragtime and evolution into jazz can all be traced back to African roots, it was the African American who truly shaped the foundation of what the future of modern music would sound like.
Although originally only heard in the streets and clubs of New Orleans, the once forbidden and demonic music scene would spread like wildfire and penetrate mainstream American culture, placing the black artists at the center of attention in the publiceye. Characterized by their carefree, lazy, yet extremely personalized and intimate performances, it is the American black artists of the early 20th century that would ultimately shape the sounds of American popular music in the years to come.
African American Music – Jazz, Ragtime and Blues
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Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, whereas armadillos have none.[1]
The permanent teeth, viewed from the right.
Latindens incisivus
Anatomical terminology
Children with a full set of deciduous teeth (primary teeth) also have eight incisors, named the same way as in permanent teeth. Young children may have from zero to eight incisors depending on the stage of their tooth eruption and tooth development. Typically, the mandibular central incisors erupt first, followed by the maxillary central incisors, the mandibular lateral incisors and finally the maxillary laterals. The rest of the primary dentition erupts after the incisors.[2]
Apart from the first molars, the incisors are also the first permanent teeth to erupt, following the same order as the primary teeth, among themselves.
Other animals
In cats, the incisors are small; biting off meat is done with the canines and the carnassials. In elephants, the upper incisors are modified into curved tusks (unlike with Narwhals, where it is a canine that develops into a straight and twisted tusk).[3] The incisors of rodents grow throughout life and are worn by gnawing. In humans, the incisors serve to cut off pieces of food, as well as in the grip of other food items.
Additional images
3D Medical Animation Still Showing Types of Teeth
Medical animation showing Incisor teeth and its arrangement in the mouth of an adult human being.
Illu mouth
Mouth (oral cavity)
Left maxilla. Outer surface.
Base of skull. Inferior surface.
See also
1. ^ "Archives". Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
2. ^ Scheid, RC. (2012). Woelfel's dental anatomy (8 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3. ^ Nweeia, Martin; Eichmiller, Frederick C.; Hauschka, Peter V.; Tyler, Ethan; Mead, James G.; Potter, Charles W.; Angnatsiak, David P.; Richard, Pierre R.; et al. (30 March 2012). "Vestigial Tooth Anatomy and Tusk Nomenclature for Monodon Monoceros". The Anatomical Record. 295 (6): 1006–1016. doi:10.1002/ar.22449. PMID 22467529.
External links
• Media related to Incisors at Wikimedia Commons
Bharattherium is a mammal that lived in India during the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) and possibly the Paleocene. The genus has a single species, Bharattherium bonapartei. It is part of the gondwanathere family Sudamericidae, which is also found in Madagascar and South America during the latest Cretaceous. The first fossil of Bharattherium was discovered in 1989 and published in 1997, but the animal was not named until 2007, when two teams independently named the animal Bharattherium bonapartei and Dakshina jederi. The latter name is now a synonym. Bharattherium is known from a total of eight isolated fossil teeth, including one incisor and seven molariforms (molar-like teeth, either premolars or true molars).
Bharattherium molariforms are high, curved teeth, with a height of 6 to 8.5 millimetres (0.24 to 0.33 in). In a number of teeth tentatively identified as fourth lower molariforms (mf4), there is a large furrow on one side and a deep cavity (infundibulum) in the middle of the tooth. Another tooth, perhaps a third lower molariform, has two furrows on one side and three infundibula on the other. The tooth enamel has traits that have been interpreted as protecting against cracks in the teeth. The hypsodont (high-crowned) teeth of sudamericids like Bharattherium are reminiscent of later grazing mammals, and the discovery of grass in Indian fossil sites contemporaneous with those yielding Bharattherium suggest that sudamericids were indeed grazers.
Dental anatomy
Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of human tooth structures. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its purview. (The function of teeth as they contact one another falls elsewhere, under dental occlusion.) Tooth formation begins before birth, and the teeth's eventual morphology is dictated during this time. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomical science: it is concerned with the naming of teeth and the structures of which they are made, this information serving a practical purpose in dental treatment.
Usually, there are 20 primary ("baby") teeth and 28 to 32 permanent teeth, the last four being third molars or "wisdom teeth", each of which may or may not grow in. Among primary teeth, 10 usually are found in the maxilla (upper jaw) and the other 10 in the mandible (lower jaw). Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Most of the teeth have distinguishing features.
FDI World Dental Federation notation
FDI World Dental Federation notation is a dental notation widely used by dentists internationally to associate information to a specific tooth.Developed by the FDI World Dental Federation, World Dental Federation notation is also known as ISO 3950 notation.
Orientation of the chart is traditionally "dentist's view", i.e. patient's right corresponds to notation chart left. The designations "left" and "right" on the chart below correspond to the patient's left and right.
Globulomaxillary cyst
The globulomaxillary cyst is a cyst that appears between a maxillary lateral incisor and the adjacent canine. It exhibits as an "inverted pear-shaped radiolucency" on radiographs, or X-ray films.
The globulomaxillary cyst often causes the roots of adjacent teeth to diverge.
This cyst should not be confused with a nasopalatine cyst.
The developmental origin has been disputed. Today, most literature agree based on overwhelming evidence that the cyst is predominantly of tooth origin (odontogenic), demonstrating findings consistent with periapical cysts, odontogenic keratocysts or lateral periodontal cysts.
Human tooth development
Tooth development or odontogenesis is the complex process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth. For human teeth to have a healthy oral environment, all parts of the tooth must develop during appropriate stages of fetal development. Primary (baby) teeth start to form between the sixth and eighth week of prenatal development, and permanent teeth begin to form in the twentieth week. If teeth do not start to develop at or near these times, they will not develop at all, resulting in hypodontia or anodontia.
A significant amount of research has focused on determining the processes that initiate tooth development. It is widely accepted that there is a factor within the tissues of the first pharyngeal arch that is necessary for the development of teeth.
Hutchinson's teeth
Hutchinson's teeth (also known as Hutchinson's incisor, Hutchinson's sign or Hutchinson-Boeck teeth) is a sign of congenital syphilis. Babies who are having these kind of teeth are smaller and more widely spaced than normal and which have notches on their biting surfaces. It named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, an English surgeon and pathologist, who first described it.
Hutchinson's teeth form part of Hutchinson's triad.
Incisive foramen
In the human mouth, the incisive foramen, also called anterior palatine foramen, or nasopalatine foramen is a funnel-shaped opening in the bone of the oral hard palate immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass. The incisive foramen is continuous with the incisive canal, this foramen or group of foramina is located behind the central incisor teeth in the incisive fossa of the maxilla.
The incisive foramen receives the nasopalatine nerves from the floor of the nasal cavity along with the sphenopalatine artery supplying the mucous membrane covering the hard palate of the mouth.
In many other species, the incisive foramina allow for passage of ducts to the vomeronasal organ.
Incisor procumbency
In rodents, incisor procumbency refers to the orientation of the upper incisor, defined by the position of the cutting edge of the incisor relative to the vertical plane of the incisors. Proodont incisors have the cutting edge in front of the vertical plane, orthodont teeth have it perpendicular to the plane, opisthodont incisors have it behind the plane, and hyper-opisthodont teeth have the cutting edge even behind the back of the alveolus of the incisor.Phyllotini are mostly opisthodont, but Auliscomys and Galenomys are orthodont and have sometimes even been described as proodont, and Eligmodontia, Loxodontomys, and some species of Calomys are hyper-opisthodont. Irenomys, Reithrodon, and Neotomys, formerly classified as phyllotines, are also hyper-opisthodont. Oryzomyini are also mostly opisthodont, but Amphinectomys savamis, Handleyomys fuscatus, Melanomys caliginosus, Mindomys hammondi, Scolomys melanops, and Sigmodontomys aphrastus are orthodont.
Inferior alveolar artery
The inferior alveolar artery (inferior dental artery) is an artery of the face. It is a branch of the first portion of the maxillary artery.
Mandibular canal
In human anatomy, the mandibular canal is a canal within the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar artery, and inferior alveolar vein. It runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings.
On arriving at the incisor teeth, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off a small canal known as the mandibular incisive canal, which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth.It carries branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and artery.
It is continuous with the mental foramen (which opens onto front of mandible) and mandibular foramen (on medial aspect of ramus).
Mandibular central incisor
The mandibular central incisor is the tooth located on the jaw, adjacent to the midline of the face. It is mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular lateral incisors. As with all incisors, its function includes shearing or cutting food during mastication, commonly known as chewing. There are no cusps on the tooth. Instead, the surface area of the tooth used in eating is called an incisal ridge or incisal edge. Though the two are similar, there are some minor differences between the deciduous (baby) mandibular central incisor and that of the permanent mandibular central incisor. The mandibular central incisors are usually the first teeth to appear in the mouth, typically around the age of 6-8 months.
Mandibular lateral incisor
The mandibular lateral incisor is the tooth located distally (away from the midline of the face) from both mandibular central incisors of the mouth and mesially (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular canines. As with all incisors, their function is for shearing or cutting food during mastication, commonly known as chewing. There are no cusps on the teeth. Instead, the surface area of the tooth used in eating is called an incisal ridge or incisal edge. Though relatively the same, there are some minor differences between the deciduous (baby) mandibular lateral incisor and that of the permanent mandibular lateral incisor.
In the universal system of notation, the deciduous mandibular lateral incisors are designated by a letter written in uppercase. The right deciduous mandibular lateral incisor is known as "Q", and the left one is known as "N". The international notation has a different system of notation. Thus, the right deciduous mandibular lateral incisor known as "82", and the left one is known as "72".
In the universal system of notation, the permanent mandibular lateral incisors are designated by a number. The right permanent mandibular lateral incisor is known as "26", and the left one is known as "23". In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For this tooth, the left and right lateral incisors would have the same number, "2", but the right one would have the symbol, "┐", over it, while the left one would have, "┌". The international notation has a different numbering system than the previous two, and the right permanent mandibular lateral incisor is known as "42", and the left one is known as "32".
Maxillary central incisor
The maxillary central incisor is a human tooth in the front upper jaw, or maxilla, and is usually the most visible of all teeth in the mouth. It is located mesial (closer to the midline of the face) to the maxillary lateral incisor. As with all incisors, their function is for shearing or cutting food during mastication (chewing). There is typically a single cusp on each tooth, called an incisal ridge or incisal edge. Formation of these teeth begins at 14 weeks in utero for the deciduous (baby) set and 3–4 months of age for the permanent set.There are some minor differences between the deciduous maxillary central incisor and that of the permanent maxillary central incisor. The deciduous tooth appears in the mouth at 8–12 months of age and shed at 6-7 years, and is replaced by the permanent tooth around 7–8 years of age. The permanent tooth is larger and is longer than it is wide. The maxillary central incisors contact each other at the midline of the face. The mandibular central incisors are the only other type of teeth to do so. The position of these teeth may determine the existence of an open bite or diastema. As with all teeth, variations of size, shape, and color exist among people. Systemic disease, such as syphilis, may affect the appearance of teeth.
Maxillary lateral incisor
The maxillary lateral incisors are a pair of upper (maxillary) teeth that are located laterally (away from the midline of the face) from both maxillary central incisors of the mouth and medially (toward the midline of the face) from both maxillary canines. As with all incisors, their function is for shearing or cutting food during mastication, commonly known as chewing. There are generally no cusps on the teeth, but the rare condition known as talon cusps are most prevalent on the maxillary lateral incisors. The surface area of the tooth used in eating is called an incisal ridge or incisal edge. Though relatively the same, there are some minor differences between the deciduous (baby) maxillary lateral incisor and that of the permanent maxillary lateral incisor. The maxillary lateral incisors occlude in opposition to the mandibular lateral incisors.
Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA) is lack of development (agenesis) of one or both of the maxillary lateral incisor teeth. In normal human dentition, this would be the second tooth on either side from the center of the top row of teeth. The condition is bilateral if the incisor is absent on both sides or unilateral if only one is smissing. It appears to have a genetic component.
Megalomys audreyae
Megalomys audreyae, known as the Barbudan (?) muskrat or the Barbuda giant rice-rat, is an extinct oryzomyine rodent from Barbuda in the Lesser Antilles. Described on the basis of a single mandible (lower jaw) with the first molar missing and an isolated upper incisor, both of uncertain but Quaternary age, it is one of the smaller members of the genus Megalomys. Little is known about the animal, and its provenance and distinction from "Ekbletomys hypenemus", an even larger extinct oryzomyine that also occurred on Barbuda, have been called into question. The toothrow in the lower jaw has a length of 8.7 mm at the alveoli. The third molar is relatively narrow and both the second and third molars have a wide valley between their outer cusps.
Sciurognathi is a suborder of rodents that includes squirrels, chipmunks, beavers, and many types of mice. The group is characterized by a specific shape to the lower jaw. In sciurognaths, the angular process of the jaw is in the same plane as the root of the incisors. This is in contrast to the suborder Hystricognathi where the angular process is outside the plane formed at the root of the incisor due to the presence of a shelf for muscle attachment.
The sciurognathous condition is considered to be the primitive condition in rodents, and is therefore not a good character for cladistic analysis. Although hystricognaths are almost universally accepted as representing a real evolutionary grouping, most researchers do not consider Sciurognathi as an equally valid group. In particular, gundis are thought to be more closely related to the hystricognathous rodents than to other sciurognaths. In spite of this, most texts continue to use these two suborders due primarily to a lack of a viable alternative.
Alternatively, some texts group rodents into three suborders on the basis of the shape of the infraorbital canal. According to this taxonomy the rodents are divided into the suborders Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorpha, and Myomorpha.
A tooth (plural teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or for defensive purposes. The roots of teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness. The cellular tissues that ultimately become teeth originate from the embryonic germ layer, the ectoderm.
The general structure of teeth is similar across the vertebrates, although there is considerable variation in their form and position. The teeth of mammals have deep roots, and this pattern is also found in some fish, and in crocodilians. In most teleost fish, however, the teeth are attached to the outer surface of the bone, while in lizards they are attached to the inner surface of the jaw by one side. In cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, the teeth are attached by tough ligaments to the hoops of cartilage that form the jaw.Some animals develop only one set of teeth (monophyodont) while others develop many sets (polyphyodont). Sharks, for example, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Rodent incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, which helps maintain relatively constant length. The industry of the beaver is due in part to this qualification. Many rodents such as voles and guinea pigs, but not mice, as well as leporidae like rabbits, have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors.Teeth are not always attached to the jaw, as they are in mammals. In many reptiles and fish, teeth are attached to the palate or to the floor of the mouth, forming additional rows inside those on the jaws proper. Some teleosts even have teeth in the pharynx. While not true teeth in the usual sense, the dermal denticles of sharks are almost identical in structure and are likely to have the same evolutionary origin. Indeed, teeth appear to have first evolved in sharks, and are not found in the more primitive jawless fish – while lampreys do have tooth-like structures on the tongue, these are in fact, composed of keratin, not of dentine or enamel, and bear no relationship to true teeth. Though "modern" teeth-like structures with dentine and enamel have been found in late conodonts, they are now supposed to have evolved independently of later vertebrates' teeth.Living amphibians typically have small teeth, or none at all, since they commonly feed only on soft foods. In reptiles, teeth are generally simple and conical in shape, although there is some variation between species, most notably the venom-injecting fangs of snakes. The pattern of incisors, canines, premolars and molars is found only in mammals, and to varying extents, in their evolutionary ancestors. The numbers of these types of teeth vary greatly between species; zoologists use a standardised dental formula to describe the precise pattern in any given group.
Universal Numbering System
The Universal Numbering System also called the "American System", is a dental notation system for associating information to a specific tooth used in the United States.
See video for details
In the rest of the world, a different International Standard (DIN EN) ISO 3950:2016 is used.
Maxillary teeth
Mandibular teeth
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
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James Madison and the Tenth Amendment
The late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was known for his advocacy of the judicial philosophy of Originalism. Scalia would define “Originalism” in this way:
Many propopents of the Originalist philosophy have tried to use this philosophy to roll back many of the progressive court precedents of the past century that have strengthened the power of the federal government to try to redress various social problems. These same conservatives have championed the Tenth Amendment as an argument in favor of more state and local power and as a way to weaken the power of the federal government. A look, though, at the original debates of the Constitution at the 1787 Constitutional Convention shows that the convention attendees were looking for a means to create a stronger federal government than the weak federal government that had then existed under the Articles of Confederation. James Madison had a vigorous debate with South Carolina representative Thomas Tudor Tucker over the wording of the Tenth Amendment that would have far reaching implications on the power of the American federal government.
Richard Labunski wrote in his book James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights” a description of the debate between Madison and Tucker:
Tucker of South Carolina introduced a motion that showed how a single word inserted into an important section of the Constitution could have changed the nature of the document and the nation’s history. Tucker wanted to place the word ‘expressly’ in what would become the Tenth Amendment to confirm that the federal government was one of limited powers. His proposed language would have read ‘The powers not expressly delegated by this constitution…” The Tucker amendment would have greatly diminished congressional authority under the ‘necessary and proper’ clause, which had granted Congress substantial discretion to carry out the responsibilities assigned by the Constitution. It would become a major issue throughout the nation’s history- going to the heart of how a federal system should allocate power between the states and the central government- that has never been settled.
Madison vigorously objected, arguing that ‘it was impossible to confine a government to the exercise of express power (;) there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the constitution descended to recount every minutiae.’ He told his colleagues that this subject had been raised, discussed, and rejected by the delegates at the Virginia ratifying convention. Tucker’s motion was defeated in the committee of the whole, but he would raise it again in the full House only to see it defeated on a recorded vote by a margin of 32 to 17.”
James Madison was one of the prime movers during the Constitutional Convention for creating a Constitution that bestowed greater power for the federal government. The debate between a strong federal government and a weak federal government led the country in a vigorous debate between the Federalists (those who supported the ratification of the Constitution) and the Anti-Federalists (those who opposed the Constitution). In order to get the Constitution passed, many compromises were agreed to between the Federalist and Anti-Federalist camps.
Ray Raphael wrote in his book Constitutional Myths: What We Get Wrong and How To Get It Right”:
In the First Federal Congress, when James Madison proposed constitutional amendments that would later evolve into the Bill of Rights (see chapter 7), he included a clear statement of the principle of enumerated powers: “The powers not delegated by this constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively.” That statement, though, was not clear enough for South Carolina representative Thomas Tudor Tucker, who moved to insert the key word “expressly” before “delegated”. That would keep any so-called implied powers from ever sneaking in.
Madison opposed the explicit limitation. “It was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the constitution descended to recount every minutiae.”…
Madison’s proposal, slightly modified, turned into the Tenth Amendment: “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” Although some treat this provision as a definitive declaration of limited government, the Tenth Amendment was in fact a compromise. Federalists, although accepting the principle of enumerated powers, would have preferred to keep that principle implicit, while critics of the Constitution had wanted a stronger statement. Both sides bent, but both also won. This is not the way it has been used politically. For over two centuries, states’ rights advocates have treated the Tenth Amendment as if it did contain the word “expressly”, even though the amendment’s authors, Madison and the First Federal Congress, had made certain it would not. Purposely, the wiggle room remained. The government should not be too closely confined, Madison argued, and his view prevailed. “Powers by implication,” as he called them, should be allowed
Today, many conservatives use the Tenth Amendment to argue that the federal government has taken too much power and that more power must be delegated to the states and local government. These conservatives share the fear that the Anti-Federalists had of the concentration of power in the federal government and feel that states and local government are a protector against government tyranny.
Conservatives do have some legitimate fears about the potential oppressive power of federal government. But they fail to consider that state and local governments have to potential to abuse power and be oppressive. One only need to look at the history of African Americans in the South to see that state and local governments can also deprive American citizens of their civil liberties.
After the Civil War, Union soldiers occupied the southern states and the federal government passed laws to protect the civil liberties of the newly freed slaves. Before Lincoln died, he established the Freedmen’s Bureau to offer physical aid to war refugees and establish equitable labor agreements between blacks and their former masters. Radical Republicans like Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania fought for bills that would help the freed slaves integrate into the American society and gain equal rights with their white citizens. The culmination of all this was the Civil Rights Bill of 1875 (which protected all Americans, regardless of race, in their access to public accommodations and facilities such as restaurants, theaters, trains and other public transportation, and protected the right to serve on juries.), the Fourteenth Amendment (which entitled all citizens equal protection under the law, allowed African Americans the power to make their own labor contracts and initiate lawsuits, and entrusted upon the federal government the power to protect equal rights and citizenship to all its citizens) and the Fifteenth Amendment (to insure that the right to vote was not denied to a person due to race or any previous condition of servitude).
After the Reconstruction period ended and federal troops left the South, Southern state and local government began to pass local Jim Crow laws to deprive African Americans of the rights that were guaranteed by the federal government. Vigilante groups harassed any African Americans who tried to exercise their rights, and the Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson in 1896 upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. Segregationists argued that Jim Crow laws were protected by the power of States Rights.
The people who fought for the civil rights of African Americans began to develop strategies to get the federal government to intervene in state and local affairs to protect the citizenship rights of African Americans that were guaranteed in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. For African Americans and other minorities, the federal government was viewed as the protector of civil liberties, while state and local governments were viewed as the oppressors of liberty.
I disagree with the originalist philosophy of Antonin Scalia and the conservative interpretation of the Tenth Amendment. I do believe that the Constitution is a living document that has to evolve as this country’s understanding of freedom and equality expands and grows. The federal government has in certain points of history been an oppressive force, as during the Red Scare in the 1950s and the Nixon era in the 1970s. But it has also been an important protector of our civil liberties, fighting segregation in the South and protecting the rights of women, minorities and LGBT individuals.
Ray Raphael describes the insights of constitutional scholar Jack Balkin of the Yale Law School:
This problem stems from a misconception of what a constitution, at its best, is all about. The “whole purpose” of a constitution, Scalia writes, “is to prevent change- to embed certain rights in such a manner that future generations cannot readily take them away.”
Not so, Professor Balkin responds. Constitutions “are designed to create political institutions and to set up the basic elements of future political decision making. Their basic job is not to prevent future decision making but to enable it.” Out Constitution, Balkin says, “channels” and “Disciplines” us; it does not order us. Yes, we must stay within its bounds, but we are the ones to determine what those bounds will be and that determination has changed, and must change with time.
Whether or not preventing change is the whole purpose of some constitutions, it certainly was not the whole purpose of ours. From a historical point of view, if there was a single purpose to the Federal Convention, it was to create a vigorous and energetic government that would enable American citizens to enjoy the benefits of republican self-rule.
Scholars at James Madison’s Montpelier discuss James Madison’s thoughts on the 10th Amendment and its importance as an addition to the Bill of Rights
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Perform in the spotlight
Let’s get the Edison robot to play music or dance when it detects light, just like a performer in the spotlight!
Get the materials for this lesson
You will also need to use the EdBlocks programming app.
About this lesson
Recommended time
55 minutes
Grade levels
Year 2 – Year 6
Introduce Edison robots to your students, helping them begin to explore what a robot is and how it can sense, and react, to the world. Students program the Edison robot using the block-based programming language EdBlocks, practicing computer science fundamentals including sequence, loops and conditionals.
This 1-hour lesson is designed to allow students to work independently as they discover:
• What is a robot?
• How does the Edison robot work?
• How do you make a program for Edison using the EdBlocks coding language?
• How do you download a program from EdBlocks to Edison?
• What do Edison’s light sensors do?
• What is an infinite loop?
• How can you use the sensors to make the robot react?
• Keep up with Edison
Heads up
OK got it! Take me to the GLOBAL SITE instead
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Liberator issue. Depicting African Americans next to a lynching tree.
An issue of The Liberator depicting African Americans next to a lynching tree.
Liberator v.1, no.1, 1831
The Liberator (1831–1865) was an American abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Isaac Knapp. Religious rather than political, it appealed to the moral conscience of its readers, urging them to demand immediate freeing of the slaves. It also promoted women's rights. Despite its modest weekly circulation of 3,000, it had prominent readers such as Frederick Douglass.
Rather than looking to politics to create change, Garrison utilized nonviolent means, such as moral suasion as his message throughout the newspaper.[3][4] Garrison felt that slavery was a moral issue and used his way of writing to appeal to the morality of his readers as an attempt to influence them into changing their morally questionable ways. The Liberator took the stance of William Lloyd Garrison. For example, "No Union with Slave-Holders" was a slogan utilized for weeks at a time throughout the newspaper's publication, advocating that the North should leave the Union.[4]
Garrison celebrates 13th amendment William Lloyd Garrison.
The Liberator continued for three decades from its founding through the end of the American Civil War. It had black columnists and reporters.[5] Garrison ended the newspaper's run with a valedictory column at the end of 1865, when the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States. It was succeeded by The Nation.[6]
Woman's rights advocacyEdit
The Liberator also became an avowed woman's rights newspaper when the prospectus for its 1838 issue declared that as the paper's object was "to redeem woman as well as man from a servile to an equal condition," it would support "the rights of woman to their utmost extent."[7] In January and February 1838, the Liberator published Sarah Grimké's "Letters on the Province of Woman" in the paper, and later in the year published them in pamphlet form as Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Condition of Woman.[8] During the following decades, the Liberator promoted women's rights by publishing editorials, petitions, convention calls and proceedings, speeches, legislative action, and other material advocating woman suffrage, equal property rights, and women's educational and professional equality. The Liberator's printers: Isaac Knapp, James Brown Yerrinton (1800–1866) and James Manning Winchell Yerrinton (1825–1893), and Robert Folger Wallcut (1797–1884), printed many of the woman's rights tracts used in the 1850s.
Inspiration among abolitionistsEdit
Frederick Douglass was inspired by The Liberator. As he commented upon in his first issue of The North Star, Frederick Douglass felt that it was necessary for African-Americans, such as himself, to speak out about their own experiences with injustice. He claimed that those that experienced injustice were the ones that must demand justice[10] Soon after, Douglass began writing his own abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.[11]
The Liberator faced harsh resistance from several state legislatures and local groups: for example, North Carolina indicted Garrison for felonius acts, and the Vigilance Association of Columbia, South Carolina, offered a reward of $1,500 ($44,392.47 in 2018 dollars) to those who identified distributors of the paper.[citation needed]
Garrison too faced resistance, even to the point of violence. In 1835, a Boston mob formed with support from local newspapers in resistance to the announcement that George Thompson would speak at the first anniversary meeting of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society. The mob, unable to find Thompson, redirected their aggression towards Garrison who was in the society's meeting hall. Eventually escalation of the situation led to destruction of the society's antislavery sign, and even calls to lynch Garrison. Garrison eventually managed a narrow escape to the city jail for protection, after which the mob dispersed.[12]
Contents onlineEdit
All of the following articles were written by Garrison.
1850 Liberator masthead, designed by Hammatt Billings
See alsoEdit
2. ^ Ripley, C. Peter (1991). The Black Abolitionist Papers: Vol. III: The United States, 1830-1846, p. 9. UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-1926-3.
7. ^ Liberator, December 15, 1837.
8. ^ [1]
9. ^
11. ^ "Abolitionist Movement | HistoryNet". Retrieved 2017-05-15.
External linksEdit
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Constitution Club
Keith Broaders
1230 N Street Apt 510
Sacramento, California
The Currency Act of 1764 was the primary cause of the American Revolution. Before King George and the British Parliament passed the Currency Act the colonies were prospering, but when they were forced to pay for all goods imported from England with gold and silver they were forced to borrow from the London bankers in order to pay for the everything they imported from England.
The reason that during the Revolutionary War the Colonial currency became worthless was because so much counterfeit currency printed by the London Bankers the currency became virtually worthless.
The Constitution granted to Congress the authority to issue our money and the responsibility to regulate its value. In order to prevent inflation it is necessary to issue an amount of money equal to the Gross National Product. Printing too much money creates inflation and devalues the dollars in circulation..
The punishment for counterfeiting and/or debasing the currency was the death penalty.
To Help Educate America on the
Principles of Liberty and the Constitution.
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The London Bankers control our monetary system and the
British BAR Association control judicial system.
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Although random sampling is the gold standard, it is often not used. There are a number of reasons for this.
The first step in selecting a random sample is finding a sampling frame — a list of every member of the population. After all, each member of the population cannot have an equal chance of being selected if you do not know who they all are. But this introduces a problem straight away: do you in fact know who they all are — can you construct a sampling frame? If you can’t, you can’t do random sampling.
Assuming that you can, you must then select your sample using random numbers. In the previous section I discussed why human beings are terrible at generating random numbers. In the olden days, tables of random numbers were used. In today’s modern world we use computers.
Having got your list of sample members, you then have to collect data from them all. This can be hugely difficult and time-consuming. They may be all over the place. It could take forever to find them and actually get the information you want from them. Imagine taking a random sample of size 100 from all A level students in Harrogate. They’ll go to a range of different schools and colleges. Many of them may not even live in Harrogate: they just commute to Harrogate for their education. Some will go to boarding schools and may live very far away.
One way of dealing with this is to use cluster sampling. This is appropriate when your population is geographically diverse, but tends to group into clusters: for example, a school. Suppose we wish to take a sample of 200 A level students from the whole of North Yorkshire. We could attempt a random sample from all of the A level students in the county. But they will live all over the place. It will take a long time to get to them all and collect the data we want. So, rather than selecting our sample from all of the students, we first select, say, 10 schools at random. We then select 20 students from each school, again at random in each case. Now, we only have to visit 10 schools. Of course this method violates both of the conditions for a (simple) random sample. Not every student has an equal chance of being selected: because 20 students are taken from each school that is selected, students in larger schools will have a smaller chance of being selected. And not every sample has an equal chance of being the sample: we have forced the sample to come from ten schools — so a sample comprising students from only one school is impossible.
The problems with simple random sampling don’t stop there. Suppose you’ve constructed a sampling frame and you’ve selected a sample at random. And you’ve actually managed to contact one of your sample members. You ask them the question that is the centrepiece of your research: “Do you take illegal drugs?”
There are three possible answers to this question: “yes”, “no” and “mind your own business.” What do you do if they say the last one?
Maybe they’re refusing to answer because they take drugs and don’t want to admit it. Maybe they’re refusing to answer because they believe strongly in individual privacy. There’s no way to know.
Such an answer is called a non-response and it’s fatal to a random sample. A single non-respondent invalidates your sample. But it’s worse than that. There is no way to recover. You cannot replace the non-respondent because then not every member of the population would have an equal chance of being selected. You cannot start all over again and draw a new sample because then not every sample would have an equal chance of being the sample.
Your entire research is dead in the water because one person refused to cooperate. You can try to avoid this happening by using the technique described in “Are you gay?”
Random sampling is really only appropriate if you have a “well-behaved” population. In other words one that gives you the data you want without arguing about it. Which means animals and plants and rocks. Things you can control. Random sampling human beings is a nightmare.
And it’s not just non-response that causes difficulties. Another problem with humans is that they lie. Including to themselves. Opinion polls are notoriously unreliable. There is a huge difference between being asked the theoretical question, “If there were a general election tomorrow, who would you vote for?” and actually standing in a polling booth with a little pencil and a ballot slip. The answer to the opinion poll doesn’t really matter so there’s no motivation to take it seriously. But there’s something very serious about marking a real ballot paper with a cross. And when you are marking that cross you do so in private. With an opinion poll you are (often) telling another person how you’d vote, and you may not want to admit who you really support. This was given as one reason why the opinion polls prior to the 1992 general election predicted the wrong winner: so-called “shy Tories”.
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Elamite Empire: Art & Culture
Instructor: Joshua Sipper
The ancient civilization of Elam, located in modern day Iran, was known for its sophisticated artwork as well as the establishment of a culture whose influence would continue throughout millennia and the major empires of Babylon and Medo Persia.
Elam and the Elamites
The Elamite culture began in modern day Iran sometime around 2700 BC and continued through 640 BC and included several dynastic lines. There's no certainty about where the Elamites originated, but there are clues from other sources including the Judeo-Christian Bible which places the Elamites as a Semitic culture that sprung from a descendant of Shem (one of Noah's 3 sons) named Elam. The Elamites were mentioned in the Bible in Ezra and Acts and the Kingdom of Elam is mentioned in Genesis, Nehemiah, Ezra, Jeremiah, Daniel, and I Chronicles. Regardless of the provenance of the Elamites, they occupied a long period of history in the Middle East and especially Persia. During this period, the Elamites maintained power through a strict system of accession and inheritance which allowed power to stay focussed within the Elamite mainstream culture.
The Elamite Empire covered a large swath of modern day Iran along the Persian Gulf.
Elamite Kingdom
Elamite Culture
Elamite Culture was arranged as many cultures are; around trade and resources. It was a patriarchal (led by men) society, reflecting the vast majority of surrounding civilizations. The area of Iran occupied for millennia by the Elamite Empire was a known trade hot spot. Located along the Persian Gulf with access to major shipping routes across land and sea, Elam was a mainstay in getting numerous resources wherever they needed to go throughout the Middle East and Asia. As a result, the people of Elam benefited from the riches, artwork, and resources of many different cultures and places. Therefore, the Elamite culture was one of great cosmopolitan wealth.
The location of Elam was also very rich agriculturally. This not only provided adequate nutrition and security to the Elamites, but a steady source of good for packaging and selling to other nations and people who traveled through and traded with the Elamites. The people of Elam also has a distinct language which modern translators have found difficult to translate. However, the culture itself seemed to follow similar patterns of other local Middle Eastern cultures. Marriages were generally polygamous with the practice of levirate marriage (the practice of a brother marrying his deceased brother's widow) at the forefront as a means by which to keep wealth centered within the family or tribe. Death also was culturally similar to other peoples as the dead were entombed, sometimes with representative statues that depicted the deceased person sleeping.
Religion was a central part of Elamite society as well. Each leader would usually integrate his preferred go or goddess within his reign. For instance, King Kutik Inshushinak made a huge temple and dedicated it to his god Inshushinak. These types of name similarities and building projects served a couple of purposes; first, it connected religion to the throne so that religion was under government sponsorship, and second, by establishing a temple for sacrifices, gathering, and festivals, the king could gain wealth and tribute from his people while providing them a peaceful and necessary spiritual outlet.
A cuneiform stone chronicling the tales of the god Inshushinak.
Elamite Artistry
As in any culture, art is at the center of Elam's significance and meaning. One of the most striking and consequently earliest symbols of art in Elamite history, was probably the destruction and deportation of the people of Ur. When the great city fell, not only did the Elamites deport the last king, they also took the statue of the goddess of the people of Ur (Ningal) with them. This served not only as a symbol of complete destruction and desertion by their own goddess, but the usurping of the very core of the religious structure of Ur.
The first image is the cuneiform for Nin which meant Lady and the second is for Gal which meant goddess. Together they represent Ningal, goddess of the people of Ur.
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What Are Students Taught about the Death of Dinosaurs?
But what is telling is the actual observable data.
Now, look at these pictures of dinosaurs discovered buried:
Taphonomy is the branch of paleontology that deals with the processes of fossilization. It is like investigating a crime scene to find out the best possible explanation for the evidence. In laymen’s terms, it is attempting to find out what killed the animals in question. In the case of the paleontological dig in Wyoming run by Dr. Arthur Chadwick, it is about finding what cased the death of many dinosaurs.
Art explained: “We’re doing what’s called taphonomy. Taphonomy it’s like CSI, Crime Scene Investigation. Our goal is to find out what killed the dinosaurs, what they were doing when they died, and then what happened after they died. Did they sit around and rot, or were they buried right away? And then what happened after they were buried to preserve the bones and change them?”
The area that he was excavating for study was over 80 acres in size, and had millions of fossilized bones in it, most disarticulated. This just means that they are found disconnected from the adjacent bones. This indicates some swirling pressure, and some rot (enough to separate bone from connective tissue). Fascinatingly, most of these bones in Arthur’s bone bed are found in the first 3 feet of mudstone. In 80 acres and only a meter thick, we find millions of bones laid out together!
So what is the doctor’s conclusion as to how they got there? He explained: “These animals had to die and then their carcasses had to have time to rot. So we’re talking days or weeks or months during which time the bones and tissue were either eaten away or rotted away. And then the bones that remained were deposited instantaneously in this environment because they’re in a graded bed with big bones at the bottom and little bones at the top, and you can see that here. The big bones are all down at the bottom. When they start digging up here, they start to find smaller bones. So that condition requires a sorting process that can only take place during a catastrophic emplacement.”
“The only way I know how you could develop a graded bed is if you had a catastrophic process that transported these bones and laid them all in as a single event.” – Art Chadwick, PhD
So, take a minute and think about the environment that this must have taken place in. Not the slow gradual environment that they try to teach in school. That would not explain this, nor a plethora of other fossil graveyard sites. In a millions of years scenario, there would not be sorting. They would not all be so close to the surface. They would not be so densely packed, and over so wide a range (if say deposited by an ancient river). How would this occur slowly over time, and somehow carcasses not be consumed by nature too quickly for fossilization (like we observe in nature today). This, according to tophonomy is best explained by a single catastrophic event. You have many dinosaurs which all died together, swirled in muddy eddies, rotting and breaking apart over weeks or months, and then settled in mud and water. And most of these animals that found themselves in these swirling, violent, muddy deathtraps would indeed be disarticulated.
Picture100Remember, this is a forensic science. Studies current data to explain a past event. We have two events to consider, the slow depositing of animals world wide who all were buried in mud and water (not occurring today), or a recorded world wide deluge, corroborated by the bible, over 270 flood legends, and evidence such as bone-beds like this picture. Could this happen all over the world with slow natural processes? These observations are made, knowing full well the disdain modern scientists have for studying data in light of the reality and authenticity of Genesis. But our education is our own, not someone else’s. You must decide which model makes sense to you.
Does Teaching Evolution Cause Racism?
IMG_9947Want a clear understanding of why there is racism? We have been teaching it for 150 years through evolution. Of course it has always existed between tribes, but without Judeo-Christian values in play in a society, however imperfectly it may be implemented by men, there is much more room for the elevation of man. We have taught this mindset to generations of kids. Our teachers taught it as science, and evolutionary theory has continued to prove itself not only as scientifically ridiculous, but also as the most insidious and destructive thought system ever devised. Think I am wrong? Overstating? Consider this then:
Darwin wrote Origin of the species, regarding animals mostly, with only the insinuation that it would apply to mankind near the end. And when he felt the premise took hold of his scientific contemporaries enough, he then released The Decent of Man in 1871. In it, Darwin said this:
Thomas Huxley, Darwin’s Bulldog and evolution Salesman, coined the term agnostic, and preached evolution to crowds the size of which are reserved for rock stars today. He stated: “No rational man, cognizant of the facts, believes that the average negro is the equal, still less the superior, of the white man. And if this be true, it is simply incredible that, when all his disabilities are removed, and our prognathous relative has a fair field and no favour, as well as no oppressor, he will be able to compete successfully with his bigger-brained and smaller-jawed rival, in a contest which is to be carried out by thoughts and not by bites.”
Darwin called him, ‘My good and kind agent for the propagation of the Gospel—i.e. the devil’s Gospel.’
This led to other believers in evolution to conclude man was merely an evolved animal, and the logical conclusion to this, especially when brought to its logical and inexorable end, is that some men had evolved farther than others. This was further perpetuated by those that followed such as Ernst Haeckel, GERMAN EMBRYOLOGIST and fraud, born Feb. 16, 1834—died Aug. 9, 1919. He perpetuated the fish embryo drawings, and idea which is still being recycled today, as well as a missing link which he called Pithecanthropus alalus (speechless apeman) and even had an artist, Gabriel Max, draw the imagined creature, although there was not a scrap of evidence to support a single detail in the drawings. Being a German, and a university scientist, as well as an evolutionist, he was a major influence on Hitler. Haeckel stated, “At the lowest stage of human mental development are the Australians, some tribes of the Polynesians, and the Bushmen, Hottentots, and some of the Negro tribes. Nothing, however, is perhaps more remarkable in this respect, than that some of the wildest tribes in southern Asia and eastern Africa have no trace whatever of the first foundations of all human civilization, of family life, and marriage. They live together in herds, like apes.”
This evolutionary mindset of course led Hitler to attempt his justification of racial supremacy. In Mein Kampf, Hitler said this: “If Nature does not wish that weaker individuals should mate with the stronger, she wishes even less that a superior race should intermingle with an inferior one; because in such a case all her efforts, throughout hundreds of thousands of years, to establish an evolutionary higher stage of being, may thus be rendered futile.”
Obviously this adopted fervor can be understood as the result of taking evolutionary theory too far. Add a little power, a little patriotism, and a whole lot of violence and you have the death of 20 million people, among other horrible atrocities. It should be pointed out that these atrocities are only wrong because there is a moral and objective absolute good, set forth by God. Without it, anything that would conceivably be believed to help future generations, Hitler included, cannot technically be considered evil, or immoral. In the instance of evolution creating men by chance, the “right” side is merely the side who wins, or has the bigger stick.
Evolution was introduced to American school systems in the early 1960’s, but Darwin’s poisonous and unscientific ideas didn’t wait that long to permeate society’s education system.We taught a generation of kids in high school and college from this text book in the 1920’s – George William Hunter’s A Civic Biology.
We continue to teach Darwinian evolution, either as neo-Darwinism or Lamarckism, and have since by a series of if-then assumptions, extrapolated out the idea that man evolved from non-humans, (the molecules to man theory, or goo to you theory), into an explanation for everything from chemicals, to stars, to matter itself. [For more on this read ‘The Long War Agaianst God’ by Morris, or ‘In the Minds of Men’ by Taylor].
Evolutionism is the paradigm with which we have justified racism, imperialism, and other deadly ideologies. And yes, through its perpetuation, it has molded the minds of the church to their detriment as well. But as we know, man poisons God’s word, God does not poison man’s. So what does God say in His word about it?
It says after the flood 4500 years ago, we all came from the same 8 people, which means we are all related. This concurs with genetics, population growth studies, and the similarities in flood legends and architecture the world over.
Furthermore, the bible says this:
It simply states that we all came from the same origin. And that no one person or people group is worth more than any other. It, like science, says we are all one race, and we will stand shoulder to shoulder together in victory before the throne of our Almighty Creator. No one people group is better, for all of us fall short, and all of us are in need of the saving grace of Jesus Christ.
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The History of the Chinese Ribbon Dance
By Lanh Ma ; Updated September 15, 2017
Ribbons for the Chinese ribbon dance are traditionally made out of silk.
The Chinese ribbon dance is a performance that features dancers whirling long strips of silk through he air. The silk ribbons are attached to short, varnished sticks, and as the dancer manipulates the silk, they will also perform specific steps and leaps. The history of the Chinese dance form goes back thousands of years.
Time Frame
The Chinese ribbon dance started during China's Han Dynasty, which stretched from 206 B.C.E. to 420 C.E. It is most commonly associated with the later Tang Dynasty, which lasted from 589 until 907.
There is a story that attributes the beginning of the Chinese ribbon dance to a man who saved a Han Dynasty emperor from an assassination attempt by blocking the sword with the silk from his sleeve.
The ribbon dance, which in Chinese is called Cai Dai Wu Dao, began with dancers simply holding thin strips of silk ribbon in their hands. It was not until the Tang dynasty that the strips grew in length and became attached to sticks for better control of the ribbons.
Traditionally, the ribbon dance was performed for royalty, and it was accompanied by music. Large and flowing movements of the ribbon were accompanied by slow music while sharp movements, in which the ribbon was flicked and snapped, were accompanied by faster music. One or two ribbons might be used in this dance, and the length of the ribbon can vary from 5 to 12 feet.
The ribbons used in the dance can be of any color, but there is a strong preference for red ribbons. Red was traditionally the color of happiness and luck in Chinese culture, and red ribbon dances were traditionally performed during harvest festivals and to celebrate the new year.
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chapter 9
Object Recognition
Pages 34
An essential aspect of the behaviour of animals and people is their ability to recognise objects, animals, and people that are important to their survival. People are able to recognise large numbers of other people, the letters of the alphabet, familiar buildings, and so on. Animals may need to recognise landmarks, suitable prey, potential mates or predators and to behave in the appropriate way to each category.
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Computer programs consist of data and instructions. Data are pieces of information, stored in a particular format. Each programming language has a set of 'types' to which each item of data corresponds.
In Javascript, data can be of the following types
Functions are data too.
This exposes a little bit of one of the most powerful ideas in computer programming - that programs are data too.
This is what enables a style of programming called 'functional programming'.
We say 'functions are first class citizens'.
We can assign functions to variables
let a = () => { console.log("hi") }
Objects are very important in Javascript.
Objects literals are wrapped in curly braces.
Objects consist of "key-value pairs", also called "hash tables" or "hash maps"
This just means that they are a list of pairs of items. In each pair there's a "key", which must be unique within the object and doesn't change. The key is used by other parts of the program to access the other part of the pair, which is the "value".
The value in each key-value pair of an object can itself be any type of data, including a function or another object.
These simple properties make Javascript objects a powerful tool for expressing data structures and "methods" (sets of instructions) to go along with them.
Javascript Objects are the basis for JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) which is now used quite widely for exchanging data between systems. It is very common for web services, and even databases, to return JSON.
You should always edit JSON in a text editor that shows bracket matching :)
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Baroque and Beyond C. 1600–1850
Baroque Italy and France
What is The Calling of Saint Matthew?
The Calling of Saint Matthew (c. 1599–1600) is a highly naturalistic baroque painting by Caravaggio, one of his most famous and enigmatic. The painting depicts a dark and dingy bar within which a group of young men sit around a table counting money. Suddenly, a beam of light pierces the darkness from the right. A figure of Christ appears, His hand raised much like Adam from Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam fresco in the Sistine Chapel. Christ points to Levi, the tax collector, whose face is covered in divine light. Levi is surprised at this and seems to question Christ with a gesture that indicates, “Who, me?” Christ is calling Levi (who will become Saint Matthew) to a life of faith rather than sin.
Like other work by Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Matthew was shocking (and popular) for its realism and for its juxtaposition of Roman street life with divine, holy figures. (One does not usually see Christ walk into a bar, for example.) The painting is a good example of Caravaggio’s use of tenebrism, an exaggerated form of chiaroscuro with sharp contrasts of dark and light. Caravaggio’s style of tenebrism was hugely popular during the baroque period, and was used by artists from Rembrandt to Zurbaran. The Calling of Saint Matthew focuses on a familiar theme for Caravaggio, that of the redemption of even the most sinful souls.
The baroque artist Caravaggio used the elements of everyday life in Rome to give his religious scenes potency during the Counter-Reformation. In The Calling of St. Matthew (1599–1602), Christ enters a dimly lit space with his hand outstretched in a manner similar to Adam in Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam fresco from the Sistine Chapel.
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5.4.1 Linear Congruential Generators
5.4.1 Linear Congruential Generators
Today, the most widely used pseudorandom number generators are linear congruential generators (LCGs). Introduced by Lehmer (1951), these are specified with nonnegative integers η, a, and c.13 An integer seed value z[0] is selected, 0 ≤ z[0] < η, and a sequence of integers z[k] is obtained recursively with the formula
The modular notation “mod” indicates that z[k] is the remainder after dividing the quantity a z[k–1] + c by η. A sequence of pseudorandom numbers u[k] is obtained by dividing the z[k] by η:
Consider the simplistic generator
Starting with a seed z[0] = 4, we calculate a sequence of pseudorandom numbers in Exhibit 5.9.
Exhibit 5.9: Numbers generated by LCG [5.12], starting with a seed value of 4.
These illustrate three important properties of LCGs:
• They are periodic. Because the integers z[k] are nonnegative and bounded by η, the sequence of pseudorandom number must repeat in a continual loop of period ≤ η.
• Their pseudorandom numbers always fall on a lattice. In our example, the lattice has a spacing between numbers that is a multiple of 1/7. More generally, Marsaglia (1968) demonstrates that n-tuples of consecutive numbers from LCGs always fall on sets of parallel planes in n-dimensional space.
• They may generate 0 as a pseudorandom number. Our definition of pseudorandom numbers requires that the numbers be in the open interval (0,1).
Periodicity is a property of all pseudorandom number generators. It is addressed by using a generator whose period exceeds the number of pseudorandom numbers required for an application. An LCGs period can be as high as η, but many have lower periods. We call a pseudorandom number generator whose period is the maximum possible for its form a full-period generator.
A lattice structure may or may not be a problem, depending upon how closely the planes are spaced and the nature of the intended Monte Carlo application. Exhibit 5.10 illustrates two-dimensional lattice structures for two LCGs. Because they have low periods, neither of these generators would be used in practice, but they illustrate how lattice structures can vary from very good to very bad.
Exhibit 5.10: Sets of all points (x[k], x[k+1]) generated by the LCGs: z[k] = 89z[k–1] (mod 101) and z[k] = 51z[k–1] (mod 101).
An LCG has a different lattice structure for each dimension. It may have excellent lattice structures in certain dimensions, but poor lattice structures in others. A classic example is the so-called RANDU14 generator:
This was widely adopted during the 1960s because computer implementations of the generator ran quickly. Division by 231 was easy on binary computers just as division by 100 is easy with decimal numbers. A simple trick made it easy to multiply by 65,539. Unfortunately, RANDU was a mistake. We know today that its two-dimensional lattice is good, but not its three-dimensional lattice. All 3-tuples generated by RANDU fall on just 15 parallel planes. This discovery cast doubt on Monte Carlo results obtained during the 1960s and 1970s with this generator.
Another issue with LCGs is the fact that correlations between pseudorandom numbers separated by large lags may be strong.
A number of LCGs have been adopted as default generators in various operating systems and software packages. An example is the LCG
This was first proposed by Lewis, Goodman, and Miller (1969) for the IBM System/360. Based upon its performance on empirical tests as well as its ease of implementation, Park and Miller (1988) proposed it as a minimal standard against which other generators might be compared. This LCG was incorporated into operating systems for personal computers and Macintosh computers, as well as the IMSL subroutine library, MATLAB, and a number of simulation packages. Exhibit 5.11 illustrates a sample of 2-tuples from the generator as well as its two-dimensional lattice structure.
Exhibit 5.11: The left chart illustrates 1000 points (x[2k], x[2k+1]) formed from 2000 consecutive numbers generated with [5.14] using seed 1234. The right chart shows the lattice structure of all points (x[k], x[k+1]), within the indicated region, for the same generator. The lines appear vertical, but are actually tilted slightly to the right. Note the change of scale in the right chart.
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Tipitaka, aka: Tripiṭaka, Tripitaka, Tipiṭaka, Tri-pitaka; 8 Definition(s)
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
[Tipitaka in Theravada glossaries]
The Buddhist (Pali) Canon. Literally, "three baskets," in reference to the three principal divisions of the Canon: the Vinaya Pitaka (disciplinary rules); Sutta Pitaka (discourses); and Abhidhamma Pitaka (abstract philosophical treatises).(Source): Access to Insight: A Glossary of Pali and Buddhist Terms
N (Basket (pitaka); three (ti)). The three baskets. Set of pali canonical texts grouping together that which Buddha has taught and the atthakathas (authoritative commentaries).
As indicated by the literal definition of the term, the tipitaka is divided between three parts: the vinaya; the suttantas; the abhidhamma. It does correspond with: The conduct; the stories (often of a metaphoric nature and explaining the practice at all levels); the theory (metaphysical section of Buddhas teaching were is expounded in details all that which does constitue reality).
(Source): Dhamma Dana: Pali English Glossary
The three Piiaka, or Tipitaka, are the three divisions of the teachings, namely: the Vinaya, Suttanta and Abhidhamma.
(Source): Buddhist Information: A Survey of Paramattha Dhammas
context information
Discover the meaning of tipitaka or tripitaka in the context of Theravada from relevant books on Exotic India
General definition (in Buddhism)
[Tipitaka in Buddhism glossaries]
Tripitaka in Sanskrit, Tipitaka in Pali. The three parts of Pali canon, consisting of: 1. Sutra Pitika (Sanskrit) or Sutta Pitaka (Pali), or the Sutra Basket - containing the entire , the sermons attributed to the Shakyamuni Buddha. 2. Vinaya Pitika (both Sanskrit and Pali), or the Ordinance Basket - containing the rules of monastic life. 3. Abhidharma Pitika (Sanskrit) or Abhidhamma Pitaka (Pali), or Shastras, or the Treatise Basket - containing the doctrinal commentaries, philosophical and technical works, such as discourses, discussions, or treatises on the dogma, doctrines, etc. (Source): Buddhist Door: Glossary
Literally hree baskets - the colections of the Buddhist scriptures, classified according to Sutta (Discourses), Vinaya (Discipline or Training) and Abhidhamma (Meta physics)
(Source): Amaravati: Glossary
Tripitaka (Tripitaka) Skt. (Pali, Tipitaka), lit., “Three Baskets”; canon of Buddhist scriptures, consisting of three parts: the Vinaya-Pitaka, the Sūtra-pitaka, and the Abhidharma-pitaka. The first “basket” contains accounts of the origins of the Buddhist sangha as well as the rules of discipline regulating the lives of monks and nuns. The second is composed of discourses said to have come from the mouth of Buddha or his immediate disciples and is arranged into five “collections”: Dīgha-nikāya, Majjhima-nikāya, Samyutta-nikāya, Anguttara-nikāya, Khuddaka-nikāya. The third part is a compendium of Buddhist psychology and philosophy.
The Vinaya-Pitaka contains some of the oldest parts of the canon, which originated in the first decades after the death of the Buddha. After the split into individual schools, the Abhidharma-pitaka, which differs from school to school, was added.
(Source): Shambala Publications: General
1. Sutras: These are mainly teachings and sermons of Buddha originally transcribed in Sanskrit or Pali. They may contain descriptions of Buddha and parables which may help lead to enlightenment of the reader.
2. Abhidharma: Philosophical and psychological discourse and interpretation of Buddhist doctrine.
3. Vinaya: Rules and regulation of monastic life that range from dress code and dietary rules to prohibition in personal conduct.
(Source): WikiPedia: Buddhism
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
[Tipitaka in Pali glossaries]
tipiṭaka : (nt.) the 3 divisions of the Buddhist Canon.
(Source): BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary
Pali book cover
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Discover the meaning of tipitaka or tripitaka in the context of Pali from relevant books on Exotic India
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updated 10/4/2010 10:48:31 AM ET 2010-10-04T14:48:31
Ancient Mars once had surprisingly frigid primeval oceans complete with their own icebergs, new evidence suggests.
Now researchers have found evidence of icebergs on Mars, supporting a third idea of the Red Planet's ancient climate that of a cold and wet Mars, governed by oceans or seas covered partly in ice, as well as glaciers and massive polar caps. [ Photo evidence of past Mars icebergs.]
Boulder and craters
To peer into Mars' climatic past, scientists focused on the flat, smooth, featureless Martian lowlands, which some have equated to an ancient ocean basin.
However, images captured by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter revealed the presence of boulders about 1.5-6.5 feet (0.5-2 meters) across, as well as chains of roughly one or two dozen craters measuring 330-1,300 feet (100-400 meters) wide scattered throughout the northern plains. Both these details are hard to reconcile with the notion of fine-grained sediments deposited on a deep ocean basin, and had been used to cast doubts on the concept of an ocean on Mars.
Now astrobiologist Alberto Fairen at the SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center and his colleagues suggest the presence and distribution of these boulders and chains of craters could have been caused by rock fragments carried by icebergs, a common process on Earth.
They suggest glaciers in the highlands could have eroded the terrain, transporting rock within them and on their surfaces. Armadas of icebergs would have formed at the edges of glaciers as they melted and broke apart, which could then float thousands of miles on the ocean before they disappeared, depositing rock downward.
Also, on Earth, when icebergs scrape against the ocean floor, they can rain boulders down in clumps, which could explain boulder clusters up to about a mile (1.6 km) wide that scientists have seen on Mars. In addition, when icebergs roll along the sea floor on Earth, they can generate strings of dents, perhaps explaining the chains of craters seen on the Martian lowlands.
Seas or oceans
If there were icebergs, then there were open and sizable bodies of stable liquid water on the surface of Mars, Fairen said.
"The size of the water bodies may have ranged from several local seas to a single hemispheric ocean, and they may have been continuous in time or episodic," he told
Some might suggest that the scattered boulders were deposited by so-called periglacial processes, Fairen said that is, processes that take place at the edges of glaciers. However, such processes cannot give a satisfactory explanation for the boulder clusters that HiRISE also saw, he noted.
Others have also suggested that the crater chains were formed by volcanic processes.
"But our analyses can discard this hypothesis, especially because all the craters within one chain are almost identical in shape and dimensions, and that's neither expected nor usual in a volcanic process, but is expected if all the craters in the chain are carved by the same iceberg," Fairen explained.
Fairen added that scour marks some 0.6 to 3 miles (1 to 5 km) long seen in the northern plains and Hellas Basin of Mars could be evidence of icebergs as well. These could have been carved by the keels of icebergs scraping against the ocean floor.
"The scours are the most clear evidence for icebergs that we are finding," he said.
Fairen and his colleagues detailed their findings at the 2010 Astrobiology Science Conference in April.
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"edu_score": 4.34375,
"fasttext_score": 0.01995164155960083,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9698291420936584,
"url": "http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39500816/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/new-evidence-suggests-icebergs-frigid-oceans-ancient-mars/"
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Sodium Nitrite is an inorganic compound in the form of a crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It is used in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes, and more commonly in processed food, in order to preserve it longer. There has been a lot of debate surrounding the use of sodium nitrite in food. Some people believe it is healthy, while others denounce it as a harmful addition. Today, we are going to explore the harmful effects of sodium nitrite and how it affects our health.
sodium nitrite white powder
Where Can We Find Sodium Nitrite?
Before going into details about the harmful effects of sodium nitrite, let’s first establish what are its sources. It can be found naturally in the form of sodium nitrate in some vegetables such as broccoli, collard, celery, parsley, cauliflower, and so on. But more importantly, we find sodium nitrate as a preservative in a lot of types of meat and bacon. Meat producers have been using what is called sodium nitrate for generations. It is used to preserve meat and give it a salty flavor. But the problem is that in the 20th century, it has been discovered that the bacteria in the meat turns the sodium nitrate into sodium nitrite. So sodium nitrate is not harmful in itself, it only becomes harmful in contact with meat. When it comes to vegetables, the sodium nitrate turns into sodium nitrite in contact with the bacteria in our mouths.
sodium nitrite in meat
Harmful Effects of Sodium Nitrite
Inhibits Oxygen Transportation
The American Medical Association revealed that if you consume a lot of sodium nitrite, it can lead to a condition called methemoglobinemia. But what is methemoglobinemia? It is a how our red blood cells fail to transport the necessary amount of oxygen through our bodies. If your body does not produce enough hemoglobin, the internal systems won’t receive the amount of oxygen they need to function at full capacity. This is an extremely serious condition that can sometimes be fatal. It usually causes respiratory issues. It is also a sign that you should be careful to consume food with less sodium nitrite in it.
Increases the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Children
When a child’s pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, it can lead to type 1 diabetes. Especially in children who are very young. In this case, the doctor has to monitor the insulin levels constantly, as this disease can threaten a child’s life. But how does this relate to sodium nitrite? Well, if a pregnant woman consumes a lot of sodium nitrite, it can increase the possibility of the fetus to be born with or develop type 1 diabetes. According to the American Medical Association, this is more common in male babies. You also have to remember that you can find sodium nitrite in water supplies as well. Especially those coming from shallow or contaminated wells. If you are pregnant and you drink the sodium nitrite water, it can also increase the risk of your child having type 1 diabetes. On the same note, do not let your young child drink from such water supplies.
Can Cause Cancer
Cancer is another harmful effect of sodium nitrites, according to scientists. According to a study conducted by the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii and the University of Southern California, people who eat more processed meat are more likely to get pancreatic cancer than people who don’t eat as much. But how can this happen? It happens when you cook the meat. The sodium nitrite in the meat interacts with amines that are naturally present there, and they form compounds called carcinogenic N-nitroso. Ingesting those compounds increases the risk of pancreatic cancer. Sodium nitrites can also lead to gastrointestinal and brain cancer, says the American Medical Association.
Other Effects
Apart from the more severe health issues such as diabetes and cancer, sodium nitrites can also cause your entire digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach) to become irritated. This can lead to you experiencing abdominal pain. Another harmful effect would be that specialists believe that sodium nitrite damages your blood and blood vessels. You can have difficulties breathing, or suffer from palpitations. It can cause birth defects if taken by the mother during pregnancy, and it can even cause the blue-baby syndrome in infants who have a large amount in their bodies. The blue-baby syndrome is a severe respiratory condition.
Everything Summed up
Specialists are warning more and more often about the damaging effects of a high sodium nitrite intake. Unfortunately, it is hard to stay away from it, since you can find sodium nitrate naturally in a lot of vegetables, and in contact with our saliva it turns into sodium nitrite. Also, a large number of the population consumes processed meat, which when cooked can become toxic because of the amount of sodium nitrite used to preserve it. One way you can protect yourself from the harmful effects of sodium nitrite is to carefully read produce labels and search for those who are nitrite-free. Choosing organic food is another great option. Also, consume more vitamin C, it blocks the formation of nitrosamines which are harmful to your health.
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What is Logarithm?
For example, the base ten logarithm of 100 is 2, because ten raised to the power of two is 100:
• log 100 = 2 because 102 = 100
This is an example of a base-ten logarithm. We call it a base ten logarithm because ten is the number that is raised to a power. The base unit is the number being raised to a power. There are logarithms using different base units. If you wanted, you could use two as a base unit. For instance, the base two logarithm of eight is three, because two raised to the power of three equals eight:
• log2 8 = 3 because 23 = 8
In general, you write log followed by the base number as a subscript. The most common logarithms are base 10 logarithms and natural logarithms; they have special notations. A base ten log is written
log and a base ten logarithmic equation is usually written in the form: log a = r
A natural logarithm is written ln and a natural logarithmic equation is usually written in the form: ln a = r
So, when you see log by itself, it means base ten log. When you see ln, it means natural logarithm (we’ll define natural logarithms below). In this course only base ten and natural logarithms will be used.
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"url": "https://trakademi.com/what-is-logarithm/"
}
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Weather and Climate Multiple Choice Questions and Answers 4 PDF Book Download
Weather and climate multiple choice questions (MCQs), weather and climate quiz answers 4 to learn elementary school earth science courses online. Tropical zone MCQs, weather and climate quiz questions and answers for online school degrees. Thunderstorms, fronts, solar energy, humidity test for teacher certification.
Learn elementary school earth science multiple choice questions (MCQs): Thunderstorms, fronts, solar energy, humidity, with choices warm fronts, cold fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts for online school degrees. Free earth-science study guide for online learning tropical zone quiz questions to attempt multiple choice questions based test.
MCQ on Weather and Climate Worksheets 4 PDF Book Download
MCQ: A small rotating column which is destructive containing high speed winds and touches ground is called
1. hurricane
2. tornado
3. spiral
4. twister
MCQ: A front which is static and brings cloudy wet weather is the
1. cold fronts
2. warm fronts
3. occluded fronts
4. stationary fronts
1. longitudes
2. latitudes
3. altitude
4. tropics
MCQ: As soon hurricane moves over land or colder water it begins to
1. flourish
2. develop
3. die
4. increase
MCQ: Amount of water vapor in air is regarded as
1. water vapor
2. humidity
3. mildness
4. pressure
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"url": "https://www.mcqlearn.com/science/earth-science/weather-and-climate.php?page=4"
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The fallopian tubes, also know as uterine tubes, are two thin tubes that connect the ovaries and uterus. An ovum (egg) that is released from an ovary will travel through a fallopian tube and into the uterus. Each fallopian tube is comprised of three sections: the isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum.
Fecundity is a term that refers to the potential for successful reproduction.
Fertility is the ability to conceive a baby.
Fertility preservation is the use of specific medical interventions to protect the fertility of individuals whose disease or disease treatment may lead to infertility.
Fertilization is the event that occurs when a sperm and an egg unite to produce a zygote. During normal fertilization, the haploid male and female gametes fuse to produce a diploid zygote.
A fertilization membrane is a membrane that forms around the egg after fertilization in order to prevent polyspermy.
A fetal membrane is the tissue surrounding the fetus that works to protect, nourish, and assist in the excretion and respiration of the developing fetus. The fetal membranes include the chorion, amnion, and allantois. Healthy fetal membranes are required for favorable pregnancy outcomes.
A fibroid, also known as a uterine leiomyoma, is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor of the uterus. Fibroids are fairly common, occurring in 20-40% of women. They are typically asymptomatic but can result in painful intercourse, heavy menstruation, frequent urination, and, rarely, infertility.
Fimbria is a fringe or fingerlike structure located at the ends of fallopian tubes. Fimbriae facilitate egg movement through the fallopian tubes.
Fixation is the process of preserving tissue through chemical means to retain its structure.
Folic acid is a B vitamin that is important for women to take before becoming pregnant and in the early weeks after fertilization occurs. 400 micrograms of folic acid a day is proven to help prevent neural tube defects (NTDs), which are brain defects of the spinal cord and brain that occur in the first trimester of development.
The follicle is the basic functional unit of the ovary.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone made by the pituitary gland that affects the gonads (female ovaries and males testes). In females, it stimulates growth of the ovarian follicles.
Follicular fluid is a liquid component present inside the antrum of a mature follicle, surrounding the oocyte. The follicular fluid contains hyaluronic acid.
The follicular phase is the portion of the menstrual cycle in which the ovarian follicle develops and matures. This half of the menstrual cycle begins on the first day of menses and ends with ovulation. The follicular phase is characterized by a gradual rise in the steroid hormone, estrogen.
Follistatin is a protein that binds to the hormone activin. It is produced in the ovary and pituitary gland and is one of several proteins that regulate FSH secretion by controlling the activating hormone, activin.
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The Case of Mary Blandy
An important test used in early toxicology was developed in 1836 by chemist James Marsh (1794-1846), nearly 80 years after the Mary Blandy case. The Blandy case marked the beginning of a wider reliance on and demand for trustworthy scientific tests for detection of poisons. Shortly after Blandy's execution Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-86) developed a postmortem test for arsenic. Scheele was an apothecary's assistant and an excellent technician who discovered the element chlorine. His arsenic test involved heating arsenic powder (As2O3) placed in a solution containing metallic zinc and nitric acid. The arsenic formed the arsine gas AsH3 that smelled of garlic, a test that was used in many cases, including that of Blandy. Other chemists improved and enhanced this test and attempted to extend it to use on human tissues and stomach contents. These early methods were difficult, required great skill, and could not detect relatively low levels of arsenic. A famous case revealed this limitation to light and brought English chemist Marsh into the story.
In 1832 John Bodle had been accused of poisoning his grandfather with arsenic placed in coffee. Marsh was asked by the prosecution to check the stomach contents of the victim. He used a hydrogen sulfide method and was able to produce a yellow solid consistent with the presence of arsenic. Unfortunately, the solid degraded between the time it was prepared and when it was presented to a jury. To Marsh's dismay Bodle was acquitted. To add insult to injury Bodle later bragged about his guilt. Marsh took his anger and frustration and disappeared into his lab with one simple goal: develop a reliable and visually convincing method to detect arsenic in messy and complex samples like tissue and stomach contents.
First, he turned to Scheele's procedure in which arsenic was converted to arsine gas. Marsh knew that under the proper conditions compounds containing arsenic, such as arsine, could be manipulated to form arsenic metal. Magnus had demonstrated that conversion centuries earlier. Marsh realized that metallic arsenic is stable, and if he could capture the arsine gas, he could manipulate it so that metallic arsenic would form on a solid surface. This process is sometimes called "plating out." This simple idea took Marsh four years to perfect, and the method became known as the Marsh test. This famous procedure was the first reliable
O Infobase Publishing
The Marsh test for arsenic. The sample, such as stomach contents, is heated in the presence of zinc metal and acid. The arsine gas rises into the glass tube. With more heating arsenic metal forms a metallic mirror on the tube.
analytical test for arsenic. For his efforts Marsh received wide acclaim and a gold medal from the Royal Society of Arts.
The Marsh test starts by placing the sample, be it a powder, stomach contents, or body tissue, in solution by adding hydrochloric acid. Shavings of metallic zinc are included in the mixture, which is then heated. Under these conditions arsenic forms arsine gas (H3As) that rises away from solution. The innovation Marsh added was to trap this gas and direct it through a tube. The gas is heated again, causing the arsine gas to decompose to metallic arsenic, which plates out a gray coating on glass or on a piece of porcelain. Unlike the arsenic compound formed with hydrogen sulfide gas, the metallic "mirror" is stable and makes ideal visual evidence for display before a jury. One critical feature of the Marsh test was that it was fairly reliable when used on biological samples.
The Marsh test came to the public's attention during the case of Marie Lafarge (1840) and was particularly notable because of who used it, a man named M. J. B. Orfila (1787-1853). Owing to his skills in forensic toxicology and his role in this case, Orfila is often referred to as the father of forensic toxicology.
The Lafarge case revolved around the death of Marie's husband, Charles, who died of an illness that was consistent with arsenic poisoning. Initial tests of his stomach showed no arsenic, nor did other organs removed from the body. However, arsenic was detected in food and beverages that Charles had been given. The court asked Orfila, a recognized expert in forensic toxicology, to sort out the analytical results. He and other experts reviewed and reanalyzed the samples, finding small amounts of arsenic in the remains of Charles Lafarge. Orfila, a consummate chemist, also showed that the arsenic could not be attributed to the soil in which the body had been buried or to contaminated reagents. To this day such awareness of possible contamination and the use of control samples are an integral part of forensic toxicology. The Lafarge case was pivotal for forensic chemistry, forensic toxicology, and forensic science. It marked the first time that modern chemical testing was used, accepted, and instrumental in obtaining a conviction in a murder case. From that moment poisoning was no longer easy to mistake for other causes of death.
Orfila's testimony and the acceptance of the Marsh test by the scientific and legal communities did not end poisoning, nor did it help prevent accidental exposures to arsenic. As is often the case, the scientific advance it highlighted provided great assistance to law enforcement but also forced those who would break the law to alter their tactics. The Marsh test made arsenic poisoning a less attractive means of murder, so murderers moved on to other poisons, such as those obtained from plants.
The most common plant-based poisons are chemically classified as alkaloids. These substances were originally called "vegetable bases" as they were extracted from plants and the extracts were found to be basic, or alkaline. A basic substance tastes bitter and when dissolved in water will cause the pH of a solution to rise above 7.0. A pH of 7 is neutral, 0-6 acidic, and above 7, basic. Examples of alkaloids include nicotine,
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Why is mary blandy case important in forensic science?
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"url": "https://www.drugtimes.org/drugs-chemistry/the-case-of-mary-blandy.html"
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Fountas and Pinnell Guided Reading
Fifth and sixth graders typically read across a wide range of levels, usually between a level R and level Z. Finding a student's reading level, finding books for them to enjoy independently and for instruction is a true pleasure.
Assessment-Checklists reading.pdf
Adobe Acrobat Document 394.9 KB
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"url": "https://res-explorers.jimdo.com/guided-reading/"
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Deciphering Monsoons in a Time of Drastic Changes
Nor does any place influence the global climate as much: The drastic temperature shifts influence most of the world's monsoons. Researchers have studied monsoons since the 16th century, when geographer Richard Hakluyt first coined the term in reference to the seasonal global shift in wind and rain patterns. Yet researchers still do not fully understand what defines and causes a monsoon. This unknowing has direct impact on the daily lives of billions who depend on monsoon rains annually. Without fully understanding the conceptual basis of a monsoon, researchers cannot predict the future behavior of monsoons as the climate changes. Providing accurate climate change information to communities dependent upon a steady monsoon rainfall lies in being able to accurately model future changes of the monsoon. Such modeling depends upon accurate understandings of past and present monsoons, which requires understanding the birthplace of most monsoons: the Tibetan Plateau.
The Tibetan Plateau holds the headwaters of most of Asia's rivers and many thousands of glaciers, stretching 970,000 square miles across central Asia and surrounded by mountain ranges. To the east it runs into the Qilian range of northern China, where snow leopards inhabit conifer forests. To the west the Tibetan Plateau stops at the Hengduan mountains in southwest China, which were never covered by glaciers during the last Ice Age and are inhabited by the iconic endangered Giant Panda. To the north it spreads to the Kunlun mountain range of western China, a region that is a mythically important facet of Taoism. To the south the Tibetan Plateau reaches the Himalayan mountains of northern India, which contain the highest mountain peak in the world, Mount Everest.
Characterized as a high-altitude arid steppe, the Tibetan Plateau is a semi-desert, with some grasslands and few trees. Incredibly hostile to much life, the Tibetan Plateau can reach temperatures of negative 40 degrees Fahrenheit during the deep of winter and can reach altitudes of 16,000 feet. The horses that helped Genghis Khan achieve so much of his success still roam the region and are still a large part of nomadic tribal life, as are yaks, which graze the grasslands that cover permafrost soils of the Tibetan Plateau that abut the looming Himalayan mountains.
When summer begins, hot air over the land of the Tibetan Plateau rises. While the land changes temperature rapidly and responds quickly to the summer sun's heat, the ocean is much slower to change. Water requires much more energy than land does to warm to the same temperature. Lake Michigan's beaches in Chicago are a perfect example of this energy absorption difference: On a hot summer's day the sand can be scalding and the water freezing.
Since oceans change temperature slowly, the air over the ocean is relatively cool compared with air over the land. The coolness condenses the air's molecules. Such air has a higher pressure than the land's air. The low-pressure area over the land draws in high-pressure air over the ocean to fill the space. High-pressure air always seeks out areas of low pressure to balance out its excess pressure. A large area of low pressure exists over the Tibetan Plateau when the summer heat has melted many glaciers. The rush-in and rush-out dance in the lower atmosphere happens annually: Temperatures rise, and temperatures fall. As climate change warms the land at a faster past than the ocean, the behavior of monsoons change.
The winds blowing across the Tibetan plateau directly affect the Asian-Australian monsoon system, the best-known of the three major global monsoon systems, and indirectly affect the global rainfall patterns upon which so many farmers depend. The increasing irregularity of monsoons affects lives around the world. We do not know how climate change will affect monsoon behavior, but the best scientific hypotheses are that we may never return to a steady, dependable monsoon. Climate change may fatally break the ancient relationship between farmer and monsoon.
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Marie Curie was a female scientist who was known for
winning two Nobel Prizes, and discovering two elements on the periodic table. Born
as Maria Salomea Sklodowska on November 7th, 1867, her parents were
poor school teachers named Wladyslaw and Bronislawa Sklodowksa. Marie was known
for her determination and hard-working spirit. Marie Curie had a very
interesting life, such as: her childhood upbringing, her marriage and life with
Pierre Curie, and her accomplishments in science, (polishamericancenter.org, 2018).
Marie was born and raised in Warsaw, Poland, into a
family of seven. Her sister’s death by typhus, a severe fever, and later her
mother’s death by tuberculosis both had long-lasting effects on Marie’s
upbringing (Mayoclinic.org, 2018). Due to her mother’s death in 1878, her
father found it hard to support Marie and her surviving siblings. Thus, Marie
took a job as a governess and a private tutor to earn savings. With this money,
she was able to sustain her education and family life, which helped her greatly.
years of studying, Marie applied and entered into Sorbonne University in Paris,
France. During her stay in Paris, she met another like-minded individual. His
name was Pierre Curie, a scientist who worked within city. They stayed together
for a year before they married; this was also around the time she adopted the
French spelling of her name.
pair soon began working together at the School of Chemistry and Physics. Marie
and Pierre began reaching to find an unknown element. This element was radium, which
they called polonium. The new chemical was the atomic number of 84 on the
periodic table. The Curies still continued investigating this element after it
was founded, and they realized the liquid left behind was still extremely
after they began getting recognized for their work, Pierre was sadly struck in
a street accident by a horse and cart. Although Marie was extremely sad, she
continued their work and won her second Nobel Prize in 1911. After this, Marie
went to work in WW1 for X-raying wounded men and this only got her more
attention for her works in chemistry. She began winning other prizes and awards
for her amazing work. Unfortunately, on July 4th, 1934 Marie died.
She left behind all her work, and two daughters, Irene (b. 1898) and Eve (b.
1904), who were hard workers just like their mother, (Notablebiographies.com, 2018).
Marie Curie’s life was very different than anyone else’s
of her time, but she was still amazing. Marie was also an extraordinary
physicist and chemist, especially for her age when she started. Her work should
always be remembered, since she worked so hard for everything she did. She was
just as proud of her work before death, as everyone else around her was. To
this day, she is remembered as a hard-working mother, scientists, chemist, and
great wife to Pierre Curie, I believe he would have been proud of her work and how
she finished it.
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A clause is a group of words with a
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1 A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb. An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself in a sentence. A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.
2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES Each independent clause has its own subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. The soccer team traveled to Knoxville, and they won their division. In the example above the two independent clauses are joined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction and.
I stuffed all the envelopes, and Jessica took them to the post office. I did all the work, but he took all the credit. I am new at Power Point, but I like it!
4 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Words such as whom, because, what, if and until signal that the clauses that follow them are subordinate. (See 273,275,AND 325) Subordinate clauses do not express complete thoughts and cannot stand alone. whom he asked because he answered what he had heard
The Officer whom he asked for directions was very kind. Because he answered so politely, the man called to compliment the officer. The Chief of Police was pleased by what he had heard.
Subordinate clauses can be used as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
7 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Adjective clauses function just as adjectives do.
Modify nouns Modify pronouns Adjective clauses are often introduced by relative pronouns. This is the class that I like the best. (Essential clause) My classes, which meet in Room 209, are all freshman classes. (Nonessential clause) They are the ones whom I prefer to teach.
8 RELATIVE PRONOUNS whom who whose which that
These words are called relative pronouns because they relate an adjective clause to the word that the clause modifies. Besides introducing an adjective clause and relating it to another word in the sentence, the relative pronoun has a function in the adjective clause.
John, who enjoys reading, won a membership to the Book of the Month club. (The relative pronoun who relates the adjective clause to John. Who is used as the subject of the adjective clause.)
10 Note In many cases, the relative pronoun in the clause may be omitted. The pronoun is understood and still has a function in the clause. Here is the salad you ordered. [The relative pronoun that is understood. The pronoun relates the adjective clause to salad and is used as the direct object in the adjective clause.]
11 The Adverb’s Job Adverbs tell when where why how
to what extent or degree under what conditions
12 The Adverb Clause An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. After I proofread my paper, I typed it. [The adverb clause After I proofread my paper tells when I typed it.]
13 Adverb Clause Continued
Because manicotti takes so long to prepare, Joy makes it only on special occasions. [Because manicotti takes so long to prepare tells why Joy makes it only on special occasions.] You and your brother may come with us if you want to. [under what condition]
14 Adverb Clause Continued
Like adverbs, adverb clauses may also modify adjectives or adverbs. His pitching arm is stronger today than it ever was. [stronger (adj.) to what extent the arm is stronger] My cousin Adele reads faster than I do. [faster (adv.) how much faster my cousin Adele reads]
15 Subordinating Conjunctions
After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before, even though, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while These words introduce subordinate clauses.
16 Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun.
A noun clause may be used as a subject -indirect object complement -object of a prep- predicate nominative position direct object
17 Examples of Noun Clauses
What Mary Anne did was brave and earned her praise from everyone. [Subject] The winner will be whoever runs fastest. [Predicate Nominative] She finally discovered what the answer was. [Direct Object] The clerk should tell whoever calls the sale prices. [Indirect Object] He checks the ID cards of whoever visits. [Object of Preposition]
18 Classification by Structure
Structure refers to the number and types of clauses in a sentence. Simple Compound Complex Compound-complex
19 KNOW subjects, verbs(linking /action) direct object,indirect object predicate nominative,object of preposition, noun, adverbs, adj- jectives, conjunctions, pronouns, phrases(adj.,adv.,verbals-participles, gerunds, infinitives
20 KNOW Nouns Pronouns Adjective Prepositions Predicate adjective
Subordinating conjunctions Sentence Structure simple, compound, compound-complex, complex Clauses Noun, Adjective, and adverb Relative Pronouns
21 Practice Sentences A speech community is a group of people who speak the same language. There are speech communities that contain millions of people and some that have only a few people .
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Last edited 26 Apr 2017
Prairie School style
[Robie house, Chicago by Frank Lloyd Wright]
The Prairie style (c. 1900-1920) was developed by an American architectural legend, Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright was part of an impressive group of talented architects known as the Prairie School working in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century.
As a student of Louis Sullivan, Wright was part of a creative force that at the time was changing the world of architectural design. The period was one of great change and growth, and this was reflected in the emerging new building styles.
Wright was especially interested in the design of houses, rather than public buildings, and he became the master of the Prairie style; a new domestic architectural form designed to complement the terrain and temperament of the mid-western prairies.
In describing the style Wright said: "The prairie has a beauty of its own and we should recognise and accentuate this natural beauty, its quiet level. Hence gently sloping roofs, low proportions, quiet sky lines, suppressed heavy-set chimneys and sheltering overhangs, low terraces and out-reaching walls sequestering private gardens."
Many other notable architects in Chicago and the Midwest generally designed well-executed Prairie style houses, mostly in that region. The shape and form of the Prairie style house was distinctly different than previous domestic architecture. Wright wanted to create organic homes with strong horizontal emphasis that did not resemble the traditional, revival style houses popular in the past.
The main vernacular form of the Prairie style seen most often is also known as the 'American Foursquare' or 'American Basic'.
American Foursquare houses are generally two storeys in height, square in shape, and have low-pitched, hipped roofs with broad overhangs and symmetrical façades with broad front porches with square columns.
Their connection to the Prairie style is seen in the horizontal emphasis created by the roofline of the dominant front porch and the overhanging eaves of the roof itself. These vernacular buildings may also incorporate details from other styles, like Spanish Revival tiled roofs, or Italianate cornice brackets which make their association with the Prairie style more difficult to identify.
As with all vernacular building forms, designation as examples of a specific style may not be appropriate. Like the bungalow-style houses popular in the same period, American Foursquare houses could be ordered in prefabricated kits through mail-order catalogues. This American Foursquare building form, like the bungalow, was a popular and affordable housing choice in the growing suburbs at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Some of the most identifiable features of the Prairie style include:
This article was written by PHMC.
--Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
[edit] Find out more
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
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Opium Wars and tea Great Britain and China Teach English in China (profile)
Opium Wars
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Opium Wars
Opium is a narcotic derived from the resin of the opium polyp. It was in use in China since the 8th Century AD. Initially, opium was used for medicinal purposes and was an aphrodisiac.
Over time, the Chinese started to smoke opium as a recreational drug. They would later learn how to mix opium and tobacco to make a more advanced drug. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, opium was one of the most sought-after products in China. It became a major export along with tea, silk, and porcelain.
Regular trade took place between China and Europe. It had been going on for a long time. Most noteworthy, it began when the Portuguese arrived in China in the 16th Century. As the European economic power expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries, the demand for Chinese goods rose. Even more, they had become highly fashionable in cities across Europe. Thus, trade in these products was highly lucrative.
In Britain, tea recorded the highest demand. The British had an unquenchable thirst for tea. The Chinese traded tea, opium, silk, and porcelain for silver with the Europeans. However, European merchants could not access the Chinese market directly. They were only restricted outside the city of Canton (Guangzhou). Trade only took place through middlemen (Cohong monopoly). These middlemen charged high prices on products due to high taxes.
European goods
Conversely, the Chinese had limited interest in European goods. They only accepted silver in exchange for their products. As a result, Britain suffered a deficit in their balance of trade. In an effort to make more money, the British began to smuggle opium from India into China in the 1820s. The effects of opium misuse began to become visible on the Chinese population. A large portion became addicted to the drug and most of them consumed it in large amounts, compromising their health. As the larger population became dependent on opium, it created a high demand for opium in China. From these returns, Britain was able to import more tea from China.
The effects of Opium misuse
However, the emperor of China noticed the negative effects of opium on his citizens. In 1839, the Chinese government confiscated and destroyed 20, 000 chests of opium. This was approximately 1,400 tonnes of the product. This was a great loss for Britain. Therefore, Britain embarked on a diplomatic mission to China. They sent a spokesperson to negotiate with the emperor of China. Consequently, they discussed how the government would compensate Britain for the loss. Unfortunately, diplomacy bore no fruits.
First Opium War (1839-1842)
In retaliation, the British decided to fight back. They set a blockage on the mouth of Pearl River, leading to Canton. Further, they demanded compensation of their opium. Similarly, they demanded the disbandment of the Cohong monopoly. In addition to that, they wanted Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain. Coupled with these demands, the British had superior weapons.
The first opium war lasted about 3 years and over 500 Chinese soldiers died. In contrast, only 38 British soldiers suffered minor injuries.
Second Opium War (1856-1860)
The end of the first opium war began a series of treaties. The first was the Nanking Treaty to indemnify Britain for the Opium. China paid Britain 20,000,000 Sterling Pounds as compensation. These treaties humiliated the Chinese. Hence, China rapidly became unstable. Due to this instability, China had to fight off several uprisings. The British still wanted more from China. First of all, they wanted the legalization of opium in China. Additionally, they wanted China to open the entire empire to British merchants. This saw the rapid growth of Western Imperialism.
In 1856
The British captured the Chinese crew of the Arrow. The Arrow was a ship that belonged to British pirates. The Chinese had sold it to the British. Negotiations began. They discussed how the British would set free the Chinese captives. They finally released all prisoners except three. China attempted to fight in retaliation. However, they were overpowered. Consequently, the British invaded China. While at it, they seized the forts in the Pearl River. The French also joined arms with the British to fight China.
In 1857
The British seized and captured Canton (Guangzhou). From then on, they signed the Treaty of Tianjin. In the treaty, they agreed on:
• The opening of more ports
• Allow foreigners to access mainland China
• British, Russia, France and the USA to establish legations in China
In 1858
The emperor denied the western countries to set up legations in Beijing, China’s capital. Hostility resumed. The western forces launched the Battle of Taku Forts. Unfortunately, they failed the first time. They started the war again and eventually won. Hence, they forced their way into Beijing City. They burnt down the Emperors Summer Palace. Today, the Summer Palace stands as a monumental tourist attraction in Beijing.
Fortunately, the emperor had fled to safety. The western forces did not kill him. Therefore, in the emperor’s absence, his brother ratified the treaty. Finally, the western forces could establish legations in Beijing.
Ratification of this treaty brought an end to the Second Opium War.
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ETHNONYMS: Chicana, Chicano, Chikano, Joti, Shikana, Yowana, Yuana
The approximately 300 to 400 Hoti inhabit parts of the nortwestern Guiana highlands from 5°20/N to 6°25/N and 65°10′ W to 65°40′ W. Their language is an isolate, although it may be related to Piaroan or Yanomaman. Because of the inaccessibility of their habitat, they had no contact with non-Indians until the latter half of the twentieth century; their history therefore remains virtually unknown.
The permanent houses of the Hoti are rectangular structures with gable roofs and walls of palm thatch. Their temporary houses are lean-tos consisting of several upright posts and a framework of sticks supporting a cover of palm fronds.
The Hoti economy is based on swidden agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing. Plantains are the staple food; other crops include bananas, maize, sweet manioc, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, taro, yams, pineapples, sugarcane, and peppers. The Hoti also cultivate several nonvictual garden products: cotton and curagua ( Ananas erectifolius ), from which they extract fiber; lágrimas de San Pedro ( Coix lacryma jobi ) for necklace beads; annatto ( Bixa orellana ) for red dyestuff; several medicinal plants; and tobacco. Whereas large animals such as tapir and peccaries are hunted with iron-tipped lances, smaller game, including birds, monkeys, and squirrels, are shot with blowguns from behind blinds, using plain or curare-tipped darts. The Hoti do not use bows and arrrows. On day-long foraging expeditions, they gather more than thirty varieties of wild fruits and vegetables, several kinds of crabs and grubs, and honey from various species of bees. Fishing, principally with barbasco and hooks, is of lesser importance. Although the Hoti keep a large variety of birds and other animals, they do not raise them for economic purposes.
The division of labor is very flexible among the Hoti. Both sexes participate in most subsistence activities and in the production of artifacts. Men clear new garden plots of trees and underbrush, but all the other work pertaining to planting, weeding, and harvesting is done by men and women alike. Men cut trees when foraging for honey, but women, teenagers, and children collect fruits, wild vegetables, and other edibles. Hunting is considered men's work, but women sometimes accompany their husbands. Fishing is almost always done by a lone man; when fishing as a couple, the husband prepares the poison and his wife joins him in mixing it into the water and in securing the catch. Women haul water and firewood and prepare most of the food. House construction is carried out jointly by the members of a nuclear family. Both men and women spin cotton and make hammocks, mats, baskets, crude pottery, and wooden graters. The making and playing of musical instruments, including rattles, reed and bone flutes, and a particular string instrument, is a male specialty.
Although some Hoti continue to go naked, others wear rectangular pubic covers of woven cotton. Some women also use leaves or bast for this purpose. Both adults and children tie bast fibers, human hair, and woven cotton bands around their wrists, legs, and ankles and wear necklaces made of seeds, bones, bird beaks, and peccary hoofs. Some individuals also wear pieces of cane or animal bone in their earlobes.
Local groups vary in size and may include one or more nuclear and extended families. Group cohesion is very flexible; autonomous nuclear families are free to move and join other groups. Marriage is predominantly monogamous, but polygyny has also been observed. In general, however, Hoti social organization and kinship structure have not been adequately studied. The oldest active male of the group is looked upon as the headman. His authority as politicai leader is generally limited to matters pertaining to food acquisition, group movements, and changes in residency. The political leader also serves as the healer of his group. He occasionally bleeds patients suspected of suffering from "bad blood." Other cases are treated with herbal medicaments such as those prepared from several varieties of sedge ( Cyperaceae ). Light massages soothe pain caused by agents other than "bad blood"; the healer blows intermittently over the ailing body part to capture the pathogen under his massaging hand, extracts the pain from the patient, and expels it to some distant place. Healing séances are conducted in silence, and Hoti curers do not make use of chants, rattles, or psychotropic drugs to practice their art.
Coppens, Walter (1983). "Los hoti." In Etnología contemporánea. Vol. 2, edited by Roberto Lizarralde and Haydée Seijas, 243-301. Los aborígenes de Venezuela, edited by Walter Coppens and Bernarda Escalante. Monograph no. 29. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto Caribe de Antorpología y Sociología.
Guarisma, P. Virginia, and Walter Coppens (1978). "Vocabulario hoti." Antropológica (Caracas) 49:3-27.
Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1913). "Abschluss meiner Reise durch Nordbrasilien zum Orinoco, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der von mir besuchten Indianerstämme." Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 45:448-474.
Also read article about Hoti from Wikipedia
User Contributions:
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In most contexts, the concept of good denotes the conduct that should be preferred when posed with a choice between possible actions. Good is generally considered to be the opposite of evil, and is of interest in the study of morality, ethics, religion and philosophy. The specific meaning and etymology of the term and its associated translations among ancient and contemporary languages show substantial variation in its inflection and meaning depending on circumstances of place, history, religious, or philosophical context.
History of ideas on the topic[edit]
Plato and Aristotle[edit]
Bust of Socrates in the Vatican Museum
Although the history of the origin of the use of the concept and meaning of 'good' are diverse, the notable discussions of Plato and Aristotle on this subject have been of significant historical effect. The first references that are seen in Plato's The Republic to the Form of the Good are within the conversation between Glaucon and Socrates (454c–d). When trying to answer such difficult questions pertaining to the definition of justice, Plato identifies that we should not “introduce every form of difference and sameness in nature” instead we must focus on "the one form of sameness and difference that was relevant to the particular ways of life themselves” which is the form of the Good. This form is the basis for understanding all other forms, it is what allows us to understand everything else. Through the conversation between Socrates and Glaucon (508a–c) Plato analogizes the form of the Good with the sun as it is what allows us to see things. Here, Plato describes how the sun allows for sight. But he makes a very important distinction, “sun is not sight” but it is “the cause of sight itself.” As the sun is in the visible realm, the form of Good is in the intelligible realm. It is “what gives truth to the things known and the power to know to the knower”. It is not only the “cause of knowledge and truth, it is also an object of knowledge”.
Plato identifies how the form of the Good allows for the cognizance to understand such difficult concepts as justice. He identifies knowledge and truth as important, but through Socrates (508d–e) says, “good is yet more prized”. He then proceeds to explain “although the good is not being” it is “superior to it in rank and power”, it is what “provides for knowledge and truth” (508e).[2]
In contrast to Plato, Aristotle discusses the Forms of Good in critical terms several times in both of his major surviving ethical works, the Eudemian and Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle argues that Plato's Form of the Good does not apply to the physical world, for Plato does not assign “goodness” to anything in the existing world. Because Plato's Form of the Good does not explain events in the physical world, humans have no reason to believe that the Form of the Good exists and the Form of the Good is thereby irrelevant to human ethics.[3]
Plato and Aristotle were not the first contributors in ancient Greece to the study of the 'good' and discussion preceding them can be found among the pre-Socratic philosophers. In Western civilisation, the basic meanings of κακός and ἀγαθός are "bad, cowardly" and "good, brave, capable", and their absolute sense emerges only around 400 BC, with Pre-Socratic philosophy, in particular Democritus.[4] Morality in this absolute sense solidifies in the dialogues of Plato, together with the emergence of monotheistic thought (notably in Euthyphro, which ponders the concept of piety (τὸ ὅσιον) as a moral absolute). The idea is further developed in Late Antiquity by Neoplatonists, Gnostics, and Church Fathers.
Ancient religions[edit]
Aside from ancient Greek studies of the 'good', the eastern part of ancient Persia almost five thousand years ago a religious philosopher called Zoroaster simplified the pantheon of early Iranian gods[5] into two opposing forces: Ahura Mazda (Illuminating Wisdom) and Angra Mainyu (Destructive Spirit) which were in conflict.
This development from the relative or habitual to the absolute is also evident in the terms ethics and morality both being derived from terms for "regional custom", Greek ἦθος and Latin mores, respectively (see also siðr).
Medieval period[edit]
Medieval Christian philosophy was founded on the work of the Bishop Augustine of Hippo and theologian Thomas Aquinas who understood evil in terms of Biblical infallibility and Biblical inerrancy, as well as the influences of Plato and Aristotle in their appreciation of the concept of the Summum bonum. Silent contemplation was the route to appreciation of the Idea of the Good.[8]
Many medieval Christian theologians both broadened and narrowed the basic concept of Good and evil until it came to have several, sometimes complex definitions[9] such as:
Modern ideas[edit]
A significant enlightenment context for studying the 'good' has been its significance in the study of "the good, the true and the beautiful" as found in Immanuel Kant and other Enlightenment philosophers and religious thinkers. These discussion were undertaken by Kant particularly in the context of his Critique of Practical Reason.
Good and evil[edit]
In religion, ethics, and philosophy, "good and evil" is a very common dichotomy. In cultures with Manichaean and Abrahamic religious influence, evil is usually perceived as the antagonistic opposite of good. Good is that which should prevail and evil should be defeated.[10] In cultures with Buddhist spiritual influence, this antagonistic duality itself must be overcome through achieving Śūnyatā, or emptiness. This is the recognition of good and evil not being unrelated, but two parts of a greater whole; unity, oneness, a Monism.[10]
As a religious concept, basic ideas of a dichotomy between good and evil has developed so that today:
Goodness and morality in biology[edit]
See also[edit]
2. ^ Plato (1992). Republic. Translated by C.D.C. Reeve (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Publ. Co. ISBN 978-0-87220-136-1.
3. ^ Fine, Gail (2003). Plato on Knowledge and Forms. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 350. ISBN 0-19-924559-2.
5. ^ Boyce 1979, pp. 6–12.
8. ^ A. Kojeve, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel (1980) p. 108
16. ^ de Waal, Frans (2012). Moral behavior in animals.
Further reading[edit]
• Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London: Routledge/Kegan Paul 1979; Corrected repr. 1984; repr. with new foreword 2001.
• Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Ross, W. D. The Right and the Good. 1930. Oxford University Press.
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Eye Education
A Deep Dive Into Macular Degeneration
Macular Degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss, affecting more people than glaucoma and cataracts combined. So what exactly is it, and who’s at risk?
What is macular degeneration?
Macular degeneration is an eye disease that occurs when an integral part of your retina called the macula is damaged. Once the macula begins to degrade, you begin to lose your central vision—or, the center of your field of view. This means if you were looking at a clock, you’d be able to see the numbers but not the hands pointing to the time.
There are two basic types of macular degeneration.
• Dry: This is by far the most common form of macular degeneration, comprising 85-90% of all cases. “Dry” macular degeneration doesn’t involve any leakage of fluid in the eyes, but does involve small yellow deposits called drusen. These drusen dry out the macula, gradually making it unable to function properly.
• Wet: The wet type of macular degeneration makes up 10-15% of all cases. In this type, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and macula. When these blood vessels bleed or leak fluid, the macula is moved from it’s normal flat position. This can either lead to distorted or destroyed central vision. Wet macular degeneration is typically more rapid and severe.
Macular degeneration is generally associated with aging, but Stargardt disease is a form of macular degeneration found in young people. Stargardt disease is caused by a rare recessive gene and is only found in 1 in every 20,000 cases of macular degeneration.
What causes macular degeneration?
The exact causes of macular degeneration aren’t known, but the three biggest factors appear to be age, genetics and lifestyle.
• Age: Macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss for those aged 50 and up, though it’s most likely to occur after age 60. The disease is often referred to as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) because the older you get, the more likely you are to experience it.
• Genetics: The extent that family history plays a part in causing macular degeneration isn’t clear. However, it’s estimated 15-20% of people with age-related macular degeneration have at least one sibling or parent with the condition. Caucasian people are also more likely to develop age-related macular degeneration than their counterparts.
• Lifestyle: Studies have shown smoking can double your risk for macular degeneration. High glycemic and high saturated fat diets have also been associated with developing age-related macular degeneration, as well as helping it progress further.
What are the symptoms of macular degeneration?
The symptoms of age-related macular degeneration can vary depending on which of the three stages you’re in.
• Early: In this stage of AMD, vision loss likely hasn’t occurred yet but there are medium-sized drusen under the retina. Detecting these drusen early is another reason why getting a yearly eye exam is crucial to the health of your eyes.
• Intermediate: This stage of AMD is marked by larger drusen and discoloration of the retina. Noticeable vision loss may or may not be present.
• Late: Once AMD has reached the late stage vision loss has become noticeable.
Along with your recommended yearly eye exam, taking a trip to see our friends with “O.D.” after their names is a good idea if you’re experiencing any of the following warning signs:
• Noticing your vision field become smudged, distorted or lost altogether
• Needing brighter light for day-to-day tasks
• Impaired depth perception
• Trouble seeing precise detail both up close and at a distance
• Trouble adjusting to changing light
• Trouble noticing contrasts in colors or textures
How is macular degeneration treated?
Once someone has been diagnosed with macular degeneration, treatment varies depending on if it’s dry or wet AMD.
Dry macular degeneration is usually treated with the following steps:
• Increasing antioxidant-rich foods in your diet
• Eating at least one serving of fatty fish per week
• Avoiding packaged foods and artificial fats
• Increasing exercise
• Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke
Wet macular degeneration usually requires more drastic steps for treatment. In the past, a process called laser photocoagulation was used to seal the abnormal blood vessels and prevent them from leaking. Now a process called anti-VEGF therapy where injections into the eye to prevent bleeding is the most common treatment.
Is there a cure for macular degeneration?
As it stands right now, there is no cure for macular degeneration. Doctors use the treatments above as a way to slow or reduce the progression of AMD. If you’ve been diagnosed here’s a list of 10 questions you should ask your doctor.
While there is no cure yet, progress is being made through the work of researchers and non-profits like the American Macular Degeneration Foundation.
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Birds | Dogs | Cats | Horses | Small Pets
Test your knowledge
on Freshwater Snails
Help Rescue Homeless
Pets with a Gift
of One Dollar
Facts and Data you'll find interesting about - Freshwater Snails
1. Freshwater Snails attach themselves to plants or rocks in
freshwater ponds and streams where the current is not too
2. Freshwater snails have a spiral shell like land snails,
however they are usually longer and more spiraled. Their
shells are often used in jewelry making.
3. Freshwater snails can grow up to one inch (twenty-five
millimeters) long. The smallest are just 0.12 inches (three
millimeters) long.
4. Freshwater snails have long tongues and have teeth like a
5. Freshwater snails eat algae and dead plants off of rocks
or whatever they are attached to. They use their toothed
tongue to scrape off their intended food.
6. Some Freshwater snails go up to the surface of the water
and breathe by holding an air bubble within their shell, and
others have gills that filter oxygen from the water.
7. Freshwater snails are hermaphrodites, meaning that they
have both male and female reproductive organs, so whenever
an adult snail finds another snail they can mate, increasing
the chance of species survival.
8. Freshwater snails are very tolerant of pollution and even
filter and clean the surrounding water, making the areas
they inhabit more able to support life.
9. Freshwater snails are often kept as pets by humans in
freshwater fish tanks because they will eat algae, dead
plant material, fish offal and left-over fish food. They
help to keep the tank cleaner and help make the tank safer
for the fish.
10. A Freshwater snail's shell grows as the rest of the
snail grows. They will live with the same shell their entire
lives; it is part of their bodies.
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The FLU season is here. INNOCULATE NOW!
The flu season usually runs from November through March. Some years, cases continue into April and May. For the last 25 years, the heaviest flu activity has occurred in February.
Each year in the United States, on average, 5 to 20 percent of the population gets the flu. More than 250,000 people require hospitalization while about 36,000 die.
Influenza viruses can cause disease among people of any age, but rates of infection are highest among children. Serious illness and death are highest among persons ages 65 or older, and children ages 2 and younger. People of any age with certain medical conditions (e.g., congestive heart failure, asthma, diabetes), or who live in some type of long-term care facility are at risk for serious complications.
There are two types of influenza vaccine. The trivalent inactivated (killed) influenza vaccine, or TIV, may be used on any person age 6 months or older. This flu shot, an injection into muscle, usually is in the upper arm. The other is a live, attenuated (weakened) influenza vaccine, or LAIV, which is sprayed into the nostrils.
For most people, vaccination will prevent serious influenza-related illnesses. Vaccination will not prevent “flu-like” illnesses caused by other viruses. It takes two weeks for protection to develop after vaccination. So, vaccine that is given early in the flu season will provide a longer period of protection. Influenza vaccines can reduce infection in 70 to 90 percent of healthy adults under the age of 65.
Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the swine flu virus. Also not touching your eyes, nose or mouth with your hands helps to prevent the flu.Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the eyes, nose or mouth.
In all cases, please consult with your physician to determine which vaccine will be best suited for you.
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Mourning Cloak
A mourning is cloak worn by those in mourning, which was sometimes draped over the casket of the deceased
Scientific Name: Nymphalis antiope – The generic name is from the Greek nymphe, which was the name given in both Roman and Greek mythology to any of a number of minor nature goddesses who were young and beautiful, living in rivers, mountains, or trees. The reference here is to the goddess-like sylvan nature of the Mourning Cloak. Antiope was a noted beauty of Greek mythology who was seduced by Zeus in the form of a Satyr. She bore two sons, Amphion and Zethos, the founders of the Greek city of Thebes. The species name antiope creates a tautonym, as both of the scientific names of the Mourning Cloak refer to its embodiment of mythological beauty.
Potpourri: The Mourning Cloak is one of the first butterflies to appear as the days start to lengthen at the end of the winter, usually several weeks before spring, depending on the latitude. The reason for this seemingly anomalous behavior is that the Mourning Cloak overwinters as an adult, contrary to most other butterflies and moths that overwinter as eggs, larvae or pupae. The common name “harbinger of spring” is a reflection of its symbolism of the vernal renaissance of the woodland flora and fauna. The Mourning Cloak is a very successful species with a worldwide distribution in the northern hemisphere from the subtropics to the Arctic Circle. It is somewhat rare in Great Britain; it was first discovered near Camberwell in the 18th Century and given the name Camberwell beauty. In addition to the evolutionary adaptations that enable them to survive in adverse conditions when predators are diminished, their wing coloration contributes to survival. The top of the wings is dark to promote solar heating crucial to survival. The bottom of the wings is near perfect camouflage for the tree bark that serves as the resting perch. The dichotomy between the dorsal and ventral surface of the wing allows the adult Mourning Cloak to evade predators so as to further enhance its survival.
The Mourning Cloak is capable of surviving the cold of the winter through “cryo-preservation,” a generic term for the various methods used by animals that have not evolved a migratory pattern and must therefore endure temperature extremes. The problem with cold weather for animals is the formation of ice in the body tissue so as to impede vascular life-sustaining flows. The Mourning Cloak secretes chemicals that act as anti-freeze to prevent ice formation. Sugars such as glucose and alcohols such as sorbitol, glycerol, and ethylene glycol are among the substances produced at the onset of cold weather for this purpose. However, if a Mourning Cloak is captured in the summer and frozen, it will not survive as the chemical formation is gradual according to seasonal temperature variation. As winter approaches, the adult Mourning Cloak seeks out an overwintering den known as a hibernaculum that is typically in tree cavities or under leaf litter, a palladium from predation until the spring thaw.
Mourning Cloaks live for almost a year and are therefore among the most venerable of the Lepidoptera. This is primarily due to their adaptation to endure the cold as adults. The life cycle begins when the overwintering adults emerge in the spring to mate, the males basking in the sun pending the approach of a female. Following a brief aerial courtship, the female deposits about three hundred eggs in a single mass that surrounds a twig at the end of a branch. Trees that are palatable to the larvae are chosen; primarily willow, elm, cottonwood, white birch and hackberry. The eggs hatch after about ten days and the larvae proceed to voraciously defoliate the branch in order to support their rapid growth. The cohort stays together on the same branch during the growth process; the colony reacts to disturbances by shaking in unison to frighten potential predators.
The Mourning Cloak larvae pass through five stages or instars, each concluded by molting, the shedding of the skin. To continue the metamorphosing process, the larvae travel about one hundred feet away from the droppings created during the earlier feeding instars to deter predators from finding their pupating location. On finding a safe location with a overhang suitable for suspension, a silk pad is deposited to which the caterpillar anchors one leg from which it hangs. After about a day, the last molt occurs and the pupa emerges equipped with a hook-like appendage called a cremaster that is embedded in the silk pad. Thus suspended, the pupa hardens into a chrysalis, the pupa stage of the butterfly. After about a fortnight, the adult emerges from the chrysalis, dries off, and sets out in search of food, primarily tree sap and decaying fruit. The preference that the Mourning Cloak has for tree sap is likely an adaptation that compliments their early emergence from hibernation, when the sap is running in the spring.
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Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino
Native peoples > Tehuelche
Settlement patterns
The Tehuelche were a nomadic hunter-gatherer society whose groups traveled around from season to season across a wide range, following the same routes for centuries, making them into actual roads. Along these routes the people had their traditional hunting grounds and established rest stops (aiken), giving them names such as Pali Aike, Juniaike, and so on. Their traditional tent-like dwellings were simple and easy to dismantle and transport. They were made of wooden frames covered with layers of waterproofed hides, originally of guanaco skin and later horse skin. One of these tents could house from 8 to 10 people, large enough for a nuclear family and a few close relatives. The sleeping spaces were located in the back, though the single women slept in the center of the dwelling, near the fire, accompanied by the children and dogs. The Tehuelche usually wintered in one camp and moved around more in summer, mainly for reasons of food supply, water or health. The introduction of horses intensified the Tehuelche’s nomadic way of life, expanding their geographic range.
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The concept of capacitive touch-screen
- Jul 19, 2018 -
Capacitive touch screen technology is the use of the human body's current induction work. Capacitive touch screen is a four-layer composite glass screen, the inner surface and interlayer of the glass screen are coated with Ito, the outermost layer is a thin silica glass protective layer, interlayer ito coating as the working face, four angles to draw out four electrodes, the inner Ito as shielding layer to ensure a good working environment. When the fingers touch on the metal layer, because the human electric field, the user and touch screen surface formed with a coupling capacitor, for high-frequency current, the capacitor is a direct conductor, so the finger from the contact point suction a very small current.
The current flows out from the electrodes on the four corners of the touchscreen, and the current flowing through the four electrodes is directly proportional to the distance between the fingers and the corners, and the controller obtains the position of the touch point by calculating the ratio of these four currents accurately.
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Title 6 – May 2017 KQ 7: In what ways and forms does “pattern seeking “ and “ pattern recognition” appear in different Areas of Knowledge?
Apophenia is the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within random data. The term was first used by Klaus Conrad to describe the initial stages of Schizophrenia and later translated into English as “apophenia” . Further to this , in 2001 neuroscientist Peter Brugger defined the term as the “unmotivated seeing of connections” accompanied by a “specific experience of an abnormal meaningfulness”.
Pareidolia is a type of apophenia involving the perception of images or sounds in random stimuli. Thus , the sound of ringing phone, while taking a shower , face within an inanimate object—the grinning headlights and grill of an automobile or a face in the Moon.
In statistics and machine learning, apophenia manifests itself as Overfitting – when a statistical model fits the noise rather than the signal- by overfitting particular datasets rather than providing a reliable pattern in a general population.
Apophenia serves as a rationalization for gambling and Gambler’s fallacy as the gamblers imagine to see patterns in the numbers which appear in lotteries, card games, or roulette wheels.
In Literature , Pattern Recognition , a novel by science fiction writer William Gibson, examines the human desire to detect patterns or meaning and the risks of finding patterns in meaningless data.
In Library of Babel , Borges tells that the vast majority of the books in this universe are pure gibberish but the library also must contain, somewhere, every coherent book ever written . Now, because of this glut of information, all books appear to be totally useless to the reader, leading some librarians to superstitious and cult-like behaviours.
“In Comparison with Biology , the full possible set of protein sequences has been compared to the Library of Babel. In the Library of Babel, finding any book that made sense was impossible due to the sheer number and lack of order. The same would be true of protein sequences if it were not for natural selection, which has selected out only protein sequences that make sense. Additionally, each protein sequence is surrounded by a set of neighbours (point mutants) that are likely to have at least some function. Daniel Dennett‘s 1995 book Darwin’s Dangerous Idea includes an elaboration of the Library of Babel concept to imagine the set of all possible genetic sequences, which he calls the Library of Mendel, in order to illustrate the mathematics of genetic variation. “
In Finance and Economics, investors and analysts naturally seek and find patterns, frequently when none exist and the probabilistic component in pattern identification is exacerbated by emotions of fear and greed. Including large number of data sets and more variables increases the probability of spurious results and the solution lies only in correct interpretations to identify the ‘true’, meaningful patterns.
“Although pattern recognition certainly has its flaws, technology has made tremendous advances toward algorithms that use pattern recognition effectively. Once we are aware that our brains default to pattern seeking in response to ambiguous situations, it becomes easier to see how we are pre-wired toward cognitive limitation. “
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Antithrombin (AT III) Deficiency
What is antithrombin deficiency?
Antithrombin deficiency is a condition where a natural anti-clotting agent in the blood, known as antithrombin III, is either deficient or dysfunctional. It can be inherited or may be acquired in life. The condition can lead to serious complications when clots form in the circulation and block the blood flow to crucial organs. Death is possible. Antithrombin deficiency is a fairly common blood clotting disorder occurring in about 1 in 2,000 to 5,000 people. It can affect both men and women equally.
Function of Antithrombin
Blood clotting (coagulation) is an essential mechanism by which the body can ‘plug’ any point of blood loss from arteries or veins. It ensures that the compromised blood vessel does not lose large amounts of blood that can affect health or even lead to death. In order to do this, various inactive enzymes and clotting components are constantly circulating in the bloodstream. The moment it is activated it can immediately start clotting at the affected site and plug the leak.
However, the body has several fail safe mechanisms to ensure that these components of blood clotting are not prematurely activated. Should a clot form in an otherwise uncompromised blood vessel, it can block the normal flow of blood and lead to tissue death in the affected area. This can at times be fatal. A single clotting enzyme or component on its own cannot cause the formation of a clot. Instead several enzymes need to activate each other and eventually activate the actual clotting material for a clot to form. This is a multi-step process known as the coagulation cascade.
In addition, there are certain substances which can help break down clots and prevent clotting from happening. These substances are anti-clotting agents, known as anticoagulants. Antithrombin III is an anticoagulant. It blocks several of the clotting enzymes from becoming activated and is meant to prevent a premature or unnecesary blood clot from forming. Antithrombin is not extremely efficient and becomes more potent when it works synergistically with heparin, another natural anticoagulant.
What happens in antithrombin deficiency?
Thrombin is one of the final components of the coagulation cascade. It is known as prothrombin (previously thrombinogen) in its inactive form. Despite its name, antithrombin does not only inhibit thrombin. Antithrombin actually blocks several clotting enzymes. It primarily blocks clotting factors Xa, IXa and IIa (thrombin). Antithrombin also has an impact on XIIa, XIa and the complex of factors VIIa and III (tissue factor). Clotting enzymes are constantly getting activated in the bloodstream to plug tiny holes that form in daily life, as a result of vessel wall damage, substances that affect the coagulability of blood and with slow movement of blood flow.
Imbalance between clotting and anti-clotting
However, the presence of anticoagulants like antithrombin ensures that the activated clotting enzymes do not create clots at various sites in the circulation. Normally the balance between the activated clotting factors and anticoagulants are such that blood flow continues smoothly and clots do not obstruct blood vessels. However, in antithrombin deficiency the person is at risk of having blood clots form within the blood vessels. Antithrombin may not be completely deficient for the manifestations of antithrombin deficiency to arise. Even just half the normal antithrombin levels are sufficient to lead to abnormal clotting.
Dangers of antithrombin deficiency
Clots can block blood supply to the brain, heart, lungs and even the bowels among various other organs. This can lead to tissue death, organ dysfunction and even lead to death of a person. Therefore a patient may need antithrombin replacement but there is added risk with blood products as the patient may contract HIV, viral hepatitis and other blood-borne infections. Therefore a person with antithrombin deficiency is not only at risk of blockages in the blood supply but also of infections, some of which are incurable, during the course of treatment for the condition.
Types of Antithrombin Deficiency
There are two types of antithrombin deficiency – type I and type II.
Type I
In type of antithrombin deficiency, there is an insufficient amount of otherwise normally acting antithrombin in circulation. The balance in terms of quantity is therefore in the favor of the activated clotting factors.
Type II
With type II antithrombin deficiency, the quantity of antithrombin is normal but it does not function as it should. The dysfunctional antithrombin can therefore not act against activated clotting factors.
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms seen in antithrombin deficiency largely depends on the site of clot formation (thrombosis). A blood clot (thrombus) is more likely to occur in the venous system (veins that carry away deoxygenated blood back to the heart) rather than in arteries. The symptoms of antithrombin deficiency may therefore include blockages of blood vessels at the following sites.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) presents as :
• Swelling of the legs, usually only the affected leg.
• Pain in the leg and thigh worsened with movement.
• Discoloration of the skin on the affected leg.
Pulmonary embolism (PE) presents as :
• Difficulty breathing (dyspnea).
• Chest pain.
• Coughing, which may be bloody sputum.
Central nervous system
• Slurred speech.
• Blurred vision, double vision or blindness.
• Difficulty understanding the speech of others.
• Weakness in the face muscles, arms and/or legs.
• Tingling and numbness of the face, arms and/or legs.
• Poor coordination.
• Dizziness or fainting.
• Abdominal pain and cramping.
• Abdominal bloating.
• Diarrhea.
• Bowel urgency.
• Bloody stools – fresh blood in the feces.
Causes of Antithrombin Deficiency
Antithrombin deficiency can be inherited or acquired. Inherited cases are usually present from birth and are due to genetic defects that are passed from parents to the child. Only one copy of the mutated gene is needed to lead to inherited antithrombin deficiency. A person will have the condition for life in these cases and need to be treated on an ongoing basis.
Acquired antithrombin deficiency develops during life even though there is no inherited genetic defect. It may develop secondary to several possible diseases. These conditions may include :
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Bone marrow transplantation
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Kidney disease
• Liver disease
• Sepsis (commonly referred to as blood poisoning)
Certain medication and therapeutic procedures may also be the cause of antithrombin deficiency (iatrogenic causes). Not all patients using these drugs or undergoing these procedures may be affected.
• Estrogen replacement and oral contraceptives
• Heparin injections
• Chemotherapy using asparaginase
• Following transfusion of blood (acute hemolytic transfusion reactions)
It is also possible for antithrombin levels to be lower than normal in some stages of life despite the lack of a disease.
• Pregnancy (particularly third trimester)
• At birth (newborns naturally have lower antithrombin levels which increase within the first month of life)
Tests and Diagnosis
Two important tests are conducted to diagnose antithrombin deficiency :
• Antithrombin activity where the ability of antithrombin to neutralize clotting factors like thrombin are tested. It indicates whether the antithrombin is functioning normally or not.
• Antithrombin antigen to assess the amount of antithrombin within the sample. It indicates whether there is sufficient antithrombin or not.
Genetic testing is rarely done except for screening purposes.
• Type I antithrombin deficiency : Both activity and antigen is decreased. The lower than normal antithrombin activity is due to insufficient amounts of otherwise normal antithrombin.
• Type II antithrombin deficiency : Activity is decreased but antigen is within normal levels.
Treatment of Antithrombin Deficiency
Heparin and warfarin may be used in acute cases where a clot has formed or the risk of a clot forming is high. These anitcoagulants may be used for short periods of up to a few months at a time. Long term use of anticoagulants is usually not considered but if needed then warfarin may be used. However, it increases the risk of a major hemorrhage which can be fatal.
Antithrombin concentrates may be needed in certain patients where anticoagulants are contraindicated. It also increase the effectiveness of anticoagulant medication. Replacement therapy is mainly considered when a patient is pregnant or soon to undergo major surgery. Antithrombin supplementation may also be considered in cancer patients, where the patient is in shock or with sepsis.
References :
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Learn Major Impacts of Taxation Through the Effect of a Tax Homework
Taxes, as you all know, is the amount of money that is collected from the businesses or individuals either directly or may be indirectly by the government in regards to the services provided to these entities.
Taxation constitutes an important part of any economic structure. And the money collected by the taxes are used to carry out certain functions of states like construction of roads, transportation, education, sanitation and many others.
Hence, when you see from the broader perspective, these taxes are a medium of growth for countries. You can learn more about the tax effects from the effect of a tax homework help online.
Taxes imposed on certain goods can affect the equilibrium price and demand of that good. Taxes results in change in price of relative goods. How they actually change the prices? Get more information on this through myhomeworkhelp.com.
How can taxes affect the demand for a product?
The taxes imposed by government on certain goods actually results in increase of the price of that good. Though the reason behind imposing taxes on goods by government can be genuine, but the increase in price always tends to decrease the demand of that good in market.
The reduced demand of the product affects the production of goods also. The firms tend to decrease their production as a consequence of less demand. Hence the revenues also declines.
Here, you need to understand the positive and negative effects of taxation in details, and for this, you can turn to the effects of a tax assignment help online for better insight.
Different types of taxes used by government
Economic students will surely have known about the various types of taxes that are collected by government, directly or indirectly. Some examples of these taxes imposed by government are sales tax, income tax, property tax, service tax, etc.
Now the question arises that what is the need of these taxes and why there are so many types of taxes?
To start with first question, taxes play a vital role in economic development of any country as taxes are majorly collected and used for country’s welfare. And now coming to the second question to reduce the burden of taxes on people they are collected in categories.
Learn more about types of taxes and the effect of taxes via the effect of a tax homework help online.
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Jimmy uses traditional ingredients to make noodles. He adds sodium carbonate to the flour, water and salt to add texture to the noodles. He uses an office shredder to replicate the cutting machines used in a food factory to shape the noodles. After steam-cooking the noodles he flash fries them. This drives away moisture, leaving a dried product that can then have boiling water added to cook the noodles 'instantly'.
This clip is from:
Jimmy's Food Factory
First broadcast:
9 February 2011
Could be used to introduce the function of gluten in flour based food products. The clip explains how a modern innovation (flash frying the steamed noodles to force moisture out) facilitated the creation of the instant noodle. Learners might be prompted to reflect on the benefits and drawbacks of this innovation in terms of health, convenience and culture. Students might also be asked to speculate on how this process might be applied to other food products. This might be facilitated through a product development activity or demonstration.
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Radiocarbon dating of fossils taken from
Radiocarbon dating - Wikipedia
plants acquire it through photosynthesis, and animals acquire it from consumption of plants and other animals. after an organism has been dead for 60,000 years, so little carbon-14 is left that accurate dating can not be established. attempt to check the accuracy of carbon dating by comparing carbon dating data to data from other dating methods. carbon-14 dating has been used successfully on the dead sea scrolls, minoan ruins and tombs of the pharaohs among other things. though still heavily used, relative dating is now augmented by several modern dating techniques. the organic remains were too old for carbon-14 dating, so the team turned to another method. relatively short-range dating technique is based on the decay of uranium-234 into thorium-230, a substance with a half-life of about 80,000 years. a related method is ionium–thorium dating, which measures the ratio of ionium (thorium-230) to thorium-232 in ocean sediment. the problems inherent in radiometric dating often cause them to be so unreliable that they contradict one another rather than validating each other. the age that can be calculated by radiometric dating is thus the time at which the rock or mineral cooled to closure temperature. radiometric dating and the geological time scale: circular reasoning or reliable tools?
Carbon-Dating Fossils | The Institute for Creation Research
the herto skulls, the ages of the carved ocher stones from blombos cave could not be directly determined. the mass spectrometer was invented in the 1940s and began to be used in radiometric dating in the 1950s. with stratigraphic principles, radiometric dating methods are used in geochronology to establish the geologic time scale. precision of a dating method depends in part on the half-life of the radioactive isotope involved. the supposed age of “index fossils” is based on how long these 19th century evolutionists believed one kind of animal would take (somehow) to “evolve” into a different kind of animal. dates come from organic matter that contain the element carbon. krot(2002) dating the earliest solids in our solar system, hawai'i institute of geophysics and planetology http://www. dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. from the past 70,000 years made of wood, charcoal, peat, bone, antler or one of many other carbonates may be dated using this technique. this chart uses both radiometric, relative comparisons, fossils, and reversals in the earth’s magnetic field to order events in the history of the earth. methods of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate and the materials to which they can be applied.
Radiometric dating - Wikipedia
this human nuclear activity will make precise dating of fossils from our lifetime very difficult due to contamination of the normal radioisotope composition of the earth with addition artificially produced radioactive atoms. for rocks dating back to the beginning of the solar system, this requires extremely long-lived parent isotopes, making measurement of such rocks' exact ages imprecise. there are so many complicated phenomena to consider like this that it calls the whole radiometric dating scheme into question. while there are many problems with such dating methods, such as parent or daughter substances entering or leaving the rock, e. rubidium-strontium dating is not as precise as the uranium-lead method, with errors of 30 to 50 million years for a 3-billion-year-old sample. ma using lead–lead dating, results that are consistent with each other. 36cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments. any radiometric dates that show a supposedly “old” rock to be young are rejected for no other reason:“few people realize that the index fossil dating system, despite its poor assumptions and many problems, is actually the primary dating tool for geologic time. the half-life of carbon-14 makes it unreliable for dating fossils over about 50,000 years old, there are other isotopes scientists use to date older artifacts. for example, if they believed it would take 200 million years for an ammonite (somehow) to turn gradually into say a dog, then all rocks containing fossil ammonites (the “index fossil”) would be given an “age” 200 million years older than rocks containing fossils of dogs:“… the geological column and approximate ages of all the fossil-bearing strata were all worked out long before anyone ever heard or thought about radioactive dating … there are so many sources of possible error or misinterpretation in radiometric dating that most such dates are discarded and never used at all, notably whenever they disagree with the previously agreed-on [index fossil] dates. thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present.
Radiocarbon dating of fossils taken from caves on islands
Fossil Dating Fact Sheet
for since the creation of the world god's invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.–lead dating is often performed on the mineral zircon (zrsio4), though it can be used on other materials, such as baddeleyite, as well as monazite (see: monazite geochronology).[1] the use of radiometric dating was first published in 1907 by bertram boltwood[2] and is now the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of fossilized life forms or the age of the earth itself, and can also be used to date a wide range of natural and man-made materials. dating cannot be used on most fossils, not only because they are almost always allegedly too old, but also because they rarely contain the original carbon of the organism that has been fossilized. process of using index fossils is describes by the late creationist author and ph. stimulating these mineral grains using either light (optically stimulated luminescence or infrared stimulated luminescence dating) or heat (thermoluminescence dating) causes a luminescence signal to be emitted as the stored unstable electron energy is released, the intensity of which varies depending on the amount of radiation absorbed during burial and specific properties of the mineral. to be able to distinguish the relative ages of rocks from such old material, and to get a better time resolution than that available from long-lived isotopes, short-lived isotopes that are no longer present in the rock can be used. in uranium–lead dating, the concordia diagram is used which also decreases the problem of nuclide loss. example of short-lived extinct radionuclide dating is the 26al – 26mg chronometer, which can be used to estimate the relative ages of chondrules.[16] dating can now be performed on samples as small as a nanogram using a mass spectrometer. for example, the age of the amitsoq gneisses from western greenland was determined to be 3.
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Carbon-14, Radiometric Dating - CSI
these isotopes aren’t found in the fossils themselves, but in the rock encasing the fossils. radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts. important factor in radiometric dating is the concept that we have all these various elements for radiometric dating and why can’t they be used to validate one another? the age is calculated from the slope of the isochron (line) and the original composition from the intercept of the isochron with the y-axis. this century, relative dating was the only technique for identifying the age of a truly ancient object. stated previously, carbon dating cannot be used on artifacts over about 50,000 years old. this makes carbon-14 an ideal dating method to date the age of bones or the remains of an organism. for example, scientists at the university of california at berkeley were able to date samples from the 79 a. henry morris as follows:“index fossils” are types of fossil (such as ammonites and coelacanths) that 19th century european evolutionists of the victorian era claimed lived and died out many millions of years ago. alternatively, if several different minerals can be dated from the same sample and are assumed to be formed by the same event and were in equilibrium with the reservoir when they formed, they should form an isochron. for dates up to a few million years micas, tektites (glass fragments from volcanic eruptions), and meteorites are best used.
Similarity of outcomes interdependence and conflict in dating relationships
How Do Scientists Date Ancient Things?
the photograph:Living stromatolites in shark bay world heritage site of western australia are built by colonies of bacteria that draw energy from the sun and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen (photosynthesis). of a meteorite called shallowater are usually included in the irradiation to monitor the conversion efficiency from 127i to 128xe. dating is used to determine the age of biological artifacts up to 50,000 years old.–lead radiometric dating involves using uranium-235 or uranium-238 to date a substance's absolute age. the short half-life of carbon-14 means it cannot be used to date fossils that are allegedly extremely old, e. uranium is water-soluble, thorium and protactinium are not, and so they are selectively precipitated into ocean-floor sediments, from which their ratios are measured. radiometric dating methods use this basic principle to extrapolate the age of artifacts being tested. this predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock to measure the time from the incorporation of the original nuclides into a material to the present.. the global flood of 2,348 bc) as global catastrophes reset all the radiometric/atomic “clocks” by invalidating the evolutionist’s main dating assumption that there have never been any global catastrophes. radiometric dating requires a measurable fraction of parent nucleus to remain in the sample rock. but while the difficulties of single life may be intractable, the challenge of determining the age of prehistoric artifacts and fossils is greatly aided by measuring certain radioactive isotopes.
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Showing Their Age | History | Smithsonian
it operates by generating a beam of ionized atoms from the sample under test. dating methods based on extinct radionuclides can also be calibrated with the u-pb method to give absolute ages. oldest uncontested fossils on earth are 2 billion year-old stromatolites in minnesota, wisconsin, and ontario. however, in the same rock layer as the ochers were pieces of burnt stone, which were likely the same age as the ochers and ideal for thermoluminescence dating. lava erupting earlier would come from the top of the magma chamber, and lava erupting later would come from lower down. carbon-14 cannot be used to date biological artifacts of organisms that did not get their carbon dioxide from the air. But while the difficulties of single life may be intractable, the challenge of determining the age of prehistoric artifacts and fossils is greatly aided by measuring certain raArchaeological finds worldwide have helped researchers to fill out the story of human evolution and migration. it is possible that the ratio of daughter to parent substances for radiometric dating could differ in the different minerals. this technique is widely used on recent artifacts, but educators and students alike should note that this technique will not work on older fossils (like those of the dinosaurs alleged to be millions of years old). the dating is simply a question of finding the deviation from the natural abundance of 26mg (the product of 26al decay) in comparison with the ratio of the stable isotopes 27al/24mg. isotopic systems that have been exploited for radiometric dating have half-lives ranging from only about 10 years (e.
Carbon-14 in Fossils and Diamonds | Answers in Genesis
: radiometric datingconservation and restorationhidden categories: cs1 maint: multiple names: authors listwikipedia articles needing page number citations from september 2010use dmy dates from september 2010. trace fossils are the marks left by a living organism, such as feces, footprints or impressions of feathers or leaves. assert that generally speaking, older dates are found deeper down in the geologic column, which they take as evidence that radiometric dating is giving true ages, since it is apparent that rocks that are deeper must be older. scientists now realize that production of carbon-14 has not been constant over the years, but has changed as the radiation from the sun has fluctuated. the uranium content of the material can then be calculated from the number of tracks and the neutron flux. by allowing the establishment of geological timescales, it provides a significant source of information about the ages of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change. a paleontologist would take the discovered fossil to a geologist who would ask the paleontologist what other fossils (searching for an index fossil) were found near their discovery. concordia diagram as used in uranium–lead dating, with data from the pfunze belt, zimbabwe.[12][13] dating of different minerals and/or isotope systems (with differing closure temperatures) within the same rock can therefore enable the tracking of the thermal history of the rock in question with time, and thus the history of metamorphic events may become known in detail./nd isochron plotted of samples [14] from the great dyke, zimbabwe. "u-pb zircon ages from a craton-margin archaean orogenic belt in northern zimbabwe".
Radiocarbon dating - Wikipedia
Radiocarbon dating of ground water - practical applications
although the half-life of some of them are more consistent with the evolutionary worldview of millions to billions of years, the assumptions used in radiometric dating put the results of all radiometric dating methods in doubt.. the large variety of dogs from the chihuahua to the great dane or microevolution (minor variations horizontally without the introduction of new genetic information), and promote these as evidence for macroevolution (major changes in the gene pool that create new genes). a number of processes could cause the parent substance to be depleted at the top of the magma chamber, or the daughter product to be enriched, both of which would cause the lava erupting earlier to appear very old according to radiometric dating, and lava erupting later to appear younger. in these cases, usually the half-life of interest in radiometric dating is the longest one in the chain, which is the rate-limiting factor in the ultimate transformation of the radioactive nuclide into its stable daughter. the hominid skulls and other artifacts found at herto could not be directly dated—the organic material had long since been fossilized—the researchers instead performed their analysis on volcanic rock that was embedded in the sandstone near the fossils. methods can be used to date the age of a sediment layer, as layers deposited on top would prevent the grains from being "bleached" and reset by sunlight.[3] among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium–argon dating and uranium–lead dating.. is a meteorologist and creationist scientist who writes, and when it comes to dating any individual rock today, the resulting “date” is forced to conform to predetermined evolutionist “dates” based on these imaginary 19th century index-fossil “dates”. when scientists first began to compare carbon dating data to data from tree rings, they found carbon dating provided "too-young" estimates of artifact age. radiometric dating generally requires that the parent has a long enough half-life that it will be present in significant amounts at the time of measurement (except as described below under "dating with short-lived extinct radionuclides"), the half-life of the parent is accurately known, and enough of the daughter product is produced to be accurately measured and distinguished from the initial amount of the daughter present in the material. dating works well for some archaeological finds, but it has limitations: it can be used to date only organic materials less than about 60,000 years old.
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Answers to Creationist Attacks on Carbon-14 Dating | NCSE
that’s right, you guessed it, the paleontologist tells the geologist how old the rock is based upon its connection to those very same “index fossils.[8] precision is enhanced if measurements are taken on multiple samples from different locations of the rock body. mathematical premise undergirding the use of these elements in radiometric dating contains the similar confounding factors that we find in carbon-14 dating method. in argon-argon dating, the thermoluminescence clock also begins with the last time that a rock was heated to a high temperature. hosts 20 million years of early cretaceous era fossils, including amazingly detailed fossils of feathered dinosaurs, like the sinosauropteryx, which sported short, bristle-like feathers.[27] in other radiometric dating methods, the heavy parent isotopes were produced by nucleosynthesis in supernovas, meaning that any parent isotope with a short half-life should be extinct by now. wrath of god is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness, since what may be known about god is plain to them, because god has made it plain to them. we can see that many varieties of minerals are produced from the same magma by the different processes of crystallization, and these different minerals may have very different compositions. clearly, it is important to have a good understanding of these processes in order to evaluate the reliability of radiometric dating. the assumptions are similar to the assumptions used in carbon dating. dating has been carried out since 1905 when it was invented by ernest rutherford as a method by which one might determine the age of the earth.
Radiometric Dating
basic equation of radiometric dating requires that neither the parent nuclide nor the daughter product can enter or leave the material after its formation. an essential piece of information in this research is the age of the fossils and artifacts. finally, correlation between different isotopic dating methods may be required to confirm the age of a sample. once our geologist had the “index fossil” that was found approximately in the same layer as the newly discovered fossil, he would then see where in the geologic column it came from and presto, he now had a date for his newly discovered fossil. various confounding factors that can adversely affect the accuracy of carbon-14 dating methods are evident in many of the other radioisotope dating methods. these isotopes have longer half-lives and so are found in greater abundance in older fossils. rate of creation of carbon-14 appears to be roughly constant, as cross-checks of carbon-14 dating with other dating methods show it gives consistent results. dating methods are not radiometric dating methods in that they do not rely on abundances of isotopes to calculate age. of waikato in new zealand’s excellent website explaining radiocarbon dating, with links to research laboratories world-wide plus links to specific projects that used radiocarbon dating. … in other words, radiometric dating methods are actually fit into the geological column, which was set up by [index] fossil dating over 100 years ago. dating involves determining the age of an ancient fossil or specimen by measuring its carbon-14 content.
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C Foundation
C Basics
Basic IO's
Basic IO's C Formatted Functions C Unformatted Functions C Common Functions
Control Statements
What is Function C User Defined Functions C Recursion C Passing Parameters
Scope C Local Scope C Global Scope
Storage Classes
What is Storage Class C Auto C Extern C Static C Register
What is String C String Functions
What is Union
Memory Allocation
C Reference
All ASCII Code Basic C Questions
C Interview
- Steve Jobs
C Matrices Multiplication
Multiplication of Array
What is matrix?
In mathematics, a matrix is a collection of numbers arranged into a fixed number of rows and colums. The numbers arranged in a matrix usually a real numbers. In general, matrices can contain complex numbers as well, but it's rarest one to see. Some examples of matrix format are given below.
2 x 2
1 1.15
1 0.41
3 x 2
1 hello
1 world
1 0.5
3 x 3
1 1 matrix
1 1 0.2
1 1 1
What is Array?
Arrays are one of a kind of data structure because arrays defines the way of arranging the data, which allows us to manipulated the data in interesting ways.Array is a collection of data, which is very similar to a matrix but a difference is that array can hold only data of similar datatypes ie) We could have an array of intergers or an array of characters or an array of floating point.
3 x 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
3 x 3
0.3 0.2 0.1
0.2 0.3 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.3
3 x 3
a b c
d e f
g h i
Array vs Matrix
All Arrays are Matrix, but all Matrices or not an Array
C Program - Multiplication of Array
Lets code a C program to multiplication of two array matrices
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
int a[10][10], b[10][10];
int num1, num2, num3, num4, i, j, k, res = 0;
printf("Enter the order of matrix A up to (10 x 10)\n");
printf("Enter your Matrix A of order %x %d\n", num1, num2);
for(i = 0; i < num1; i++)
for(j=0; j < num2; j++)
printf("\nEnter the order of matrix B upto (10 x 10)\n");
scanf("%d%d", &num3, &num4);
if(num2 == num3)
printf("Enter your Matrix A of order %x %d\n", num3, num4);
for(i = 0; i < num3; i++)
for(j = 0; j < num4; j++)
scanf("%d", &b[i][j]);
printf("Sorry matrix of order (%dx%d) * (%dx%d) is impossible", num1, num2, num3, num4);
return 0;
printf("\n Matrix Multiplication \n");
for(k = 0; k < num2; k++)
res = res + (a[i][k] * b[k][j]);
printf("%d ",res);
res = 0;
return 0;
Enter the order of matrix up to (10 x 10) :
4 2
Enter the Elements of matrix A :
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
Enter the Elements of matrix B :
2 2 4
9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2
Matrix Multiplication:
19 16 13 10
47 40 33 36
75 64 53 42
103 88 73 58
Here we used two for loops to collect the values in matrix form for an array a[][]. Same procedure is repeated to collect the values in matrix form for an array b[][]. Now we used 3rd set of three for loops to display the multiplication of two matrices without storing a multiplied values in any temperary array for your convenience.
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Planococcus citri
Citrus mealybug
The citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri) has a world-wide distribution and many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics on outdoor crops. The insect causes damage especially in fruit trees and ornamental crops, particularly in pot plants such as ficus, palms, schefflera, croton and kalanchoë, but also in roses and gerbera. Additionally, the citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri) can also appear in cucumber, melon and aubergine.
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Life cycle and appearance of Citrus mealybug
Adult females of Planococcus citri are 2.5 - 4 mm long and 2 - 3 mm in breadth. Seen dorsally, they have an oval form; they are soft and covered with a fine waxy material. They move very little. They can be distinguished from other mealy bugs by their possession of 18 pairs of relatively short wax rods round the edge of the body, and two slightly longer ‘tail filaments’ . The tail filaments are always shorter than 20% of body length. They produce little wax, so that the light yellow to pink body is visible through its waxy covering. There is often a darker longitudinal stripe running over the body.
The adult males are short lived and can be hard to spot. They are smaller than the females, have two pairs of wings and two long tail filaments. Their sole task is to fertilize the females and as soon as a male emerges from its cocoon, it goes in search of a female. A fertilized female lays several hundreds of eggs in an elongated cottony egg sac composed of white waxy threads. Once the eggs are laid, the female shrivels up and dies. The first instar nymph develops from the egg. These first instar nymphs are known as ‘crawlers’. They are highly active in their search for a new feeding place and are capable of moving a reasonable distance over the plant. The male nymph attaches itself to the plant, whereas the females remain mobile throughout their entire development. After the second instar, a male nymph forms a dark brown ‘prepupa’ from which a pupa rapidly develops, inside a white cottony cocoon. Females undergo little changes in form, passing through a second and third instar after which they become sexually mature. Soon after becoming an adult the females start to release a sex pheromone to attract males. Males generally fly only in the early morning.
1. Eggs
1. Eggs
2. First instar nymph
2. First instar nymph
3. Second instar nymph
3. Second instar nymph
4. Third instar nymph
4. Third instar nymph
5. Adult female
5. Adult female
Damage symptoms
Although most species of mealybug feed on the aerial parts of the plant, some species extract their nourishment from roots, whilst others are gall-formers. A few species can also transmit harmful viruses.
Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways:
Nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation and / or yellowing of leaves, sometimes followed by defoliation. The overall effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off.
Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Characteristically, dark sooty moulds (Cladosporium spp.) are often found growing on this honeydew. Additionally, the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production.
In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient to render the product unfit for sale. A very small population can thus cause considerable economic damage.
How to get rid of Citrus mealybug
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About Stomach Cancer
What is Stomach Cancer?
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is cancer of the stomach. It begins there, and like other types of cancer, can spread to other parts of the body. Because the stomach shares the abdomen with other organs, it is extremely important to be able to recognize the source of other pains and symptoms. Organs such as the colon, pancreas, and liver, among others, are also in this part of the body, and those types of cancers do not always share the same symptoms and treatments, as well as the same outlook.
By the numbers
In 2018, there will be an estimated 1 million new gastric cancer cases and nearly fifteen million new total cancer cases worldwide. In the United States alone, there will an estimated 28,000 and 1.7 million new cases respectively. Gastric cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer in the world, and the five year survival rate for the disease is 28%. The survival rate drops dramatically from Stage IA to Stage IIA and later stages.
Road map of the stomach
When traveling through the body, and the stomach more specifically, the first part that is reached is the Cardia, followed bu the upper part of the stomach called the Fundus, and then the body of the stomach also known as the Corpus. When continuing through, the lower portion is called the Antrum which is near the intestines, and lastly, the last part of the stomach is called the Pylorus.
The types of stomach cancer
• Adenocarcinoma: starts in the glands of the stomach lining and represent nearly all stomach cancer cases, over 95%.
• Squamous Cells: the cells that are between the gland cells that produce the stomach lining.
• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): a rare type of tumor that develops in the tissues that support organs of the digestive system.
• Neuroendocrine Tumors: grows in hormone producing tissues.
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Thomas Edison was the inventor of the modern day incandescent light bulb. Incandescence means light is being produced through heat. The filament inside the light bulb is made from carbon and as the carbon is being vaporized, light is emitted. The glass casing on the light bulb allows the filament to burn longer, by reducing its exposure to oxygen.
This experiment replicates the modern day incandescent light bulb by using graphite from pencils as the carbon filament . Graphite will conduct electricity, and if enough electricity is run through a mechanical pencil ‘lead’ it will heat up and start to glow.
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"url": "http://scactivities.cikeys.com/pencil-lead-lightbulb/"
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California Pre-kindergarten Standards for Music
Prekindergarten Standards -
From the California Standards Introduction - "Dance, music, theatre, and the visual arts have endured in all cultures throughout the ages as a universal basic language. The arts convey knowledge and meaning not learned through the study of other subjects. Study in and through the arts employs a form of thinking and a way of knowing based on human judgment, invention, and imagination. Arts education offers students the opportunity to envision, set goals, determine a method to reach a goal and try it out, identify alternatives, evaluate, revise, solve problems, imagine, work collaboratively, and apply self-discipline. As they study and create in the arts, students use the potential of the human mind to its full and unique capacity. The visual and performing arts are a vital part of a well-rounded educational program for all students.
For each arts discipline the content standards are grouped under five visual and performing arts strands: artistic perception; creative expression; historical and cultural context; aesthetic valuing; and connections, relations, and applications. At each grade level, prekindergarten through grade eight, content standards are specified for each strand.
Visual and Performing Arts Strands:
Read and Notate Music
Listen to, Analyze, and Describe Music
1.2 Identify the sources of a wide variety of sounds.
1.3 Use body movement to respond to dynamics and tempo.
Creating, Performing, and Participating in Music
Apply Vocal and Instrumental Skills
2.2 Use the voice to speak, chant, and sing.
Compose, Arrange, and Improvise
Understanding the Historical Contributions and Cultural Dimensions of Music
Diversity of Music
3.1 Use a personal vocabulary to describe music from diverse cultures.
Responding to, Analyzing, and Making Judgments About Works of Music
Derive Meaning
4.1 Create movements in response to music.
4.2 Participate freely in musical activities.
Connections and Applications
5.1 Improvise songs to accompany games and playtime activities.
Careers and Career-Related Skills
National and State Subject Matter Content Standards
California Subject Matter Content Standards
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Chapter 3: Relational Database Model
relational model
based on predicate logic and set theory
predicate logic
Used extensively in mathematics to provide a framework in which an assertion (statement of fact) can be verified as either true or false.
set theory
A part of mathematical science that deals with sets, or groups of things, and is used as the basis for data manipulation in the relational model.
In the relational model, a table row.
attribute domain
range of permissible values for an attribute.
primary key
In the relational model, an identifier composed of one or more attributes that uniquely identifies a row. Also, a candidate key selected as a unique entity identifier. See also key.
One or more attributes that determine other attributes. See also superkey, candidate key, primary key (PK), secondary key, and foreign key.
The role of a key. In the context of a database table, the statement “A determines B” indicates that knowing the value of attribute A means that the value of attribute B can be looked up.
functional dependence
Within a relation R, an attribute B is functionally dependent on an attribute A if and only if a given value of attribute A determines exactly one value of attribute B. The relationship “B is dependent on A” is equivalent to “A determines B,” and is written as A → B.
full functional dependence
A condition in which an attribute is functionally dependent on a composite key but not on any subset of the key.
Any attribute in a specific row whose value directly determines other values in that row. See also Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF).
An attribute whose value is determined by another attribute.
composite key
A multiple attribute key.
key attributes
The attributes that form a primary key. See also prime attribute.
An attribute or attributes that uniquely identify each entity in a table. See key.
candidate key
A minimal superkey; that is, a key that does not contain a subset of attributes that is itself a superkey. Based on full functional dependency. See key.
entity integrity
The property of a relational table that guarantees each entity has a unique value in a primary key and that the key has no null value.
The absence of an attribute value. Note that a null is not a blank.
foreign key
An attribute or attributes in one table whose values must match the primary key in another table or whose values must be null. See key.
referential integrity
A condition by which a dependent table’s foreign key must have either a null entry or a matching entry in the related table.
secondary key
A key used strictly for data retrieval purposes. For example, customers are not likely to know their customer number (primary key), but the combination of last name, first name, middle initial, and telephone number will probably match the appropriate table row. See also key.
Special codes implemented by designers to trigger a required response, alert end users to specified conditions, or encode values. Flags may be used to prevent nulls by bringing attention to the absence of a value in a table.
relational algebra
A set of mathematical principles that form the basis for manipulating relational table contents; the eight main functions are SELECT, PROJECT, JOIN, INTERSECT, UNION, DIFFERENCE, PRODUCT, and DIVIDE.
Short for relation variable, a variable that holds a relation. A relvar is a container (variable) for holding relation data, not the relation itself.
A property of relational operators that permits the use of relational algebra operators on existing tables (relations) to produce new relations.
In relational algebra, an operator used to select a subset of rows. Also known as RESTRICT.
In relational algebra, an operator used to select a subset of columns.
In relational algebra, an operator used to merge (append) two tables into a new table, dropping the duplicate rows. The tables must be union- compatible.
Two or more tables that have the same number of columns and the corresponding columns have compatible domains.
In relational algebra, an operator used to yield only the rows that are common to two union-compatible tables.
In relational algebra, an operator used to yield all rows from one table that are not found in another union-compatible table.
In relational algebra, an operator used to yield all possible pairs of rows from two tables. Also known as the Cartesian product.
In relational algebra, a type of operator used to yield rows from two tables based on criteria. There are many types of joins, such as natural join, theta join, equijoin, and outer join.
natural join
A relational operation that yields a new table composed of only the rows with common values in their common attribute(s).
join columns
Columns that are used in the criteria of join operations. The join columns generally share similar value.
A join operator that links tables based on an equality condition that compares specified columns of the tables.
theta join
A join operator that links tables using an inequality comparison operator (<, >, <=, >=) in the join condition.
inner join
A join operation in which only rows that meet a given criterion are selected. The join criterion can be an equality condition (natural join or equijoin) or an inequality condition (theta join). The inner join is the most commonly used type of join. Contrast with outer join.
outer join
A relational algebra join operation that produces a table in which all unmatched pairs are retained; unmatched values in the related table are left null. Contrast with inner join. See also left outer join and right outer join.
left outer join
In a pair of tables to be joined, a join that yields all the rows in the left table, including those that have no matching values in the other table. For example, a left outer join of CUSTOMER with AGENT will yield all of the CUSTOMER rows, including the ones that do not have a matching AGENT row. See also outer join and right outer join.
right outer join
In a pair of tables to be joined, a join that yields all of the rows in the right table, including the ones with no matching values in the other table. For example, a right outer join of CUSTOMER with AGENT will yield all of the AGENT rows, including the ones that do not have a matching CUSTOMER row. See also left outer join and outer join.
In relational algebra, an operator that answers queries about one set of data being associated with all values of data in another set of data.
data dictionary
A DBMS component that stores metadata— data about data. Thus, the data dictionary contains the data definition as well as their characteristics and relationships. A data dictionary may also include data that are external to the DBMS. Also known as an information resource dictionary. See also active data dictionary, metadata, and passive data dictionary.
system catalog
A detailed system data dictionary that describes all objects in a database.
homonym (DB context)
The use of the same name to label different attributes. Homonyms generally should be avoided. Some relational software automatically checks for homonyms and either alerts the user to their existence or automatically makes the appropriate adjustments. See also synonym.
synonym (DB context)
The use of different names to identify the same object, such as an entity, an attribute, or a relationship; synonyms should generally be avoided. See also homonym.
composite entity
An entity designed to transform an M:N relationship into two 1:M relationships. The composite entity’s primary key comprises at least the primary keys of the entities that it connects. Also known as a bridge entity or associative entity. See also linking table.
linking table
In the relational model, a table that implements an M:M relationship. See also composite entity.
An ordered array of index key values and row ID values (pointers). Indexes are generally used to speed up and facilitate data retrieval. Also known as an index key.
unique index
An index in which the index key can have only one associated pointer value (row)
In data modeling, the construct used to organize and describe an attribute’s set of possible values.
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"url": "https://studyhippo.com/chapter-3-relational-database-model/"
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Print Instructions
NOTE: Only your test content will print.
Landforms (Grade 4)
Print Test (Only the test content will print)
Name: Date:
An area of new land at the mouth of a river, formed from sediments carried by the river, is called the .
1. epicenter
2. delta
3. topography
4. fault
A hill of sand, made and shaped by the wind, is a
1. jetty.
2. sand dune.
3. sinkhole.
4. delta.
This is a body of water with land on all sides.
1. peninsula
2. ocean
3. island
4. lake
A very flat landform with grass and very few trees is a .
1. plain
2. desert
3. hill
4. valley
Land that has water around three sides of it is
1. an island.
2. a valley.
3. a peninsula.
4. an ocean.
have fairly level surfaces that stand high above sea level and are often found near large mountain ranges.
1. Prairies
2. Plateaus
3. Valleys
4. Loess
A piece of land that is surrounded by water is
1. a peninsula.
2. a bay.
3. an island.
4. a plain.
A butte is
1. a large mass of slow moving ice.
2. rock carried by wind, water, or ice.
3. body of water partly enclosed by land.
4. a narrow-topped hill with very steep cliff-like sides.
What landform has a peak?
1. Plain
2. Plateau
3. Mountain
4. Valley
What is the landform, or body of water, that is partly enclosed by land, and is usually smaller than a gulf?
1. estuary
2. fjord
3. bay
4. island
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"url": "https://www.helpteaching.com/tests/263899/landforms"
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Mustang Horse Origin and Characteristics
The Wild West. The American Frontier.
The folklore that surrounds this brief period of time in westward expansion from the East Coast to the West has a certain romanticism about it. Even if the idea of a Manifest Destiny fueled the fire to move away from the initial colonies, there was only one way to travel to the west: by horse.
Those horses needed to come to the United States in the first place since there were no horses here when Europe’s first explorers stopped by for a visit.
By combining both events together, we find the story of the Mustang beginning to develop. We have cowboys on horseback managing their livestock herds in vast prairies. There are stories of daring robberies, brave lawmen, and homesteaders working hard to create a better life for their children.
The period of time for the Old West falls between 1783-1920, but the Wild West, the stories of the American Frontier, all fit into a 25-year period at the end of the 19th century.
It was a time of optimism. It was a time of hardship. There were gold rushes where fortunes were made and gold busts where people lost everything. Those who lost everything would keep their horse as their last final straw of hope. If they could not even support that horse, they would turn it loose.
And that is where we begin to tell the story of how the Mustang horse became a legendary part of the American Froniter.
What Is the History of the Mustang Horse?
Horses were once native to North America, but are believed to have died out in the aftermath of the last Ice Age. Fossil evidence, along with DNA evidence, suggest that there were two closely related horse species throughout what would become Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
When Christopher Columbus came to North America during his exploration efforts, he brought horses along for the ride during his second journey in 1493. These horses were settled in the West Indies from Spain.
When Cortes arrived on the mainland in 1519, his domesticated horses came along with him. In just 6 years, there were enough horses to begin breeding programs in the New World.
That means the first horses that would be classified as Mustangs were actually Colonial Spanish Horses. As settlers moved west and explorers continued to look for new frontiers, horses were often the casualty of such ventures. It was costly to maintain a horse and many just didn’t have the resources to do so. Rather than slaughter them, many just turned them loose into the wilds of the US West.
Over time, more horses joined the herds that roamed the mountains and valleys of the west. Some ranch horses would escape their confines and join these herds as well. A few are even descendants from cavalry horses that were turned loose after the wars in the west. These horses mixed their lineage as the herds continued to grow and this resulted in a modern Mustang that can be quite varied.
As the herds continued to move West, many cultures began to integrate them back into their cultures. Native and First Nations tribes quickly incorporated the use of horses into their culture, using them for transportation purposes. Horses made hunting easier, gave warriors an advantage in battle, and allowed far-away tribes to interact with one another on a regular basis.
What Are the Characteristics of the Mustang Horse?
Although it no longer exists, the American Mustang Association once created a set of breed standards as an attempt to formalize the breed instead of maintaining the classification of a semi-feral horse. Height variations do occur with Mustangs, but most are generally between 14-15 hands high. Because of some draft horses being let loose into the herds over the decades, however, there are some Mustang stallions that can exceed 18 hands, though the breed standard excludes any horse above 16 hands.
Each herd is isolated from one another throughout the US West, which means each is genetically different from the other. Distinct traits can be traced to specific herds.
The herds also tend to develop their own characteristics to deal with conditions where they reside. In Nevada, for example, there are two herds that are known to produce Curly horses. In Wyoming, there are some herds that produce consistent qualities that are similar to today’s gaited horses. Then there are certain Mustang lines that are quite consistent with modern Spanish horses.
For most herds, the light riding-type body style is what predominates. Mustangs can have any coat color and may have primitive markings, though horses with a clear Spanish ancestry tend to have a dun coat. Draft horse characteristics and coloration exist as well. Some herds have racehorse-type characteristics.
In general terms, the withers should be average in height and the shoulder should be long and sloping. A short back is common with the modern Mustang, while the facial profile is typically slightly convex, but can be straight. The croup of a Mustang is rounded, neither goose-rumped or flat, with a tail that is low-set.
The hooves of a Mustang are dense and round to support the horse in the changing environments of the wild.
What About Today’s Mustang?
In the United States, Mustang herds are managed by the Bureau of Land Management. There are Herd Designated Areas that are established, determining the number of horses that can be sustained as a free-roaming, but still feral, population. There are herds of horses that have moved into Alberta and British Columbia as well.
The US Government has established the number of horses that can be managed at 26,000.
Managing the Mustang herds has always been a costly and somewhat controversial venture. At the end of the 19th century, there were an estimated 1 million horses in the Mustang herds roaming the empty lands of the western states. By 1970, there were just 17,000 horses remaining. Since then, the number has doubled, and that has brought new calls to bring the population numbers back under control.
An amendment to a 2018 Interior Department spending bill would potentially authorize the US Government to slaughter thousands of Mustangs as an effort to save money.
It is possible to adopt Mustangs that are corralled as the BLM manages the population. It is a minimal fee to purchase the rights to adopt the horse, but the government is required to verify that the new owners have the means, capabilities, and skills to work with their horse so it can be properly domesticated. The adoption fee can be as low as $125.
More than 225,000 Mustangs have been adopted through this program since 1971.
Are Mustangs Inbred and of an Inferior Quality?
Breeders who work with domestic horses sometimes dismiss the Mustang as being an inferior breed. Because these horses are classified as being feral instead of wild, due to their history of being released or escaping, there is a belief that many of the herds suffer from inbreeding. This would create herds with genetic bottlenecks that would create foals that were of an inferior quality.
Critics of the Mustang would point at their generally smaller size and traits that would add weakness to individual horses as evidence of this inbreeding.
It could also be argued that Mustangs are smaller because of the difficult living conditions where they exist in the deserts and mountains of the western United States. Natural selection would then take care of any weaknesses that could be found within the breed.
One question typically remains about the Mustang: should they still be considered feral or should they be classified as a wild horse?
Proponents of having the Mustang be “wild” point to the fact that horses used to live in North America and were once wild, so Mustangs are simply reclaiming that heritage. The government and critics would argue that a domesticated horse that escapes or is turned loose is hardly a wild animal.
What we do know is this: population management will continue to be a subject of some controversy for people on both sides of the aisle. There is a desire to protect these horses and allow them to explore their natural state. There is also a desire to reduce the amount of money spent on maintaining these herds and to increase the amount of public lands that can be leased for development purposes.
There is no easy answer that will solve the problems that the free-ranging Mustangs face today. The best solution at the moment is to pursue adoption when it is made available. By knowing the history and characteristics of the modern Mustang, it may just be possible to find a solution that works for all parties.
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The genus Ornithogalum belongs to the Scilloideae subfamily within the Asparagaceae family (formerly Hyacinthaceae) and contains approx. 210 members. Some of them are commonly known as Star-of-Bethlehem. They are distributed in Europe (eg Turkey), Asia (eg Iran) and Africa (eg South Africa).
There are orange, white and multicolored flowering species, which can be 10 to 80 centimeters high.
Some of these species are poisonous and some are used in homeopathy. So shall Ornithogalum umbellatum be helpful against heartburn.
A Honey Bee on Ornithogalum umbellatum
A Honey Bee on Ornithogalum umbellatum. The Star-of-Bethlehem is a popular garden plant in Europe and North America.
Tip: other members of the Scilloideae subfamily you can find in my plant identification project: plants & more.
Ornithogalum balansae
Ornithogalum balansae is native to Turkey and Caucasus.
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"url": "https://ornithogalum.net/en/"
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You are here: Civilisation > Books > From Octavian To Augustus
Augustus: Liked to present himself as the redeemer of national morality (photo: Til Niermann)
Octavian, the future Emperor Augustus, dawdled through much of his youth before leaping into action at the decisive moment.
His great-uncle, Julius Caesar, had encouraged him to gain the military experience required for a political career, but Octavian was slow to heed his advice. Even his parents seem to have assumed — and hoped, for his sake — that he would turn down his inheritance when he was named as the late dictator’s adopted son and primary heir. The fact that Octavian accepted it without hesitation was the first sign that there was more to him than met the eye.
There is nothing hagiographical about the late Jochen Bleicken’s monumental and highly readable biography of Rome’s first emperor, now published in an elegant translation by Anthea Bell from the 1998 German original.
Through his early years, Octavian is presented as incredibly lacklustre, not to say spoiled. His father, a politician, came from an upper-class family from Velletri, south-east of Rome. His mother was the daughter of one of Julius Caesar’s sisters, and married handsomely, first Octavian’s father, then a distinguished senator. Perhaps the young Augustus had it too easy. In 45 BC, the year before Caesar died, the 18-year-old future heir had no political or administrative experience to speak of, and no military experience in the field. Mark Antony, who was one of Caesar’s reserve heirs, had all three.
Bleicken has dedicated the first few hundred pages of his 620-page book (excluding the extensive endnotes) to untangling the crisis that arose after the assassination of Caesar. Brutus and Cassius and the other so-called Liberators believed that they had freed Rome from tyranny, but as Cicero realised, their act “was carried out with the courage of men but the understanding of boys . . . The tree was felled, but the roots were not torn out.”
There was always going to be chaos in the wake of Caesar’s death, but things might have been marginally less chaotic had Octavian taken his parents’ advice and rejected the role as heir. Mark Antony would still have faced a considerable struggle to put Rome back on an even keel, but who knows how quickly the situation might have been resolved without the conflict that resulted in the casualty-heavy Battle of Actium between Antony and Octavian.
Although Octavian’s late leap to military prowess was significant in his rise, Bleicken also emphasises the way in which his beneficence presaged his victory. Whereas Antony kept hold of what he had acquired of Caesar’s goods after his death, Octavian handed over much of his inheritance to the citizens of Rome, who were always grateful for gifts.
Then, at the age of 27, he charmingly asked them for their pardon for the chaos of the civil war, before providing the veteran soldiers with new settlements. The loyalty of the military was a sound investment for a man whose life would often be under threat.
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"url": "http://standpointmag.com/books-september-2015-daisy-dunn-jochen-bleichen-augustus-biography"
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How to Draw a Linnet
In this quick tutorial you'll learn how to draw a Linnet in 9 easy steps - great for kids and novice artists.
At the bottom you can read some interesting facts about the Linnet.
How to Draw a Linnet - Step-by-Step Tutorial
Step 1: First, draw the head. It is like an upside down "U" shape. Along the right side of the head draw a triangle shaped beak.
Step 2: Draw a small line inside the beak to make the mouth line. Just behind that line draw a round circle for the eye.
Step 3: Extend the left head line down and angle it to the left. The right head line curves down and to the left.
Step 4: Along the bottom of the two body lines draw two parallel lines that makes a branch for the linnet to perch on.
Step 5: Joining the right body line draw the short thin leg. Draw the toes at the end of the leg so that they are gripping the branch. Make the toes very pointy
Step 6: Just beside the first leg draw another short leg. Make sure the toes are gripping around the branch.
Step 7: Continue the left body line down below the branch to make the tail line. Make two bumps at the end of the tail and bring the tail line back up and join with the foot.
Step 8: Starting just below the eye, start the wing line by curving to the right and then bending back down to the left. Continue the line all the way down to the branch and join it to the back line.
Step 9: Finally, add lots of straight and squiggly lines to the wing and tail to make feather patterns.
Interesting Facts about the LINNET
The Linnet is a member of the bird group and the scientific term for them is Carduelis cannabina. Their English name is derived from the animal’s main consumption of flax seeds, which is the main ingredient in linen. Another popular name for this species is the Common Linnet. ?
Did you know?
• The animal was first documented in 1758.
• They became legally protected in 1981.
• They can lay up to 7 eggs during pregnancy.
• A 2014 group named The Common Linnets reached number 2 in the finals.
• In 2007 the film Sweeney Todd featured the song “Green Finch and Linnet Bird.”
• A 1849 poem was published with “the linnet born within the cage” with the famous lines “‘Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all.”
This bird is related to the Finch, since they primarily eat seeds, sing songs, and are in the Passerine (three toes facing forward and one backward) family. These animals have a low population amount due to increased use of chemicals that kill plants, but are considered to be the least concern for the possibility of extinction.
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My son, a toddler, has books on tooth brushing, potty training, sharing, tying his shoes. But in my searching, I found few children's books that teach children about specific sun-protective measures beyond putting on sunscreen. In my practice as a dermatology nurse practitioner, it was clear that most people do not know best practices for sun protection.
We know that early childhood is a formative time for developing habits. Children model their behavior after parents, caregivers, and mentors, as well as from what they see and hear in stories. This book serves as another source to help guide and reinforce children's' behavior. Like brushing our teeth, protecting our skin from the sun and its consequences could and should be second nature.
Sunny is a young girl who loves to play outdoors, especially at the beach. Fortunately for Sunny, her parents are sun savvy, modeling and reinforcing best practices for sun protection, including use of sunscreen, sun-protective apparel, and sun gear. Sunny asks to bring her friend, Isla, to the beach. Isla has less experience with sun safety. During this rhyming tale about sand and surf fun, Sunny's parents educate Sunny and Isla on sun safety through words and actions.
As an added bonus, the book contains "Sun Facts" for parents and caregivers that address common issues, questions, and misconceptions about sun safety. These Sun Facts appear in the margins and provide practical tips for parents and caregivers to protect themselves and their children. The Sun Facts are all derived from guidance from the Skin Cancer Foundation.
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"language_score": 0.9585762619972229,
"url": "http://www.sunnygoesto.com/the-story-2-1-1/"
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Letters of the alphabet number
This article contains IPA phonetic letters of the alphabet number. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left in a cursive style and includes 28 letters. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad, with only consonants, but it is now considered an “impure abjad”.
As with other abjads, such as the Hebrew alphabet, scribes later devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel points. The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. Both printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within a word directly connected to the adjacent letters.
There are two main collating sequences for the Arabic alphabet: abjad and hija. Phoenician alphabet, and is therefore similar to the order of other Phoenician-derived alphabets, such as the Hebrew alphabet. Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. The six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at the end. The hijā’ī order is never used as numerals.
Another kind of hijā’ī order was used widely in the Maghreb until recently when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order. The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions. For other uses, see Arabic script. See the section on regional variations in letter form. Arabic language speakers may usually not follow a standardized scheme when transcribing names.
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"url": "http://streetkids.ca/letters-of-the-alphabet-number/"
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hexagonal tiling
Hexagonal tiling.
Giant's Causeway
Hexagonal basaltic columns, Giant's Causeway, County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
Hexagon at Saturn's north pole
Hexagonal pattern at Saturn's north pole, possibly as a result of jet stream circulation.
A hexagon is a polygon with six sides and six interior angles. The name comes from the Greek hex for "six" and gonia for "angle". The sum of the interior angles of a hexagon is 720°. When the sides and angles are all equal it is called a regular hexagon.
Of the three figures which can completely occupy two-dimensional space (the equilateral triangle, square, and hexagon) the hexagon contains the greatest area within a given perimeter, the proportion between the three different figures being approximately 4, 5.2, 6. It is because of this fact that bees, by making their cells of a hexagonal form, enclose the greatest space with the least expenditure of wax.
Hexagons pop up fairly commonly in nature. The hexagonal basaltic columns found, for example, at the Giant's Causeway, Country Antrim, Northern Ireland, and in many other parts of the world, resulted from rapid cooling of basaltic lava under certain circumstances. More surprising is the hexagonal cloud pattern at the north pole of Saturn, which was discovered by the Voyager mission in 1981 and imaged more clearly by the Cassini spacecraft. Various theories have been put forward to explain this phenomenon on Saturn, including the idea, supported by simulations, that a relatively slow, wandering jetstream in the same direction as Saturn's prevailing clouds could be reponsible for the pattern and its stability.
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"url": "http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/hexagon.html"
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American researchers come up with a way to generate electricity from CO2
3 April 2017
In a flow cell battery, two liquids are separated by a membrane that doesn't allow them to mix, but does permit the flow of ions. As ions are exchanged between the denser CO2 solution and normal air solution, the voltage changes at the manganese oxide electrodes in either tank. This stimulates the flow of electrons between the two connected electrodes and voilà: electricity. When the ion concentrations have normalized, you can effectively recharge the battery by refilling each tank with the opposite solution, reversing the flow of electrons. The Penn State scientists were able to do this over 50 times before seeing a drop in performance.
Using CO2 in a flow cell battery isn't an entirely new idea, but this version has an average power density of 0.82 W/m2 -- nearly 200 times higher than anything developed previously, according to the researchers. Other CO2-based fuel cell systems are capable of much more, but they are also much more complicated, using other energy dense fuels and requiring high temperatures to operate.
Penn State's battery, on the other hand, works at room temperature and uses inexpensive materials and processes. Even so, the team admit it may not be economically viable to make use of their research on a large scale just yet. The dream, though, would be to integrate these batteries into fossil fuel power stations, repurposing their CO2 emissions to make even more energy. While more work needs to be done to improve performance and viability, anything that can make light of a bad (and worsening) situation can only be a good thing.
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"url": "https://green-bridge.kz/en/news/American-researchers-co2/"
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Encryption 101
Don’t worry, this first encryption lesson will be short and easy. We’re mostly just going to learn the lingo today. We need this to talk about the next lesson, Secure Browsers, and there will be a deeper encryption discussion in a later lesson.
Why is this important? Remember from the Privacy and Anonymity lesson that we need both Privacy and Anonymity. Privacy is driven by encryption. You will learn to secure your browser sessions, encrypt your email, and ensure your chats are secure. It is critical you understand the fundamentals.
Key Terms: Symmetric, Asymmetric, Certificate Authorities, PKI.
Remember, there is nothing magical about the concepts of encryption. It happens all the time when soldiers use One Time Pads. The only difference is that in the digital world, we can leverage complex mathematics (ciphers) to create the encrypted text.
We will discuss two types of encryption – Symmetric and Asymmetric. A minimum encryption system requires plain text, a key, and a process.
Symmetric Encryption
Check out the diagram below. Plain text is what you start with, your message. Encryption is the process of applying a scrambling process (a math formula) to the plain text, and creating encrypted text (also called cipher text). The Key is a code you have that you combine with the message as you send it through the encryption process.
Think Old School for a minute. Your One Time Pad is basically a key. You apply the OTP to your message to create a scrambled, or encrypted message. Someone on the other end, with the same OTP, can use their key to decrypt your message.
What you see above is called Symmetric Encryption. The key to Encrypt and Decrypt is the same, or symmetric. It is what happens with One Time Pads and it is how you secure your browser sessions. We sometimes refer to this as a Shared Secret.
Symmetric Encryption is fast and strong. The big weakness is that you both need to have the same key. That can become a huge problem if you are trying to communicate with someone you’ve never met. There is no universally easy way to ensure you both have the right key.
Asymmetric Encryption
In Asymmetric Encryption, there are 2 different keys, a public key and a private key. They are one-way functions. The public key is used to encrypt but cannot be used to decrypt. The private key is used to decrypt and must be kept safe.
Since the public key can’t be used to decrypt your message (only encrypt) it doesn’t need to be kept secret. In fact, you want to give your Public Key to anyone you need to communicate with. It will allow them to encrypt a message that only you can decrypt with your Private Key. People (and organizations) publish their Public Keys in many places like public key servers and Certificate Authorities.
You can, on your own, generate public and private keys. If you know someone, you can trade public keys and begin encrypted communication. This is the basis for PGP or GPG encrypted email.
Asymmetric encryption is slower than symmetric encryption, but has the huge advantage of being able to distribute public one-way encryption keys with no risk of someone else being able to decrypt your message unless they have your private key.
Certificate Authorities – the Trust Factor
When you want to connect to your bank, how do you get their key? Or how do you know that a rogue group isn’t impersonating your bank? Without going into a lot of detail right now, there are organizations we trust to provide us with the proper public keys for parties with whom we want to communicate. These organizations are the Certificate Authorities, or CAs. Some examples are Comodo, GoDaddy, Thawte, and Verisign.
CAs act as a trusted intermediary, and serve up the public keys of other companies to us as “signed” documents. These are called Certificates. When we go to the next lesson on HTTPS, these are called SSL Certificates, but they are the same thing.
They contain the public key we need (plus some other info), and are electronically signed by the CA (signed with the CA’s key, think “wax seal”) indicating the key we asked for is legitimate. Clearly it is bad if we encrypt our private data with a key that doesn’t really belong to our bank, but to Russian hackers impersonating a bank.
Certificate Authorities must operate in such a way that we can trust them. They are responsible for ensuring the public keys they send to us are legitimate keys for other organizations, so they are effectively vouching for the keys we need.
This entire system of Asymmetric encryption (public and private keys) along with CAs, is called the Public Key Infrastructure, or PKI.
Final Details
The strength of encryption is governed by 2 things:
• the length of the key (bigger key is stronger encryption)
• the mathematical algorithm used for a particular encryption method.
Key lengths are expressed in bits. Bigger is better. Symmetric Encryption has key sizes of 40 – 256 bits, Asymmetric key lengths range from 512 – 4096 bits.
Ideally we want Symmetric keys of at least 128 bits, and Asymmetric keys of at least 2048 bits.
Symmetric algorithm examples are: 3DES, AES, IDEA, RC4, RC5, and Blowfish.
Asymmetric algorithm examples are: RSA, Diffie-Helman, ElGamal, ECC.
That’s it for now. You should understand Encryption, Decryption, symmetric encryption (shared keys, just like One Time Pads) and asymmetric encryption (public / private keys, CA’s and PKI).
This is LESSON ID=> 0019
4 comments on “Encryption 101
1. trying2b-amused says:
You are using the term “one time pad” improperly here. A one time pad is a series of random characters the same length as the plaintext to be encrypted, and is applied to the plaintext using a very simple “math formula”, typically XOR each character of the plain text with the corresponding character, in sequence, of the one time pad. Decryption (if XOR character by character was used) is merely doing the same, running the encrypted text against the one time pad. This is, provided that the one time pad is truly random and kept secure (ideally, it is destroyed after being used only once, hence “one time”) in principle unbreakable. However, managing the one time pad material is difficult, since there must be enough of it to cover the length of all the plaintext to be encrypted, and its random nature precludes memorization. A symmetric code key is much shorter than the plaintext, and can be something much easier to remember than a string of random characters, but unless the “scrambling process” is very robust (proving this is distinctly non-trivial, complexity by itself is not sufficent) the encrypted text is vulnerable to cryptanalysis.
Also, while asymmetric encryption schemes are slower than symmetric, in practical public/private key systems, the asymmetric encryption is used only to transfer what is called a ‘session key’ between the communicating parties – this is a symmetric code key which is used for further data transfer with a symmetric code, but since the session key can be, and is, long, random, and discarded after being used for one ‘session’, the security of any given symmetric code scheme is much greater than if ‘human readable’ symmetric code keys are used.
• ffio says:
trying2be-amused, Thanks for reading and commenting. Of course you are correct on OTP, it is a one for one substitution, while symmetric encryption is a fixed key. At the risk of taking a little liberty here, we’re trying to keep the concepts simple, short and resembling something people already know. We want to orient it such that non-IT types and non-crypto types can get enough of a basic understanding to effectively employ privacy and anonymity. As an analogy to OTP, both use a shared secret, and is something that many can relate to. It illustrates the concept that there is clear text, a shared secret, and a “process”. The process is different for OTP, but by the same token it is different between different encryption algorithms as well.
Your point is well taken, and we struggle with this balance. We decided to design lessons with less technical content so that folks can easily increase their security posture, rather than deep technical content that would leave many folks choosing to not follow the lessons. As the lessons progress, we’ll clear up and refine the concepts that are needed and hopefully not stray to far from the path as we publish lessons.
You’ll see in the next lesson on HTTPS we do indeed discuss the PKI exchange of symmetric session keys as you pointed out. Now we just need more service providers to start implementing ephemeral keys / Perfect Forward Secrecy for significantly more secure sessions. https://www.eff.org/encrypt-the-web-report.
Thanks again for reading and providing deeper technical insights on what is behind a seemingly simple idea.
• trying2b-amused says:
It looks like you’ve edited the material to just use “one time pad” as a way to illustrate the idea of a “shared secret”, which is perfectly valid, so anyone else reading this should disregard the objection in my prior comment.
I appreciate what you’re doing here, and I’m glad I was able to help improve it. I also especially like your ‘tagline’ – sound procedures with adequate technology will trump careless use of even the best technology every time, and this is by far the most important lesson to be learned in infosec.
• ffio says:
This will go up as a banner line soon – “Sound procedures with adequate technology will trump careless use of even the best technology every time, and this is by far the most important lesson to be learned in infosec”.
If you haven’t seen this before, you might find this guy’s site technically and historically interesting – http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/onetimepad.htm
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"url": "https://informops.wordpress.com/encrypt-101/"
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Charles Law (Final temperature)
vCalc Reviewed
Equation / Last modified by Administrator on 2017/05/18 16:32
vCalc.Charles Law (Final temperature)
The Charles Law (Final temperature) equation computes the resultant temperature of a fixed mass of gas after it undergoes a change in volume.
Based on Charles Law we can compute the final temperature after a change in volume give the following:
• `T_1`: the initial temperature before the volume change
• `V_1`: the initial volume
• `V_2`: the resultant volume
Remember to input temperatures is in degrees Kelvin (K = C + 273) by default, but other temperature units are available and automatically converted to the Kelvin scale.
Charles law is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. Charles law states: The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (measured in Kelvin the absolute temperature scale). If pressure and the amount of gas remain constant; the law states, the volume of the gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature change. The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s.
Jacques Charles (1746 - 1823) discovered the relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature in 1787. This relationship was discovered again independently by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802.
Charles is credited with many discoveries in the area of ballooning; he invented the suspending basket carried on balloons and the valves to regulate the gas in the balloons. Charles was the first to experiment with small hydrogen filled balloons.
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"url": "https://www.vcalc.com/wiki/vCalc/Charles+Law+%28Final+temperature%29"
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Neighborhoods as Part of Communities
Object Type: Video Clip
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With the help of our local postperson, students learn that a neighborhood is a place where families live, play, and work and that schools, police and fire stations, shopping areas, parks, and homes are all located there. He helps us recognize that families live in many kinds of homes and that they all have addresses that have two main parts: a street name and building number.
A neighborhood is a part of a community where people live. Your neighborhood is the people and places that are very near where you live.
1. Students will realize that a neighborhood consists of the people, businesses, and homes that exist within a certain area. Often, neighborhoods have characteristics that distinguish them from each other.
2. Students will know that neighborhoods exist within communities, communities are usually a part of cities, states are a combination of cities, communities, and neighborhoods, and the United States of America is a combination of 50 states.
3. Students will understand that there are many kinds of neighborhoods. Some neighborhoods are full of people, homes, and businesses; while others are quiet, containing few homes and people. Some neighborhoods are found in cities, some are found in suburbs, and some are found in the country.
4. Students will realize that all homes are alike in that they provide protection. Homes protect families and individuals from rain, snow, wind, and temperature extremes. A home also secures items that belong to its inhabitants including furniture, clothes, jewelry, and electronics. There are many different kinds of homes:
1. Houses: Houses can be new or old, and they can be small or large.
2. Apartments: An apartment combines individual homes into one building. Many families can live in one apartment building, but they each have their own home.
3. Mobile Homes: These homes are built in a factory and then moved to a place where the family wants to live.
4. Houseboats: A houseboat is a home that floats. These are usually used by people who are on vacation. Just like other homes, they have living rooms, kitchens, bedrooms, and bathrooms.
5. Students will know what an address is and how it is used. An address identifies the location of a specific place. Usually, an address contains two parts: the street name and the house or building number. In the case of an apartment, the address may contain a building number and an apartment number. The street name identifies the street on which a home is located, and the house number identifies a specific home on that street. Addresses help people, including emergency workers and mail carriers, find specific locations.
6. Students will understand that a neighborhood supports many types of jobs. Mail carriers, police officers, firefighters, grocery store workers, and restaurant workers all provide services that keep neighborhoods running.
7. Students will realize that neighborhoods are made up of many types of people.
1. Neighborhood Map: Provide each student with a piece of white paper and a set of crayons or markers. Have the students draw a map of their neighborhood. Ask the students to include their homes and any landmarks that are close to where they live. Is there a school nearby? What about a park? Do they shop at grocery store that is close to their home? Please note that the maps do not have to be anywhere near exact. The students should simply demonstrate that they know what a neighborhood is.
2. Career Art: Provide each student with a piece of white paper and a set of markers. Ask them to think about the people who work in their neighborhood. Ask each student to chose a person and draw what that person does for the neighborhood. Have the students present their pictures to the class.
Popular + Related Learning Objects
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"language": "en",
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"url": "https://classorbit.com/object/neighborhoods-understanding-where-we-live-neighborhoods-as-part-of-communities-clip"
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What Are Autism Spectrum Disorders?
Autism now a sub-type of Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Autism now a sub-type of Autism Spectrum Disorders.
A recent change in the classification of mental disorders has led to some confusion about the term autism and what is represents.
Prior to 2014, autism was considered a distinct mental condition, separate from several other similar conditions, like Asperger’s Syndrome.
That is no longer the case. Autism is now viewed as a sub-type of a larger category known as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Aspergers, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, all conditions that were previously thought to be separate and distinct are also incorporated into ASD.
The significance of this change is that we no longer speak of someone as having autism or Aspergers. Rather the person is said to have an Autism Spectrum Disorder. In time, as this change becomes incorporated into general usage, autism will no longer be a part of the public vocabulary.
What Does Autism Spectrum Disorder Look Like?
People with ASD share a number of difficulties. Most important of these is a relative lack of interest in other people. Normal social conversational skills and social skills are delayed or missing. Making friends and maintaining social relationships is difficult. The person avoids attaching to others.
A person with ASD may have problems modulating the volume of his or her voice and may need to be continually reminded to speak more softly. Individuals with ASD are not generally isolated from the rest of the world as a result of their own withdrawal, rather they are isolated because they have poor social skills or because their interests are narrow.
The focus of a person with ASD is on a consistent routine with repetitive, sometimes odd or peculiar, behaviors. Adjusting to routines is hard, and the person often insists on having a unique version of a routine. Rituals or unusual preoccupations are common.
Additionally, the person typically has a fascination with certain objects. In childhood this may involve attaching to a particular toy with a determination and focus that is more extreme than usual. A similar focused interest on such things as stamps, train schedules, cars and obscure DVDs is characteristic of adults with ASD.
Facts About ASD
Approximately 1 out of every 88 children in the United States have ASD. It is also much more common in boys than in girls; 1 out of every 54 boys and 1 out of every 252 girls is diagnosed with ASD in the U.S. Approximately 2 million individuals in the U.S. have ASD.
The most obvious signs and symptoms of ASD emerge between 2-3 years of age. There is no single cause for ASD, although genetic factors play a large role. Current opinion is that some people are genetically susceptible to ASD but they only develop ASD when non-genetic, environmental factors come into play.
There is no cure for ASD. The primary goals of ASD treatments are to lessen deficits and lessen family and social stresses. There are a number of ways to do these things, including psychotherapy, social skills therapy, speech and language therapy and the use of medication. Also, educating parents, caregivers and siblings and helping them to cope with the unique challenges of someone with ASD are ways to help all involved in ASD.
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"url": "https://www.kennethrobersonphd.com/autism-spectrum-disorders/"
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General advice regarding progression in history at Key Stage 1
This section outlines the key indicators of progression. The other section looks at each strand in detail. We all need to understand what constitutes progression in history, but much more importantly we need to be able to apply this general awareness to specific topics and year groups. You will find the next section called specific/by concept INCREDIBLY useful. It takes each concept from the key elements and shows how it should be developed progressively during the Key Stage. This way you know whether the pupils are being taken as far in their historical understanding as they should be. This is crucial as progression is one important area which might be vulnerable as we move to more cross-curricular planning. I highly recommend that you not only follow the advice there but also print it out and keep it with your history planning. There is nothing quite like it elsewhere.
Key indicators of progression:
1. Ability to handle wider periods of time and within and between periods. e.g. how seaside holidays changed over time.
2. Ability to make links and connections between different areas of learning. Miss, this is like when X did Y, isn’t it?
3. Categorising ideas, not just listing them.
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"url": "https://www.keystagehistory.co.uk/keystage-1/general-advice-regarding-progression-in-history-at-key-stage-1-2/"
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8.Multithreaded Programming
In this tutorial, multithreaded programming is explained using an example Counter Thread
What is multithreading ?
A thread is basically a path of execution through a program. It is also the smallest unit of execution that Win32 schedules. A thread consists of a stack, the state of the CPU registers, and an entry in the execution list of the system scheduler. Each thread shares all of the process's resources.
A "process" is an executing instance of an application. For example, when you double-click the Notepad icon, you start a process that runs Notepad. A "thread" is a path of execution within a process. When you start Notepad, the operating system creates a process and begins executing the primary thread of that process. When this thread terminates, so does the process. This primary thread is supplied to the operating system by the startup code in the form of a function address.
You can create additional threads in your application if you wish. You may want to do this to handle background or maintenance tasks when you don't want the user to wait for them to complete. All threads in .NET applications are represented by System.Threading namespace.
A process consists of one or more threads and the code, data, and other resources of a program in memory. Typical program resources are open files, semaphores, and dynamically allocated memory. A program executes when the system scheduler gives one of its threads execution control. The scheduler determines which threads should run and when they should run. Threads of lower priority may have to wait while higher priority threads complete their tasks. On multiprocessor machines, the scheduler can move individual threads to different processors to "balance" the CPU load.
Each thread in a process operates independently. Unless you make them visible to each other, the threads execute individually and are unaware of the other threads in a process. Threads sharing common resources, however, must coordinate their work by using semaphores or another method of inter process communication.
For more information about threads, refer MSDN. Click on the appropriate link below to see the video and the source code of Counter Thread.
Multi Threaded Programming using VB.NET
Download the Source For Multi threaded Programming
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Miranda's Guide to Harp Seals
You are person number since May 19, 1996 to learn about my favorite animal. If you have any comments or suggestions, please mail them to the address below.
The harp seal is called a harp seal because of the harp-like pattern on its body. Other people say that the pattern looks like a saddle, which gives it the nickname saddleback. The harp seal's latin, or scientific name is phoca groenlandica. Their class is pennipeds.
A crabeater seal, which is also in the class pennipeds.
Some behavioral characteristics of the harp seal is that the males fight with one another, and the male who wins the most fights gets to have the most females as mates. Also, they use their rear flippers to swim, and their front flippers to steer (they are very good swimmers). And they can hold their breath for almost half an hour.
Some physical characteristics of the harp seal are that they have big eyes, no ears showing, the male is bigger than the female, and when a harp seal pup is born, it has to go through three stages before adulthood: yellowcoat, whitecoat, and beaters. Beaters are harp seal pups after their first molt, which happens when they are about three weeks old. They are called beaters until they are one year old.
Four whitecoats, two yellowcoats, and one beater (below, in order).
The harp seal's habitat is near land and in the north oceans everywhere. The harp seal's biome is in worldwide saltwater. The harp seal reproduces by mating and giving live birth. The harp seal's predators are orcas, Eskimos, sharks, and polar bears.
A polar bear.
The harp seal is very important in the food web, because it eats so much fish, and a lot of animals eat it. Some interesting facts about the harp seal are that the mothers can tell which pup is her own, but the pups can't tell which mother is their own. Adult harp seals can swim 10 mph (15 kmph), their body is shaped like a torpedo, and they can dive 600 ft. (185 m.).
A mother with her whitecoat pup.
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9687928557395935,
"url": "http://www.angelfire.com/mi/mopsie/seal.html"
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Consolidation of Memories—How it All Works
Consolidation of Memories: The Synaptic Form
The synaptic form has been seen in all species studied to date. This process involves long-term memory storage, which is defined as recall of events or information for at least 24 hours. You hear, see and experience many things on a daily basis. You will only recall some of those things the next day.
Conscious Review of Material Learned Within 24 Hours Aids In The Consolidation of Memories
Research indicates that the actual act of attempting to recall information learned or events that occurred more than 24 hours ago will help to consolidate the memory. This is why it is beneficial to review the notes from yesterday’s lecture today, for example.
Long Term Potentiation or LTP: Recollection From One Hour Ago …
An underlying process of the synaptic form is believed to be LTP or long-term potentiation. This seems at first glance to be a complex term, but it simply means that when information learned one hour ago can be recalled, that information has the potential to be stored in long-term memory.
Consolidation of Memories: Connections Are Strengthened With Use
LTP is also categorized as a form of synaptic plasticity. A synapse is a connection between two neurons. These connections change in strength depending on how much the connection is used. The more the synapse is used, the stronger it becomes. Synaptic plasticity is involved in the synaptic consolidation of memories; the more times a memory is used or retrieved, the stronger the synaptic connection becomes and the easier it is to recall the learned information.
Consolidation of Memories Requires Effective Neuronal Communication and Use
The process by which the synapses are formed and altered involves protein synthesis, changes in cellular membranes and activation of intracellular transduction cascades. The intracellular transduction cascades occur as a result of activation of specialized receptors on the cell’s surface. This physical process occurs in all of the cells of the body. It is only the specialized cells of the brain that are involved in the consolidation of memories.
In all cells, the cascades trigger transcription factors. The transcription factors bind to specific sequences in cellular DNA to control the flow of genetic information. The purpose of controlling the flow is different depending on the cell involved. For example, the process by which the cells of the immune system learn to recognize viruses and other illness causing microbes begins with the binding of transcription factors.
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"language_score": 0.9321724772453308,
"url": "http://memoryandconcentration.com/consolidation-of-memories-how-it-all-works/"
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Surface water flooding happens, for example, when rainwater does not drain away through the normal drainage systems or soak into the ground, but lies on or flows over the ground instead.
This type of flooding can be difficult to predict or pinpoint, much more so than river or coastal flooding.
County and unitary authorities have been given the role as Lead Local Flood Authorities to manage local flood risk including surface water, groundwater, and rivers or streams that are not main rivers. The Environment Agency supports local authorities in this role. This includes sharing data and giving guidance and advice.
The Enviroment Agency do not currently provide flood warnings for flooding from surface water. The sporadic and intense nature of rainfall that causes surface water flooding makes it very difficult to accurately predict where surface water flooding will occur.
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"fasttext_score": 0.18982136249542236,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.936681866645813,
"url": "http://www.floodready.co.uk/uploadedfiles/resources/Surface%20Water%20Animation.html"
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Plate Tectonics and People
How Big is Big? Part 1: Volcanoes
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Myth: Stratovolcanoes (like Mt. St. Helens and Vesuvius) are huge, but shield volcanoes (like the Hawaiian islands), with their gentle slopes, are pretty much flat and not very big.
Fact: Shield volcanoes do indeed have gentle slopes, but these are the hugest volcanoes on Earth.
Shield Volcanoes
mauna loa volcano
Snow-capped Mauna Loa volcano. Note its gently dipping slopes.
Photo by R. Fiske of the Smithsonian Institute.
"Shield" volcanoes are so named because their shape is reminiscent of a shield lying on the ground with its convex side pointing up. Their widths are much broader than their heights and they have gentle slopes. (Side note here: Don't confuse shield volcanoes with continental shields, which are also named for their shield-like shape. The two don't have anything in common except for their morphology. Continental shields, such as the Canadian shield, and the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa, represent the oldest still-intact blocks of crust from the early history of the Earth.)
The most obvious examples of shield volcanoes are the Hawaiian Islands. See the photo of Mauna Loa shown here and note the shape of the mountain. The photo almost makes Mauna Loa look like a small, insignificant mountain, doesn't it? Actually, if you start measuring at the ocean floor, which is the real bottom of the mountain, Mauna Loa is 9 km tall, easily taller than Mt. Everest, and much wider. Only the top 4km rises above the water, though.
Shield volcanoes are formed by low-viscosity basaltic lava flows. Because basalt has such a low viscosity, it spreads out in thin sheets and can travel a long way before freezing. Gradually, after many repeated eruptions from a central fissure, a mountain will be formed—one that is much wider at its base than it is tall, but one that has the potential to be quite tall, depending on how long the magma source remains active.
Mt Rainier photo
Snow-and-glacier covered Mt Rainer, Washington State. Note its steep sides compared to Mauna Loa.
Photo by L. Siebert of the Smithsonian Institute.
Stratovolcanoes are sometimes also called "composite" volcanoes. They most often form on the continental overriding plate in a subduction zone. The Cascade Range volcanoes are all stratovolcanoes, for example. If you asked a child to draw a volcano, the shape they are most likely to come up with is the conical, steep-sided shape of a stratovolcano. See the photo of Mt. Rainier shown here and compare it to the photo of Mauna Loa above. From the photo, Rainier looks like a bigger mountain than Mauna Loa. In fact, its actual elevation above sea level (4392 m) is higher than Mauna Loa's, but remember that the base of Mauna Loa is really about 5 km below sea level!
Stratovolcanoes are shaped the way they are because they are formed by alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material, both of which have a higher viscosity, and thus a greater resistance to flow than the basalt-only shields. Stratovolcanoes are more likely to erupt explosively and emit ash and gas. Many subduction zone stratovolcanoes go through a life cycle spanning millions of years in which the composition of their magma changes over time. This change in the mineralogy of the magma leads to changes in the type of eruption and the morphology of volcano itself. At the beginning, mostly basaltic magma erupts. This is because basaltic magma is the original source of magma coming from the volatile-driven melting going on at the top of the subducting slab under the subduction zone. As this basaltic magma continues to be produced by more and more lithosphere going down the subduction zone, it begins to melt some of the overlaying continental crust by conduction. This new addition to the magma generally has a higher concentration of silica in it because continental crust is more enriched in silica than oceanic crust. The addition of silica lowers the melting point of the magma and also increases its viscosity. So, now the eruptions will be more explosive, involve ash and pyroclastic debris, and stratovolcanoes will form. Next, the magma chamber will be highly silicic, quite viscous, and can erupt in a huge caldera-forming event. Finally, whatever is left of the magma body slowly cools, forming little resurgent domes, hot springs, and at the end, great bodies of intrusive igneous rocks such as granites. Below is a cartoon sketch of this cycle.
schematic cross sections of the life cycle of a caldera
Schematic cross-sections depict the caldera cycle. At time 1, basaltic magmas rise to produce small cinder cones. At time 2, andesitic and basaltic magmas form stratovolcanoes. At time 3, a large rhyolitic magma chamber forms. At time 4, a big pyroclastic eruption produces a caldera. At time 5, the floor of the caldera bulges upwards and what's left of the magma chamber begins to cool. Note the timescales for each part of the cycle.
Figure from Fisher et al., (1997).
Think about this!
Can you tell what part of the caldera cycle Mt. Rainier is in right now? Think back to the previous lesson. What part of the caldera cycle is La Primavera in right now? Is there any evidence from earlier stages of La Primavera's cycle in the geologic maps of Mexico that we looked at?
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Uno nace homosexual adoption
The study of homosexuality in Mexico can be divided into three separate periods, coinciding with the three main periods of Mexican history: The data on the pre-Columbian people and those of the period of colonization is scarce and obscure.
Historians often described the indigenous customs that surprised them or that they disapproved of, but tended to take a position of accusation or apology, which makes it impossible to distinguish between reality and propaganda. In general, it seems that the Mexica were as homophobic as the Spanish, and that other indigenous peoples tended to be much more tolerant, [1] to the point of honoring Two-Spirit people as shamans. The history of homosexuality in Uno nace homosexual adoption colonial period and after independence is still in great part yet "Uno nace homosexual adoption" be studied.
Above all, the executions of sodomites and the Dance of the Uno nace homosexual adoptiontwo great scandals in Mexican public life, dominate the scene. The situation is changing in the 21st century, in part thanks to the discovery of the LGBT community as potential consumers, the so-called pink pesoand tourists.
Laws have been created to combat discriminationand two federal entities, the Federal District and Coahuilahave legalized civil unions for same-sex couples "Uno nace homosexual adoption" December 21,despite opposition from the Churchthe Government of Mexico City approved same-sex marriagewith 39 votes in favor, 20 against and 5 abstaining. It was the first city in Latin America to do so. The majority of information on the pre-Columbian peoples comes from the reports of the Spanish conquest.
These accounts must be taken with caution, given that the accusation of sodomy was used to justify the conquest, along with other accusations real or invented, such as human sacrificecannibalismor idolatry. The historian Antonio de Herrera arrived at that conclusion as early as Among the indigenous peoples of the Americas the institution of the two-spirit people was widespread.
The two-spirits, originally considered hermaphrodites and called "berdache" by the Spanish conquistadors, were men who took feminine duties and behaviours. They were considered neither men nor women by their societies, but were considered like a third sex and often held spiritual functions.
The conquistadors often thought of them as passive homosexuals, and they were treated with contempt and cruelty. The Maya were relatively tolerant of homosexuality. It is known that there were orgies among the Maya that included homosexual sex, but for sodomy you would be condemned to death in a fiery furnace. Mayan society considered homosexuality preferable to premarital heterosexual sex, so the nobles got sexual slaves for their children. The Mexica or Aztecs were extremely intolerant of homosexuality, even though some of their public rituals had homoerotic overtones.
Mexica law punished sodomy with the gallows, impalement for the active homosexual, extraction of the entrails through the anal orifice for the passive homosexual, and death by garrote for the lesbians. Some authors state that these strict laws were not used in practice and that homosexuals were relatively free. For example, they cite Spanish chronicles that speak of widespread sodomy that included children of up to 6 years or of children dressed like women to practice prostitution.
The chronicles also speak of religious acts in which sodomy was practiced.
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In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous ...
Short Summary of IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Introduction The purpose of the IUPAC system of nomenclature is to establish an international standard of naming compounds to facilitate communication. The goal of the system is to give each structure a unique and unambiguous name, and to correlate each name with a unique and unambiguous ...
IUPAC Nomenclature of cyclic compounds. i) The IUPAC name of an alicyclic compound is prefixed with "cyclo". E.g. ii) Cycles are seniors to acyclics. Hence when cyclic nucleus is attached to the non cyclic chain, it is always named as the derivative of the cyclic hydrocarbon irrespective of the length of the non cyclic chain.
Nomenclature 1.1 IUPAC Naming Conventions. Nomenclature is one of the most important prerequisites for answering organic chemistry questions on Test Day; if you don’t know which chemical compound the question is asking about, it’s hard to get the answer right!
IUPAC Naming. IUPAC names 1,2,3,4 can be generated for drawn structures in the sketcher. The name is generated in large font above the sketcher as you doodle. Please give it a try and let us know if you encounter any issues. A comparison table for IUPAC naming against two of our competitors is provided below.
IUPAC nomenclature rules can provide valuable structural and reactivity information. On the other hand, most people would be hard pressed to call dihydrogen monoxide by any other name but water, so both types of nomenclature have their place. Nomenclature leads naturally to formula writing. Compounds exist in distinct combinations of elements, and
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Combination Homework Help
Introduction to Combination
A Combination is an arrangement of items in which order does not matter. To find the number of Combinations of n items chosen r at a time, you can use the formula
nCr = n!/r!(n-r)! where 0 ≤ r ≤ n
Example for Combination
A class consists of 14 boys and 17 girls. Four students from the class are to be selected to go on a trip.
(a) How many different possibilities are there for the 4 students selected to make the trip?
(b) If it has been decided that 2 boys and 2 girls will make the trip, then in how many different ways could the 4 students be selected?
(a) C(31,4) = = 31,465
(b) C(14,2) ! C(17,2) = 91 ! 136 = 12,376
Number of combinations: The number of all combination of n things, taken r at a time is:
nCr=n!/R!(n-1)! = (n(n-1)(n-2)….to r factors)/r!
An Important Result:
nCr=1 and nCr = nC(n-r)
combination homework help example
combination homework help
Combination Assignment Help
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Sometimes one may get watery eyes. This can lead to spillage of the tears on the eyelids and the cheeks as though one is crying. One always gets worried and is disturbed by this condition. Is there anything which can be done? Yes, depending on the cause.
Tears are essential for the eyes to see clearly. The tears keep the front round portion of the eye, the cornea clear and provide both lubrication and nourishment to the human eye. Every time one blinks, the eyes are washed by the tears produced by the tear glands on the surface of the eye. In response to emotional changes, the lacrimal gland produces tears as a reflex. The tears can be produced in response to inflammation or irritation. Tears normally drain out of the eye and into the nose through ducts located in the inner margin of the lids close to the nose.
Most develop watery eyes due to overproduction of tears. There are various reasons for this.
Dry eyes:
It may not make sense when we say dry eyes can lead to watering. Dry eyes lead to reflex production of more tears, more than can drain out through the lacrimal passages and this leads to watery eyes. In older individuals the tear production reduces. The excess use of computers and mobile and exposure to air-conditioned environments with less humidity in the air can lead to dry eyes. Some medical conditions like autoimmune diseases especially rheumatoid arthritis can lead to dry eyes. The patients complain of blurred vision, itchy eyes, burning in the eyes and this is indicative of dry eyes. While one can use over the counter artificial tears, sometimes in severe dry eyes surgery may be needed.
Most common allergy-inducing agents are pollen, dust mites and moulds. Some may get reaction to exhaust fumes, aerosol sprays, perfumes, and cigarette smoke. The eyes become red and irritated and the patient’s eyes become itchy and children tend to rub their eyes a lot.
The tears tend to wash away the germs and discharge and keep the eyes safe. Conjunctivitis affects the membrane covering the eyes and blepharitis affects the lid margins. Conjunctivitis could be due to viral infection or bacterial infection. In this condition there is eye pain, blurring of vision, redness and foreign body sensation of the eyes. The eyes stick together in the morning and there is lots of discharge from the eyes along with watering from the eyes. The lids are swollen and feel heavy. Blepharitis disturbs the tear film and in this condition, there is redness of the eyes and watering.
Dry air, bright light, wind and smoke or even a foreign body or eyelash can irritate the eyes and produce excess tears.
Eye strain:
Working for a long duration on the laptop or watching videos on the mobile can lead to excess eye strain and this can, in turn, lead to watery eyes.
Eye strain
Lacrimal duct block:
A block in any of the drainage channels can lead to watering. Sometimes this can give rise to a purulent discharge. Surgery may be the only option in many of these cases.
Eyelid disorders:
When the upper lid does not close there could be watering of the eyes. This is because of exposure to the wind and this leads to dryness of the eyes and can lead to reflex watering. In case there is a looseness of the lower lid and the lids are turned outwards, there could be watering of the eyes.
Most of the causes of watering from the eyes are not of serious nature and can be remedies easily with the use of drops. But it is best to seek advice of the eye doctor to ensure proper management of the condition. If there is watering which cannot be clearly pinpointed to one cause or watering from a long duration, or there is associated eye pain, soreness, discharge one must consult an eye doctor and seek advice urgently.
Dr. Ramesh Murthy is one of the best eye specialists and one of the best cataract surgeons in Pune and he is available at Axis Eye Clinic which is one of the best eye clinics in Pune.
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What is astigmatism?
Astigmatism is a common, mild health condition occurring when the front surface of your eye (cornea) or the lens, inside your eye, has a slightly different surface curvature in one direction from the other. However, astigmatism can cause blurred vision.
How common is astigmatism?
Astigmatism occurs commonly. Astigmatism is often present at birth and may occur in combination with nearsightedness or farsightedness. It can be managed by reducing your risk factors. Please discuss with your doctor for further information.
What are the symptoms of astigmatism?
The common symptoms of astigmatism are:
• Blurred or distorted vision;
• Eyestrain;
• Headaches.
When should I see my doctor?
• Blurred or distorted vision;
• Eyestrain;
• Headaches.
What causes astigmatism?
Astigmatism is a refractive error caused when the cornea or lens isn’t evenly and smoothly curved, present from birth or it may develop after an eye injury, disease or surgery. Astigmatism isn’t caused or made worse by reading in poor light, sitting too close to the television or squinting.
• Nearsightedness (myopia): a condition by which your cornea is curved too much or your eye is longer than normal, resulting in a blurry appearance for distant objects.
• Farsightedness (hyperopia): a condition by which your cornea is curved too little or your eye is shorter than normal, resulting in a blurry appearance for near objects.
Risk factors
What increases my risk for astigmatism?
Age is one of the risk factors of astigmatism. In fact, the risk of having astigmatism in older is higher than in the younger.
Diagnosis & treatment
How is astigmatism diagnosed?
• Vision tests: your doctor will ask you to read letters on a chart to test the vision in a visual acuity test.
• Test to measure the curvature of your cornea (keratometry). Doctor uses a keratometer to measure the amount of curvature to your cornea’s surface.
• Test to measure light focus.
How is astigmatism treated?
Treatments contain corrective lenses and refractive surgery.
Using corrective lenses treats astigmatism by counteracting the uneven curvature of your cornea. Corrective lenses can be:
• Eyeglasses;
• Contact lenses.
Refractive surgery treats astigmatism by reshaping the surface of your eye. Refractive-surgery methods include:
• Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is a procedure in which an instrument called a keratome is used to make a thin, circular hinged cut into your cornea.
• Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is a procedure in which the outer protective layer of the cornea is removed before using an excimer laser to change the curvature of the cornea.
• Laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) is a procedure in which a much thinner layer of the cornea is folded back to limit the injury to your eyes caused by daily actions or exercises. LASEK may be a better option if you have a thin cornea or if you’re at high risk of an eye injury at work or from playing sports.
Lifestyle changes & home remedies
What are some lifestyle changes or home remedies that can help me manage astigmatism?
The following lifestyles and home remedies might help you cope with astigmatism:
• When working at a computer, reading, or doing other detailed work, you should take the time to give your eyes a break by looking at a tree, flower, or anything outside the window or blinking.
• You should have excellent lighting in the area where you are working.
• Eat right to ensure that your eyes have all the vitamins and nutrients that they need.
Want to live your best life?
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1. Determine the diagnostic criteria for significant bacteruria, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and catheter-associated UTIs.
2. Recognize the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs), and differentiate asympotomatic bacteriuria from acute cystitis and pyelonephritis, and acute prostatitis from chronic prostatitis.
3. Identify the pathogenic organisms most commonly implicated in different UTIs.
4. Assess the laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of UTIs.
5. Based on clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory parameters, recommend appropriate empiric and targeted pharmacotherapy for the treatment of acute cystitis, pyelonephritis, and prostatitis, including drug, dose, and duration of therapy.
6. Formulate appropriate monitoring and education information for patients with UTIs.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the genitourinary tract with associated signs and symptoms of infection. UTIs represent a diverse array of syndromes based on location within the urinary tract, including acute cystitis, pyelonephtritis, and prostatitis.1–3 UTIs are one of the most common reasons for the prescribing of antimicrobial therapy.4
The prevalence and type of UTIs generally vary according to age and gender.5,6 In adults, bacteriuria is more common in young, nonpregnant women (range, 1%–3%), but uncommon in men (up to 0.1%).7 Symptomatic UTIs occur most frequently in women of childbearing age. It is estimated that the lifetime risk of UTIs in women is as high as 60%, with 25% of those patients experiencing a recurrence within 1 year.8 UTIs are much more common in women and men due to their inherently shorter urethra and location in the perineal area. However, older men may experience UTIs due to immunoscenesence and concomitant disease states, such as benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).
Image not available. UTIs can be classified as either uncomplicated or complicated. Uncomplicated infections usually occur in women of childbearing age. Complicated UTIs usually occur in patients who have structural or functional abnormalities of the genitourinary tract, and may involve the bladder or the kidneys.2 Male patients with UTIs are considered complicated, and most older adults will also meet this criterion. Although complicated infections are usually treated similar to uncomplicated infections, a longer treatment duration is typically warranted in complicated infections. UTIs can also be classified as upper and lower depending on their anatomical location. Lower UTIs usually refer to acute cystitis, whereas upper UTIs refer to pyelonephritis. It is important to note that an upper UTI does not necessarily imply complicated UTI, nor does a lower UTI imply uncomplicated UTI.
The etiologic pathogens of most UTIs originate from the perirectal area. Escherichia coli is implicated in more than 80% of uncomplicated infections, with Klebsiella pneumoniae and ...
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Discover our nations leaders
5 Fast Facts About William McKinley
Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress
William McKinley will forever be remembered as one of the U.S. presidents who unfortunately had his time in office cut short due to assassination. Despite dying only a few months into his second term, McKinley had already accomplished many things. Luckily, historians have not forgotten his contributions to the country and have ranked him as one of the top 20 presidents in history. From his service in the Civil war to his backing of strong tariffs, his life of public service stretched for decades and deserves a closer look.
Civil War Veteran
McKinley has the distinction of being the last president who served in the Civil War. Not only did he enlist, McKinley was a part of some of the most historic battles of the war. Once serving under future president Rutherford B. Hayes, he would go on to be a part of the Second Battle of Bull Run and Antietam. McKinley would serve through the end of the war and leave the army as a brevet major.
Governor of Ohio
After serving in the House of Representatives for over a decade, McKinley became Governor of Ohio in 1892. Following the path of his former general, Rutherford B. Hayes, McKinley was now making a name for himself. His contributions to the national party as governor greatly increased his national profile.
After years of working on a strong tariff platform as a congressman, McKinley would push his agenda as president. McKinley would support the Dingley Act that raised the rates charged for American products.
Spanish-American War
After the sinking of the USS Maine during the first part of the Spanish-American War, McKinley took over an active role in the daily operations. By confronting the Spanish army in the caribbean and in the Philippines, the U.S. gained freedom for the people of Cuba and gained control of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. It was also during this time period that the U.S. annexed the Republic of Hawaii. The conflict with Spain would be resolved on December 18, 1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
Tour of the nation
Just after his second inauguration, McKinley would tour the nation by railroad. This would be the first time that the president and first lady would visit California together. By giving speeches and shaking hands extensively in the south and the west coast, McKinley gained exposure to the rapidly expanding country.
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• slide
High Fever
A fever is a condition in which your body temperature is higher than normal. A fever generally occurs when you are sick, to activate the body’s immune system to fight off bacteria and viruses. Fevers can also occur with heat exhaustion, sunburns, some immunizations and some medications.
Urgent Care:
Treatment of a fever depends on the cause, (i.e. medication, heat exhaustion, etc.). Medical attention should be sought if you have recently been in high temperatures and are not sweating, (heat exhaustion), you fever lasts for more than a couple of days, or the fever cannot be treated effectively with over the counter cold medicine.
Emergency Room:
A trip to the emergency room is in order for the following fever symptoms:
-Stiff neck
-Trouble breathing
-Seizures or convulsions
It is important with any fever to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
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Dispersal range
"Dispersal range" refers to the distance a species can move from an existing population or the parent organism. An ecosystem depends critically on the ability of individuals and populations to disperse from one habitat patch to another. Therefore, biological dispersal is critical to the stability of ecosystems. [edit]Environmental constraints Few species are ever evenly or randomly distributed within or across landscapes. In general, species significantly vary across the landscape in association with environmental features that influence their reproductive success and population persistence.[12][13] Spatial patterns in environmental features (e.g. resources) permit individuals to escape unfavorable conditions and seek out new locations.[14] This allows the organism to "test" new environments for their suitability, provided they are within animal's geographic range. In addition, the ability of a species to disperse over a gradually changing environment could enable a population to survive extreme conditions. (i.e. climate change). [edit]Dispersal barriers A dispersal barrier may mean that the dispersal range of a species is much smaller than the species distribution. An artificial example is habitat fragmentation due to human land use. Natural barriers to dispersal that limit species distribution include mountain ranges and rivers. An example is the separation of the ranges of the two species of chimpanzee by the Congo River. On the other hand, human activities may also expand the dispersal range of species by providing new dispersal methods (e.g., ships). [edit]Dispersal mechanisms Most animals are capable of locomotion and the basic mechanism of dispersal is movement from one place to another. Locomotion allows the organism to "test" new environments for their suitability, provided they are within the animal's range. Movements are usually guided by inherited behaviors. The formation of barriers to dispersal or gene flow between adjacent areas can isolate populations on either side of the emerging divide. The geographic separation and subsequent genetic isolation of portions of an ancestral population can result in speciation. [edit]Plant dispersal mechanisms Burs are an example of a seed dispersion mechanism which uses a biotic vector, in this case animals with fur. Main article: Seed dispersal Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and consequently rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their propagules, including both abiotic and biotic vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant individually or collectively, as well as dispersed in both space and time. The patterns of seed dispersal are determined in large part by the dispersal mechanism and this has important implications for the demographic and genetic structure of plant populations, as well as migration patterns and species interactions. There are five main modes of seed dispersal: gravity, wind, ballistic, water and by animals.
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34 terms
American History Chapter 8 Test Review
Terms in this set (...)
The Eighteenth Amendment specifically granted the federal government, as well as the state governments, the power to enforce Prohibition, marking a dramatic increase in federal ____________________ powers
The American Civil Liberties Union advertised for a teacher who would be willing to be arrested for teaching __________________________.
Louis Armstrong introduced an improvisational, early form of ___________________, a style of music influenced by Dixieland and ragtime.
President Wilson's postmaster general had introduced the world's first regular airmail service in 1918 by hiring pilots to fly mail between Washington, D.C, and __________________________.
New York
Supporters of ________________________ wanted the United States to stay out of entanglements with Europe.
Though hardly typical of American women, the ___________________, a young, unconventional woman, personified women's changing behavior in the 1920's.
The movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural south to industrial cities in the north was called the _____________________________.
Great Migration
By the mid-1920's, other corporations, notably General Motors and Chrysler, competed successfully with ___________________, the first carmaker to produce cars by using the assembly line.
During Prohibition, people flocked to secret bars called _________________________, where they could purchase alcohol.
_______________________ was a style of music influenced by Dixieland music and ragtime.
The sharp increase in immigrants due to new immigration laws in the late 1920's contributed to the __________________ in the Ku Klux Klan.
By the 1920's, the United States was the _____________________ economic power in the world.
The _____________________________ that ended WWI attempted to outlaw war.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
________________________________ introduced an improvisational, early form of jazz.
Louis Armstrong
The __________________________ was the peace treaty that ended WWI.
Fourteen points
Marcus Garvey preached a message of ______________________ with whites.
Jack Dempsey, one of the sports idols of the 1920's, held the title of ___________________________________ from 1919 until 1926, when he lost it to Gene Tunney.
world heavyweight champion
In the 1920's, most African American voters in the North cast their votes for _____________, the party of Lincoln.
__________________________ was the first important writer of the Harlem Renaissance.
Countee Cullen
By the early_____________, the automobile had become an accepted part of American life.
Who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association?
Marcus Garvey
The Scopes trial was about
teaching evolution
How did the Dawes Plan try to promote peace?
The plan allowed U.S. banks to loan money to Germany so it could pay reparations.
Which amendment repealed Prohibition?
Twenty-first amendment
In the teapot dome scandal, Albert B. Fall received bribes for?
Allowing private interests to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves.
A center of creativity and freedom where many artists, writers, and intellectuals of the 1920's gathered was___________________________________________.
Greenwhich village
One of the NAACP's greatest political triumphs occured in 1930 with the defeat of Judge John J. Parkers nomination to the ____________________________.
U.S. Supreme Court
In 1926 the aviation industry received federal aid for building airports with the passage of the _____________________________.
Air commerce Act
African American arts flourished in the 1920s in what became known as the _______________________________.
Harlem Renaissance
President Coolidge's philosophy of government was that government should interfere with business and industry as little as possible and that prosperity rested on _____________________.
business leadership
Although many of President Harding's appointments were disastrous, he did appoint several distinguished cabinet members including the secretary of commerce,
Herbert Hoover
What system of manufacturing adopted by Henry Ford divided operations into simple tasks and cut unnecessary motion to a minimum?
Assembly line
How did Marcus Garvey's Negro Nationalism differ from the views of W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington?
Garvey advocated separation and independence from whites rather than integration.
What baseball player also became a national hero?
Babe Ruth
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Control the Court
Control the Court
Certain judicial processes evoke more authority and power over others. Like a set of tools, in the hands of a knowledgeable craftsman, qualified individuals can assume control of the courts and the judicial processes to meter out true justice.
Black’s Law Dictionary 4th Ed Definitions:
MOTION: Parliamentary law. The formal mode in which a member submits a proposed measure or resolve for the consideration and action of the meeting.
PETITION: A written address, embodying an application or prayer from the person or persons preferring it, to the power, body, or person to whom it is presented, for the exercise of his or their authority in the redress of some wrong, or the grant of some favor, privilege, or license.
PETITION OF RIGHTS: A Parliamentary declaration of the liberties of the people, assented to by King Charles I, in 1629. It is to be distinguished from the Bill of Rights, (1689), which has passed into a permanent constitutional statute.
RIGHT: Defined generally as “powers of free action.” And the primal rights pertaining to men are undoubtedly enjoyed by human beings purely as such, being grounded in personality, and existing antecedently to their recognition by positive law.
Rights are also classified in Constitutional Law as natural, civil, and political to which there is sometimes added the class of “personal rights.”
Natural Rights are those which grow out of the nature of man and depend upon personality, as distinguished from such as are created by law and depend upon civilized society: or they are those which are plainly assured by natural law or those which, by fair deduction from the present physical, moral, social, and religious characteristics of man, he must have realized for him in a jural society, in order to fulfill the ends to which his nature calls him. Such are the rights of Life, Liberty, Privacy, and good reputation.
Civil Rights are such as being to every citizen of the state or country, or, in a wider sense, to all its inhabitants, and are not connected with the organization or administration of the government. They include the rights of property, marriage, protection by the laws, freedom of contract, trial by jury, etc. Or, as otherwise defined, civil rights are rights appertaining to in virtue of his citizenship in a state or community. Rights capable of being enforced or redressed in a civil action. Also a term applied to certain rights secured to citizens of the United States by the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution, and by various acts of congress made in pursuant thereof.
Political Rights consist in the power to participate, directly or indirectly, in the establishment or administration of government, such as the right of citizenship, that of suffrage, the right to hold public office, and the right of petition.
Personal Rights is a term of rather vague import, but generally it may be said to mean the right of personal security, comprising those of life, limb, body, health, reputation, and the right of personal liberty.
Contract: A promissory agreement between two or more persons that creates, modifies, or destroys a legal relation.
An agreement, upon sufficient consideration, to do or not do a particular thing.
A deliberate engagement between competent parties, upon a legal consideration, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act.
It is agreement creating obligations, in which there must be competent parties, subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, and mutuality of obligation, and agreement must not be so vague or uncertain that terms are not ascertainable.
A contract or agreement is either where a promise is made on one side and assented to on the other; or where two or more persons enter into engagement with each other by a promise on either side.
The writing which contains the agreement of parties, with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation.
Consensual and Real Contracts: Consensual Contracts are such as are founded upon and completed by the mere agreement of the contracting parties, without any external formality or symbolic act to fix the obligation.
Real Contracts are those in which it is necessary that there should be something more than mere consent, such as loan of money, deposit or pledge, which, from their nature, require a delivery of the thing.
COERCION: Compulsion; constraint; compelling by force or arms.
It may be actual, direct, or positive, as where physical force is used to compel act against one’s will, or implied, legal or constructive, as where one borty is constrained by subjugation to other to do what his free will would refuse.
DURESS: Unlawful constraint exercised upon a man whereby he is forced to do some act that he otherwise would not have done. It may be either “duress of imprisonment”, where the person is deprived of his liberty in order to force him to compliance, or by violence, beating, or other actual injury, or duress per minas, consisting in threats of imprisonment or great physical injury or death, duress may also include the same injuries, threats, or restraints exercised upon the man’s wife, child, or parent.
VITIATE, To impair; to make void or voidable; to cause to fail of force and effect; to destroy or annul, either entirely or in part, the legal efficacy and binding force of an act or instrument; as when it is said that fraud vitiates a contract.
DEMAND: v. In practice, To claim as one’s due; to require; to ask relief. To summon; to call in court. “Although solemnly demanded, comes not, but makes default,”
DEMAND: n. A peremptory claim to thing of right, differing from claim, in that it presupposes that there is no defense of doubt upon question of right.
The assertion of a legal right; a legal obligation asserted in the courts; a word of art of an extent greater in its signification than any other word except “claim.”
Legal Demand: A demand properly made, as to form, time, and place, by which a person lawfully authorized.
CLAIM: n. A broad comprehensive word.
CLAIM: v. To demand as one’s own; to assert. To state; to urge; to insist.
BOND: A certificate or evidence of a debt.
Motions and Petitions are Parliamentary Procedure
The Judge said that if I put in Motions he will take them, because he has no Commercial Liability with a Motion, because a motion is Parliamentary Procedure, not Law.
This is what the Judge told Donna, then smiled, knowing full well the crime he was engaged in.
A Petition will cause the Judge to have Commercial Liability, but the Supreme Court Ruling was made that Judges do not have to respond to Petitions.
What the hell is the purpose of putting in a Petition, if the Judge does not have to respond? So make Demands instead and hold them accountable with a Distress against their Judicial Bond.
It is up to the Judge to order the attorney to answer all Affidavits, but the Judge will not do so unless Demanded to do so by the Private party.
We must learn to operate as a “Flesh and Blood human being acting in our own proper person”.
If we are tricked into acting “Pro Se”, this means we are “Representing” our Private person as an “attorney” therefore we have to obey all of their Court Rules and Procedures.
By acting as a “Flesh and Blood human being acting in our own proper person”, we have removed our-self from having to obey their rules and regulations in their system.
As a Private person we have the Right to Demand the Judge (our Trustee and Servant) to “Order” the attorney to answer our Affidavits and provide Discovery of Facts essential to our case, which we must have to be Fully Informed so that we can properly defend our-self.
The Judge has the power to order all parties to answer Affidavits.
But, if we do not Demand the Judge to “Order” the prosecuting attorney to answer our Affidavits of Truth, we will not get any Remedy from the Judge.
If we fall for the deception and enter “Motions” for discovery etc, the Judge can just ignore “Motions” and throw them into the wastebasket, because “Motions” are just Parliamentary Procedure, which means they carry absolutely no “Commercial Liability” with them for the Judge if he decides to ignore them.
This is part of why the Judge will set up for Pretrial Motions between the Defendants and the Prosecuting Attorneys, so that the Judge doesn’t have any Commercial Liability.
This way when the Prosecuting Attorneys refuse to answer our “Motions” for discovery and essential facts about the “Probable Cause” pertaining to the required supporting Affidavits for a lawful Arrest, the Judge doesn’t do anything to correct the problem.
We must Demand the Judge to “ORDER” the Prosecuting Attorney to produce Affidavits sworn to be true, correct, and complete of Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Laws showing specific “Just Cause” point-for-point of the “Probable Cause” to support the arrest warrant and/or Indictment Information against us.
This Demand now causes the Judge to have Commercial Liability, which means we can go after his Judicial Bond for failure to do his job.
The Distress Right is our 1st Basis to hold the Judge accountable.
Because the Judge failed to Honor his Oath and do his job, his judgment must be declared Null and Void.
1st ID the Authority and the Insurance and/or the Bonding.
Judge has failed to provide ID, thus he must strike his Orders and Judgments.
After we buy our cash bond for our Distress Process against the Judge’s Judicial Bond, we become the Judge (Executive officer) and we can issue orders.
This gives us the right to be the Judge on the Street
Legislative part –Affidavit of Distress Right
Adjudicative part –Distress Instrument
Executive part –Statement that the distress will not be released until all conditions are Satisfied by the Judge whose Bond has been put under “Distress”, Impoundment.
Randall David Due aka Randy Due, Public Minister; Ex. Military (Civil Rights Advocate) acting as a Non-union Lawyer (not a member of the bar association) pursuant to 42 USC § 1986 (acting with Reasonable Diligence) & 18 USC § 4 (Mandate to act), 18 USC §§ 241 & 242 (Protection of the Nation, its Constitution and Civil Rights)
Public Minister pursuant to and protected by Public Law 94-583, Oct. 21, 1976 Stat. 2891 [Codified in Title 28 U.S.C § 1602 et esq.]; and Public Law 1790, 1 Stat. At L. 117, Ch 9 [Codified in 22 U.S.C. § 252]; Public Law 1948, Ch 645, 62 Stat. 688 [Codified in Title 18 U.S.C § 112] and Public Law 1871, Ch 22, § 6, 17 Stat. 15; [Codified in 42 U.S.C. § 1986]
179 Green St. E.
Pelham, Georgia 31779
Phone: (229) 294-6112
Fax: (229) 294-4594
About arnierosner
This entry was posted in Civil Rights Violations, Judicial Corruption, Randy Due Case. Bookmark the permalink.
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Ceres (dwarf planet) facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Ceres Ceres symbol.svg
Discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi
Discovery date January 1, 1801
Name 1 Ceres
Other names A899 OF; 1943 XB
Category dwarf planet
main belt
Reference date November 26, 2005
(JD 2453700.5)
Longest distance from the Sun 447,838,164 km
2.987 AU
Shortest distance from the Sun 381,419,582 km
2.544 AU
Longest distance from the center of its orbital path
("semi-major axis")
414,703,838 km
2.765 956 424 AU
How long it takes to complete an orbit 1679.819 days
4.599 years
Average speed 17.882 km/s
Mean anomaly 108.509°
Angle above the reference plane
Size and other qualities
Average radius 473 km
Mass 9.46 ± 0.04×1020 kg
Average density 2.08 g/cm3
Surface gravity 0.27 m/s²
0.028 g
Escape velocity 0.51 km/s
How much light it reflects 0.113 (geometric)
Surface temp. Min. Avg. Max.
Kelvin ~167 K 239 K
Spectral type G
Seeming brightness
("apparent magnitude")
6.7 to 9.32
True brightness
("absolute magnitude")
Ceres, also known as 1 Ceres, is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt.
It was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres—the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.
With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. It was once thought to be smaller than Vesta, which is brighter. Recent observations have discovered that the asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye.
On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta.
Related pages
Images for kids
Ceres (dwarf planet) Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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目前分類：Advanced Manuals進階溝通手冊 (8)
Objective: The speech to inform
Title: What determines the price of oil?
On Sep 15th, 2008, Lehman brothers filed for bankruptcy. That event alarmed the downturn of world economy. Since then different economic crises around the world happened. People suffered from losing big money in investments, salary cut or even worse losing jobs. But there is one good thing happened, the oil price went down sharply.
I am an insurance agent. I have to drive a lot to visit people around Taiwan. The bill of oil for my car has been a big burden for me, especially when the oil price is over $70(US$) per barrel. That high oil price period lasted for 13 months, from Sep 2007 to Sep 2008. During that period, I had to quit my favorite coffee-caramel macchiato(焦糖瑪奇朵) to spare money for the expensive oil bill. Right now, the oil price is below $50 per barrel. I can enjoy having caramel macchiato at my favorite coffee shop StarBucks without worrying about running out of budget.
Dear T/M! The price of oil mattered a lot to my life. I am curious about what determines the price of oil and am going to share some knowledge about that with you.
Traditionally, the oil price is made according to relation of supply to demand. Supply cut or strong demand will push up oil price.
In the history, the supply cut from oil exporting countries made the price of oil surging, e.g.:
.Yom Kippur War(以阿戰爭)- Arab Oil Embargo(石油禁運)
The Yom Kippur War(以阿戰爭) started with an attack on Israel by Syria and Egypt in October, 1973. The United States and many countries in the western world showed support for Israel. As a result of this support several Arab oil exporting nations imposed an oil embargo(石油禁運) on the countries supporting Israel. The supply cut pushed oil price from $3 in 1972 to $12 in 1974.
.Iranian revolution and Iran-Iraq(兩伊戰爭) wars
The Iranian revolution happened in 1979. A new government led by Khomeini(柯梅尼) replaced the old government. The revolution weakened Iran. Then Iran was invaded by Iraq in Sep 1980.
Both Iran and Iraq are the members of OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
The combination of the Iranian revolution and the Iran-Iraq War resulted in the oil production cut in both countries. The supply cut caused oil prices to increase from $14 in 1978 to $35 in 1981.
Strong demands will push up oil price, too. The strong demand for oil from rapid growth in China, India and other emerging economies push up the oil price from 2002 to 2006.
Now, there is another factor affects the oil price, speculation(投機).
In the past OPEC controlled the oil price, but now the Wall Street determines the oil price.
From the history of world economy, most of the times, we are suffering from inflation. This situation makes us put money in gold, oil and real estate to hedge(避險) against rising inflation. Oil has become a form of investment. People invest their money into oil market, even though they do not have a strong demand for oil.
By purchasing large number of future contracts of oil, speculators push up oil prices.
In the most recent sustained run-up in oil prices, from January 2007 to July 2008, large financial institutions had been pouring billions of dollars into the oil markets to try to take advantage of price changes. The USA economy has been slowing down in that period. The price of oil is supposed to come down, but it doubled in less than two years, from $50 to $140.
The world economy has been suffering from deep recession since the subprime mortgage crisis started in the United States two years ago. Every government is trying very hard to implement different economy stimulus plans . Their major strategies are pouring huge amount of money to stimulate economy. When more and more money are pouring into the market, the inflation will be back.
Currently, the oil price is around $40 per barrel. But it will bounce back or get even higher when the economy is booming and the rising inflation is a concern again. What is your strategy to deal with another round of run-up in oil prices? Dear T/Ms !
中壢英語演講會 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()
A13 The Roast- Chad
Toastmasters of the Evening says:
Ladies and Gentlemen, today is Albert’s promotion celebration party. I hope you are enjoyed. As I know some of you have known Albert for many years, but some of you do not know much about Albert. Let us take this opportunity to see what we shall update about him. And Chad would like to give some words in this party. Let us welcome Chad.
Hello Albert, it is so great to join your celebration party today. You must have a big big big sales in your job, don’t you. Otherwises, in this bad time when economy is stepping into recession, and you can get a promotion. This proves your performance must be awesome. Or, your manager was just lay off so they put you into that position? Or your boss is an old lady?
Trust me, Ladies and Gentlemen, this promising young man has magical attraction to old women. Most of his big clients are those rich old women. And they are even have Albert’s Fans Club. Just like 許純美 is crazy about 小狼狗. But, trust me, Albert is selling mutual funds & government bonds only, nothing else. However, I still can not figure out one thing until today. Albert could easily marry a rich woman and be taken care like a kid. And live a happy life like Prince and….Queen for rest of life. On the opposite, he made a strange decision to marry a little girl and take care of her like baby sitter every day and night. He can not resist of little girl’s attraction, right? No, Albert is a man who prefers to give rather than being given. So he gives love to his wife, gives money to his family, gives time to friends and only takes money from customers. What a promising young man!
Albert is an energetic young man who used to sleep 4 hours a day (it is 30% of yours only, Sunday). He will do studying, reading books, writing poetry, playing the violin, and go exercising. In a day, he can go swimming in the morning, playing basketball in the afternoon and get a 5000 meters jogging after dinner. Before sleeping, another 100 push-ups shall be done, otherwise, he can not fall in to sleep because he is not tired enough. Thanks God, we have banks in this world. And the good thing is we have financial crisis recently. So Albert can fully diver his energy into it. And devote his genius-like talents into this bank system to see a way out. See… he got a promotion.
His superman’s energy also leads him to join the Marine in military. Do you remember that? He was coming back from military to give speech with a man-power body shape and doing push-ups in front of everybody. I forget what the speech title is. I guess it shall be something about “Demonstration of push-ups” or “the correct way to do push-ups. But, I am very sure that Toastmasters speech manuals do not have this kind of project.
The fact is at the moment, he looked like a Beer. Girls and boys were eager to get a bite of his muscle. Yes, includes some boys. He didn’t look like now at all. So, Albert, is it because of we are having two cute Pandas coming to Taiwan, and you see everybody likes this new image. So you force yourself to change your out looking? You look so cute like Panda now. That Taiwan Black Beer is disappeared. Ladies and gentlemen, do you know that Pandas can eat 30Kg bamboo in a day and have 5 Kg poo poo in one time? I have no ideas if this Panda in this room can do the same or not.
At least one thing we know that Pandas are very popular. Everybody likes to be with them. Albert has the same attraction to everybody. He is friendly and easygoing. It is always comfortable to be with him. After having this new out looking, Albert does not have to worry about sleeping anymore. Before, that black beer has to do 100 push-ups to have enough feeling to sleep. Now, this Panda can do 5 push-ups only when having enough sleep. He does not have to waste time running out of energy. That is a good change. Just like what Obama says: We need change. Yes we can. It is just 5 push-ups. Yes we can.
Albert, I hope I effectively point out a lot of advantages you have in your party today. Our country needs promising young man. I believe with your full energy in banks, taking from clients, giving to friends, and Panda’s popular out looking, you will bring new hopes to this society. Keep it up, promising young man!
Special Occasion Speech Project 3 THE ROAST
1. Poke fun at a particular individual in a good-natured way
2. Adapt and personalize humorous material from other sources.
3. deliver jokes and humorous stories effectively.
Time: Three to five minutes.
Used in the speaking sense, the word “roast” implies that heat is being applied to someone- that someone is being “booked” or embarrassed in some way.
Actually, a roast can be considered a positive recognition, in which an individual and his or her achievements are honored by friends, co-workers and family.
However, unlike the speech of praise, a roast relies on wit, humor and stire to convey the message.
Retirement, farewell, promotion and anniversary parties can all be occasions for roasts. Most often the individual being honored is roasted by numerous others, each delivering several minutes of material. This roast material generally consists of jokes and anecodotes about the honored guest’s person, accomplishments, escapades and eccentricities. The jokes and anecdotes are good natured- not mean-spirited- and may not even be true! But they are funny. And, best of all, at the end of the roast the recipient is given and opportunity to respond.
Preparing the Material
A successful roast begins with a willing guest of honor. This individual must be agreeable and capable of handling the verbal abuse with grace and cheerfulness. Also, you- and everone attending or participating in the roast- must know and like the person well enough, or the roast simply won’t be funny.
Once it has been established that guest is willing and is known fairly well by all who will attend, you are ready to begin assembling your roast material.
Begin by making a list of everything you know about the guest of honor, such as:
personal characteristics (including appearance and mannerisms)
travel experience
outstanding achievement
personal philosophies
If necessary, talk to the individual’s family and friends to fill in any missing information. It is important to find out as much as you can, since this information will serve as the basis for your material.
Next, select several of the above areas which have the most promising information and to which most of your audience can relate. Then begin collecting jokes and anecdotes that address these areas. You will find a great deal of material in joke books, newspapers and magazines. Then adapt the material to your guest of honor. Don’t neglect to include original jokes and stories and events that actually happened.
As an example, consider this scenario: The person you are roasting, Ed, is a co-worker, known for both his determination and for meeting deadlines against all odds, and the occasion is his promotion to vice president. Once of your joke could be, “We appreciate some delays in project X, and Ed was very upset. I said, “Ed, Rome wasn’t built in a day”. He replied, “ I wasn’t in charge of that job”. You could then talk about Ed’s contributions to the company, saying, “Ed takes credit for a lot of achievements… mine mostly. “
Remember, since this is a good humored roast rather than a sober testimonial, your jokes need not be reality-based. Instead, start with a kernel of truth, then exaggerate it or distort it to unbelievable levels. Or your story could be completely fantasy-based.
Whatever jokes or anecdotes your select. Be sure the suit you. You must be comfortable with them, and your audience must be comfortable hearing you tell them. For example, if you are normally a reserved person, no one is likely to accept a story from you about the time you and Ed performed in a rodeo together.
But they would accept your story about the marriage advice Ed once gave you.
Above all, be sure your material will not hurt the feelings of the guest of honor. Generally it is safe to poke fun at things that the guest of honor kids himself about. For example, if the guest of honor often jokes about her terrible tennis game, you can safely joke about her tennis abilities as well. Even so, ask someone close to the guest of honor to review your material beforehand to determine if anything might be offensive. If something is questionable, rewrite or eliminate it. In all cases, use good taste and avoid using profanity or “ blue” material; you risk offending or embarrassing not only the audience but the guest of honor as well.
Your Delivery
Are you uncomfortable telling a joke? Do you think that some people are just born to be funny- and you aren’t one of them? The truth is, people can tell a joke if it is right for them, if they are familiar with it, and if they have overcome their nervousness through rehearsal and coaching.
Some of the best jokes come from surprise and incongruity; when shy, quiet Nancy deliver a knockout joke, the audience will roar.
The key is rehearsal. Delivery can make or break the best material in the world. Practice your roast so thoroughly that all clumsiness, false starts and mumbled punch lines are eliminated. And remember to be yourself. Too often novice humorists try to imitate their favorite comedian, the usual result being and uncomfortable silence from the audience. Avoid such embarrassments by telling your stories and jokes in the same way you normally speak. Enunciate properly and speak slowly, remembering always to project your voice. Don’t rush through your material- especially your punch lines! Always maintain good eye contact with your audience, and use gesture naturally.
Once you feel your material is ready, rehearsal your delivery with family or friends. Ask for their advice. Should you pause in certain places for effect? Gesture a certain way? Change a joke or anecdote?
Your Project Speech
For this project, you will create and present a three-to five-minute “roast”.
The occasion- e.g., retirement banquet, anniversary ore farewell party- will be selected by you. The speech is to be humorous, including jokes and anecdotes about the honored guest that may be adapted from other sources. The presentation should be good-natured and not offend the individual or the audience.
In a farmyard, a Mother Duck sat on her nest. She was waiting for her eggs to hatch. Each day she proudly looked at them. There were six eggs, which meant six little ducklings to teach to swim.
One sunny spring morning, the first egg began to crack.
'Tap, tap, tap,' a duckling inside try to get out. Mother Duck watched as the egg cracked open and out popped a fluffy duckling.
"One," said Mother Duck proudly.
Then, in the following days, eggs were hatched one by one.
However the sixth day passing, but nothing happened. Nor on the seventh.
"How strange," said Mother Duck on the seventh day. "It should have hatched by now."
One of the farmyard chicken said;
"Oh, You're still there I thought you'd be in the pond by now."
"My last egg hasn't hatched yet." said Mother Duck. "
"Let me see," said the chicken. "Well no wonder. It looks like a goose egg to me. You'll be here for a long time."
"Oh dear," said Mother Duck. "I have my five little ducklings to teach to swim. What shall I do? I can't leave it."
"Aah well," said the chicken, and she wandered off.
The goose heard that one of her eggs was in Mother Duck's nest.
"Is it true?" she asked, as she puffed up to the nest. "Do you have one of my eggs?"
"I think so," said Mother Duck. They both looked in the nest.
"Huh," said the goose. "That's not mine. It looks more like that absent-minded turkey's egg."
As they looked, they suddenly heard the faint tapping. The shell was breaking.
"We'll soon see," said the goose.
They watched and waited.
"Oh," said the goose.
"Oh, dear," said Mother Duck, as she looked at the sixth duckling. It looked very strange, it was straggly and grey where its brothers and sisters were fluffy and yellow. It was also bigger than them.
It quacked as it saw its mother.
"Well, if it's a turkey," said the goose, "it won't swim."
Mother Duck hurried her ducklings to the pond. She waddled in and listened. Splash! Splish! Splosh! Splash! Splish! She turned and looked. All six ducklings followed her in the water.
"Oh, well," she said. "He can swim. He is definitely not a turkey."
The sixth duckling was very good at swimming, and was soon swimming better than his brothers and sisters.
When they back at the farmyard, things did not go well for the little duckling. Everyone called him an ugly duckling. The chickens laughed at him, the turkeys chased him and the geese hissed at him.
Soon even his brothers and sisters would not talk to him, but when his mother turned away, he was very sad. He decided to leave the farmyard.
One sunny morning, the duckling left the farmyard and didn't look back. He was looking for somewhere new to live.
When he'd been walking a while he came to a large lake. There were some ducks swimming on it.
He swam up to them.
"May I stay on this lake?" he asked.
"Of course," said the ducks. "We'll be moving on soon. Why don't you join us, if you're on your own?"
"Thank you," said the duckling.
The duckling stayed on the lake and day by day he grew bigger. One day he looked up to see some large white birds flying gracefully over the lake.
"They're beautiful," he whispered, and then sighed. "I wonder who they are?"
One day the ducks came to see him.
"It's autumn, and we're going now," they told him, "join us if you want to."
Some ducks began to fly up to leave, but suddenly loud bangs were heard. Two of the ducks fell from the sky. Others flew up in fright, and more fell as more bangs were heard.
The duckling ran and hid. He found a bush and stayed there until the noise had stopped. When it was quiet he sadly left the lake and headed away over the fields.
He came to another lake and there he stayed. Winter was coming and he was alone. As the days grew colder, he found that it was harder to find food.
The one morning he woke and found that he couldn't move. The lake had frozen and he was stuck in the ice. The day passed and the duckling was giving up hope of being found. But late in the afternoon a man walking his dog and saw him. He broke the ice, and the duckling was free. He ran across the ice and hid. He didn't dare to go on the ice again.
Winter passed, spring came, and the ice melted.
The duckling stretched his wings and found that they were strong enough to carry him. He flew upon and over the lake, high above the trees and fields. He should have been very happy, but he was not because he felt so lonely.
A few days later, he looked up to see the large white birds he had seen in the autumn. They looked beautiful as they landed on the lake. The duckling admired their glossy white feathers and long necks. He swam over to take a closer look at them.
"Please," he said shyly. "Will you tell me who you are. You are so beautiful and I am so ugly. I've never seen anybody like you."
"Ugly," cried one of the white birds. "How silly!"
"We're swans," said another. "Why do you think you're ugly? Look at yourself in the water."
The duckling looked and caught sight of his own reflection. He gasped in surprise, for instead of seeing a fat, grey duckling he saw a swan with a long elegant neck and a bright orange bill. "I'm like you," he cried. "I'm a swan, too."
"Definitely," said the swan, with a smile.
"Does that mean I can stay with you, and not live alone?"
"Of course," said the swans.
At that moment two children ran down to the lake. "Ooh, look!" they cried. "The swans are back and there's a new one, too. Isn't he beautiful!"
The ugly duckling stretched his neck and ruffled his feathers with pride.
Then it was time to go flying with all of the other swans and, as the duckling took off from the lake, he could see his new beautiful reflection in the water.
The Start of an Unstoppable Journey-
My first experience in Toastmasters
Six years ago, also on a Friday evening, I took my courage to stepping into a Business Building near SOGO department store in ChungLi. I took the elevator to the 3rd floor and was looking for “丞燕國際股份有限公司”. When the door of the elevator opened, I saw the sign “ChungLi Toastmasters Club” with an arrow. “Bingo. I found it.” I felt so relieved and followed the direction to enter an office. There was a young, tall and handsome man. “對不起，請問這是Toastmasters?” I asked the young man. “Yes. This is ChungLi Toastmasters Club. My name is Albert. Are you a guest?” “我是Amy” “Oh, Amy, nice to meet you.” The man stretched out his hand. I felt uncomfortable but still shook hands with him in a stiff manner. “Amy, the meeting will start at 7:00 p.m. Now, we are just preparing the meeting room. Please just wait for a moment.
Just few weeks ago of that evening, I googled “learning English” and found ”Toastmasters”. What captured my attention was that it said it’s a non-profit organization for learning communication and leadership skills as well as improving English speaking ability! At that time, I thought “non-profit” equaled to “free”. Therefore, I decided to visit a club in ChungLi. But when I discovered that the meeting place was located in “丞燕國際股份有限公司” -- -- a direct sales company, I felt hesitated about my decision. Think about it. Why a non-profit organization holds its meeting in a direct sales company?
Even though there were so many doubts and question marks in my mind. I still want to take a look at Toastmasters. On one hand, I was so curious about what “Toastmasters” is; on the other hand, I was also worried about my safety in this strange place. Is this a trap? Is this a con game?
When I wait for the meeting, I wondered what if they persuade me to buy any products? What if they ask me to sign any paper, or invite me to join their company and become their agent, what should I do? When I imagined all kinds of scenarios in my brain, the meeting room was set up. They invited me to have a seat. As smart as I am, I picked a seat, which was closer to the door. I planned if I feel the atmosphere is not right, I can leave the meeting room at any time.
When Time approached to 7:00 p.m., more people came into the meeting room. They shook hands with each other naturally, and talked to each other in English fluently. In fact, when I watched their interaction, I was overwhelmed by complicated feelings and thoughts, such as strange, uncomfortable, curiosity and expectation.
Finally, the meeting started. A man called everyone to stand up and put their hands on their chests and read out the vow. Read out the vow? It was kind of like attending a religious or political gathering. My fear was growing once again. And I hesitated to leave or to stay, to leave or to stay, to leave or it’s too late.
After the vow, a charming lady Sophia Lin conducted the meeting and everything proceeded as planned. With the meeting going on, my worries and fears were replaced by surprise. The meeting was different from what I imagined. It was alive with laughters and claps. What impressed me the most was that almost everyone could speak English very well. I almost can’t believe that this is what happened in Taiwan.
Tell the truth, at that time, my English was very poor. Before attending the meeting, I told myslef, to avoid acting like a fool, I must follow the golden rule that is “do what other people do” in case I don’t understand what they are talking about. So, when everyone laughed, I laughed, too. When everyone clapped, I clapped, too. Even I didn’t know what they laughed at or why they clapped for. I just followed. And this golden rule really worked. It made me safe in the whole meeting.
Until the table topics master called my name, the nightmare came to me. The master invited me to say something about a topic. However, I even didn’t understand what her question was. At that moment, my brain went blank, and my tongue was twisted. I didn’t know what to say. All members stared at me and nothing left. Few seconds later, I found my only answer, “I don’t know.” And my face turned from white to red to green to white to pale. I was so embarrassed at the moment.
It seemed to be a torture to me in the rest of the meeting. “I don’t know.” The three words repeated themselves again and again, over and over in my mind. When the meeting came to an end, I rushed home even without saying Goodbye to anyone.
Time flies. Six years passed and when I recall those memories, the images are still vivid and look like what happened just yesterday. The first visit to a Toastmasters club was an unforgettable experience, and it also brought me to start a journey that never ends. Dear fellow members and distinguished guests, did you still remember your first impression of Toastmasters?
Date: Oct. 3, 2008
Title: The man we respect
Speaker: Chad Huang, ACB, CL
Project No. : A12
Advance Manual: Occasion Speeches - Speaking in Phraise
Family members of Mr. Ma, ladies and Gentleman. Today we sit here together on a Saturday morning is for the same reason –To remember our beloved friend, Jerry Ma and say goodbye to this forever young man.
Jerry was a man who enjoyed life’s beauty and added colors to his life. He was the one teaching us like a mentor, joking with us like a close friend and playing with us like a child. Laughter and wisdom always accompanied him wherever he went People enjoyed being with him.
With 26 years Toastmasters membership since 1980, Jerry had dedicated himself to this organization and successfully chartered many clubs. Not to mention how many people were inspired by his encouraging words, which led them to a happy life.
No matter what, Jerry was always supportive to members who gave speeches. He always said positive words to encourage them to continue. However sometimes in his evaluation, he played a naughty game. We usually followed the candy theory: KISS, KICK, KISS. But, he always said KISS, KICK, then KILL. Then, you would see a naughty smile on his face. That was followed by everyone’s laughter in the whole meeting room. But, he still could bring it back to the serious part. Kelly remembers he said: “there is no perfect speech in meetings. The perfect speech only happens on your way home.” There is always some room for improvement and it’s always good to listen to other’s evaluation. On one hand, he encouraged you to move forward. On the other hand, he mentioned the spirit of self-reflection.
Serving as A4 Governor from 1989 to 1995, in these 5 years, Jerry helped build the Taoyuan, ChungLi and Hsinchu clubs, as well as many other language clubs. He said “I go to Sampo clubs on Monday, Mandarin club on Tuesday, Taiwanese club on Wednesday, Bilingual club on Thursday, and come to Chungli club on Friday.” And on weekends, he went to a dancing club and bible study class. He was so busy, but he enjoyed his life. So people here in Taoyuan area call him “the God Father”. There is no question about that
The source of his power and inspiration was his interest in everything. One of our members, Elaine, said “she remembers how Jerry was so interested in leaning things because his mind was always open to new ideas. In his upper pocket, he has one small booklet attached with one pen which looked very old from outside. However, on the inside were a lot of beautiful sentences and words. Whenever he heard golden words or funny stories, he took out this Treasure Box and put them in.
In school, he encouraged students to stand on stage to give presentations and trained them to evaluate each other. In daily life, he brought his friends to Toastmasters club. Because in his mind, to spread happiness in a learning group with everybody was the most enjoyable thing in his life.
Many members around Taiwan, including you and me, said we received a lot from Jerry’s concrete supports in both actions and words. And they were shocked and sad to hear he has said goodbye to everybody. But, what we shall do is to take over his spirit and spread it over to the circle of our lives. Since we have benefited from others for ages, why don’t we stand up to become the givers? Ladies and Gentlemen, just like what Jerry said in his Inaugural Speech of District Governor in 1998, Toastmasters is a land of opportunity, which is available to everyone. Toastmasters is a door, open to all individuals. If, at his age he could say he was the youngest in the club, who can say he is too old to move and too late to start? If Jerry could spread out his influential power to so many people and enjoy every minute of his life including the last minute of that in dancing, why can’t we add more colors in our lives in the same way? Let us salute our forever mentor and follow his spirit and example. And put him in our memory forever. Toastmasters
Dear All,
原本預定要在9/12晚 上場的演講，因為颱風來插花，所以沒上場，不過先把稿子上傳給大家先睹為快。 確定延期至何時，我會在那之前做好充份的準備，以不辜負Elaine 替為修改的文法、用法。 常在想Eliane 真的是為熱心又有愛心的 會員，即使已經離開台灣，回美國，甚至現在去了韓國，都還是心念著中壢演講會的朋友，真是感動。 每次都主動要求看我的演講稿，要幫我修飾。 真是太感謝了，有位美藉的英文教授幫我修改文法，真是位超級的 mentor. 希望各位member 也可以常與Eliane 保持聯絡，她會很熱心幫各位的。
我 發現除了文法有很多錯誤外，英文用法還須要多學學英文母語的人。
Honorable guests and Fellow toastmasters, good evening.
(Playing music & driving) That was an early morning around quarter pass 8. I was driving on my way to my customer’s office. When you drive on the main street in Saudi Arabia, 80 ~90 kilometer per hour is very slow. At least I have to step on the power and speed up to 120. But, if you think I am taking the lead on street, you better take a look at those impatient taxi drivers from the rear mirror. Their facial expression was like (pretending yielding…etc). But, I do not have time to slow down my car just for these Pakistan terrorist drivers. . I got an appointment to meet at 8:30. So I step on the power to full speed. I see the speed meter is getting out of control. 120, 125, 130, 134, 136, 140. And I also see the LED digital number on temperature meter is also getting higher and higher, 27, 28 , 29, 30, 31… At this moment, Arabic signer: Nancy’s uplifted song, playing loudly inside this Honda Civic under 40 degree’s sunshine and mixing up with those taxi driver’s facial dance. I do not know the heat is coming from the engine or from the wind, or from the Sun, or from my inner body. I start sweating and I see the time on screen is approaching 8:29. I turn on the turbo and fly in the wind. I see 135, 137 140, 145, 146… Bang!
I see the front door of the office on my left hand. Making a quick U turn and shutting down all the sound at the parking space.
(Knocking door sound)
Nasir: Good morning, Mr. Chad! Welcome. What happen to you? Did you just come back from Jungle? Ha Ha…
Chad: Yeah… it is amazing. It rains like cats and dogs in my car!
Nasir: Anyway, how is everything? How is business? Do you want some coffee or tea?
Chad: Yes! Ice coffee, please. Mr. Nasir, (His full name is Nasir Al Odan, but they usually call each other’s first name with Mr. at the front. This will make them feel we are close like friends. So we call each other’s first name. However, on the other hand, they call you Mr. in order make you feel respected. )
Chad: Mr. Nasir, did you get my quotation of the Chinese machines? Is everything fine? I got the full support from their sales manager on price. Why I don’t see your reply?
Nasir: yeah… Mr. Chad… you know that is the problem. Chinese give price to everybody. If you ask, they give it to you. It is not like European or Unite States’ system. The price will only give it to the local agents. But, in China, No. The market is completed open! They sell tissue paper, pencils, cars on internet. If you open one account from Yahoo and send email to them, they send you back with price immediately. And the interesting is, every time price is different like your stock market. Take a look at this. (but do not tell me I show you this price)
(Show up two papers)
Nasir: Honestly speaking, how many percentage you put on your commission?
I am still staring at that two number on the two papers. And I am trying to use the most basic mathematics to figure out they are the same things or not. The time is stop and the air in that office is also squeezed into a small air bag. This air bag is in my hands and wait for me to blow it off. I see the clock behind on the wall behind him. It is 8:47am. I picked up the cup with Ice tea and sip a little bit. The Ice water rushes into my stomach and wakes me up. I rise up my right hand and said: 5
Nasir: Only 5%? But, you see it is a 40% different here. Your price is 40% higher than this. You see it is from the same company, same machine model. Anyway, please figure it out. We do not think they are very honest and we do not feel safe. That is why we need you to help us to get a better price. It is very difficult to know their mentality. We think you have same language and same culture. You can talk to them easily and understand what they think.
(I heard an inner voice from my heart replying him: No, not at all! It is also very difficult for me to know Chinese people’s logics)
I come back to call this Chinese sales manager and prepare to have a big fight. Guess what? The answer surprises me. He said: if you think my company’s price is too high, I have one friend making the same machine and the price is very low. Please take the machine from him. This answer really confuses me a whole day. This manager works in A company, but he is more willing to promote B company’s machine. It is so complicated. After that phone call, I just want to go to sleep.
3 months ago, I always think the most difficult business in the world is to deal with Indian or Arabian people. And I did it in passing 3 years. But, 3 months later, I found that it is even more difficult to control the business with Chinese, even I have the same language, same culture, and same blood. And now the hot potato is still on my hand. What shall I reply to Mr. Nasir?? If you have any good solution, come to me and I will buy you a ticket to Saudi Arabia.
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A lock or water lock is an enclosed, rectangular chamber with gates at each end, within which water is raised or lowered to allow boats or ships to overcome differences in water level. Locks have a history of over 2,000 years, and although they are most often used by boats on canals, they also are used to transport massive ships between seas.
All locks operate on the simple buoyancy principle that any vessel, no matter what size, will float atop a large enough volume of water. By raising or lowering the level of a body of water, the vessel itself goes up or down accordingly. Locks are used to connect two bodies of water that are at different ground levels as well as to "walk" a vessel up or down a river's more turbulent parts. This is done by a series of connecting or "stair-case" locks. Locks contributed significantly to the Industrial Revolution (period beginning about the middle of the eighteenth century during which humans began to use steam engines as a major source of power) by making possible the interconnection of canals and rivers, thus broadening commerce. They still play a major role in today's industrial society.
The ancestor of the modern lock is the flash lock. It originated in China and is believed to have been used as early as 50 B.C. The flash lock was a navigable gap in a masonry dam that could be opened or closed by a single wooden gate. Opening the gate very quickly would release a sudden surge of water that was supposed to assist a vessel downstream through shallow water. This was often very dangerous. Using the flash lock to go upstream was usually safe but extremely slow since the gap in the dam was used to winch or drag a vessel through.
At some future date, a second gate was added to the flash lock, thus giving birth to the pound lock. The first known example of a pound lock (whose dual gates "impound" or capture the water) was in China in A.D. 984. It consisted of two flash locks about 250 feet (76 meters) apart. By raising or lowering guillotine or up-and-down gates at each end, water was captured or released. The space between the two gates thus acted as an equalizing chamber that elevated or lowered a vessel to meet the next water level. This new method was entirely controllable and had none of the hazards and surges of the old flash lock.
Ships in the Miraflores locks on the Panama Canal. (Reproduced by permission of Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Photo Researchers, Inc.
The first pound lock in Europe was built at Vreeswijk, the Netherlands, in 1373. Like its Chinese ancestor, it also had guillotine gates. The pound lock system spread quickly throughout Europe during the next century, but was eventually replaced by an improved system that formed the basis of the modern lock system. During the fifteenth century, Italian artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) devised an improved form of pound lock whose gates formed a V-shape when closed. In 1487, Leonardo built six locks with gates of this type. These gates turned on hinges, like doors, and when closed they formed a V-shape pointing upstream—thus giving them their name of miter gates. One great advantage of miter gates was that they were self-sealing from the pressure of the upsteam water.
Construction and operation
The earliest locks were built entirely of wood, with stone and then brick becoming standard materials. The gates themselves were always wooden, with some lasting as long as 50 years. Filling or emptying these early locks was often accomplished by hand-operated sluices or floodgates built in the gates. On later and larger locks, it was found that conduits or culverts built into the lock wall itself were not only more efficient but let the water enter in a smoother, more controlled manner. Nearly all locks operate in the following manner: (1) A vessel going downstream to shallower water enters a lock with the front gate closed. (2) The rear gate is then closed and the water level in the lock is lowered by opening a valve. The vessel goes down as the water escapes. (3) When the water level inside the lock is as low as that downstream, the front gate is opened and the vessel continues on its way. To go upstream, the process is reversed, with the water level being raised inside the lock. What the operators always strive for is to fill or empty the lock in the fastest time possible with a minimum of turbulence.
In modern locks, concrete and steel have replaced wood and brick, and hydraulic power or electricity is used to open and close the gates and side sluices. Movable gates are the most important part of a lock, and they must be strong enough to withstand the water pressure arising from the often great difference in water levels. They are mostly a variation of Leonardo's miter gates, except now they usually are designed to be stored inside the lock's wall recesses.
Probably the best known locks in the world are those used in the Panama Canal—the most-used canal in the world. Completed in 1914, the Panama Canal is an interoceanic waterway 51 miles (82 kilometers) long that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Isthmus of Panama. It has three major sets of locks, each of which is built in tandem to allow vessels to move in either direction, like a separated, twoway street. Each lock gate has two leaves, 65 feet (20 meters) wide by 7 feet (2 meter) thick, set on hinges. The gates range in height from 47 to 82 feet (14 to 25 meters) and are powered by large motors built in the lock walls. The chambers are 1,000 feet (305 meters) long, 110 feet (34 meters) wide, and 41 feet (13 meters) deep. Most large vessels are towed through the locks. As with all locks today, they are operated from a control tower using visual signals and radio communications.
[ See also Canal ]
Also read article about Lock from Wikipedia
User Contributions:
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درباره بدن The Human Body: Anatomy, Facts & Functions
The digestive system consists of a series of connected organs that together, allow the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The liver and pancreas also play a role in the digestive system because they produce digestive juices.
The endocrine system consists of eight major glands that secrete hormones into the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different tissues and regulate various bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth and sexual function.
The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria, viruses and other pathogens that may be harmful. It includes lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes (including B-cells and T-cells), the thymus and leukocytes, which are white blood cells.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts and lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body's defenses. Its main job is to make is to make and move lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, which help the body fight infection. The lymphatic system also removes excess lymph fluid from bodily tissues, and returns it to the blood.
The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like conscious movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing), and sends signals to different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect every other part of the body to the central nervous system.
The body's muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid in movement, blood flow and other bodily functions. There are three types of muscle: skeletal muscle which is connected to bone and helps with voluntary movement, smooth muscle which is found inside organs and helps to move substances through organs, and cardiac muscle which is found in the heart and helps pump blood.
The reproductive system allows humans to reproduce. The male reproductive system includes the penis and the testes, which produce sperm. The female reproductive system consists of the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries, which produce eggs. During conception, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, which creates a fertilized egg that implants and grows in the uterus. [Related: Awkward Anatomy: 10 Odd Facts About the Female Body]
Our bodies are supported by the skeletal system, which consists of 206 bones that are connected by tendons, ligaments and cartilage. The skeleton not only helps us move, but it's also involved in the production of blood cells and the storage of calcium. The teeth are also part of the skeletal system, but they aren't considered bones.
The respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon dioxide in a process we call breathing. It consists mainly of the trachea, the diaphragm and the lungs.
The urinary system helps eliminate a waste product called urea from the body, which is produced when certain foods are broken down. The whole system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter muscles and the urethra. Urine produced by the kidneys travels down the ureters to the bladder, and exits the body through the urethra.
The skin, or integumentary system, is the body's largest organ. It protects us from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. Our skin also helps regulate body temperature and eliminate waste through perspiration. In addition to skin, the integumentary system includes hair and nails.
The human brain is the body's control center, receiving and sending signals to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception of the world.
The human heart is a responsible for pumping blood throughout our body.
The liver has many functions, including detoxifying of harmful chemicals, breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile and production of blood-clotting proteins.
• The human body contains nearly 100 trillion cells.
• There are at least 10 times as many bacteria in the human body as cells.
• The average adult takes over 20,000 breaths a day.
• Each day, the kidneys process about 200 quarts (50 gallons) of blood to filter out about 2 quarts of waste and water
• Adults excrete about a quarter and a half (1.42 liters) of urine each day.
• The human brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells
• Water makes up more than 50 percent of the average adult's body weight
Ready for Med School? Test Your Body Smarts
You use your eyes to see, your ears to hear and your muscles to do the heavy lifting. Well, sort of. In fact, most body parts are far more complicated than that, while some seem to have no business being inside there at all.
An illustration showing the different systems of the human body.
0 of 10 questions complete
Editor’s Note: If you’d like more information on this topic, we recommend the following book (available on amazon.com):
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