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GCSE MARKING SCHEME
SCIENCE - PHYSICS
SUMMER 2013
INTRODUCTION
The marking schemes which follow were those used by WJEC for the Summer 2013 examination in GCSE SCIENCE - PHYSICS. They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners' conferences by all the examiners involved in the assessment. The conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocopied scripts forming the basis of discussion. The aim of the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were interpreted and applied in the same way by all examiners.
It is hoped that this information will be of assistance to centres but it is recognised at the same time that, without the benefit of participation in the examiners' conferences, teachers may have different views on certain matters of detail or interpretation.
WJEC regrets that it cannot enter into any discussion or correspondence about these marking schemes.
Question
GCSE SCIENCE - PHYSICS 1 FOUNDATION TIER
Marking details
| 1. | (a) (b) (c) | (i) (ii) | visible light – infrared - microwaves all correct – 2 marks 1 or 2 correct – 1 mark 17[%] (accept 100-83) increases / heats up / rises (accept – very hot / gets hot / warms it up) ticks in boxes 2, 3 & 4 (3x(1) – each additional tick over 3 loses a mark) Question total | 2 1 1 3 [7] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) | 2.2 [kW] X 3 960 000 J use of 1.6 (1) conversion of 30 min to 0.5 h and multiply (1) Answer 0.8 [kWh] scores (2) Answer 48 – 1 mark (1.6 x 30 – uses the correct power) 0.5 / 1.1 / 500 / 1100 / 800 – 1 mark (has converted time correctly) (1.6 ÷ 0.5) = 1 mark only 0.8 (ecf) x 15 = 12 [p] mark is for the answer. Don’t accept £0.12 p Question total | 1 1 1 2 1 [6] |
| 3 | | (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) | beta Any 2 x (1): - alpha would not penetrate through [that much] air - gamma would not be absorbed by [that much] air - beta blocked by that much air answer must refer to penetration through air or implied through air e.g. alpha would not get that far Any 2 x (1): repeat [the experiment] (accept more results) measure [counts] over a longer period of time take readings at smaller distance intervals start taking readings at 0 (accept increase the range) use a different part of the quarry wall Don’t accept: more people do the experiment / better detectors [decay is] random / no pattern / decay at different times / decay is disorganised. (Do not accept unpredictable.) Question total | 1 2 2 1 [6] |
Marks
| Question | | | Marking details | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | (a) (b) (c) (d) | (i) (ii) (i) (ii) | 1 000 x 25 = 25 000 [kg] mark is for the answer on answer line 25 000 (ecf) x 120 (1) = 3 000 000 [J] (1) 1.8 x 100 (1) = 90[%] (1) 2 Answer 0.9 – 1 mark back up or quick start (1) when demand increases e.g. at breakfast time / break in a sporting event / another power station has broken down (1) Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. reduce energy or heat losses / increase efficiency (do not accept just reduce the current or there is no heat loss) [low voltages are] safer / high voltages are dangerous / for safety Question total | 1 2 2 2 1 1 [9] |
| 5 | (a) (b) (c) | (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) | 30 thousand [years] 8.3 [minutes] (ignore reference to light if written) 13 [light hours] accept > 0.4 [AU] and <1 [AU] absorbing (1) red shifted (1) A B Question total | 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 [8] |
| Question | | | Marking details | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | (a) (b) (c) (d) | (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) | Gas (1) because it produces smallest amount / less carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide (1) accept converse argument. Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. Gas (1) because it produces smallest amount / less sulfur dioxide or nitrous oxide (1) (e.g. accept because sulphur dioxide is 1). Accept converse argument. Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. heats water / produces steam (accept they use cold water) operates 24 hours a day (accept not always sunny / rocks are always hot / produces electricity in the night / [more] reliable) plots (2) ± ½ small square division (ignore any other points that are plotted) -1 mark for each incorrect plot up to a max of 2 straight line (1) (ignore any line before the 1st point). Don’t accept double lines / whispy / disjointed / wobbly lines or the line missing points. 6.5 ± 0.05 [km] ecf value must be taken from their graph 2400000 (1) = 1 200 (1) 2000 Question total | 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 [12] |
Question
Marking details
Marks
| 7. | (a) (b) (c) (d) | 4 (1), 20 (1) Indicative content: The advantages of insulating the loft are of primary importance. The money spent is the least, it is recouped in the shortest time and gives the greatest gain in energy loss reduction (2700W), this accounts for £800 of the spending money. The cavity wall insulation is of second priority with an outlay of £1200, a payback time of just 10 years and the next greatest energy saving of 1700W. The remaining money of £1200 is better spent on replacing their doors because of the smaller payback time. The doors have a payback time of 60 years but save only 200W in total. [The total spend is £3200 with an annual saving of £340 giving a payback time of 9.4 years.] 5 – 6 marks The candidate constructs an articulate, integrated account correctly linking relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, which shows sequential reasoning. The answer fully addresses the question with no irrelevant inclusions or significant omissions. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 3 – 4 marks The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing some reasoning. The answer addresses the question with some omissions. The candidate uses mainly appropriate scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1 – 2 marks The candidate makes some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing limited reasoning. The answer addresses the question with significant omissions. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit. loft / roof, cavity / wall, windows [2 marks for all correct, 1 mark for 1 or 2 parts correct] [Inner] wall / house heats the air (1) which becomes less dense / rises (1) Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. Question total |
|---|---|---|
| | | Foundation tier paper total |
Question
HIGHER TIER
Marking details
Marks
1. (a) (i)
Gas (1) because it produces smallest amount / less carbon dioxide or
2
Question
Marking details
3 – 4 marks
The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content,
Marks
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (iii) | A network of [power] cables/ wires (1) that connect power stations to consumers / homes / schools / factories.(1) lower current (1) to reduce energy / heat losses or to improve efficiency (1) Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. step-down because output voltage is smaller / input voltage higher / reduces voltage or less turns on output coil / more turns on input coil / turns reduced. (Accept it supplies homes / schools / industry.) 10000000 [power = voltage x current] I = (1 sub/manip, 1 conv) 400000 10 {for with answer = 1 mark, but with any compatible conversion 400 10000 gets both marks e.g. – 2 marks} 400 = 25[A] (1 ans) W or 9.9 MW (1sub, 1 manip, 1 ans with correct unit) Question total |
| Question | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|
| 6. | (a) (b) | the distance/ how far light travels in 4 years Indicative content: Light coming from the centre of stars is absorbed by the gases in their atmospheres / interstellar gases and re-emitted in all directions. Their frequency / wavelength gives information about the gases present and the fact that they are red shifted gives information about their distance away and the speed at which they are moving away – by the application of Hubble’s measurements and law. 5 – 6 marks The candidate constructs an articulate, integrated account correctly linking relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, which shows sequential reasoning. The answer fully addresses the question with no irrelevant inclusions or significant omissions. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 3 – 4 marks The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing some reasoning. The answer addresses the question with some omissions. The candidate uses mainly appropriate scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1 – 2 marks The candidate makes some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing limited reasoning. The answer addresses the question with significant omissions. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit. Question total |
| | | Higher tier paper total |
GCSE SCIENCE - PHYSICS 2 FOUNDATION TIER
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (a) (b) (c) | (i) (ii) | All correct - 3 marks 2 or 3 correct – 2 marks 1 correct – 1 mark fission OR chain [reaction] krypton or barium (accept Kr or Ba) Any 2 x (1): - they have long half- lives - highly/very radioactive - prevents leaks / getting into the environment or food chain or water supply - harmful/poisonous/toxic/dangerous to living things or ionises cells / mutates cells or risk to health/cancer - prevent theft/use as weapons/use by terrorists If 2 correct answers given on 1 line only then award 2 marks. If 2 correct answers given on 1 line and then on the 2nd line an incorrect answer is given award 1 mark only. If 1 correct answer and 1 incorrect answer are given on the same line then no mark awarded. Question total |
| 2 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) | 3 [A] Point at coordinates (9, 3) ± ½ small square division (ignore any other points that are plotted. Straight(ish) line from origin through (9,3) ± ½ small square division (allow ecf) 9 (1) = 3 (1) Ohms or Ω (1) If 3/9 written no marks for substitution 3 and answer can be awarded. 9 x 3 (1) = 27 (1) Watts or W or J/s (1) Question total |
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | (a) (b) (c) | | 14 (1), 1 (1) N.B. must look like a subscript 6 (1), 8 (1), 0 (1) Question total |
| 4 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (iii) | 15 [m/s] 16 [m] ecf must be applied from (i) 15(1) = 0.6 [s] (1) 25 50(1)+ 15(1) = [65 m] If 65 only award 2 marks. Do not accept 50 or 15 on the answer line. any factor that reduces the braking distance of the car e.g. - improved/good tread on tyres, - rougher road surface, - good/better brakes, - good/better weather conditions, - correct tyre pressure, - good/better/newer tyres etc. Accept converse arguments if explained. Question total |
| 5 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) | 0.15 x 20 (1 for substitution) = 3 [kg m/s] (1) 3 (1) allow ecf from (i) = 6 [N] (1) 0.5 3 [N] allow ecf from (i) which gives the same answer as in (i) or allow ecf from (ii) which gives half the answer to (ii) e.g. car crash / emergency stop / sudden braking / landing on ground Stretchy seat belt / air bag / crumple zone to achieve it/ bending legs on landing Mark parts (i) and (ii) together. Question total |
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | (a) (b) (c) | (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) | The time/how long it takes/it takes 6000 years for half of the undecayed atoms/mass/amount/activity/count rate to fall by half. The nucleus emits/loses (1) an electron (1) OR identifies the nucleus (1) in which neutron splits into proton and electron (1) Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. plots correct (2) [lose 1 for each incorrect plot allow ± ½ small square division up to a maximum of 2 marks] reasonable curve through the points (1) Value to be taken from candidate’s graph ±10 [About 130]. Credit an answer of between 120-140 when no line is drawn. 10 (1) x 6 000 (1) = [60 000 years] 7 400 years (value to be taken from candidate’s graph) reduce activities from the graph by a factor of 10 (1), line from 320 on graph to find time (1) or converse, (or reference to) lines drawn on graph at 320 (and down to the time axis). Alternative - for an extended graph and lines drawn at 80 (1) and “32” drawn on an extended line (1), award both marks for method either explained or drawn. N.B. No marks can be awarded for the age because of the uncertainty in this method. Question total |
| Question | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | (i) (ii) (iii) | Indicative content: The initial velocity of the bus is 5 m/s. It continues at this velocity for 10 s. Then it accelerates at a constant rate of 1.5 m/s2 for 10 s to 20 m/s. It travels at a constant velocity of 20 m/s for 20 s. At 40 s, it decelerates at a decreasing rate until it comes to a rest at 70 s. The mean deceleration is 0.67 m/s2. 5 – 6 marks The candidate constructs an articulate, integrated account correctly linking relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, which shows sequential reasoning. The answer fully addresses the question with no irrelevant inclusions or significant omissions. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 3 – 4 marks The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing some reasoning. The answer addresses the question with some omissions. The candidate uses mainly appropriate scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1 – 2 marks The candidate makes some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing limited reasoning. The answer addresses the question with significant omissions. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit. Scales using at least half of each axis [at least one intermediate point required and a sensible scale] (1) point (10,50) [point may not be clear but award if line ends at this point. Ignore intermediate points]. (1) Straight(ish) line to that point and must be from (0,0) [Do not award this mark for an obvious curve] (1). Any line that goes past (10,50) is penalised 1 mark. Straight line to wrongly plotted point gets the line mark. 20 (1) x 20 (1) = 400 [m] (1) Repeated multiplications e.g. 20 x 20, 20 x 40, 20 x 5 [1 only] Question total |
HIGHER TIER
| Question | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | (i) (ii) (iii) | Indicative content: The initial velocity of the bus is 5 m/s. It continues at this velocity for 10 s. Then it accelerates at a constant rate of 1.5 m/s2 for 10 s to 20 m/s. It travels at a constant velocity of 20 m/s for 20 s. At 40 s, it decelerates at a decreasing rate until it comes to a rest at 70 s. The mean deceleration is 0.67 m/s2. 5 – 6 marks The candidate constructs an articulate, integrated account correctly linking relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, which shows sequential reasoning. The answer fully addresses the question with no irrelevant inclusions or significant omissions. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 3 – 4 marks The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing some reasoning. The answer addresses the question with some omissions. The candidate uses mainly appropriate scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1 – 2 marks The candidate makes some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing limited reasoning. The answer addresses the question with significant omissions. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit. Scales using at least half of each axis [at least one intermediate point required and a sensible scale] (1) point (10,50) [point may not be clear but award if line ends at this point. Ignore intermediate points]. (1) Straight(ish) line to that point and must be from (0,0) [Do not award this mark for an obvious curve] (1). Any line that goes past (10,50) is penalised 1 mark. Straight line to wrongly plotted point gets the line mark. 20 (1) x 20 (1) = 400 [m] (1) Repeated multiplications e.g. 20 x 20, 20 x 40, 20 x 5 [1 only] Question total |
| 3. | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) | Object continues in its state of rest/inertia/motion/constant speed [in a straight line] (1) unless acted upon by an [external/unbalanced] force (1) 2 250 x 8 (1 for substitution) = 18 000 [kg m/s](1) [Answer mark must be number on answer line] 18000 (1 for subs + manip) = 20 (allow ecf from (i)) 900 final velocity = 20 (ecf) + 5 = 25 [m/s] (1) OR Final momentum = 4 500 + 18 000 = 22 500 (1) v = 25 [m/s] (1) OR Momentum ratio = velocity ratio e.g. 18 000:4 500 = 4 so arrive at a [change in] velocity of 20 [m/s] (1) v = 25 [m/s] (1) Question total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) | By using a moderator / graphite / water. Accept graphite rods / graphite monitor. BUT moderator + control rods (0) graphite and boron (0). + → + + 3 LHS: Correct symbol for a neutron NOT N (1), correct nuclear symbol for plutonium (1), RHS: correct nuclear symbols for Yttrium and Caesium (1), 3 neutrons 3 (1). Accept Accept 3 or 3n Same/equal number (accept amount) of protons/atomic number/55 protons (1) different number (accept amount) of neutrons/mass number/nucleon number (1) Electrons are not awarded but regard as neutral. HOWEVER ‘same number of electrons in neutral atoms’ (1). Question total |
| 5 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) | Subs+manip 40/230 (1) I = 0.17[4] [A] (1) [Do not accept 0.173 but accept 0.2] 118 Subs+manip I2= (1) = 1.44 (1), I = 1.2 [A] (1) If 1.44 on the 82 answer line then award 2 marks. If 1.43 used, no penalty for rounding I will = 1.19 [A] N.B. 1.4 = 1.18 1.2(ecf) current through each lamp = = 0.1 [A] (1) 12 Either pd across dimmer = 1.2 x 82 = 98[.4] (1) pd across lamps = 230 – 98.4 ecf = 131.6 (accept 132) power = 131.6 ecf x 0.1ecf = 13.16 [W] (accept 13.2) (1) 230 OR resistance of each lamp = = 1 322 (1) ecf for 0.174 0.174 Power = 0.12 ecf x 1 322 ecf = 13.22 [W] (1) Question total |
Question
Marking details
Mark
6.
(a)
Indicative content:
GCSE SCIENCE - PHYSICS 3
FOUNDATION TIER
| Question | | | | Marking details | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | (a) (b) | | (i) (ii) (iii) | correct shape with no lines crossing & 2 lines minimum (1 on the top and 1 on the bottom ignore the middle) (1) direction (1) stronger / accept more lines / bigger / increases stronger / accept more lines / bigger / increases reverses direction / opposite direction / goes the other way Question total | | | |
| 2. | (a) (b) | | (i) (ii) | current, primary, magnetic, core / primary, secondary. [5 x 1] 100 turns IC = 100 (1) OC = 1 000 (1) (allow 1 mark for any combination that increases voltage) Question total | | | |
| 3. | (a) (b) | | (i) (ii) | Reasonably straight line joining to C (arrowhead not required) X between incident ray and normal | | | |
| | | ) | | | Medium 2 | Angle of incidence | What happens to the ray of light at the boundary? |
| | | | | | Air | 35o | Refracts (1) |
| | | | | | Glass | 42o | Refracts (1) |
| | | | | | Air | 42o | Travel along the boundary (1) |
| | | | | | Air | 45o | TIR (1) |
| | | | | Question total | | | |
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | (a) (b) (c) | (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) | accept any value between 5 500 and 6 500 K inclusive [ACB is] smaller/cooler or lower temperature/dimmer or converse if referring to Sun but must be clear referring to Sun [any 2 x 1] Both main sequence stars (accept balanced forces) radiation pressure/outward force becomes greater than gravitational force / inward force N.B. must compare the both. Unbalanced forces must be qualified. becomes larger / expands, brighter, cooler / redder [3 x 1] Award marks if appropriate values for the properties given. X marked near white dwarf section Question total |
| 6 | (a) (b) (c) | (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) | If no external / outside force acts (1) the total momentum remains constant /stays the same / is conserved or momentum before [collison/explosion] equals momentum after (1) 15 x 800 (1) = 12 000 [kg m/s] (1) Subs 12 000 or ecf (1) subs 1 600 kg (1) ans = 7.5 [m/s] (1) 16 000 [N] (1) to the left (1) Award 2 marks for -16 000 or equal and opposite force 0 equal and opposite momentum (1) so total momentum is zero (1) Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. Award 1 mark only for momentum to the right cancels momentum to the left unless linked to 1 of the other marking points. Question total |
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7. | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) (iii) | Plots ± ½ small square division (2), curve (1) As the volume increases, the pressure decreases (1) in a non-linear way / decreasing rate (1) (inversely proportional / as volume doubles the pressure is halved award both marks) Around 67 000 (take the value that occurs from their line ± 500 ) Indicative content: As the volume increases, the molecules have further to travel between collisions with the container therefore they take a longer time to travel so the rate of change of momentum is reduced. This reduces the force from any one molecule when in collision with the walls. Since pressure = force / area, the decrease in the force gives a reason for a decrease in pressure / increase in area causes pressure. 5 – 6 marks The candidate constructs an articulate, integrated account correctly linking relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, which shows sequential reasoning. The answer fully addresses the question with no irrelevant inclusions or significant omissions. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 3 – 4 marks The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing some reasoning. The answer addresses the question with some omissions. The candidate uses mainly appropriate scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1 – 2 marks The candidate makes some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing limited reasoning. The answer addresses the question with significant omissions. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit. Question total |
| | | | Foundation tier paper total |
HIGHER TIER
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (a) (b) (c) (d) | (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) | If no external / outside force acts (1) the total momentum remains constant /stays the same / is conserved or momentum before [collison/explosion] equals momentum after (1) 15 x 800 (1) = 12 000 [kg m/s] (1) Subs 12 000 or ecf (1) subs 1 600 kg (1) ans = 7.5 [m/s] (1) 16 000 [N] (1) to the left (1) Award 2 marks for -16 000 or equal and opposite force KE before collision = ½ 800 x 152 = 90 000 [J] (1) KE after collision = ½ 1 600 x 7.52 = 45 000 [J] (1) ecf from (b)(ii) KE loss = 45 000 [J](1) Award a maximum of 2 marks 0 equal and opposite momentum (1) so total momentum is zero (1) Either mark can be awarded on its own but only award 2 marks if they are linked. Award 1 mark only for momentum to the right cancels momentum to the left unless linked to 1 of the other marking points. Question total |
Question
Marking details
Mark
2.
(a) (i)
Plots ± ½ small square division (2), curve (1)
3
| Question | | | Marking details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) | U coil A because it has the bigger voltage of the two [both points required for the mark] or it’s a step-down transformer or A has less current to set up a changing magnetic field [in the iron core] don’t accept moving to transfer / link the field into coil B The changing magnetic field induces a voltage in coil B (cutting is neutral) [1 sub] N = 960 (1) 2 Question total |
| 5 | (a) (b) | (i) (ii) | [surface and] longitudinal / P waves [arrive between B and C]. (DO NOT ACCEPT “It is a shadow zone for S waves”) Surface waves / none [are detected between C and D]. (Accept it is in the shadow zones of S and P waves) Any 4 x (1): in the mantle stiffness increases with depth (1) so wave speed increases / refraction (1), solid mantle, liquid core (1) [entering the liquid core] the stiffness decreases / density increases (1) so the wave speed decreases / refracts the other way (1) Question total |
| 6 | (a) (b) (c) | (i) (ii) | 360.5(1) = 1.8 20(1) Take a very small interval of length (e.g. 5 cm) / draw a tangent and find its gradient Line below the one drawn from 60oC (1) down to, but never falling below room temp (1) Presence of free electrons (1) which [transfer energy when they] collide (1) Award 1 mark only for moving particles which transfer energy by collisions. Question total |
| Question | | Marking details | Mark |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7. | (a) (b) | Using E=mc2, 4 x 1026 = m x (3 x 108)2 (1) m ~ 4.4 x 109 [kg] (1) Indicative content: At the end of the main sequence, hydrogen is exhausted and the balance between gravity and radiation pressure fails. Initially, radiation pressure drops and the core contracts, density increases and the temperature increases allowing heavier elements to fuse. This is the red giant stage. Meanwhile the lighter elements continue fusing in a shell around the nucleus. Stars like the Sun never reach sufficient temperatures to create elements as heavy as iron. Eventually, the core will run out of helium fuel, and in order to maintain equilibrium, the core will contract again to initiate the last type of fusion – carbon. 5 – 6 marks The candidate constructs an articulate, integrated account correctly linking relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, which shows sequential reasoning. The answer fully addresses the question with no irrelevant inclusions or significant omissions. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 3 – 4 marks The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing some reasoning. The answer addresses the question with some omissions. The candidate uses mainly appropriate scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1 – 2 marks The candidate makes some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing limited reasoning. The answer addresses the question with significant omissions. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit. Question total | 2 6 [8] |
| | | Higher tier paper total | [60] |
GCSE SCIENCE - PHYSICS MS SUMMER 2013
WJEC 245 Western Avenue Cardiff CF5 2YX Tel No 029 2026 5000
Fax 029 2057 5994
E-mail: email@example.com
website: www.wjec.co.uk
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<urn:uuid:9dc25bfc-7337-46ee-a5dc-6049a692ad15>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 28,198
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Offenlegungsbericht nach Art. 433b Abs. 2 CRR der Raiffeisenbank eG Scharrel zum 31.12.2023
Unsere Rai ffei senbank eG Scharrel verfügt gemäß Art. 431 CRR über geeignete i nterne Verfahren, i n denen wir festgelegt haben, wie wi r unseren Offenl egungspfl ichten nachkommen. Di eser Offenl egungsbericht wurde im Ei nklang mit diesen Verfahren erstellt und vom Vorstand frei gegeben.
1.Schlüsselparameter (Art. 447)
Tabelle EU KM1 - Schlüsselparameter
| EU 14a | Zusätzliche Eigenmittelanforderungen für das Risiko einer übermäßigen Verschuldung (%) | | 0,0000 | 0,0000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU 14b | Davon: in Form von CET1 vorzuhalten (Prozent- punkte) | | 0,0000 | 0,0000 |
| EU 14c | SREP-Gesamtverschuldungsquote (%) | | 3,0000 | 3,0000 |
| | | Anforderung für den Puffer bei der Verschuldungsquote und die Gesamtverschuldungsquote (in % der | | |
| | | Gesamtrisikopositionsmessgröße) | | |
| EU 14d | Puffer bei der Verschuldungsquote (%) | | | |
| EU 14e | Gesamtverschuldungsquote (%) | | 3,0000 | 3,0000 |
| | | Liquiditätsdeckungsquote | | |
| 15 | Liquide Aktiva hoher Qualität (HQLA) insgesamt (ge- wichteter Wert – Durchschnitt) | | 5.500 | 6.851 |
| EU 16a | Mittelabflüsse – Gewichteter Gesamtwert | | 15.631 | 15.802 |
| EU 16b | Mittelzuflüsse – Gewichteter Gesamtwert | | 16.477 | 13.877 |
| 16 | Nettomittelabflüsse insgesamt (angepasster Wert) | | 2.908 | 2.200 |
| 17 | Liquiditätsdeckungsquote (%) | | 189,1575 | 311,3276 |
| | | Strukturelle Liquiditätsquote | | |
| 18 | Verfügbare stabile Refinanzierung, gesamt | | 258.464 | 243.330 |
| 19 | Erforderliche stabile Refinanzierung, gesamt | | 229.950 | 210.313 |
| 20 | Strukturelle Liquiditätsquote (NSFR) (%) | | 112,4003 | 115,6992 |
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FMM INSTITUTE SELANGOR
Centre for Professional Development
SBL-KHAS SCHEME
ADMIN SKILLS AND DUTIES
DECEMBER 4 - 5, 2023 | 9.00AM – 5.00PM | FMM SELANGOR & KUALA LUMPUR BRANCH
OBJECTIVES
FACILITATOR
- Discover excellence and pride in their jobs through a realization of their roles, duties, procedures, rules;
- Prioritize work and be effective and efficient in producing excellent results;
- Master the skills of goal setting & time management;
- Communicate effectively and assertively with boss and colleagues
- Practise effective usage of office communication systems;
- Be self-motivated and be a proactive support to their superiors and colleagues for team results
CONTENTS
- The Challenges of Administration in Today's Business Environment
- Enhancing Work Productivity
- Time Management Skills
- Enhancing Job Effectiveness Through Goal Setting &
- Managing Office Communication Systems
- Effective Interpersonal and Communication Skills
- Preparing For Growth and Opportunities
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Clerical & Administrative staff
Date: December 4 - 5, 2023
Time: 9.00am – 5.00pm
Venue :
FMM Selangor & Kuala Lumpur Branch 8A, Jalan Pensyarah U1/28, Hicom Glenmarie Industrial Park 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Fees: FMM Members – RM 1,272 per participant
Non-Members – RM 1,484 per participant
(inclusive of 6% service tax)
(Fees include course materials, refreshments, lunch and Certificate of Attendance)
Irene Choong holds a Master in Training and Human Resource Development (MTHRD) from Newport University, USA and Bachelor of Arts (Hons) degree from the University of Malaya. She has accumulated wide experience in the fields of management, human resource education, corporate communications, marketing and service having served in management capacities in various industries. She is a Certified Professional Trainer from the Malaysian Institute of Management (MIM-CPT) as well as a Certified Practitioner of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP). She was with United Engineers Malaysia (UEM) and was also a Senior Management Executive with Projek Lebuhraya Utara -Selatan (PLUS). There, she was responsible for developing, organising and co-ordinating all public relation programmes, publications and corporate events. She also had the opportunity of working with a master trainer of NLP where she gained enormous training experience in human resource development. Irene has served as Manager for a leading direct selling company and was responsible for human resource and the smooth functioning of the service centre. She also managed an Educational Consultancy firm and was responsible for staff development, developing marketing and advertising programmes, liaison with overseas principals and institutions for higher learning in the United States of America, Australia, United Kingdom and Switzerland. For 15 years, Irene has facilitated many workshops for corporate organisations that include leadership, coaching & counselling, customer service, assertive communication, teambuilding, personal discovery & empowerment, emotional intelligence, confidence and public speaking skills. She also facilitates workshops & talks for Toastmasters, Malaysian Institute of Management (MIM), Corporate Managers Conference, Secretaries Conferences and the Malaysian Association of Facilitators (MAF). She is proficient in both English and Bahasa Malaysia. An enthusiastic and lively speaker, Irene is an active member of the Sunway Toastmasters Club and has held various key positions in the Club. She has won numerous in-house speech contests, having represented the Club in the 1994 and 1998 Division C Annual Speech Contest. She has been awarded the title of Competent Toastmaster (CTM) and Competent Leader (CL), award given in recognition of competence & leadership in the Toastmasters movement.
For further enquiries, please contact:
Siti Nazihah / Azrini
FMM Institute
Selangor & Kuala Lumpur Branch
Tel: 03-55692950 / 4171 / 4471 Fax: 03-55694346
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org / email@example.com
www.fmm.org.my
REGISTRATION FORM
ADMIN SKILLS AND DUTIES
DECEMBER 4-5, 2023 (MONDAY-TUESDAY) FMM SELANGOR & KUALA LUMPUR BRANCH
FMM Institute Selangor (SST No: W10-1901-32000105 | CO ID: 475427W_SELANGOR)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org /email@example.com
Tel: 03-55692950/4471/4171
Please register the following participant(s) for the above programme:
1. Name
Designation
E-mail
Nationality
IC / Passport No.
2. Name
Designation
E-mail
Nationality
IC / Passport No.
3. Name
Designation
E-mail
Nationality
IC / Passport No.
(If space is insufficient, please attach a separate list)
Disclaimer
Registration is on a first-come first-served basis. All cancellations must be made in writing. There will be no charge for cancellation received 14 or more working days before the start of the programme. Cancellation received 7 – 14 working days before the start of the programme is subject to a cancellation fee of 50% of the programme fees. Cancellation received 6 working days and below before the start of the programme is subject to a cancellation fee of 100% of the programme fees. If the participant fails to attend the programme or less than 75% attendance, the full programme fees are payable. However, replacement can be accepted at no additional cost. The FMM Institute reserves the right to change the speaker, reschedule or cancel the programme and all efforts will be taken to inform participants of the changes.
We hereby confirm that (Please tick accordingly):
We will be claiming from HRD Corp and full payment would be made to FMM Institute in the event that no disbursement from HRD Corp under any circumstances.
We will NOT BE CLAIMING from HRD Corp. Payment will be made to account payee FMM Institute by cheque or bank transfer to Maybank Account No 5-62106-64719-2
Submitted by:
Name:
Designation:
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Company:
__________________________________ FMM Membership No.:
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Address:
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My Corporate Identity No.:
_______________________________________________________________________
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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eng_Latn
| 6,498
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DONAT PUTX
JAUME SISA, EL COMPTADOR D’ESTRELLES
Donat Putx
Jaume Sisa, el comptador d'estrelles
Converses
Editorial Empúries
Barcelona
© Donat Putx, 2015
Primera edició: març del 2015
© d’aquesta edició: Grup Editorial 62, s.l.u.,
Editorial Empúries
email@example.com
www.editorialempuries.cat
Fotocomposició: Àtona Víctor Igual
Impressió: Reinbook
DIPÒSIT LEGAL: B. 4.223-2015
ISBN: 978-84-9787-993-4
Queda rigorosament prohibida sense autorització escrita de l’editor qualsevol forma de reproducció, distribució, comunicació pública o transformació d’aquesta obra, que serà sotmesa a les sancions establertes per la llei. Podeu adreçar-vos a Cedro (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org) si necessiteu fotocopiar o escanejar algun fragment d’aquesta obra (www.conlicencia.com; 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 47). Tots els drets reservats
SUMARI
Nota preliminar 8
«Forever young», si pot ser 9
El paradís guanyat 24
Un ie-ie a Tunísia 37
Mao Tse-tung i altres hipnòtics 50
Qualsevol nit a Canet 64
La vida zelestial 78
Impostura i vil metall 93
El teatre, sense abusar 105
Barcelona, ciutat amniòtica 119
Primera mort 131
Ricardo Solfa i els negocis de l'ànima 144
Setze anys i un dia 159
L'art és una malaltia (i Bob Dylan, Nostre Senyor) 173
El pes de la pàtria 185
El contuberni digital 199
Totes i tots 212
Epíleg: Malalt del cel 225
Índex onomàstic 239
«FOREVER YOUNG», SI POT SER
Jo sóc l’home dibuixat
El que no té carn ni os
(1968)
No viu gaire lluny de la plaça Urquinaona... i ningú respon al timbre del seu pis. És estrany: Sisa no és un home informal, si més no quan es tracta de treballar. Però tampoc contesta ningú al telèfon de casa. Al mòbil hi ha més sort:
—Collons, nen, si que ets puntual! Que t’has fet protestant? —diu el cantautor quan despenja.
—De moment, no...
—Ah, ah! Espera’m, que estic arribant.
Poc després, la figura allargada del ciutadà Jaume Sisa i Mestres es dibuixa al final del carrer. Cabells curts, ulls petits, somriu amb un punt de malícia, i enrotlla els auriculars que duia posats a un minúscul aparell de ràdio de marca indeterminada:
—Si vols, agafa l’ascensor —diu mentre obre el portal—. Jo pugo a peu, que a aquestes edats ens convé fer exercici, tu...
Se’l veu en forma, content, i amb ganes de filosofar.
—La vida és una cosa molt estranya, però d’això només n’ets conscient quan vas acumulant anys. Jo
estic en un punt en què aquesta estranyesa va augmentant. Dia a dia tot es va fent més estrany, però més estrany a la pràctica, no només en teoria. Quan tenia vint anys, jo ja volia ser vell. D’alguna manera, m’interessava més el saber dels vells que no pas la vitalitat dels joves. Però passava que no podia defugir la vitalitat pròpia de la meva edat. I ara que aquella vitalitat ja no la tinc, el saber que jo atribuïa als vells —per experiència, per coneixement...—, em fa la impressió que és un saber que està buit. Que al darrere no hi ha res, que és més el que sembla que trobaràs que el que trobes finalment... La paradoxa és que allò que buscaves no ho trobes, i el que tenies ho has perdut. I la sensació d’estranyesa no deixa d’augmentar, perquè és una experiència desconeguda, ja que mai havia tingut seixanta-cinc anys com tinc ara. Amb tot, intueixo que ara estic en les millors condicions possibles per ser jove de veritat.
—En què consisteix ser jove de veritat?
—La primera condició per ser jove de veritat és que tinguis molts anys. Ser jove als vint o als trenta anys no té cap mèrit. En canvi, a partir dels seixanta, el mèrit hi és tot, perquè t’ho has de guanyar, t’has d’esforçar, has de treballar... Jo ara surto a caminar cada dia, i és una cosa que no havia fet mai. Als vint, trenta, quaranta, cinquanta anys, pensava: «Caminar? Quina cosa més estúpida! Home, si he d’anar a algun lloc ja caminaré, però si no....». En canvi, ara surto a caminar per caminar. Perquè resulta que si
camino, em trobo més bé. A l’edat que jo tinc, viure representa un esforç que abans no necessitava fer. I així és com puc arribar a conquerir coses com la joventut o la innocència, perquè són coses que les treballes amb una consciència i una voluntat que els dóna valor i els dóna preu.
—És com si abans haguessis viscut per impulsos, mentre que ara vius guiat per la consciència?
—Ara visc aplicant una consciència pràctica i immediata de les coses, visco d’una manera que no et fa cap falta fins que comences a sentir les punxades de la vellesa. Jo em considero un vell que, dins dels vells, és un vell jove, perquè ara la gent viu fins passats els vuitanta. La meva mare va morir amb seixanta-quatre anys, i tothom deia: «Ai, que jove s’ha mort!». El meu pare va morir amb vuitanta-cinc, però en el seu cas ningú va dir que s’havia mort jove. Per això et dic que jo em considero un vell novell… I un cop assumit això, la trempera és màxima, perquè a partir d’una edat com la meva tens dues opcions. Pots començar a mirar enrere i pensar: «Hòstia, estic acabat, això és el final, mai tornaré a tenir ni el vigor, ni l’energia, ni la illusió d’abans, i per tant tot és una merda i em cago en Déu»; o també pots pensar: «Hòstia, tinc seixanta-cinc anys, probablement encara me’n queden deu o quinze de vida, i espero que en bones condicions: doncs collonut!». És com viure una propina. Com si la vida et digués que l’edat bona s’ha acabat, però que encara et queda una pròrroga. I d’això te n’has
d’alegrar, sobretot si estàs en bon estat de conservació, com és el meu cas. Jo me n’alegro, i visco aquesta pròrroga de manera intensa.
—Com has dit, aquesta manera de viure implica fer un esforç. També comporta un plaer?
—És cert que suposa un esforç, però és un esforç que, un cop has arribat a aquesta conclusió filosòfica, el fas inconscientment. I sí, jo m’ho prenc com un plaer, perquè si no entraria en una depressió tremenda i em tiraria balcó avall. Em considero un home afortunat, perquè he viscut una vida feliç i amb plenitud de facultats. He fet el que m’ha agradat, no he passat precarietats, ni he tingut problemes de salut que em deixessin incapacitat. M’he divertit, m’he guanyat la vida... no em puc queixar gens! Si algú m’oferís tornar a néixer i viure la vida que he viscut, li diria que sí... Bé, no és veritat: li diria que sí al principi, però després li diria que no, per poder satisfacer la curiositat de viure d’una altra manera. Estic molt satisfet amb la vida: encara tinc ganes de fer un disc, de parlar amb tu de tot això, i d’algunes coses més.
—L’any 1996, vas incloure al llibre disc «El Viajante» l’esquela d’un tal XYZ, que anuncia la seva pròpia mort, precisant que ha traspassat «en un hotel rodeado de jóvenes, drogas, música y champagne». Després de la música, ets més partidari de la joventut, de les drogues o del xampany?
—La joventut és un estat de l’ànima que penso conquerir. Les drogues mai no m’han interessat gaire, la veritat. Les he provat, però no me n’he quedat cap. Pel que fa al xampany... home, si canviem xampany per whisky, això sí que m’ha interessat. He estat amb el whisky fins que el whisky m’ha abandonat: els anys m’han anat separant d’ell, i ara tenim una relació esporàdica.
—És curiós que no t’hagin interessat les drogues, que per altra banda han tingut una gran presència i un gran pes entre la gent de la teva generació...
—Sí, sí. I al mateix temps jo considero que sense drogues no es pot viure. Els animals no necessiten drogues, però els humans sí. De fet, sense drogues no hi ha vida conscient que pugui anomenar-se així.
—Però si acabes de dir que no t’interessen!
—Diguem que no n’he trobat cap que em satisfés completament. M’ha agradat fumar marihuana, fins que he hagut de deixar el tabac: ara ja no puc amb el fum. N’he fumada fins fa uns anys, no pas de forma habitual, però sempre que s’ha presentat l’ocasió. La cocaïna no m’ha agradat i l’heroïna no l’he volgut tastar mai. He pres àcid un parell de cops, i ha sigut un mal rotllo. I les pastilles no m’han interessat. De tota manera, et reitero que les drogues són imprescindibles, i tinc una teoria sobre això que vaig formular al llibre *Lletres galàctiques*.
—Crec que és un bon moment per exposar-la, aquesta teoria.
—En resum, hi ha tres classes de drogues. En el primer nivell, hi ha les drogues menors, i comprèn per
una banda les drogues físiques —les substàncies que van del tabac a l’heroïna, passant pels fàrmacs i el vi—, i també les drogues psicològiques, que són el matrimoni, el futbol, el nacionalisme, la sensibilitat cristiana i, des de fa poc, internet. Aquestes drogues menors fan que la vida es pugui viure —totes les civilitzacions han consumit una substància o altra—, i també garanteixen la cohesió social —com diu el meu amic Carles Flavià: «Tu saps quants crims domèstics evita el futbol?»—. Després hi ha les drogues majors: la poesia, la música, la creació artística en general. Aquestes són drogues importants, més elaborades, que ens permeten viure amb més riquesa, i fan que l’existència sigui més bella. Finalment, hi ha les drogues definitives, que són la solitud i el pensament, o si vols la filosofia o la música. Són drogues molt serioses, que s’han de saber administrar molt bé, perquè et podrien dur a la bogeria. No vull dir que t’hagin de matar, però el perill és molt alt.
—T’agraderia acabar els teus dies com aquell XYZ de l’esquela?
—Sí. És exactament com penso que s’ha de rematar una vida perquè tingui una mínima dignitat.
—Hi penses molt, en la mort?
—No hi havia pensat mai, però ara cada vegada hi penso més. Darrerament, cada vegada se’m moren més amics de la meva edat, o una mica més grans, o una mica més joves. Als vint anys, no se’m moria
ningú. Als trenta, recordo que es va morir algú per sobredosi, i als quaranta, un parell d’amics que van tenir accidents... Això és una cosa que va pujant d’intensitat, i arriba un moment que vius la vida com un camp de mines, on tu vas caminant sabent que en qualsevol moment en pots trepitjar una. Intentes oblidar-ho, perquè si no estaries sempre amb una angoixa insuportable... Però sí, cada vegada penso més en la mort, i penso més en la meva mort. De vegades em trobo especulant com serà la meva mort, o com m’agradaria que fos si la pogués triar. M’agradaria poder-la triar. O més ben dit, si en un moment donat em trobo amb una sentència, em penso que llavors prendré una decisió.
—Quina mena de decisió?
—La decisió de no admetre la degradació ni el patiment, perquè penso que no s’hi guanya res. Per als cristians pot estar bé —ja saps: «El que Déu ens dóna està bé, resignació i a patir com un animal»—, però a mi no m’entra al cap, això. No ho he entès mai. Ara fa poc que s’ha mort un amic meu. Estava sentenciat tres mesos abans, però ell va decidir aguantar fins a l’últim segon, patint fins al final, i pal·liant el dolor a base de morfina. Naturalment, jo no hi tinc res a dir, perquè en un tràngol així, tothom ha de fer el que cregui que ha de fer. Però em sembla que, en la seva situació, jo hagués fet una altra cosa. No hi trobo sentit, en això de veure com et vas apagant a poc a poc, patint i fent patir els que t’envolten! Perquè a tu, mira, si et van fotent morfina, encara...
A mi només me n’han posat una vegada, de morfina. Va ser quan vaig tenir un infart, i realment vaig entendre els ionquis, perquè et situa en el millor dels mons possibles. Ets sents Déu, no et fa mal res, tens un bon rotllo i un estat d’ànim magnífics. Pots passar-te tota la nit amb dolor extrem, com era el meu cas, i a les deu del matí trobar-te com una rosa. Quan va venir el metge i em va dir que havia tingut un infart, i que m’hauria de quedar uns quants dies ingressat a l’hospital, li vaig dir: «No me’n puc anar a casa? Però si ara em trobo molt bé, estic de meravella, estic millor que mai!». I ell que em diu: «Sí, sí, però vostè es troba així perquè li hem posat morfina». És clar, és clar... Hòstia, ara ho entenc: potser a aquests que els diuen que els queden pocs mesos de vida i no acceleren el final... potser és perquè proven la morfina i diuen: «Hòstia, jo em vull quedar aquí, i que duri!».
—Veig que et preocupa més la manera de morir que no pas el fet en si. De debò que no et regira res més, la mort?
—No, no em regira res. Per a mi la mort és la transformació de la matèria. L’espirit sense la matèria no té sentit, no existeix, no hi ha res. Això ja ho va demostrar Hegel, que no era precisament catòlic. La mort és com si te n’anessis a dormir i ja no et despertessis més. No hi veig més entrellat que aquest. Qualsevol altra cosa és una fantasia. No hi ha cap misteri.
—Així doncs, no ets un home religiós.
—És que jo la religió l’entenc d’una altra manera. Per a mi, la religió no té res a veure amb la mort i el que hi ha després de la mort.
—Aleshores, ets creient, ateu, agnòstic...?
—Jo sóc galàctic. I el galàctic té una visió tan global de les coses, de les realitats, que fa que no li calgui ser ni creient, ni agnòstic, ni ateu. Potser l’única temptació que em permetria és la del gnòstic, que és la via mística del coneixement, la connexió directa amb la transcendència. Però tot això ho tramito a través de la poesia. En el meu cas, la mística és una via de coneixement més. La via que jo practico, és la de la poesia i les cançons. Per això no em declaro un místic, em declaro un filomístic. La mística i la transcendència són armes poètiques, no armes personals. Però, per una altra banda, jo tampoc em declaro materialista, perquè penso que la matèria no només és el que creiem que és. La matèria són moltes coses, entre les quals l’esperit. L’esperit i la matèria en realitat són una mateixa cosa. Es tracta d’anar buscant la font original del tot, i en aquest tot hi ha la matèria i l’energia com una cosa indissociable per a nosaltres, els humans. Jo no sé si els àngels són energia pura o esperit pur, però jo no sóc un àngel, perquè a mi m’agrada follar, m’agrada menjar i necessito caigar, i els àngels, que jo sàpiga, no fan aquestes coses. Ara, a mi m’interessa molt, la figura de l’àngel. M’interessa no tant dins de l’ornament catòlic, sinó per l’aspiració que representa. I per això m’interessa tant
Francesc Pujols quan parla dels àngels. Per a mi, quan Pujols parla dels àngels fa una metàfora que no està tan lluny de Nietzsche quan parla del superhome. L’un i l’altre no diuen exactament el mateix, però tots dos es refereixen a les aspiracions de l’espirit, a les tensions i els anhels d’ascensió espiritual. Així com els marxistes diagnostiquen les tensions d’ascensió social com el motor que mou la humanitat, jo parlaria de les tensions d’ascensió espiritual. Parlaria de Pujols i de Nietzsche.
—Ascensió espiritual per assolir què?
—Per assolir una condició humana més elevada, més perfecta i millor. Això ho pots fer a través de la mística, de la poesia, del coneixement, de la ciència, de l’art… I també ho pots fer a través de la religió ben entesa. La religió seria com la via normativa ortodoxa d’aquesta tensió, d’aquest anhel d’elevació espiritual.
—Algú que et coneix bé m’ha dit que tu series feliç en una mena de monestir laic on es pogues beure, fumar i fornicar. És veritat?
—Sí. De fet, el concepte de monestir laic m’interessa molt. D’alguna manera seria el punt de trobada ideal entre l’alegria de viure la carn i l’alegria de viure l’espirit. Però sobretot, de l’alegria de viure, que és allò que les religions acostumen a negar, i aquí ja topem amb una muralla molt difícil de saltar. És un concepte que m’interessa des del punt de vista poètic, perquè no el sabria situar a la realitat, ja que fins a on
jo sé no existeix un monestir així, o jo no l’he sabut trobar. Hi ha hagut intents, però: els falansteris, les comunitats hippies, les comunes anarquistes dels anys trenta, els monestirs budistes de Califòrnia... tots són experiments molt interessants. Potser agafant el millor de cada una d’aquestes experiències, es podria conformar una mena de monestir laic tal com jo el veig. Un lloc en què cadascú pogués preservar i desenvolupar la seva individualitat, però on al mateix temps hi hagués una vida en comú. Hi hauria d’haver un reglament, és clar. Les lleis i les normes són inevitables des del moment en què els homes viuen junts, però aquestes lleis sempre poden ser moltes o poques, més rígides o més flexibles, orientades cap a una banda o cap a l’altra... En fi, tot això és una teoria que mai he acabat de desenvolupar per diversos motius.
—Què t’ho ha impedit?
—La raó primera i principal és que a mi no m’agra- da treballar. Considero que el treball és una maledicció, i que no dignifica, ni serveix per a cap cosa bona, excepte en el cas del treball que un faci sobre si mateix. Per això m’han interessat tant disciplines com l’alquímia, que et parla precisament del treball que fas sobre tu mateix. Però el treball entès com una activitat productiva d’una comunitat o un conjunt d’individus, això em penso que és més aviat una tragèdia. És una obligació que s’ha d’assumir si volem viure, perquè s’han de produir coses i s’han d’organitzar, però tota la part positiva queda devaluada
per tota l'altra part d'obligació i sacrifici que comporta. La vida contemporània ens dóna una sèrie d'avantatges com la higiene, la medicina, el confort, l'accés al coneixement, les comunicacions. Però... i el preu que paguem per tenir totes aquestes coses? És allò que diu Freud quan parla del malestar de la cultura. Sabem més coses, som més rics, més lliures, més cultes, estem més sans, però el preu que es paga per tenir tot això és altíssim! El progrés comporta que els reglaments siguin cada vegada més rígids. Per tant, es pot ser feliç tenint moltes coses, però pagant-les molt cares. I també es pot ser feliç no tenint gairebé res, i pràcticament de franc. El que no pot ser és tenir moltes coses i gratis. I també seria molt absurd pagar les coses molt cares i no tenir res.
—Ets individualista, oi?
—Sí, jo sóc bàsicament individualista, i això em ve del meu pare. Ell era com jo: no confiava gaire en la salvació a través de les doctrines, les ideologies, els ismes. Era un home que tenia un sentit de la llibertat individual molt acurat. Aquesta és una herència que he rebut de manera natural i que he cultivat amb molt carinyo. No m’ha costat gens. Jo he viscut sol pràcticament sempre, i per a mi aquest és l’estat normal.
—La solitud no t’angoixa, doncs.
—Al contrari. A mi la solitud m’alimenta, i no sabria viure d’una altra manera. De jove he compartit cases, he viscut en grup, i després en parella de forma ocasional i durant èpoques curtes. Però sempre he
tornat al meu estat natural. Mai he tingut la temptació de formar una família, tenir fills, ni res de tot això...
—Però una vegada vas estar a punt de casar-te...
—Sí, però era molt jove. Fins i tot vam començar a redactar com seria la participació, ha, ha! Quina cosa més absurda! No sé com vaig poder fer-ho. A última hora vaig veure que no anàvem bé... i ella també ho va acabar veient, encara que li va costar una mica més de temps. Teníem poc més de vint anys, i vam dir: «I ara ens hem de fotre en aquest embolic quan el que ens ve de gust és viure, viatjar, conèixer gent i provar-ho tot? Si fem aquest pas d’aquí tres mesos estarem separats i barallats. Deixem-ho córrer». Va ser un error de joventut... Compatir la vida vol dir donar explicacions i justificar-se permanentment, i per a mi això és molt pesat. Hi ha persones que ho saben fer, i em sembla molt bé, i veig que són felices vivint així, o sembla que ho siguin. Però jo prefereixo viure sol, perquè això em permet relacionar-me amb la resta de persones i fer-ho molt de gust.
—Aquest amor per la solitud no és gaire usual. Et consideres un home estrany?
—No ho sé. És que jo em considero una persona absolutament normal, i a mi el que m’estranya és que els altres no siguin tan normals com ho sóc jo.
—Els estranys són ells...
—Sí, sí. El món està ple de gent raríssima. L’única persona normal al món sóc jo. Jo parteixo d’aquesta premissa.
—I et costa gaire viure en aquest món de persones estranyes?
—No, no és gens difícil. És molt enriquidor, engrescador, estimulant. I de vegades també és una mica desconcertant, però a mi ja em va bé que sigui així. Jo em situo en una posició d’espectador del meravellos espectacle del món. Sóc un espectador privilegiat, i de vegades penso que potser tot això ho han fet perquè jo en gaudeixi. Com si haguessin fet el món per a mi.
—No ets una mica arrogant, quan dius això?
—No, perquè al mateix temps, tinc la consciència de ser una absoluta merda, de no ser res. La meva autoestima és baixíssima. Jo sóc un home inculte, no he estudiat gaire ni he anat a la universitat. Sóc un home poc agraciat físicament. Tinc molts defectes. Jo em considero un home intolerant, mal educat, amb mal caràcter. Em costa molt suportar les altres persones si no estic de bon humor. Perdo la paciència ràpidament. Si em deixés anar a mi mateix, sortiria al carrer amb una metralladora i començaria a matar gent. Jo sóc una bèstia perillosa, sóc un ésser insociable, sóc una cosa execrable... Sóc el pitjor que hi ha! A partir d’aquí, ja em diràs quina arrogància puc tenir...
—Ets molt dur amb tu mateix! Més que dur, ets cruel.
—Absolutament. Segurament, jo practico una classe de masoquisme espiritual que, de tan refinat com és, no en tinc consciència. Per això et deia que em trobo una persona absolutament normal, sana, razonable, fins al punt de fregar la vulgaritat i la mediocritat absoluta. Això és un extrem. L’altre és la capacitat que tinc per mirar el món com un espectacle i pensar: «Mira, mira què fan, aquests humans!». Jo em moc entre aquests dos extrems. O l’un, o l’altre: mai entremig. I veig que el món és un guirigall, que no té cap sentit. Que és un fenomen de fúria, bogeria i buidor. L’expressió pura de l’absurd, això és el món!
—I l’absurd t’atrau, eh?
—Home, és que és el vertigen de l’abisme. Si hi ha alguna cosa interessant, és això, l’absurd. Perquè l’altra cara... ja em diràs! Saber que avui anirem a buscar bolets i demà anirem al cine, que podrem votar uns partits que ens prometen vés a saber què... En fi, tot això, per a mi té molt poc interès!
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| Day | Date | Time | Subject Code | Subject |
|-----------|------------|--------------------|--------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Wednesday | 24-04-2024 | 2.00 pm to 5.00 pm | BCM 2.1 | Principles of Business Management |
| Friday | 26-04-2024 | 2.00 pm to 3.30 pm | BCM 2.2.1 | Basics of Economics |
| | | | BCM 2.2.2 | Computer Hardware and Networking |
| | | | BCM 2.2.3 | Legal Aspects of Business |
| Monday | 29-04-2024 | 2.00 pm to 3.30 pm | BCM 2.3.1 | Fundamentals of Financial Accounting |
| | | | BCM 2.3.2 | Indian Financial System |
| Thursday | 02-05-2024 | 2.00 pm to 3.30 pm | BCM 2.4.1 | Indian Banking and Insurance System |
| | | | BCM 2.4.2 | Quantitative Aptitude and Logical Reasoning |
| Saturday | 04-05-2024 | 2.00 pm to 3.30 pm | BCM 2.5 | Basics of Tally Prime |
| Tuesday | 07-05-2024 | 2.00 pm to 3.30 pm | BCM 2.6.1 | Correspondence Skills |
| | | | BCM 2.6.2 | Public Administration |
| Thursday | 09-05-2024 | 2.00 pm to 3.30 pm | BCM 2.7 | English-a Better India a Better World |
| Saturday | 11-05-2024 | 2.00 pm to 3.30 pm | BCM 2.8 | Value Education |
**GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR SEATING ARRANGEMENT**
G. S. College of Commerce & Economics, Nagpur is the examination centre and it is already notified on the hall ticket. The day to day seating arrangement chart will be displayed two hours before the examination each day.
Date: 22-03-2024
Controller of Examinations
Controller of Examinations (COE)
G. S. College of Commerce & Economics,
Nagpur.
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Fiche de révision du chapitre 4
Partie cours
- connaître la notation et la valeur de la charge élémentaire, savoir que l'unité de charge est le coulomb (C)
- connaître et savoir retrouver la constitution de l'atome (nom des particules et quantité)
- connaître les charges des particules (noms)
- savoir quelles sont les particules les plus lourdes ou les plus légères dans l'atome
- connaître la signification des lettres Z et A et savoir les utiliser
- savoir que l'atome est neutre électriquement et ses conséquences
- savoir écrire le symbole d'un atome avec les lettres Z et A, les symboles étant donnés
- savoir exprimer et calculer la charge du noyau et du nuage électronique
- savoir exprimer et calculer la masse d'un atome ou de son noyau
- savoir transformer et utiliser les deux relations précédentes
- savoir comment on obtient un ion à partir d'un atome
- savoir comment est chargé un cation et un anion
- savoir déduire de la charge d'un ion le nombre d'électrons
- connaître et savoir retrouver la constitution de l'ion (nom des particules et quantité)
- connaître la notion d'élément chimique
- savoir qu'un élément chimique est caractérisé par son nombre de protons Z
- savoir la définition d'un isotope et l'identifier
- connaître la loi de conservation des éléments chimiques lors d'une transformation chimique et sa signification
Partie T.P.
- maîtrisez les règles de sécurité en laboratoire
- savoir identifier le risque d'un pictogramme et connaître les conseils de prudence basiques associés
- savoir rédiger une expérience de chimie (mode opératoire, schémas, observations, interprétations, conclusions)
- savoir établir un protocole expérimental adapté à une démarche de recherche
Utiliser le site pour la révision
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Michail Wojejkow, Prof. Dr., Institut für Ökonomie der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift »Alternativy«.
»Diese beiden großen Entdeckungen: die materialistische Geschichtsauffassung und die Enthüllung des Geheimnisses der kapitalistischen Produktion vermittelst des Mehrwerts, verdanken wir Marx. Mit ihnen wurde der Sozialismus eine Wissenschaft, die es sich nun zunächst darum handelt, in allen ihren Einzelheiten und Zusammenhängen weiter auszuarbeiten.« Friedrich Engels: AntiDühring. Einleitung. In: MEW, Bd. 20, S. 26.
MICHAIL WOJEJKOW
Der ökonomische Determinismus der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung. Lehren und Perspektiven
Wenn man mit Gewinn über das Schicksal und die Perspektive des Marxismus sprechen will, muß man zunächst bestimmen, was darunter zu verstehen ist. Das heute zu tun, ist außerordentlich schwierig. Selbstverständlich ist Engels Aussage, daß der Marxismus auf zwei konstituierenden Prinzipien beruht, auf der Lehre vom Mehrwert (und der Arbeitswerttheorie im allgemeinen) und der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung (dem historischen Materialismus). Dies ist die streng wissenschaftliche und am Text festzustellende Auffassung vom Marxismus. Diese klassische Bestimmung ist nützlich, wenn man sich dem Marxismus als strenger wissenschaftlicher Theorie nähern will.
Daneben gibt es eine weit verbreitete Auslegung des Marxismus als sozialer Sichtweise im weitesten Sinne. Wenn man zum Beispiel von der marxistischen Weltanschauung spricht, meint man nicht die streng wissenschaftliche Theorie, sondern den auf dieser Grundlage entstandenen Komplex der Vorstellungen über alle Seiten des gesellschaftlichen Lebens. Im gegebenen Falle wird der Marxismus aus einer wissenschaftlichen Theorie zu einer allgemeinen, mit dem Christentum oder Konfuzianismus vergleichbaren Weltanschauung.
Die Menschen verhalten sich zum Marxismus auf unterschiedliche Weise, legen ihn auf je besondere Weise aus. Die einen verstehen Marxismus als strenge Theorie, die die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung mehr oder weniger adäquat zu erklären vermag. Andere sehen im Marxismus die umfassende Weltanschauung, die für sie fast gleichbedeutend mit einer religiösen Lehre ist. Daneben gibt es eine Fülle anderer Auffassungen, das Spektrum reicht von einer Auswahl und Fetischisierung einzelner Dogmen bis hin zu einer Theorie der Vergesellschaftung. Nach der Russischen Revolution von 1917 wurde der Marxismus als Wissenschaft (als materialistische Geschichtsauffassung) einer kritischen Revision unterzogen. Unter den Marxisten herrschte die Auffassung vor, daß die sozialistische Revolution nicht im wirtschaftlich und kulturell rückständigen Rußland siegen konnte. Aber die Revolution war siegreich. Dieser Umstand sorgte in den Reihen der Sozialisten für Verwirrung, löste eine anhaltende Debatte aus.
Die Bolschewiki, das trifft vor allem auf die Stalinsche Periode zu, begannen, die wissenschaftliche Seite des Marxismus zu vernachlässigen. Sie bewiesen die Möglichkeit des Aufbaus des Sozialismus in einem – und noch dazu rückständigen – Land.
Die Bolschewiki der Stalinzeit bedienten sich des Marxismus als einer weltanschaulichen Kategorie und verwandelten ihn in eine Art Religion, die sie auf den Namen »Marxismus-Leninismus« tauften.
Andere Sozialisten, die am Marxismus als Weltanschauung festhielten, versuchten weiterhin, das Phänomen der Russischen Revolu- tion im Rahmen des wissenschaftlichen Marxismus zu klären. Die vielfältigen Stand- und Gesichtspunkte, die hier anzutreffen sind, lassen sich auf zwei zurückführen: Die einen meinen, daß die materialistische Geschichtsauffassung nicht auf Rußland zutrifft, wenn man von der Existenz des Sozialismus in der UdSSR ausgeht. Daraus leiten sie die Schlußfolgerung ab, daß der klassische Marxismus (der ökonomische Determinismus) der Revision bedarf. Die anderen bezweifeln, daß der Sozialismus in der UdSSR errichtet worden ist.
Nach dem Zerfall der UdSSR im Jahre 1991 schien es, daß die Meinung der zweiten hier genannten Gruppe die realistische ist. Denn eine stabile Gesellschaftsordnung (der Sozialismus) kann nicht einfach so in einigen wenigen Tagen und ohne Einwirkung äußerer Faktoren (Krieg, Okkupation, Naturkatastrophen usw.) auseinander- bzw. zerfallen. Also hat es in der UdSSR keine sozialistische Gesellschaft im streng marxistischen Sinne gegeben, sondern eine andere Gesellschaftskonstruktion. In diesem Sinne hat das 20. Jahrhundert die Richtigkeit der marxistischen Theorie bestätigt, der zufolge die sozialistische Gesellschaft nur als weltumspannender Prozeß entstehen kann, der von den wirtschaftlich und kulturell entwickeltsten Staaten getragen wird. Das kommende Jahrhundert wird in den ersten Jahrzehnten auch weiterhin die Richtigkeit des Marxismus unter Beweis stellen. Noch bestimmt die Ökonomie die Spezifik der politischen Ordnung der Gesellschaft. Aber bereits heute, mit den »postindustriellen« Entwicklungstendenzen ist klar, daß die zukünftige Gesellschaft die ökonomische Determiniertheit der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung zu überwinden vermag. Die künftige Gesellschaft wird so formiert und gestaltet sein, wie es die Mehrheit für vernünftig hält. Das heißt, die Ideen werden zu dem die Gesellschaft formenden Faktor. Bedeutet das nicht eine Absage an den Marxismus? Zu einer generellen Absage wird es nicht kommen, nur wird der Marxismus in der postindustriellen Gesellschaft nicht mehr als Marxismus im engeren Sinne verstanden werden können. Viel aktueller und viel wirkungsmächtiger wird der Marxismus als Weltanschauung sein. Und der Marxismus als Weltanschauung wird um ein Vielfaches reicher und komplizierter sein, als man es sich heute vorstellen kann.
Die zweite Schlußfolgerung, die man als Lehre aus dem 20. Jahrhundert ziehen kann, ist, daß der Marxismus der Zukunft weitere, ja wesentliche Veränderungen erfahren wird. Es ist durchaus möglich, daß der Marxismus Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts zu einer allgemeinen und universellen Sozialtheorie wird. Das ist sehr weit in die Zukunft gedacht, und heute sind es nicht diese Fragen, die das wissenschaftliche Herangehen an die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung stellt.
Leider kam es in der UdSSR zu einer Stagnation in der Entwicklung des marxistischen Denkens in den zwanziger Jahren. Bis auf
Siehe den Beitrag von M. Wojejkow: Paradox der Russischen Revolution: bürgerlicher Februar und proletarischer Oktober. In: Theodor Bergmann, Wladislaw Hedeler, Mario Keßer, Gert Schäfer (Hrsg.) Der Widerschein der Russischen Revolution. Ein kritischer Rückblick auf 1917 und die Folgen, Hamburg 1997, S. 150-154.
den heutigen Tag interpretieren einige Wissenschaftler den Marxismus so, wie es Kautsky und Lenin Anfang des Jahrhunderts taten. Aber heute bedarf es eines gründlicheren und moderneren Marxismus.
In diesem Sinne kann man den Marxismus als eine Sozialtheorie auffassen, die den Übergang der Gesellschaft vom Reich der Notwendigkeit ins Reich der Freiheit zu erklären hilft. Der Marxismus erklärt nicht, wie der Markt durch den Volkswirtschaftsplan zu ersetzen ist, sondern warum und wann der Zeitpunkt dafür gekommen ist. Aber der Übergang von einer engen, man kann sogar sagen mechanistischen Interpretation zu einer tieferen und reicheren Modifikation ist absehbar.
Der Marxismus kann auch auf sich selbst angewandt werden; als eine wissenschaftliche Theorie, die die Entwicklung und Modernisierung beschreibt, kann er selbst entwickelt und modernisiert werden. Das heißt, mit dem Marxismus sind wir noch lange nicht zu Ende.
(ÜBERSETZUNG W. HEDELER; REDAKTION W. HAIBLE)
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Let It Go By Td Jakes
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64 Lessons for a Life Without Limits - T.D. Jakes 2011-05-03
The New York Times bestselling author, senior pastor of The Potter's House, and "spiritual warrior who is a master of meeting mankind eye to eye" (Stedman Graham, New York Times bestselling author) uses his bestselling books Reposition Yourself and Making Great Decisions to create an inspirational and timeless collection of advice. You've made adjustments and the important choices toward a better life, but now it's time to stand firm. This moving and remarkable treasure of a book is divided into eight sections, each of which includes eight pieces of unforgettable advice. These all add up to 64 Lessons for a Life Without Limits, the perfect inspirational tool for keeping you grounded with confidence and maximizing your potential. "We can always count on a word from God through Bishop Jakes that will not only inspire us but will speak growth to our souls" (Tyler Perry).
Life Overflowing - T. D. Jakes 2003-10
Learn to rely on Scripture and the Holy Spirit to discover how God will take us beyond what we could achieve on our own. Six Pillars From Ephesians Book 4. Reposition Yourself - T.D. Jakes 2008-09-04 The bestselling author of non-fiction and fiction books and film, leader of a congregation of 30,000 members and a business empire, Bishop T.D. Jakes continues to teach and demonstrate ways to lead a prosperous and balanced life based on faith. Reposition Yourself teaches spiritual principles of prosperity and success. Bishop T.D. Jakes explains from a Christian point of view how to re-evaluate and reconstruct your attitudes about giving, sharing, and reaping the rewards of life financial and otherwise. He encourages readers to give themselves permission to succeed, give in a spirit of love, practice the discipline to observe the principle of divine portion, and so much more that will lead to prosperity and fulfilment. Grounded solidly in Biblical teachings, RepositionYourself shows readers themselves their character and their circumstances - a way to apply
the lessons of scripture in everyday professional and personal life.
Making Great Decisions - T.D. Jakes 2008-09-16 New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes explains the tools that we need to know—whether we're single and looking to have a committed relationship or already married—before taking the next big step. The star of BET's Mind, Body & Soul, and featured guest speaker on Oprah's Lifeclass, Potter's House pastor, T.D. Jakes turns his attention to the topic of relationships, guiding you on the right track to making decisions you will benefit from for the rest of your life. In the vein of Joel Osteen's Become a Better You and Dr. Phil's Life Strategies, the New York Times bestselling Making Great Decisions gives you the psychological and practical tools you need to reflect, discern, and decide the next step toward strong relationships in your life. "Remember," writes T.D. Jakes, "your tomorrow is no better than the decisions you make today." "My promise is that if you read this book, you will be equipped, you will know all you need to know about making foolproof relational decisions," writes T.D. Jakes. Choosing the right partner, at home or at work, is one of the most consequential decisions we'll ever make. How can we be sure that we're choosing wisely? How do we know if we're doing the right thing when we change careers? By breaking our decisions down into their five crucial components: -Research: gathering information -Roadwork: removing obstacles -Rewards: listing choices and visualizing consequences -Revelation: narrowing your options and making your selection -Rearview: looking back and adjusting as necessary to stay on course Clearsighted, realistic, and spiritually uplifting, Making Great Decisions is one of those rare books that can change lives.
Crushing - T. D. Jakes 2019-04-16
Follow God's process for growth and find hope in life's darkest moments with Bishop T.D. Jakes's uplifting stories and advice from his own faith journey. In this insightful book, #1 New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes wrestles with age-old questions: Why do the righteous suffer? Where is God in all the injustice? Bishop Jakes tells crushing personal stories from his own journey -- the painful experience of learning his young teenage daughter was pregnant, the agony of watching his mother succumb to Alzheimer's, and the shock and helplessness he felt when his son had a heart attack. Bishop Jakes wants to show you how God uses difficult, crushing experiences to prepare you for unexpected blessings. If you are faithful through suffering, you will be surprised by God's joy, comforted by His peace, and fulfilled with His purpose. Crushing will inspire you to have hope, even in your most difficult moments. If you trust in God and lean on Him during setbacks, He will lead you through.
Help Me, I've Fallen and I Can't Get Up! - T. D. Jakes 2008-01-28
Bishop T.D. Jakes provides comforting hope and practical ways for all people, including Christians, to get up after they have fallen. Everyone falls from time to time; and the cause of the fall is not as important as what we do while we are down and how we get back up. Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes with you; He will never leave you nor forsake you (Deuteronomy 31:6). Learn some of these important life lessons: Why pride and selfishness will lead to destruction. How to be content. The temptation to be self-sufficient. Like the
woman in the television commercial, we must put aside fear, pride, or embarrassment and call out for help. We must learn not only how to ask for help, but Whom to ask. After all, help is just a breath away.
Making Great Decisions Reflections- T.D. Jakes
2009-06-02
The star of BETs Mind, Body & Soul, and featured guest speaker on Oprah's Lifeclass, Potter's House pastor, T.D. Jakes turns his attention to the topic of relationships, guiding you on the right track to making decisions you will benefit from for the rest of your life. In the vein of Joel Osteen's Become a Better You and Dr. Phil's Life Strategies, the New York Times bestselling Making Great Decisions (formerly tiled Before You Do) gives you the psychological and practical tools you need to reflect, discern, and decide the next step toward strong relationships in your life. "Remember," writes T.D. Jakes, "your tomorrow is no better than the decisions you make today." "My promise is that if you read this book, you will be equipped, you will know all you need to know about making foolproof relational decisions," writes T.D. Jakes. Choosing the right partner, at home or at work, is one of the most consequential decisions we'll ever make. How can we be sure that we're choosing wisely? How do we know if we're doing the right thing when we change careers? By breaking our decisions down into their five crucial components: Research: gathering information Roadwork: removing obstacles Rewards: listing choices and visualizing consequences Revelation: narrowing your options and making your selection Rearview: looking back and adjusting as necessary to stay on course Clearsighted, realistic, and spiritually uplifting, Making Great Decisions is one of those rare books that can change lives.
So You Call Yourself a Man? - T. D. Jakes 2007-10-01
T.D. Jakes introduces readers to men of the Bible in this devotional favorite. The readings help men realize that God created them to be free, powerful, and filled with purpose. Each short devotional includes a reading, Scripture, and suggestion for prayer. Before You Do - T.D. Jakes 2012-12-11 In his new book Before You Do, bestselling author Bishop T.D. Jakes turns his attention from repositioning yourself for a life without limits to cultivating relationships in the best way possible with the most important people in your life: parents, children, spouses and others who are your most beloved and in need of your support. As one of America's most trusted advisors, counsellors, and pastors, Jakes teaches us what to do before we: propose marriage; consider divorce; send our children off to school; put our elders into assisted living situations or other treatment facilities, and so many more major steps each of us are faced with taking at some point in life. He uses the lessons he has learned from his own marriage and family life as well as others to encourage and inspire people to give and receive the greatest love possible. T.D. Jakes Speaks to Men, 3-in-1 - T.D. Jakes 2007-02 3-in-1 edition with Loose That Man and Let Him Go!, So You Call Yourself a Man?, and T. D. Jakes Speaks to Men. He-Motions - T. D. Jakes 2004-07-15 From T.D. Jakes, the #1 New York Times bestselling author of Crushing: God Turns Pressure into Power, comes straight talk and strong spiritual guidance for men—and the women who love them… AS A MAN you may often feel the pressure of fulfilling many roles in life: husband, father, son, businessman, member of the church
community. Now T. D. Jakes comes to your aid with a guidebook to help you understand your own needs for emotional and spiritual support. He offers practical, sound answers to assist you in expressing your needs and having them met in healthy and wholesome ways by those you love. This is a candid, no-holds-barred look at sexuality, spirituality, and the seldom mentioned but extremely important emotions that shape success in every area of a man's life. Using examples from his own life, as well as from the lives of the thousands of men he has counseled, Jakes gives detailed advice on how to move from struggle to success, from victim to victory. AND LADIES, He-Motions is also for you. Inspirational and refreshingly honest, this is the ultimate source for women seeking to comprehend and care for the men in their lives. It helps you decode men's often baffling behavior and provides eye-opening insights for greater intimacy and healing in your relationships. HE-MOTIONS brings clarity and hope to men and helps them strengthen their relationships with themselves, with the women in their lives, and with their Lord. It gives women the solutions they seek as they relate to the men they love. It is a book that will bring you closer together…and closer to God.
Loose That Man and Let Him Go! - So You Call Yourself a Man? - T. D. Jakes 1996-03-28
Loose that man and let him go is a powerful work of healing, an inspiring restoration of man to his Godgiven strength and purpose.
Reposition Yourself Reflections - T.D. Jakes 2007-11-13 T.D. Jakes offers readers of the New York Times bestseller Reposition Yourself: Living Life Without Limits a collection of scripture and quotes that provides the spiritual underpinnings of his message about applying Christian principles to adjust to the many changes that life brings. Reposition Yourself, the narrative book, uses wisdom collected from more than thirty years of Jakes's experience counseling and working with high-profile and everyday people on financial, relational, and spiritual creativity on the path to an enriched life filled with contentment at every stage. Reposition Yourself Reflections collects the words that ground Reposition Yourself solidly in biblical teachings. Reflections is an essential keepsake, to carry with you in moments when inspiration and encouragement are needed.
The Princess Within - Serita Ann Jakes 2011 "Serita Jakes' testimony reminds women that when God removes shame and deception, a life of hopelessness can become a life of strength and confidence"--Provided by publisher.
Loose That Man and Let Him Go! with Workbook - T.D. Jakes 2003-05
A workbook for men struggling with their role in life urges readers to let Jesus help them to overcome obstacles to their faith as part of understanding their greater life purpose, in a guide designed for individual or group study. Original.
Daily Readings from Crushing - T. D. Jakes 2019-10-22 Learn how God prepares you for His divine purposes and find strength and grace during life's greatest struggles with this insightful 90-day devotional. In Crushing, #1 New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes wrestled with the age-old questions: Why do the righteous suffer? Where is God in all the injustice? Now, in Daily Readings from Crushing, Bishop Jakes wants to encourage you that God uses difficult, crushing experiences to prepare you for unexpected blessings. If you are
faithful through suffering, you will be surprised by God's joy, comforted by His peace, and fulfilled with His purpose. This daily devotional will inspire you through 90 days of scriptural wisdom and reflection to have hope, even in your most difficult moments. If you trust in God and lean on Him during setbacks, He will lead you through.
Identity - T. D. Jakes 2015-08-18 Discover Your True Purpose in Life You have been uniquely created by God to fulfill your divine purpose! In a day where so many people are frustrated, looking in different places to discover their life purpose and true meaning, you have the answer. Look no further than who you are! In Identity, TD Jakes reminds you that the key to finding your purpose is rediscovering the person you were made to be! Learn how to: Prepare for destinydefining moments that push you into new realms of supernatural living Resist everyday enemies that distract you from finding your identity in Christ and accomplishing your dreams See the greater picture of your purposeyour role in a plan that is bigger than your life and will outlive you Locate your places of deposit and invest into people, purposes and places that are instrumental in advancing your destiny Stop searching for purpose and begin your life-changing journey to discovering your true identity and calling today! Loose that Man and Let Him Go! - T. D. Jakes 1998 This devotional not only helps dispel doubts but also strengthens your faith in God's love and purpose for you.
Become a Better You - Joel Osteen 2009-08-04 A best-selling motivational reference by the top-selling author of Your Best Life Now counsels readers on how to apply seven action steps to discover individual purpose and destiny, in a guide complemented by biblical
principles, devotions, and personal testimonies. Reprint Let It Go Workbook - T.D. Jakes 2012-10-16 A step-by-step guide to applying the wisdom of the "New York Times"-bestselling book "Let it Go." Jakes, in this practical, easy-to-use workbook, helps process lessons in how to forgive and be forgiven. When Women Pray - T. D. Jakes 2020-09-29 Find power in your prayer like never before with this inspiring guide from #1 New York Times bestselling author Bishop T.D. Jakes. In a time when women carry more influence than any other generation, the power of prayer has never been more important to remind us that we do not have to bear our crosses alone. We need prayer to stand guard over our hearts and minds and over the hearts and minds of our families. Women today are shattering glass ceilings and forging new paths in the world. What Happens When a Woman Prays is a clarion call for women to continue their progressive march of empowerment by dreaming like their daughters and praying like their grandmothers. Through exploring the lives of 10 prayer-filled women of the Bible, Bishop Jakes emphasizes the life-changing power that women have when they find their identity, their strength, their healing, and their voices in Christ.
Loose That Man and Let Him Go! - T. D. Jakes 1996-01-01 This book offers clarity, healing, and restoration to a generation of men -- believers and non -- confused about their God-given purpose and vision.
On the Seventh Day - T.D. Jakes 2012-10-23 "Based on the film Woman thou art loosed: on the 7th day"--Dust jacket.
Destiny Daily Readings - T. D. Jakes 2015-10-06 Break distracting habits and realize your destiny with
this portable volume of uplifting daily affirmations and devotionals from #1 New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes. In this eye-opening book, Bishop T.D. Jakes shares short, powerful messages that will inspire you to discover and enjoy God's design for your life every day. His message will inspire you to pay close attention to the structure of your life -- and to achieve your highest God-given aspirations. Destiny Daily Readings will help you maintain a biblical sense of focus and show you how destiny guides us all through life's many ups and downs. This valuable devotional will help you learn to play the lead role in your own life and stay determined, one day at a time.
On the Seventh Day - T.D. Jakes 2013-11-12 Based on the film starring Blair Underwood, Woman Thou Art Loosed: On the Seventh Day is an unforgettable story about a devoted couple whose relationship is put to the ultimate test. New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes pens a compelling story that unites love, suspense, and faith into one heart-wrenching package. Based on the film Woman Thou Art Loosed: On the 7th Day (executive-produced by T.D. Jakes) this novel follows the lives of a couple whose love and commitment are tested when their only child is kidnapped right from under them in their gated community in New Orleans. David, a respected college professor, and his wife, Kari, appear to be the perfect churchgoing, prosperous couple when their young daughter is abducted. The police immediately launch an investigation and set out to find the child of this high-profile couple. Reports surface of a serial child-kidnapper on the loose with a pattern of killing his victims on the seventh day, so there's no time to waste. In pursuit of information relevant to the case, the police uncover information about Kari whose past threatens her marriage and challenges the couple's capacity to forgive.
From the Cross to Pentecost - T.D. Jakes 2010-03-16 New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes explores the importance of Christ's death on the cross and the importance of the Holy Spirit which gives power, anoints believers, and yields joy. In his new book From the Cross to the Pentecost, New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes explores the importance of Christ's sacrifice on the cross and emphasizes the power of the Holy Spirit in Christians' lives. The ultimate result of Jesus' death on the cross sealed the disconnect created by Adam's fall in the Garden of Eden and reconnected the cord between God and humanity through the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. God's gift of the Holy Spirit not only gives us power but anoints us to be witnesses for Him. God has something glorious for every one of us who believes and receives it. The relationship with the Holy Spirit empowers us to serve with joy! Woman, Thou Art Loosed! - T. D. Jakes 2011-07-28 Let your heart be warmed as the oil of T.D. Jakes' teaching flows from your mind to your spirit. The balm in this book will soothe all manner of traumas, tragedies, and disappointments. For the single parent and the battered wife, for the abused girl and the insecure woman, there is a cure for the crisis! In this soft word for the sensitive ear, there is a deep cleansing for those inaccessible areas of the feminine heart. This book will help to fight back the infections of life. Woman, Thou Art Loosed! will break the bands off the neck of every woman who dares to read it! Naked and Not Ashamed - T. D. Jakes 2018-04-17 Secrets to Healing and Wholeness Can you present your hurts and failures to God without shame? In this classic
bestseller, Bishop T.D. Jakes brings encouragement that casts out the fear of vulnerability before God. When you can stand before God, unashamed, you can receive the healing He freely offers. From the pain of a sick body to the sadness of a dying relationship, from the crushing blow of betrayal to the mental torment of reliving past mistakesGod longs to set you free and release cleansing rivers of mercy, forgiveness, and restoration into every hurting part of your life! Discover how to: Rest in Gods healing power as you honestly give Him your pain, fear, and hurt. Live your life with confidence because youve learned how to break the power of guilt and shame. Boldly access the power of Jesus blood and apply it to every area of brokenness you are facing. When you open your failures and hurts to God, He will open the floodgates of healing over you! Illusion - Frank Peretti 2012-10-23
A grieving husband encounters a teen identical to his dead wife-- in face, name, and magical skills.
Woman, Thou Art Loosed! The Novel - T. D. Jakes 2004-09-07
From bestselling author and beloved preacher Bishop T. D. Jakes comes an inspirational novel of recovery and Christian faith. Her name is Michelle. As a child she called her grandma "mama," her mother by her first name, and her mother's boyfriends "Uncle." She grew up fast with too many men, too many strangers, and too many betrayals. Lost and sentenced to a private hell of abuse, addiction, poverty, and crime, Michelle has now been given a second chance to reclaim her life. But first she has to believe in the possible. She has to believe in herself. What it takes to free her is the one thing Michelle thought she'd never have. It's called faith.
Empty Out the Negative - Joel Osteen 2020-11-10 Release the negative thoughts and feelings that are weighing you down and make room for the good things you should have in your life with #1 New York Times bestselling author Joel Osteen. You were created to be filled with joy, peace, confidence, and creativity. But it's easy to go through life holding on to things that weigh you down-guilt, resentment, doubt, worry. When you give space to these negative emotions, they take up space that you need for the good things that move you toward your destiny. How much room are you giving to shame, to regret, to being against yourself? Whatever it is, it's too much. Life is too short for you to live bitter and discouraged, letting your circumstances hold you back. Every morning you have to empty out anything negative from the day before and put on a fresh new attitude. Power up and get your mind going in the right direction, and you'll step into all the new things God has in store for you.
Instinct - T. D. Jakes 2014-05-06 Tap into your God-given intuition and start achieving ultimate success with this inspiring #1 New York Times bestseller from Bishop T.D. Jakes. If you have ever felt misaligned, this book is for you. If you have lost the rhythm, the passion, or the thrill of living in alignment, then keep reading. As He did with the very cells that comprise our bodies and the dry bones that were joined together for new life, God has given us deeper instincts to be attracted to those things that fit a higher and better purpose. Never settle for less than God's best for your life. Some people have the courage to move beyond the ordinary, from the methodical mediocre into the revolutionary realization of where they belong. You can have this sense of belonging only
when you connect to your core calling. The calling to creativity, the calling to teach, to give, to build, are all part of allowing your instinct to guide you to the "something more" that you suspect is out there. If you are ready to break through the confines of where you are and discover where you are meant to be, then Instinct is your key! !--EndFragment--
The T.D. Jakes Relationship Bible - T.D. Jakes 2012-01-24
From Genesis to Revelation, it is clear that the Holy Bible is, in the words of Bishop T.D. Jakes, "The Greatest Love Story Ever Told." It is not a book about religion, but relationships—from the creation of a man and a woman and their intimate relationship with God in the Garden through the tragic break in that relationship at the Fall and the eventual restoration of that relationship through Jesus Christ and His death on the cross of Calvary. Let's face it, we all have questions about relationships in life. When you lay your head down on the pillow at night, do you find these questions about your relationship with God running through your mind? How can I know God personally? Can I find peace and true contentment? What is the purpose of my life? How do I know how God wants me to live? What is prayer? Throughout our lives, we all face a long list of questions on relationships that trouble our souls and require real answers based on real truth. How do I forgive someone who has hurt me badly? Can I mend this broken relationship? When my world seems to be falling apart around me, who can I trust and in whom dare I confide? How do I know whether a person is the right one to date? Will my marriage survive? How do I nourish my child's heart? What do I do with my fears about expressing my love and care to a friend? The good news is that in God's Word we find the answers to life's bewildering relationship questions. We are not left to figure it out on our own and in our own strength and power. You are invited to begin a lifelong journey to discovering God's words of truth for your life and relationships, and to discovering God Himself in the words of His Book!
Let It Go - T.D. Jakes 2012-02-28 Bishop Jakes, the "New York Times"-bestselling author of "Reposition Yourself," returns with a thorough examination of the power of forgiveness. Daddy Loves His Girls - T. D. Jakes 2011 Explaining how God can fill the void and heal the scars caused by earthly fathers, offers women of any age the building blocks for creating healthy relationships despite past unpleasant experiences with their fathers or the losses due to growing up in a fatherless home. Let It Go - T.D. Jakes 2013-01-29 Shares uplifting advice about the virtues of forgiveness, offering strategic and biblically based advice on how to achieve peace and personal fulfillment by letting go of past wrongs. Lost and Found - Sarah Jakes 2014-04-01 Don't let your past keep you from a full future. Like every girl, Sarah Jakes dreamed of a life full of love, laughter, and happy endings. But her dreams changed dramatically when she became pregnant at age thirteen, a reality only compounded by the fact that her father, Bishop T.D. Jakes, was one of the most influential megachurch pastors in the nation. As a teen mom and a high-profile preacher's kid, her road was lonely. She was shunned at school, gossiped about at church. And a few years later, when a fairy-tale marriage ended in a spiral of hurt and rejection, she could have let her
pain dictate her future. Instead, she found herself surrounded by a God she'd given up on, crashing headlong with Him into a destiny she'd never dreamed of. Sarah's captivating story, unflinchingly honest and deeply vulnerable, is a vivid reminder that God can turn even the deepest pain into His perfection. More than a memoir, Lost and Found offers hope and encouragement. Perhaps you, like Sarah, find yourself wandering the detours of life. Regardless of how lost you feel, you, too, can be found.
Don't Drop the Mic - T. D. Jakes 2021-04-20 Communicate boldly and effectively like never before with the help and guidance of a #1 New York Times bestselling author and trusted Bishop. #1 New York Times bestselling author Bishop Jakes has been speaking in front of audiences large and small for decades, and over the years, he has learned a thing or two about communicating with audiences. Now, for the first time ever, Bishop Jakes shares his wisdom and skills he's learned to help readers communicate better themselves. Whether you are preparing to speak on stage before thousands or present at the next budget meeting, preach a sermon or deliver a diagnosis, this book is full of practical advice and solutions to help you get your message across. Readers will learn: The process Bishop Jakes uses to create his sermons, which connect with hundreds of thousands each week How to tailor you message for your intended audience The importance of body language How to be ready to make every opportunity count When and how to use silence to speak for you Why how you present yourself matters Drawing lessons from Scripture and his own life, Jakes gives career advice for those who have or want to grow into a speaking career, but he also provides clear direction and insight for everyone who gives presentations, writes emails, or talks to other people in their job or home life. In this book, Bishop Jakes gives you tools and skills so that you can communicate better.
Can You Stand to be Blessed? - T. D. Jakes 2017-04-18 See Yourself as Blessed in Every Season of Life We all want to be blessed. We desire health, happiness, promotion, joy, financial security, peace, good relationships, and every quality signifying that blessing and abundance are flowing in our lives. So how do you continue to live blessed even when you are going through lifes valleys? Everyone faces difficult timesseasons where we dont feel blessed. God wants to mold and shape you into a person who sees yourself as blessed, not because of your circumstances, but because this is your God-assigned identity! In this classic book from Bishop T.D. Jakes, you will discover how to: walk in a blessed identity, no matter what season or circumstance comes your way. unlock inner strength to persevere, even when you feel like you can no longer go on. exchange your stress and worry for gratitude and thanksgiving. become a person God can trust with Heavens blessing and abundance. Whether you are standing on the highest peak of victory, or feel like you are sinking into the valley of trial, once you start to see yourself as blessed, you will be positioned to thrive in every season!
Not Easily Broken - T. D. Jakes 2006-10-11 When life forces them apart, a couple struggles to save their marriage from destruction -- and rediscover the meaning of true happiness -- in this inspiring novel from New York Times bestselling author T.D. Jakes. Clarice and Dave Johnson have different visions of meaning and success. He is satisfied coaching little
league and running a janitorial service in his blue jeans and pick-up truck; she is driven to climb the social ladder and display her success with designer labels and luxury cars. After years of disagreeing about what true happiness and love really are, Dave and Clarice are finally facing the breaking point of their marriage. When Clarice's leg is crushed in a car wreck, the obvious truth is finally exposed: her injuries aren't the only pain that needs immediate attention. As they struggle to find restoration, Dave and Clarice learn the importance of promises made and kept -- and the truth that help sometimes comes from unlikely places.
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ACSC'96
Nineteenth Australasian Computer Science Conference Proceedings
Melbourne, Australia
31 January – 2 February, 1996
Kotagiri Ramamohanarao (Editor)
ISSN 0157-3055
Australian Computer Science Communications
Volume 18, Number 1
Effect of Frame Loss on the Holding Time of a Virtual Circuit in ATM LAN Interconnection
Mohammed Atiquzzaman
Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Sys. Eng.
Monash University, Clayton
Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
firstname.lastname@example.org
Mahbub Hassan
School of Comp. & Info. Tech.
Monash University, Gippsland
Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
email@example.com
Abstract
We analyse the cost performance of LAN interconnection over ATM using switched VC. Frame loss due to buffer overflow during connection setup has been taken into consideration in the proposed cost function. We investigate the effect of the length of the holding time of an idle VC on the total cost per frame transmitted. Our simulation results suggest that there is no optimum holding time for minimising the total cost. Increasing the holding time either increases or decreases the total cost depending on the cost associated with a connection setup and frame loss. We also show that for a given cost associated with a frame loss the practical range of buffer sizes is bounded by a minimum and a maximum value. Within the practical range, larger buffer reduces total cost. Increasing buffer beyond the maximum size does not have any impact on the total cost. For buffers below the minimum size, a connection should never be closed; such buffer sizes have, therefore, no benefit at all.
Keywords
LAN interconnection, ATM network, virtual circuit.
1 Introduction
ATM has been accepted as the transport mechanism for future broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) networks. It allows the integration of voice, video and data on a single transport protocol. ATM is connection-oriented and is based on statistical multiplexing using small cells of fixed size. Service classes with different loss and delay priorities can be integrated onto a single network.
An ATM network is capable of being used as a backbone network to interconnect a number of LANs [1, 3]. LAN interconnection is expected to be the first service offered by B-ISDN. Since data transfer through LANs are connectionless, the main difficulty in LAN interconnection is providing a connectionless service over a connection-oriented network [1]. Several methods for implementing connectionless service over a connection-oriented network have been described in [4]. The methods are broadly divided into a direct approach and an indirect approach. The direct approach [5] is based on a connectionless virtual overlay network consisting of Connectionless Service Function (CLSF) nodes in the network. The indirect approach can use one of the following three methods [4, 1].
1. Semi permanent end-to-end path establishment where a semi permanent Virtual Path (VP) (or Virtual Circuit (VC)) is established between every pair of Interworking Units (IWU) of every pair of LANs. This results in a mesh of VPs (or VCs) between LANs, resulting in a scalability problem for large number of LANs. Since most data applications are bursty in nature and can not adequately describe their traffic behavior, this method results in an inefficient use of bandwidth.
2. VC connection establishment on a frame basis where a VC connection is established for every frame to be transmitted from a LAN to another LAN. Although the bandwidth utilization is high in this method, the processing overhead for establishing and tearing down a VC on a frame basis may result in unacceptable delays in transferring the data. This delay might result in buffer overflow and frame loss in the IWU.
3. Switched VC connection establishment (SVCCE) where a VC is opened when an IWU has a frame to send. However,
the VC instead of being closed at the end of every frame, transmits the next frame if one is available; otherwise it is left open for some idle period of time before being closed down. The method reduces the overhead required for connection establishment and also has a reasonable utilization of the bandwidth.
The SVCCE method offers a compromise between bandwidth utilization and frame transfer delay. The major issue with SVCCE is how long to hold an idle VC open. Too short holding time will cause more loss and opening cost while leaving it open for too long reduces bandwidth utilisation. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of frame loss due to buffer overflow on adjusting the holding time of an idle VC. Extensive simulations have been carried out to study the dependency among the buffer size, frame loss rate, connection opening rate and the connection set-up delay.
Saran and Keshav [6] have analysed a few holding policies based on two different pricing schemes. The first pricing scheme depends on the total number of connection provided to a site, a per frame charge, and a call setup charge. The second pricing scheme, which is more realistic for guaranteed bandwidth ATM connection, is based on a call setup charge, a holding time charge and the cost associated with loss of user utility due to a call setup delay. The cost due to loss of user utility is provided by the system manager.
Lund, Phillips and Reingold [8] have extended the above work by proposing an adaptive VC holding policy that adapts to the characteristics of the IP traffic. They have used the second pricing scheme mentioned above.
The authors of the above papers have not considered frame loss in their analysis of holding policies. In [6], there is no frame loss at the IWU implying a sufficiently large buffer at the IWU. In contrast, Lund, et.al. [8] assume no queueing of frames at the ATM interface, implying a direct host interface to the ATM network.
Murata, et.al. [1] have considered performance and cost comparison for LAN interconnection over switched ISDN service which was suggested as applicable to the SVCCE scenario as well. However their model explicitly assumed an infinite buffer at the IWU and hence no frame loss.
Manthorpe [9, 10] has stressed frame loss due to a finite buffer at the IWU. However, the study was limited to a direct approach as mentioned above where the assumption was to leave the connection open all the time. Hence, their study is not directly related to our study.
IWUs have a finite amount of buffer space and can result in frame loss in the case of the buffer becoming full. Frame losses in a TCP/IP based network result in retransmission of the lost frame and a consequent drop in the goodput. It is therefore important to take into account the effect of frame loss in such studies, and also to incorporate it in the cost function of a VC.
In this study, we consider an IWU which has a finite amount of buffer and therefore, could result in frame loss in the IWU. Our model is closer to reality than previous studies which do not account for frame losses. We also propose a new cost function to take into account the frame loss due to buffer overflow. We investigate the behaviour of the cost function by changing the length of idle time. Based on our simulation results, we recommend a practical range of buffer size for a given cost associated with a lost frame.
Results of this study will help in determining an optimal holding time policy for a given buffer size and arrival characteristic. It will also help the system manager to decide the required amount of buffer size in an IWU.
The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:
- Our study assumes a finite amount of buffer space (which is more realistic than the assumption of an infinite buffer) at the IWU.
- We have developed a cost function which takes into account frame loss at the IWU.
- We recommend a practical range of buffer size for minimising total cost; this information is very valuable for buffer dimensioning in the IWU.
An overview of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we describe the pricing scheme and the cost function proposed in this paper. Our simulation model is illustrated in Section 3 and the results are discussed in Section 4. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 5.
## Cost Function
We associate cost with three parameters — VC holding time, connection opening and frame loss. If too many frames are lost for each opening, a holding policy should minimise the number of opening to reduce frame loss and the total cost. We take the
cost of one millisecond of holding time as the unit cost. The total cost \((C)\) is defined as:
\[
C = N \times C_s + l \times C_f + C_h
\]
where, \(N\) is number of opening, \(C_s\) is cost associated with a opening, \(l\) is number of frames lost, \(C_f\) is cost associated with a lost frame and \(C_h\) is the holding cost.
### 3 Simulation Model
#### 3.1 Network and Traffic Model
We consider a generic LAN-to-ATM interconnection. The only physical characteristic of the LAN that is important for our simulation is the speed (bitrate) of the shared medium. The ATM network is used as a pipe, with a bitrate negotiated during connection setup, to carry LAN frames.
We simulate one-way traffic - from LAN to ATM. Constant frame sizes are considered. The arrival process of the LAN traffic to ATM is taken as on-off. During the ON period, frames arrive back-to-back without any idle period between the frames. The number of frames that may arrive back-to-back during a ON period is exponentially distributed. The mean number of frames that arrive during a ON period is taken as 25 for this simulation study.
The OFF (silence) period is also exponentially distributed with the mean idle time adjusted to produce the desired load on the VC/VP at the IWU. Load factor is defined as the fraction of the LAN bitrate that arrive at the ATM port for transmission over the ATM network. For example, a load factor of 0.1 means on average 1 Mbps of data will arrive at the ATM port for a 10 Mbps LAN.
#### 3.2 IWU Model
We simulate a two-port IWU - one port connected to the LAN and the other to the ATM network - as shown in Figure 1. The LAN-port operates at the speed of LAN and the ATM port operates at the peak rate that is negotiated with the ATM network at the time of connection opening. Here we assume peak rate allocation because a VC is opened only when there is data enqueued for transmission.
At the ATM port there can be multiple VC/VP setup to interconnect to multiple sites. There is finite buffers associated with each VC/VP. A single VC/VP is modeled to simulate a single LAN interconnection; the results will be valid for any number of VC/VP.
When a LAN frame arrives to the LAN-port of the IWU, a check is made on the buffer occupancy. If there is enough space the frame is placed in the buffer, otherwise it is dropped.
The ATM-port works as a server to this buffer. The service includes segmentation of a frame into cells using AAL5 and transmit the cells to the ATM network via the established VC/VP connection at the negotiated rate. The segmentation time is considered negligible and therefore, the service time of a frame is the transmission time of the frame at the negotiated rate.
If the buffer gets empty, the VC becomes idle. If no frame arrives after certain idle period, the VC is closed. Therefore, when a frame arrives it may find the VC closed. If there is no connection when a frame arrives at the head of the queue, a connection set up delay is experienced before the frame can be transmitted. Therefore, the service time for some frames is the transmission time plus the connection set up time.
The segmentation process is done at the ATM port instead of at the LAN-port in order to avoid partial frame transmission. Partial frame transmission reduces the effective bandwidth utilisation and the throughput of the higher layers [2].
#### 3.3 Simulation Parameters
The values of the parameters used in the simulation model are shown in Table 1. A LAN frame size of 1526 octet represents maximum Ethernet frame plus some synchronisation bytes. VC bandwidth is chosen as 11.2 Mbps so that the time to transmit all the ATM cells, generated for a 1500-octet (32 cells) frame, on the ATM port is about the same as the time to receive a LAN frame on the LAN port. Queueing does not happen once the VC has been established; it only builds up during connection set up. The variable parameters include buffer size, traffic load to the VC/VP, length of the idle time and connection set up time.
### 4 Results
With SVCCE, a VC is closed after a certain idle period. From now on, we will refer to this
| Parameter | Value |
|---------------------------|-----------|
| LAN-frame size | 1526 octet|
| LAN-bitrate | 10 Mbps |
| VC bandwidth | 11.2 Mbps |
| Mean no of frames per burst | 25 |
| Traffic load factor | 0.1 |
Table 1: Values of simulation parameters
Long $t_i$ means fewer number of openings and lower frame loss at the price of increased holding time. For very long $t_i$, it becomes a permanent connection as it may not be necessary to close the connection at all. For short $t_i$ the holding time is reduced at the expense of more openings and higher frame loss. We refer to costs for frame loss and connection set up as Type-A cost and costs for holding the VC as Type-B cost. From the above explanation, increasing $t_i$ will increase the Type-B cost but reduce Type-A cost.
Since the goal of a holding policy is to minimise the total cost (Type-A cost plus Type-B cost) we investigate the effect of varying $t_i$ on the total cost for different $C_s$ and $C_f$. Intuitively, we thought there would be an optimum value for $t_i$ which will minimise the total cost. However, extensive simulations showed that there is no such optimum value for $t_i$.
We ran simulations for reasonably long time; the simulation was terminated automatically either when the 95% confidence level for 0.05 relative precision was reached for the frame loss rate at the IWU or 5000 seconds of simulation time elapsed. The numbers of connection set up and frame loss against holding time per frame transmitted are shown in Figures 2 and 3. The values in these figures are obtained by varying $t_i$.
The straight lines suggest that Type-A cost is linearly dependent on Type-B when $t_i$ is varied. This linear dependence implies that we have to minimize either Type-A or Type-B cost, depending on the slope of the Type-A vs Type-B line ($m$), in order to minimize the total cost. This slope will depend on $C_s$, $C_f$ and $C_h$ for a given buffer size and traffic pattern. The significance of $m$ is explained below.
For $m > 1$, a unit increase in Type-B cost reduces more than a unit of Type-A cost. Therefore, the minimum total cost is achieved for zero Type-A cost meaning no frame loss and no connection set up. This is achieved by leaving the VC open all the time — no buffer is necessary. The total cost incurred in this situation is the maximum cost. Maximum cost per frame transmitted is the average VC holding time per frame transmitted and can be calculated as:
$$C_{max} = \frac{t_a}{\rho}$$
where, $t_a$ is the time it takes to transmit a frame on the ATM port and $\rho \ (0 < \rho < 1)$ is the load factor.
On the other hand, for $m < 1$, the minimum total cost means minimum Type-B cost which is achieved for $t_i = 0$. This implies closing the VC as soon as buffer gets empty. In this case total cost will be less than $C_{max}$.
For $m = 1$, it doesn't matter if the VC is left open permanently or closed as soon as buffer gets empty; the total cost remains the same. From the above three situations, $m > 1$, $m < 1$ and $m = 1$, we see that there is no optimum value for $t_i$ to minimise the total cost.
We now investigate the effect of buffer size on the total cost. For a given buffer size, $m$ depends on $C_s$ and $C_f$. For large $C_s$ and $C_f$, $m > 1$ and closing a VC can not be justified. The VC should be left open all the time; otherwise, the cost incurred will be greater than $C_{max}$.
For a given $C_s$ and $C_f$, if $m > 1$ then buffer size should be increased. Increasing the buffer size decreases frame loss and connection set up and, therefore, reduces $m$. The minimum buffer size ($b_{min}$) for achieving total cost less than $C_{max}$ is the minimum size for which $m$ is less than 1.
There is also a maximum buffer size — $b_{max}$. No cost saving is achieved beyond this size. This maximum size is the minimum buffer size which will hold all the frames that may arrive during a connection set up and can be calculated as:
$$b_{max} = \lceil \frac{t_d}{t_l} \rceil$$
Figure 4: Total cost for different buffer sizes; $Cs=50$, $Cf=50$, setup:30ms
Figure 5: Practical range of buffer sizes; $Cs=50$, $t_d=30$ms
where, $t_d$ is the connection set up delay and $t_l$ is the time it takes for a frame to be received on the LAN port.
Figure 4 shows the behaviour of the total cost curve against buffer size for a load factor of 0.1 (1Mbps). For buffer sizes less than 16 $m > 1$ and the total cost is minimised for $C_{max} = \frac{1.2}{0.1}$. For buffer sizes 16 or more $m < 1$ and total cost is reduced by setting $t_i = 0$. The curve becomes flat for buffer sizes greater than 25 ($b_{max} = \lceil \frac{30}{1.2} \rceil = 25$). The practical range of buffer sizes in Figure 4 is 16-25.
The practical range of buffer sizes is, therefore, bounded by $b_{min}$ and $b_{max}$. From the simulation results for different buffer sizes we calculate $C_f$ for which $m = 1$ and plot the buffer size against this $C_f$. Minimum buffer sizes for different $C_f$ are shown in Figure 5; the maximum buffer size is 25 frames.
5 Conclusion
We analysed the performance of the SVCCE method for LAN interconnection over ATM. Frame loss due to buffer overflow has been taken into consideration in the proposed cost function. Using simulation, we have investigated the effect of idle VC holding time on the total cost for a on-off traffic model. Our results suggest that no optimum idle holding time exists for minimising the total cost. In order to minimise the cost, either the VC should be closed as soon as the buffer gets empty or the VC should be left open permanently depending on the cost associated with a VC opening, frame loss or a unit of holding time.
We also show that for a given cost associated with a frame loss the practical range of
buffer sizes are bounded by a minimum and a maximum value. Within the practical range, increasing the buffer size reduces the total cost. Increasing buffer beyond the maximum size does not reduce cost. For buffers below the minimum size, a connection should never be closed; such buffer sizes have, therefore, no benefit at all.
We show the practical range of buffers for different costs associated with a frame loss for a given connection set up delay and traffic load.
References
[1] M. Murata and H. Miyahara, "LAN interworking through broadband ISDN," *IEICE Transactions Communications*, vol. E77-B, no. 3, pp. 294-305, March 1994.
[2] Allyn Romanow and Sally Floyd, "Dynamics of TCP Traffic over ATM Networks" *IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications*, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 633-641, May 1995.
[3] F. Ball and D. Hutchison, "Traffic control in an ATM LAN," *IFIP Second Workshop on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of ATM Networks*, Bradford, UK, pp. 27/1-12, 4-7 July 1994.
[4] ITU-T Draft Recommendation I.211, *B-ISDN service aspects*. ITU-T, July 1992.
[5] ITU-T Draft Recommendation I.364, *Support of broadband connectionless data service on B-ISDN*. ITU-T, March 1993.
[6] H. Saran and S. Keshav, "An empirical evaluation of virtual circuit holding times in IP-over-ATM networks," *IEEE INFOCOM '94: Conference on Computer Communications*, Toronto, Canada, pp. 1132-1140, June 12-16, 1994.
[7] V. Jacobson, "Congestion avoidance and control," *ACM SigComm*, California, pp. 314-329, August 16-19, 1988.
[8] C. Lund, S. Phillips, and N. Reingold, "Adaptive holding policies for IP over ATM networks," *IEEE INFOCOM '95: Conference on Computer Communications*, Massachusetts, pp. 80-87, April 2-6, 1995.
[9] S. Manthorpe and X. Garcia, "Shaper dimensioning for MAN to ATM based WAN," *Interop 94 Engineers' Conference*, Las Vegas, May 1994.
[10] S. Manthorpe and X. Garcia, "TCP performance over ATM based LAN interconnection services," *Interop 95 Engineers' Conference*, March 29-30, 1995.
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EL VIGÍA
Órgano informativo del Programa Nacional de Aprovechamiento del Atún y de Protección de Delfines
XVII FORO NACIONAL SOBRE ATÚN
MAZATLÁN, SINALOA
19-21 Noviembre de 2014
WWW.CONAPESCA.GOB.MX
AÑO 19 NUM. 42
MARZO 2015
DIRECTORIO
Administrador de FIDEMAR - PNAAPD
Armando Díaz Guzmán
email@example.com
Jefe del Sub-Programa de Investigación Científica
Michel Jules Dreyfus León
firstname.lastname@example.org
Coordinador Editorial
Gabriel Aldana Flores
email@example.com
Comité Editorial
Michel Jules Dreyfus León
Humberto Robles Ruiz
Héctor Pérez
Asesores y Colaboradores
Marina Eva Hernández González
Distribución
Gloria Rodríguez Zepeda
CONTENIDO
DESIGNACIÓN DEL NUEVO TITULAR DEL INAPESCA..........................................................1
DESCARGAS DE LA FLOTA ATUNERA MEXICANA EN EL PACÍFICO ORIENTAL EN 2014 Y SU COMPARACIÓN CON EL PERIODO 1992-2013...................3
IMPORTANCIA DEL ATÚN EN MÉXICO.......................6
INDICADORES DE ABUNDANCIA DEL ATÚN ALETA AMARILLA.........................................................7
EVENTOS “EL NIÑO” Y EL ATÚN ALETA AMARILLA........................................................................8
CAPTURAS DE BARRILETE (2004-2013).........................10
ETIQUETA DOLPHIN SAFE: LECCIONES DE LAS DISPUTAS SOBRE EL ATÚN EN LA OMC...............12
ESTUDIO DE LA EDAD DEL MARLÍN AZUL CAPTURADO EN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MÉXICO.................................................................17
RELATORIA DEL XVII FORO NACIONAL SOBRE EL ATÚN..............................................................20
RESÚMEN DE LOS TRABAJOS DEL XVII FORO NACIONAL SOBRE EL ATÚN........................................25
DR. ROBIN ALLEN.........................................................33
EDITORIAL
En este número de El VIGÍA les presentamos artículos con la información más reciente sobre temas del atún y otras especies, así como otros artículos de interés.
Además, les presentamos la relatoría del XVII Foro Nacional Sobre el Atún, realizado en noviembre de 2014 en Mazatlán, Sinaloa, así como los resúmenes de los trabajos presentados en este gran evento.
Como siempre, esperamos que la información aquí presentada les sea útil y quedamos en espera de comentarios y sugerencias en la dirección: firstname.lastname@example.org. Hasta la próxima.
DESIGNACIÓN DEL NUEVO TITULAR DEL INAPESCA
El Presidente de la República, Enrique Peña Nieto, designó a Pablo Arenas Fuentes como nuevo director general del Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INAPESCA), quien recibió su nombramiento de manos del secretario de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación, Enrique Martínez y Martínez.
El secretario Martínez y Martínez destacó la trayectoria profesional del nuevo funcionario, de quien aseguró trabajará de manera coordinada con los sectores productivos pesqueros y las dependencias federales que interactúan con el Instituto:
“Estoy convencido de que el doctor Pablo Arenas va a hacer un extraordinario trabajo, cuenta desde luego con el apoyo y la decisión presidencial, pero cuenta también con todo el respaldo de la Secretaría y del sector”, subrayó.
Manifestó su confianza de que, en todas las acciones, el nuevo director del INAPESCA buscará y privilegiará siempre la coordinación en los trabajos:
“Sabemos hoy que el sector pesquero nacional requiere de una participación más dinámica y coordinada para que contribuya con mayores volúmenes en la producción nacional, por lo que se debe propiciar un mejor aprovechamiento de los grandes litorales y aguas interiores del país. El reto que tenemos hacia delante es incrementar la producción”, puntualizó.
El Comisionado nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca, Mario Aguilar Sánchez, afirmó que el trabajo científico y de investigación que respalda la trayectoria de Pablo Arenas, fortalece el objetivo del Gobierno Federal de realizar investigación aplicada y productiva que contribuyen a la sustentabilidad pesquera y a la generación de alimentos y fuentes de empleo.
El director de Centros de Investigación del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Sergio Hernández Vázquez, manifestó el beneplácito de la comunidad científica por la designación de Arenas Fuentes.
En su intervención, Pablo Arenas Fuentes ofreció su máximo esfuerzo para promover investigación científica e innovaciones tecnológicas diferentes y eficientes, aplicables a la producción y alineadas a las políticas del Gobierno de la República.
Recalcó que el mayor activo del Instituto es la credibilidad de sus trabajos de investigación, lo cual se deriva de la información científica que generan sus especialistas, que requieren mayor difusión de acciones.
El director general del INAPESCA, Pablo Arenas Fuentes, es biólogo por la Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), donde también realizó la maestría con especialidad en Administración, Recursos Naturales y Ecología de Poblaciones. Cursó el doctorado en Manejo de Pesquerías, en la Universidad de Washington, Seattle.
Cuenta con más de 25 años de experiencia en evaluación y manejo de pesquerías, conservación internacional de recursos naturales, dinámica de poblaciones, desarrollo sustentable y políticas en pesquerías globales, ribereñas y recursos silvestres, lo que le ha permitido participar en programas para la administración, conservación y desarrollo sustentable con enfoques analíticos de los recursos naturales.
Arenas Fuentes se desempeñó del año 1995 al 2000 como director general de Investigación en Evaluación y Manejo de Recursos Pesqueros; cuenta con diversos reconocimientos, entre los que destaca el Premio Nacional de Ecología Marina y Conservación, que obtuvo en 1988.
Antes de su designación, fungió como coordinador de la Iniciativa Marina para el Golfo de California y el Pacífico Norte en The Nature Conservancy (TNC).
En el evento estuvieron el oficial mayor de la SAGARPA, Marcos Bucio Mújica, la abogada general, Mireille Roccatti Velázquez, y el coordinador de Asesores de la Oficialía Mayor, Javier Dueñas, además de funcionarios del INAPESCA, representantes del sector productivo y de las secretarías de Marina, Turismo, Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, entre otros.
DESCARGAS DE LA FLOTA ATUNERA MEXICANA EN EL PACÍFICO ORIENTAL EN 2014 Y SU COMPARACIÓN CON EL PERÍODO 1992-2013.
Humberto Robles \(^1\), Michel Dreyfus \(^{1,2}\) y Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez \(^1\)
\(^1\) PNAAPD; \(^2\) INAPESCA-CRIP-Ensenada.
Durante 2014 la flota atunera mexicana realizó un total de 223 viajes de pesca, realizados por 47 embarcaciones, de ellas 43 de más de 400 metros cúbicos de capacidad de bodega, 3 menores de 400 metros cúbicos de capacidad y un barco varero o de pesca con carnada viva.
Las descargas totales reportadas en 2014 sumaron un total de 138,510 toneladas métricas. El promedio mensual de descargas fue de 12,576 toneladas métricas (para 11 meses de pesca, por la veda existente hasta el 18 de enero). Aunque existen diferencias en el esfuerzo pesquero aplicado anualmente, éste trabajo está enfocado a las descargas (\textit{i.e.} extracción) de atún aleta amarilla y no a la disponibilidad del recurso. Se comparan los años desde un punto de vista de producción.
La Figura 1, nos presenta las descargas acumulativas mensuales de 2014, comparadas con el promedio de las descargas acumulativas histórico (1992-2013). Al principio, se observa que los valores para 2014 (rombos azules) se encuentran por debajo del promedio (línea roja).
Esto se debe a que el mes de enero ya no reporta descargas, pues existe una veda desde el año 2008. A partir del mes de abril, los valores de las descargas acumulativas del 2014 se encuentran por encima del promedio, indicando una mejor captura, con respecto de años anteriores. A excepción de enero y febrero, todos los demás meses presentaron capturas dentro del intervalo de ± 1 desviación estándar (líneas segmentadas).
Figura 1.- Comparación mensual entre las descargas acumulativas promedio (1992-2013; línea roja) y las capturas acumulativas del 2014 (rombos azules). Las líneas segmentadas representan ± 1 desviación estándar.
También se compararon las descargas acumulativas de 2014 con el promedio 1992-2013, con el año record de capturas-descargas (2003) y con el de menor volumen de descargas (2007). Esta información se presenta en la Figura 2, donde la línea recta roja representa una proporción 1:1 entre las descargas de 2014 (eje horizontal) y las de los meses con los que se
compara (eje vertical). Siempre que una serie de datos se encuentre por debajo de la línea roja, se estará representando un déficit, en comparación con 2014. De esta manera, observamos que las descargas promedio 1992-2013 y las descargas de 2007 fueron menores que las del presente año. Sin embargo, las descargas de 2003 fueron siempre mayores pues están por encima de la línea roja.
Figura 2.- Comparación entre las descargas acumulativas del 2014 y el promedio 1992-2013, descargas acumulativas 2003 (mejor año) y descargas acumulativas 2007 (peor año). La línea roja representa la proporción 1:1.
Para tener un mayor entendimiento del comportamiento histórico de las descargas, se calcularon las anomalías anuales. Esto se presenta en la Figura 3, donde la línea roja representa el promedio total de las descargas comprendidas entre 1992 y 2014. Los puntos que se encuentran por encima representan anomalías positivas, los puntos que se encuentran por debajo representan anomalías negativas. Se observa que este año, las anomalías fueron positivas, reportando un excedente de 4,739 toneladas métricas. También se observa que después del periodo 2006-2007 con valores más bajos, la actividad pesquera se ha recuperado a niveles promedio de este periodo.
Figura 3.- Anomalías anuales en la descarga total de atún. La línea roja representa el promedio de capturas (1992-2014).
Finalmente, se compararon las descargas mensuales (Fig. 4) y sus acumulativas (Fig. 5) para la totalidad de los años. Éstas se representaron con diagramas de Hovmöller, donde el eje horizontal representa los años, el vertical los meses y los colores las toneladas métricas descargadas.
En la Figura 4 se observa, como 2003 es el año sobresaliente, que meses con descargas de más de 20 mil toneladas han sido menos frecuentes después de ese año y que los últimos años han sido, en general, meses con buen nivel de descargas que sostienen una actividad productiva.
**Figura 4.-** Diagrama de Hovmöller representando las descargas (colores) por mes (eje vertical) y año (eje horizontal).
Por último en la figura 5, se pueden comparar los años a través de las descargas acumulativas. De nuevo destaca el año 2003 con el registro record de descargas de la flota mexicana y el descenso brusco en las mismas que se marcó especialmente en 2006-2007. Los años más recientes son parecidos a la mayoría de los otros años, pudiendo considerarlos como años típicos.
**Figura 5.-** Diagrama de Hovmöller representando las descargas acumulativas (colores) por mes (eje vertical) y año (eje horizontal).
IMPORTANCIA DEL ATÚN EN MÉXICO
Isabel Cristina Reyes Robles
Directora de Asuntos Internacionales de la Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca
Con una producción que rebasa las 153 mil toneladas anuales en nuestro país, los túnidos se ubican en el segundo lugar de la producción pesquera nacional y contribuyen de manera significativa a la alimentación de los mexicanos en las ya tradicionales latas de atún de diversos gramajes y marcas comerciales, en un gran aporte a la soberanía alimentaria de nuestro país.
La producción de atún se coloca además entre los tres primeros productos pesqueros que México exporta a Japón, España y Estados Unidos.
Por su excelente calidad, bajo precio y elevado valor nutricional, el atún mexicano (aleta amarilla) goza de gran prestigio entre los diversos estratos socioeconómicos de la población mexicana; su manejo en latas le permite una amplia distribución territorial, que facilita su accesibilidad aún en comunidades alejadas de zonas urbanas.
Además de ser uno de productos alimenticios preferidos por los consumidores, en términos de valor, la pesquería del atún se ubica también en la segunda posición entre la producción pesquera nacional, al representar ingresos en el año 2013 por mil 880 millones de pesos, lo que representó un incremento del 44 por ciento con respecto al 2012, con un registro de mil 306 millones de pesos.
El atún es una pesquería de rápido desarrollo, con una tasa media de crecimiento anual del 1.07 por ciento en los últimos 10 años, y un importante generador de empleos y divisas para el país.
En lo que respecta al volumen de capturas, en ese mismo periodo aumentó 23 por ciento, si se considera que en 2012 se capturaron 124 mil 935 toneladas y un año después 153 mil 143 toneladas; mientras que en acuacultura, se pasó de mil 822 toneladas en 2012 a seis mil 399 toneladas, lo que significó una diferencia del 251 por ciento.
Con cifras validadas al cierre de 2013, en el territorio nacional están registradas 83 embarcaciones atuneras, de las cuales 30 tienen su base en Sinaloa, 23 en Baja California, 16 en Veracruz, y el resto en Yucatán, Colima, Baja California Sur, Sonora y Chiapas.
Entre los principales estados con mayor participación atunera destacan Sinaloa, con casi el 52 por ciento de la producción total, ocupó el primer sitio por las 79 mil 545 toneladas que capturó su flota; Colima, con 21.5%; Chiapas, 15.3%, y Baja California, con 5.8%.
Cabe destacar que Sinaloa también cuenta con la planta industrializadora más importante del país y actualmente tiene capacidad instalada para procesar hasta dos millones 300 mil latas de atún cada día.
INDICADORES DE ABUNDANCIA DE ATÚN ALETA AMARILLA
Michel Dreyfus
INAPESCA-CRIP Ensenada
En pesquerías se recurre frecuentemente a indicadores de abundancia basados en la estimación del esfuerzo de pesca para conocer la tendencia en la abundancia de los recursos.
A continuación se presenta la tendencia de abundancia para atún aleta amarilla, con un índice de abundancia de Captura por Unidad de Esfuerzo (CPUE) generado con la información de la pesca de atún de la flota mexicana con red de cerco del Pacífico oriental.
Figura 1. CPUE de atún aleta amarilla, 1992-2014. (valores de CPUE trimestrales en rojo, promedio ponderado en negro), promedio de CPUE del periodo en verde.
Este indicador fue construido, calculando los días de búsqueda de la flota, estandarizado a embarcaciones de más de 1000 toneladas métricas de capacidad de acarreo. Esto se hace frecuentemente ya que no es el mismo esfuerzo el que realizan las diferentes embarcaciones, debido al equipo y características de las embarcaciones.
Se aprecian las fluctuaciones del recurso en el periodo 1992-2014, en particular las fluctuaciones estacionales (datos trimestrales) y se incluye una curva con el promedio ponderado para suavizar la curva y ver la tendencia general y también una línea horizontal con el valor promedio de la CPUE de este periodo.
Se aprecia un primer periodo con valores por encima del promedio de 16.6 toneladas por día de búsqueda de 1992 al 2003, con un máximo de abundancia en el 2002 (la captura récord de la flota mexicana y en el Pacífico Oriental sucedió en 2003). Posteriormente, un decremento en los valores del indicador de abundancia. Los valores más bajos calculados, se encuentran entre 2005 y 2007. Posteriormente se observa una recuperación del recurso, al final de la serie alcanzando los valores promedio y con una tendencia positiva. Se espera que esto continúe a corto plazo.
Los atunes son peces altamente migratorios que presentan características muy especializadas, nadan continuamente para compensar su flotabilidad negativa y son capaces de viajar grandes distancias en búsqueda de alimento para satisfacer sus requerimientos energéticos. Esta estrategia ha resultado en adaptaciones morfológicas y fisiológicas, particularmente para la termorregulación y extracción eficiente del oxígeno. Consecuentemente los cambios de temperatura y concentración de oxígeno afectan a estos organismos.
La señal interanual climática dominante en la Tierra es el ciclo El Niño–Oscilación del Sur (ENOS), que alterna eventos El Niño cálidos y La Niña fríos. Los ENOS se originan en el Pacífico tropical por las interacciones entre el océano y la atmósfera, pero sus impactos ambientales y socioeconómicos ocurren a nivel mundial.
Particularmente *El Niño* ha tenido un efecto relevante en la pesquería del atún aleta amarilla propiciando que sea menos vulnerable a la red de cerco, lo que ha conllevado a una disminución de las capturas en el OPO. Durante dos de los eventos *El Niño* más fuertes que han sido registrados (1982-1983 y 1997-1998), las capturas de esta especie disminuyeron por lo que la flota atunera de cerco se tuvo que movilizar a nuevas áreas de pesca. La reducción en la disponibilidad de los atunes fue más evidente frente a la costa de Ecuador.
Esquematización de las condiciones de temperatura y posición de la termoclina durante condiciones promedio y durante la presencia de *El Niño*.
**¿Pero qué pasa con los atunes?**
Se sabe que el atún aleta amarilla prefiere aguas con temperaturas cálidas entre los 20 y 28 °C, y que la estructura térmica vertical también influye en su distribución. Estas preferencias del atún son aprovechadas por la flota atunera para lograr capturas exitosas con red de cerco cerca de la superficie en el Océano Pacífico Oriental (OPO), debido a que en esta región se presenta normalmente una termoclina (cambio drástico de temperatura con la profundidad) muy somera a lo largo del año.
Durante la presencia de *El Niño*, la termoclina es más profunda que lo normal, lo cual impide el ascenso a la superficie de aguas frías ricas en nutrientes afectando la producción biológica de los ecosistemas marinos, el desarrollo de las comunidades fitoplanctónicas, así como el de los demás niveles tróficos de la cadena alimentaria. De forma general, lo anterior se traduce en una disminución de alimento. Las temperaturas más cálidas también propician que los atunes tengan un mayor espacio donde moverse, por lo que migran a otros lugares en busca de alimento.
Es así, que *El Niño* tiene un efecto en la disminución de las capturas del atún aleta amarilla y también en la ampliación de su distribución geográfica. En el OPO, cuando las condiciones atmosféricas-oceanográficas son consideradas promedio o normales, las capturas principales ocurren en aguas costeras del Pacífico Central. En contraste, durante eventos *El Niño* se ha observado una distribución atípica del recurso, cuando ocurren las capturas principalmente hacia el noroeste de su distribución. Bajo esta perspectiva, es posible suponer que *El Niño* no afecte dramáticamente el tamaño del stock de atún, pero sí su distribución espacial.
Sin embargo, el efecto de *El Niño* no es del todo negativo, ya que aproximadamente dos años después de la presencia de este tipo de eventos se han registrado capturas superiores al promedio. Lo anterior han tratado de explicarlo por el hecho de que al disminuir la vulnerabilidad y por tanto la captura de la especie, se logra un éxito reproductivo de la misma, aprovechando las oportunidades transitorias que ofrece el ecosistema.
Como consecuencia del cambio climático global se ha proyectado la presencia de eventos ENOS más frecuentes y de mayor intensidad. El impacto que las variaciones climáticas tendrán en la población de atún aleta amarilla y en las capturas es incierto, sin embargo, el monitoreo o seguimiento continuo del comportamiento de las capturas podría ser una fuente de información que de su análisis deriven indicadores que permitan mitigar sus efectos.
La captura de barrilete por la flota atunera mexicana en el Pacífico Oriental constituye un complemento de la captura de atún aleta amarilla. El barrilete es la segunda especie en importancia por volumen de la flota.
En la figura 1 se aprecia la captura anual. Se observa que la captura fue elevada en el periodo 2004-2008 con el valor más alto registrado en el 2005 de casi 39 mil toneladas. Las capturas todavía altas de 2006 a 2008 sirvieron para compensar parcialmente la baja de capturas de atún aleta amarilla de ese periodo. Más recientemente las capturas son bastante bajas y puede deberse al incremento en la proporción de lances a cardúmenes asociados a delfines y por lo tanto disminución de los lances donde se capturan ambas especies (brisas y objetos flotantes).
Figura 1. Captura anual de barrilete, flota atunera con red de cerco del Pacífico Oriental, 2004-2013.
Figura 2. Porcentaje de la captura total de flota cerquera de México que corresponde al barrilete.
La captura de esta especie es el principal complemento de la captura que está dirigida al enlatado. En 2004 y 2005, esta captura elevada representó un 25% de la captura total de la flota, se mantuvo en un 20% durante los años de baja disponibilidad de atún aleta amarilla y en los años recientes se encuentra entre el 5% y el 13%.
En la figura 3, podemos ver la magnitud de la captura mensual de barrilete. Por supuesto los meses de enero y diciembre presentan baja captura debido al inicio y cierre respectivamente de la actividad de pesca de la flota. En general la captura máxima para cada año se obtiene en el periodo comprendido entre los meses de mayo y octubre.
Figura 3. Capturas mensuales de barrilete (2004-2013).
El 14 de abril de 2015 se celebró el más reciente capítulo de la que se considera la más larga disputa sobre comercio y medio ambiente a nivel internacional.
Un panel de cumplimiento de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) falló a favor de la demanda de México contra Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) por la injusta discriminación del atún mexicano, específicamente en relación a los procesos de certificación, rastreo y verificación necesarios para obtener la etiqueta *dolphin-safe*. El veredicto del árbitro comercial surge como respuesta a las demandas formuladas por México bajo el Artículo 21.5 del Entendimiento de Solución de Diferencias. El demandante alega que EE.UU. no cumplió con las recomendaciones emitidas en 2012 por el máximo tribunal de la OMC.
La medida en cuestión se relaciona con el Programa Internacional para la Conservación de los Delfines (DPCIA, por sus siglas en inglés) de EE.UU., las regulaciones implementadas y el fallo estadounidense con respecto a la aplicación del DPCIA. La medida identifica las condiciones bajo las que un producto atunero puede clasificarse con la etiqueta *dolphin-safe*, es decir, que no se mataron delfines en el proceso de pesca del atún, mismo que varía según el área en donde se haya llevado a cabo la pesca. En particular, se prohibió el uso de la etiqueta en la pesca de atún capturado mediante “cerco” a los delfines, que implica usar redes a fin de atrapar a los atunes que nadan por debajo.
Sin embargo, la medida en cuestión no utiliza la etiqueta *dolphin-safe*, que resulta obligatoria para la importación o venta de productos atuneros en EE.UU. El principal método mexicano de pesca de atún en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental (PTO) –uno de los pocos lugares en el mundo en donde delfines y atunes conviven–, conlleva el cerco de delfines y por lo mismo México lleva más de una década acusando la discriminación de EE.UU.
**Procedimientos de cumplimiento, un nuevo capítulo.**
En mayo de 2012, el Órgano de Apelación descubrió que EE.UU. había violado lo estipulado en el Artículo 2.1 del Acuerdo sobre Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio (OTC) debido a que los requisitos para el etiquetado *dolphin-safe* para productos atuneros estadounidenses y de otros países eran más laxos en comparación con los impuestos a los productos atuneros mexicanos, pues no reparaban en la mortalidad de los diferentes métodos de pesca en otras áreas del océano.
Las medidas estadounidenses, por tanto, no fueron equitativas y surtieron un efecto negativo en los productos atuneros mexicanos pues no derivaron de una distinción normativa legítima. México y EE.UU. acordaron que el periodo razonable para que este último alcanzara el cumplimiento sería de 13 meses a fin de que pusiera sus medidas de etiquetado *dolphin-safe* en conformidad con sus obligaciones en la OMC. No se le pidió a EE.UU. que aceptara etiquetar los productos atuneros mexicanos con la etiqueta referida, pero sí que no etiquetara productos de otros países sin que estos cumplieran con los mismos requisitos que los mexicanos.
En julio de 2013, EE.UU. publicó una norma corregida en donde fijó requisitos adicionales para la certificación, además del rastreo y verificación del atún capturado bajo la norma.
dolphin-safe fuera del PTO. Consecuentemente, el atún importado, independiente de su origen, y los productos atuneros para los que se solicite la etiqueta en cuestión deberá presentar la certificación de no uso de redes sobre los delfines durante la pesca de atún y de no haber matado o lastimado delfines en el proceso.
Sin embargo, otros procesos de certificación, rastreo y verificación continuaron diferenciándose con base en la región. Para pescar atún dentro del PTO se necesita un capitán y un observador independiente para certificar que los peces fueron capturados sin causarle daño a los delfines, aunque otras pesqueras solo exigieron la certificación del capitán. Al presentar sus demandas más recientes sobre el incumplimiento estadounidense, México se mantuvo en tajante desacuerdo respecto a que la norma estadounidense enmendada cumplía con el veredicto de la OMC.
El enfoque principal de las deliberaciones del panel de cumplimiento se centró en la diferencia de requisitos para obtener la certificación dolphin-safe, además de la rastreabilidad desde el punto de pesca y hasta la comercialización entre el atún pescado dentro y fuera del PTO. En abril, el panel de cumplimiento descubrió que aunque EE.UU. niegue la etiqueta dolphin-safe al atún capturado “efectuando lances sobre” delfines, que implica cercar a los delfines con una red para capturar el atún que nada por debajo) e imponga diferentes requisitos de certificación, rastreo y verificación a las pesqueras dentro del PTO, estos no se vincularon a una distinción regulatoria legítima y fueron inequitativos.
Historia de la regulación atún-delfín.
México pesca atún dentro del PTO y se le considera una de las pesqueras más transparentes y bien gestionadas en el mundo. En 2005, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) reconoció al Acuerdo sobre el Programa Internacional para la Conservación de los Delfines (APICD) con el premio Margarita Lizárraga por su magnífica aplicación de los principios del Código de Conducta de Pesquerías Responsables.
El Acuerdo incluye varios mandatos específicos, estrictos y de alto costo para la capacitación de la tripulación de las flotas pesqueras; redes y equipo especializados; restricciones y procedimientos de operación; rastreo y verificación de productos desde el momento en que salen del agua, pasando por la carga, descarga, almacenamiento y procesamiento; y, más importante aún, todo bajo la vigilancia de un observador científico independiente que va a bordo y de los agentes del gobierno en la costa.
Debido a la mortalidad de los delfines en el PTO en la década de 1980 se necesitó una respuesta colaborativa y concertada para solucionar el problema de forma efectiva. México y EE.UU. se adelantaron a dar respuesta. Este último se unió a México en una serie de iniciativas multilaterales en las que los 14 países integrantes de la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical buscaron cambiar la forma en que se pescaba el atún asociado a los delfines.
Durante la década de 1990, el esfuerzo multilateral mediante el Acuerdo de la Jolla, la Declaración de Panamá y el APICD mejoraron de manera integral el equipo y las técnicas de pesca. Se concentraron los esfuerzos para asegurar la implementación de los cambios. Estas mismas iniciativas multilaterales resultaron en la reducción del 99,5% de mortalidad de los delfines, un nivel biológico y estadístico prácticamente insignificante. Es importante mencionar que la reducción ocurrió por primera vez en 1993 y se ha mantenido desde entonces. Como resultado de lo anterior, las administraciones de los presidentes Bill Clinton y George W. Bush buscaron el
reconocimiento de la etiqueta *dolphin-safe* del APICD y permitieron el acceso de los productos atuneros mexicanos al mercado estadounidense. No obstante, a raíz de la insistencia de ciertos congresistas, EE.UU. ha seguido su curso unilateral al aprobar y mantener el esquema de etiquetado *dolphin-safe* promulgado de acuerdo a intereses económicos privados en el mercado estadounidense. Dicha etiqueta permanece sin regularse efectivamente, no puede verificarse su afirmación de no daño a delfines y, por lo tanto, engaña a los clientes.
Varios grupos ambientalistas estadounidenses han exportado este falso esquema de etiquetado *dolphin-safe* en todo el mundo, con lo que también han cerrado esos mercados a los productos atuneros mexicanos.
**Problemas de certificación, rastreo y verificación.**
Al enterarse del incumplimiento de las resoluciones anteriores por parte de EE.UU., el panel de cumplimiento de la OMC decidió que el país norteamericano no había sometido a otros métodos de pesca y sus pesqueras a estándares equitativos. Esto por el hecho de que EE.UU. insiste en que la etiqueta *dolphin-safe* certifica a los consumidores de que ningún delfín sufrió daños en la pesca del atún.
México presentó numerosas evidencias científicas de EE.UU. y de grupos ecologistas de prestigio que revelaron que esos otros métodos y las pesqueras ajenas al PTO estaban causando decenas de miles de muertes de delfines en la pesca del atún que alimenta al mercado estadounidense, incluso aquellos productos con la etiqueta *dolphin-safe*.
EE.UU. reconoció que la presencia de observadores independientes aumentaría la precisión de las certificaciones para el etiquetado en cuestión. Existen algunos requisitos para los observadores para las pesqueras fuera del PTO, pero solo con ciertas condiciones. EE.UU. no necesita observadores que certifiquen el cuidado de los delfines en sus barcos pesqueros en las zonas central y oeste del Pacífico, por lo que es mucho más probable que el atún capturado fuera del PTO reciba la etiqueta *dolphin-safe* sin merecerla.
El panel de cumplimiento estaba convencido de que la certificación de no maltrato a delfines sería una tarea compleja y que los capitanes no estarían capacitados para llevarla a cabo. Sin las habilidades necesarias para certificar que no se han lastimado o matado delfines es difícil que los requerimientos para la certificación puedan ser considerados equitativos. El panel de cumplimiento identificó varios criterios para evaluar los sistemas de rastreo y verificación, a saber: profundidad, precisión y vigilancia gubernamental. Así, el panel descubrió que EE.UU permitió que los sectores privado e industrial desarrollaran el sistema de rastreo y verificación para el etiquetado *dolphin-safe*. Esto no debería ser un inconveniente, pero trazaron un sistema mucho menos exigente si se compara con el que México debe acatar en su pesca dentro del PTO. El panel dijo que este esquema generó, según las evidencias que presentó México, “importantes lagunas en la cobertura” en el sistema de rastreo y verificación para las atuneras que operan fuera del PTO.
A partir de un estudio publicado el año pasado en la revista sobre políticas marítimas, *Marine Policy* (MP; Ganapathiraju Pramod, 2014) en donde se especificaron las cantidades aproximadas de pescado importado ilegal y sin declarar que entró a EE.UU., el panel de cumplimiento encontró que una cantidad considerable de pescado que se importa a EE.UU pasa primero por uno o más países intermediarios para su post-cultivo y reexportación. El panel dijo: “Los Estados Unidos no han presentado ninguna prueba que explique la manera en que las fábricas de conservas pueden asegurarse de que las certificaciones de los capitanes permanecen con los lotes de atún que identifican durante todo este proceso.”. Y
señaló además que “las autoridades estadounidenses no pueden asegurarse de que reciben información que les permitiría seguir los movimientos y la condición dolphin safe del atún desde el momento de la captura hasta el punto de entrega a una fábrica de conservas estadounidense”.
**Contra la pesca ilegal.**
De acuerdo a información de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (NOAA, por sus siglas en inglés) citada en el estudio de MP, Tailandia fue responsable del 55% del atún enlatado importado a EE.UU. en 2011; le siguieron Filipinas con 13%, Vietnam con 10,5%, Indonesia con 5% y China con 4%. Tailandia importa más del 85% del atún que procesa para luego exportarlo. El estudio de MP también descubrió casos de pesca ilegal de atún en los océanos Índico y Pacífico provocada por la falta de trazabilidad de alimentos marinos cuando los suministros se mezclan durante los transbordos en altamar.
El estudio de MP asimismo resalta que del 85% del atún importado por las procesadoras tailandesas, solo 30% cumple con los requisitos de rastreo de la Unión Europea y casi toda esa materia prima se usa para abastecer al viejo continente de productos atuneros. Gran parte del resto, no rastreable, termina en el laxo mercado estadounidense. La incapacidad demostrada de las autoridades de EE.UU para rastrear y verificar las fuentes de origen y condición de dolphin-safe del atún que entra a su mercado es más notoria debido al hecho de que el país norteamericano firmó un acuerdo a finales del año pasado por una demanda impuesta por varios grupos ambientalistas ante la Corte de Comercio Internacional de EE.UU. En la demanda se argumentó que, para las pesqueras que operan fuera del PTO, EE.UU. no impuso disposiciones bajo su Ley de Protección de los Mamíferos Marinos (MMPA) en donde se exigiera el rastreo para comprobar que no se dañaron mamíferos durante la pesca de productos pesqueros que hayan ingresado a su mercado. En el diseño del sistema de etiquetado dolphin-safe de EE.UU. puede rastrearse cada paso, desde la pesca al enlatado del atún pescado en el PTO, pero aquel capturado fuera de la zona que representa prácticamente todo el atún etiquetado dolphin-safe que abastece al mercado de EE.UU, no puede rastrearse hasta su punto de origen y es imposible saber el método de pesca empleado. EE.UU. no ha podido implementar un sistema con un monitoreo y rastreo adecuados, ni tampoco ha cambiado el contenido ni el significado de la etiqueta actual.
**Artículo XX.**
En el caso original, en 2011, un panel de la OMC apeló a la doctrina de “economía judicial” y se abstuvo de pronunciarse sobre la demanda de México presentada bajo los Artículos I:1 y III:4 del GATT.
El Órgano de Apelación reprobó el enfoque del panel, por lo que en los procedimientos más recientes el panel de cumplimiento resolvió las demandas y los argumentos en torno al Acuerdo OTC. Como respuesta, EE.UU. se acogió al Artículo XX, que trata las excepciones generales a las reglas de comercio multilateral, alegando que su discriminación a los productos atuneros mexicanos podía justificarse por ser necesaria para la protección de la vida humana, animal y vegetal, además de con ella protege recursos naturales no renovables. Aunque es cierto que el análisis según los Artículos I:1, III:4 y XX no es completamente idéntico al del Artículo 2.1 del Acuerdo OTC, los estándares legales son bastante similares, por lo que el panel señaló que se violaban los Artículos I:1 y III:4 y la medida resultaba injustificable bajo el Artículo XX. El panel dijo que EE.UU podría no darle la etiqueta dolphin-safe al atún pescado mediante el lance sobre los delfines, acogiéndose al Artículo XX(g), pero que los requisitos diferenciados de certificación, rastreo y verificación continuaban siendo problemáticos.
Cooperación multilateral, acceso al mercado, responsabilidad.
La decisión del panel reafirmó la importancia de los acuerdos multilaterales sobre el medio ambiente (Amuma) en un momento en que dichos acuerdos cobran importancia para abordar los principales retos ambientales, ya sea el cuidado de las especies o el cambio climático. Solo los esfuerzos conjuntos de las naciones servirán para proteger los intereses globales. Si los países toman decisiones por su cuenta y ejecutan políticas distintas –aunque bien intencionadas– no podrán conseguir el avance positivo necesario para darle sustentabilidad a los recursos que utilizarán las generaciones venideras. El APICD es un ejemplo de una iniciativa de un grupo de países en materia de gestión pesquera internacional. Como dijo México, las acciones unilaterales de EE.UU. con respecto al problema del etiquetado dolphin-safe no solo difieren de los objetivos del acuerdo, sino que también afectan su efectividad. Lo único que EE.UU. ha conseguido en los últimos seis años de litigio ante la OMC, a partir de que México presentó su segunda demanda sobre el tema, ha sido privar a sus consumidores de una etiqueta dolphin-safe, creíble y de valor, para productos atuneros enlatados. Además, ha promocionado la práctica de pesca destructiva –entre la que se incluyen dispositivos de concentración de peces (DCP)– en las pesquerías que surten casi todo el atún enlatado a EE.UU. México ha dejado muy en claro que seguirá resistiéndose a los intentos unilaterales de EE.UU. por forzarlo a que cambie al uso de DCP, herramienta que han sido rotundamente condenada por grupos ambientalistas debido al daño que causan al atún, tiburones, tortugas, delfines y demás especies marinas por la captura incidental y los desechos.
Durante los últimos 25 años, EE.UU. ha prohibido o restringido la entrada al atún mexicano, lo que entorpece el comercio efectivo para los atuneros de ese país. EE.UU. estigmatizó falsamente el atún de su vecino del sur frente a sus consumidores pues permitió que otros generaran una idea negativa sobre la protección otorgada a los delfines bajo el APICD y, por otro lado, promovió una idea positiva y falsa con respecto a la protección del delfín para todo el atún capturado fuera del PTO. Sin embargo, es probable que EE.UU. vuelva a apelar la más reciente decisión y, con eso, seguirá sin ofrecerle una etiqueta dolphin-safe comprobable y objetiva a sus consumidores. No obstante, se acerca el final del proceso, pues México considerará pedir la autorización a la OMC para imponer sanciones a otros productos de EE.UU. que pretendan entrar a su territorio. México también dejó muy claro que llevará este asunto hasta sus últimas consecuencias. Se juegan los principios de cooperación multilateral en la resolución de los retos ambientales internacionales y la gestión pesquera sustentable, la responsabilidad de las partes de cumplir con lo acordado en los acuerdos internacionales, la importancia de que los países aseguren esquemas de etiquetado ecológico regulados de forma que garanticen que no engañan a los clientes ni afectan al comercio. Si EE.UU. sigue incumpliendo esta serie de normativas dispuestas por la OMC debilitará estos vitales principios.
Los “peces de pico” o “picudos” son términos usados para referirse a peces que se caracterizan por la prolongación de la mandíbula superior en forma de pico, y que usualmente son de gran tamaño. Estas especies son de gran importancia en lugares donde se practica la pesca deportiva-recreativa ya que su captura representa un trofeo muy apreciado tanto por “la pelea” que ofrecen así como por su tamaño. Uno de estos peces picudos es el marlín azul, cuyo nombre científico es *Makaira nigricans*, especie que llega a medir casi 4.5 metros de longitud y a pesar más de 900 kilos.
Marlín azul capturado en el XXVII Torneo de pesca Bisbee’s durante 2007, con un peso de 269 kg.
Las capturas de marlín azul representan para las flotas deportivas que operan en localidades del extremo sur Baja California Sur el segundo lugar en importancia de los peces de pico, donde registra sus abundancias mayores entre agosto y octubre.
No obstante la gran importancia que esta especie representa, aspectos de su biología básica que coadyuven a lograr un aprovechamiento sustentable son escasos. Estimar la edad de los organismos que son capturados permite conocer aspectos importantes de la población sujeta a explotación. Uno de los cuales, es relacionar la edad de cada individuo capturado con su propia longitud, lo que permite estimar la tasa de crecimiento de la especie, es decir, que tan rápido crecen de un año a otro (si su crecimiento es rápido o lento) y como va disminuyendo ese crecimiento individual con la edad.
Otra estimación importante es conocer su longevidad, o la edad máxima que llegan a alcanzar los individuos. Asimismo, es importante determinar las diferentes edades de reclutamiento, es decir, estimar las edades a la que los individuos pasan o se incorporan de un estado o fase de la población a otra etapa de la misma población de forma significativa. El conocimiento de la edad permitirá determinar “la edad de reclutamiento a la pesca”, es decir, la primera edad a partir de la cual el 50% o más de los individuos de la misma edad están siendo capturados por un arte de pesca específico.
En conjunto con las características de madurez sexual y reproducción de los organismos se puede estimar “la edad de reclutamiento reproductor”, es decir, la primera edad a partir de la cual el 50% o más de los individuos de la misma edad empiezan a contribuir a la repoblación de la especie. Otras estimaciones importantes se logran a partir de conocer la estructura por edades en las capturas o composición porcentual de cada grupo de edad.
en la captura total. La estructura por edades estimada para un año en particular, permite conocer si las capturas están afectando a los grupos jóvenes, maduros o viejos, pero si la estructura por edades es estimada periódicamente en años distintos, se podrá inferir como las estrategias de explotación y la variabilidad ambiental pudieran estar afectando a la población.
¿Pero cómo se puede estimar la edad en estos organismos?
En los estudios de edad y crecimiento del marlín azul y otras especies de peces de pico, ha sido común usar la cuarta espina de la aleta dorsal para este objetivo. De la misma forma que en un corte transversal del tronco de un árbol se pueden observar los anillos de crecimiento, también se pueden observar en un corte transversal de la espina dorsal. Se usa la cuarta espina principalmente porque es la espina más gruesa de la aleta dorsal y por consecuencia los cortes serán más grandes, esperando que resulte relativamente más fácil contar y medir las distancias entre las marcas de crecimiento.
Las marcas de crecimiento en los cortes transversales de las espinas se forman por la deposición de carbonato, la banda opaca corresponde a la zona de crecimiento rápido (mayor deposición de carbonato) y la banda hialina (menor deposición de carbonato) a la zona de crecimiento lento. Si hay una mayor cantidad de alimento disponible los organismos crecerán más y la deposición de carbonato será mayor, por lo cual las marcas serán opacas, en el periodo cuando el alimento es escaso, los organismos crecen poco, la deposición de carbonato es mínima y por consecuencia las bandas serán traslúcidas o hialinas.
Figura. Corte transversal de la cuarta espina de la aleta dorsal del marlín azul en donde se jemplifican las marcas de crecimiento y su relación con la disposición de alimento.
Con la finalidad de dar respuesta a alguna de estas incógnitas, el proyecto de Pelágicos Mayores del CICIMAR llevó a cabo muestreos biológicos del marlín azul en el lugar de desembarque de la flota deportiva en Cabo San Lucas, B.C.S., en los cuales se registró el peso de los organismos (kg), la longitud posorbital (del límite posterior del ojo a la furca de la cola), así como el sexo, el cual se determinó mediante la observación directa de las gónadas y se recolectó la cuarta espina de la aleta dorsal.
Se eliminó todo residuo de piel y músculo de las espinas y se pusieron al sol para secarlas. Una vez secas, se midieron y se efectuaron cortes transversales de un grosor de 0.45 mm, para posteriormente y con la ayuda de un estereomicroscopio realizar el conteo de las marcas de crecimiento contenidas en dichos cortes. Para este propósito, un año de edad correspondió al conjunto de una banda opaca seguida por otra translúcida.
Todos los organismos que fueron colectados fueron hembras que midieron entre 141 y 330 cm de longitud posorbital y pesaron de 44 a 364 kg. Una vez que se realizó el conteo de marcas de crecimiento se determinó que sus edades fueron de 1 a 8 años, siendo los de 2 y 3 años los más abundantes. Finalmente se encontró que el crecimiento de las hembras de marlín azul es muy rápido en sus primeros años de vida, pudiendo crecer hasta 90 cm por año y alcanzar hasta 210 cm de longitud posorbital a la edad de 3 años.
Información como la generada en este trabajo puede ser utilizada por los responsables de la administración de los recursos pesqueros para el desarrollo de medidas de aprovechamiento de la especie con un enfoque de manejo sustentable.
RELATORIA DEL XVII FORO NACIONAL SOBRE EL ATÚN
Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 19-21 de Noviembre de 2014
Del 19 al 21 de Noviembre de 2014 tuvo lugar en la Ciudad y Puerto de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, la XVII edición del Foro Nacional sobre el Atún.
Este Foro ha sido un espacio permanente en el que participan los principales actores que confluyen en la pesquería del atún, tales como el gobierno, los sectores empresarial y académico, buscando enriquecer la calidad del debate sobre el conocimiento de los túnidos que transitan y habitan la Zona Económica Exclusiva e incluso más allá de ésta, en ambos litorales del país.
Dicho evento se realizó en coordinación entre la Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca (CONAPESCA), el Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INAPESCA), y el Programa Nacional de Aprovechamiento del Atún y Protección de Delfines (PNAAPD) como parte del Fideicomiso de Investigación para el Desarrollo del Programa Nacional de Aprovechamiento del Atún y Protección de Delfines y otros en torno a Especies Acuáticas Protegidas (FIDEMAR).
En el Foro Nacional sobre el Atún se dieron cita autoridades, industriales y académicos (investigadores y estudiantes), así como público en general.
El evento se llevó a cabo en el salón Isla de Venados del Mazatlán International Center, contando con la presencia del Lic. Mario Gilberto Aguilar Sánchez, Comisionado Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca, quien dio el mensaje inaugural. Además participaron el Dr. Michel Jules Dreyfus León, Representante del INAPESCA; la Lic. Leticia Ramírez, Directora de Consultoría Jurídica de Comercio Internacional B, de la Secretaría de Economía; el Ing. Ernesto Escobar Aspinwall, Director de Operaciones de Pesca Azteca; y el C.P. Armando Díaz, Administrador del FIDEMAR.
El Foro tuvo como principal objetivo ampliar el conocimiento en el comportamiento, ecología y genética de las diferentes especies de túnidos, así como las de pelágicos mayores asociadas al atún.
En el primer día de trabajo, el Titular de la CONAPESCA, Lic. Mario Gilberto Aguilar Sánchez, presentó la situación actual de la pesquería de los túnidos en México, mencionando que es una de las más consolidadas de nuestro país y de mayor éxito por su selectividad y ordenamiento, que protege a los ecosistemas, siendo un referente a nivel nacional e internacional.
Entre los temas que se abordaron en el encuentro destacan: información técnica sobre edad y crecimiento, aspectos reproductivos, migración, supervivencia, dinámica de poblaciones, aspectos ecológicos y de tecnología de captura, y pesquerías, los cuales son esenciales para el adecuado diagnóstico del estado de las poblaciones y representan elementos sustanciales para identificar acciones de administración pesquera.
En esta ocasión se destacó la presentación de tres ponencias magistrales:
**Primera Ponencia Magistral:** 19 de Noviembre de 2014: presentada por la Lic. Leticia Margarita Ramírez Aguilar, Directora de Consultoría Jurídica de Comercio Internacional B de la Secretaría de Economía con el tema: “ESTADOS UNIDOS - MEDIDAS RELATIVAS A LA IMPORTACIÓN, COMERCIALIZACIÓN Y VENTA DE ATÚN Y PRODUCTOS DE ATÚN (DS381)”
La presentación se dividió en 5 temas principales: 1) Antecedentes; 2) Caso ante la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC); 3) Plazo Prudencial de Cumplimiento; 4) Arbitraje de Cumplimiento y 5) Estatus del caso y siguientes pasos. Explicó que existe una asociación natural del atún aleta amarilla y el delfín, particularmente en la zona del Océano Pacífico Oriental (OPO), del cual Estados Unidos de América (EE.UU.), fue pionero desde 1950, empleando métodos de redes de cerco para pescar atún. En 1992 se llegó a tener 100 mil delfines muertos por año. Por esta razón, se realizaron acciones tales como la negociación de diversos tratados internacionales para proteger al delfín, así como esfuerzos bilaterales: modificación de la legislación de EE.UU. y Litigios ante las Cortes de ese país. Las acciones tomadas por EE.UU. fueron: en 1987 la modificación del Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) para prohibir importaciones de productos marinos obtenidos bajo un programa de pesca no comparable al de EE.UU.; en 1988 adopta un embargo contra la importación de atún mexicano; en 1991, México ganó un arbitraje conforme al GATT contra EE.UU. pero el informe nunca fue adoptado. De acuerdo a la legislación de EE.UU. se adoptó el dolphin safe, el cual establece que solo puede portar la
etiqueta aquel atún que no es capturado con redes de cerco en asociación con delfines.
El título que se le da a este caso ante la OMC es: “Estados Unidos - Medidas relativas a la importación, comercialización y venta de atún y productos de atún”, en cuyos Acuerdos invocados fueron: Obstáculos técnico al comercio: Art. 2, 5,6, y 8, y GATT de 1994, Arts. I y III. Las consultas se realizaron del 24 de octubre de 2008, el 8 de julio del 2011 se publicó el informe definitivo del panel, cuya circulación se da a conocer el 15 de septiembre de 2011. Las disposiciones invocadas por México fueron el, revisar los Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio (Definición de reglamento técnico Anexo 1.1; Obstáculos innecesarios al comercio Artículo 2.2 Acuerdo OTC y Uso de estándares internacionales Artículo 2.4 Acuerdo OTC), así como la no discriminación respecto a reglamentos técnicos, nación más favorecida y trato nacional.
Las determinaciones del Panel sobre Aspectos Fácticos fueron: la etiqueta dolphin-safe tienen un valor comercial en el mercado de EE.UU. asociación entre atunes y delfines fuera del OPO con efectos adversos y pesca incidental de delfines. Cumplir con las condiciones del etiquetado es más oneroso para la flota mexicana. No hay acceso efectivo al mercado de EE.UU. El estrés y la mortalidad de las crías de delfines no es causada por la pesca en asociación con delfines, existen efectos adversos sobre los delfines por otros métodos de pesca, FADs (objetos flotantes), arrastre, redes de deriva, asimismo, reconoce la contribución del Acuerdo sobre el Programa Internacional para la Conservación de los Delfines (APICD) en reducir la mortandad de delfines en el OPO, reconoce a la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical (CIAT) y al APICD como autoridades competentes para regular la pesca de atún en el OPO. Las determinaciones del Panel Favorables a México fueron: las medidas relativas al etiquetado dolphin safe constituyen un Reglamento Técnico bajo el Acuerdo OTC, las disposiciones de EE.UU. se aplican a productos de atún, establecen requisitos de etiquetado que aplican a dichos productos y su observancia es obligatoria. Las medidas de EE.UU. constituyen un obstáculo innecesario, porque restringe el comercio más de lo necesario para alcanzar un objetivo legítimo. México logró identificar una alternativa menos restrictiva. EE.UU. publicó, a través del Departamento de Agricultura, el 9 de julio de 2013, modificaciones a los requisitos de etiquetado dolphin safe, las modificaciones entraban en vigor el 13 de julio de 2013, pero se requerirían su cumplimiento hasta el 1 de enero de 2014. Para México, EE.UU. no cumple con las recomendaciones de la OMC, por lo cual solicita el establecimiento del Grupo Especial el 14 de noviembre de 2013, constituyéndose el 27 de enero de 2014.
El paso a seguir del procedimiento en la OMC es: 1) Emisión del Informe Definitivo del Grupo Especial, 2) Procedimiento de Apelación del Informe del Grupo Especial, 3) Solicitud de Suspensión de Beneficios, 4) Arbitraje para determinar nivel de suspensión de beneficios (22.6) y suspensión de beneficios. La emisión del informe final del Grupo Especial se espera a finales de diciembre de 2014.
Segunda Ponencia Magistral: 20 de Noviembre de 2014: expuesta por el Ing. Luis Lázaro Valles, Representante de la Alianza del Pacífico por el Atún Sustentable (APAS) quien expuso el tema: “IMPORTANCIA DE LA CERTIFICACIÓN MARINE STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (MSC) PARA LA INDUSTRIA DEL ATÚN DEL PACÍFICO MEXICANO”:
Dicha ponencia dio inicio con la explicación del proceso para la elaboración de una lata de atún, desde el momento que se pesca, hasta la elaboración del producto. Asimismo, se resaltó la importancia del cuidado del medio ambiente, haciendo hincapié en que cada vez más los consumidores están preocupados por que las empresas a las que compran, compartan sus mismos valores y apoyen sus mismas causas.
Resaltó que cada día hay más consumidores preocupados por la sustentabilidad de lo que comen, por lo que las empresas están más preocupadas en conservar los recursos naturales para poder operar de manera continua en el presente y en el futuro. Por lo anterior, es que la APAS busca ser parte de la certificación MSC, la cual es un estándar que ha sido desarrollado durante los pasados 15 años con participación de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG’s), científicos marinos y expertos de la industria, y está abierto a la retroalimentación de los grupos de interés para la mejora continua bajo un marco de evaluación científico.
De acuerdo a ISEAL, para que un estándar pueda crear un impacto positivo, este debe basarse al menos en los siguientes principios: sustentabilidad, mejora continua, relevancia, rigor, veracidad, compromiso, imparcialidad, transparencia, accesibilidad, y eficiencia.
De acuerdo al estándar MSC, ser sustentable en la industria del atún es: garantizar sustentabilidad de la especie objetivo, minimizar el impacto en el medio ambiente y administrar eficientemente la pesquería. Dicha certificación es buscada, ya que la industria mexicana del atún cuenta con una de las pescas más sustentables a nivel global y MSC es la certificación de mayor reputación, con gran aceptación en Europa y con creciente reconocimiento en EE.UU. Otras industrias pesqueras han estado avanzando, por lo que se considera que es hora de que la industria atunera mexicana se involucre y demuestre su sustentabilidad. Con la certificación se podrá reiniciar la conservación con los enlatadores, y buscar nuevos clientes en el extranjero, apalancándose en la reputación global de MSC.
Tercera Ponencia Magistral: 21 de noviembre de 2014, presentada por el Dr. Guillermo Compeán Jiménez, Director de la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical (CIAT), con el tema: “ESTADO ACTUAL DEL ATÚN DEL OPO”:
Al inicio de la presentación mostró las capturas por especie con base en todas las artes, las cuales representaron una captura promedio de 565,000 t. En ese sentido, el Director de la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical (CIAT) agregó que la estabilidad de las pesquerías obedece a las medidas que se aplican y los estudios generados para darle seguimiento a su desarrollo.
sustentable. Asimismo, se hizo hincapié en que el área de capturas del atún tropical de las especies “barrilete”, “patudo” y “aleta amarilla”, en el Norte del Océano Pacífico Oriental, hasta el frente del Perú y zonas costeras de México y Sudamérica, llegó a su máxima expansión ya que de acuerdo a estudios científicos, no hay otras áreas en las que se realicen capturas que dejen resultados positivos. Asimismo se destacó que en los últimos 12 años, las capturas tuvieron un promedio de 565 mil toneladas, aumentando a 585 mil este 2013 y que esperan lograr cantidad similar este 2014.
De acuerdo a lo expuesto en dicha presentación, México es uno de los países más importantes en la pesca y mercado de atún, además que juega un papel muy importante al convertirse en un ejemplo de país que desarrolla su propia pesquería. Con relación al embargo atunero, se mencionó que es un asunto de comercio y que es injusto porque la base científica en la que sostienen que se depreda el delfín, no es sólida; “los delfines están en sana población y su pesca es sustentable”. Las medidas establecidas por el cuidado sustentable de los túnidos son: mantener vigente la Resolución C-13-01, con informes mensuales de captura palangrera de atún aleta amarilla de 500 toneladas.
Para el atún aleta azul del pacífico: el límite de captura comercial es de: 3,154 t; mientras que el límite de captura no comercial asciende a: 221 t Albacora del norte: Ninguna medida nueva el atún en el Oceánico Pacífico está en máximo y mejor punto de explotación, es decir, no se puede pescar más, pero a su vez la utilización de este recurso es óptima y de manera responsable a través de las medidas de protección y conservación de estos mismos.
La clausura del XVII Foro Nacional sobre el Atún estuvo a cargo de la Directora de Asuntos Internacionales de la Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca (CONAPESCA), la Mtra. Isabel Cristina Reyes Robles, en representación del Titular de la dependencia, Lic. Mario Aguilar Sánchez.
El XVII Foro Nacional Sobre el Atún fue nuevamente un éxito, ya que el trinomio empresas-gobierno y académicos propició el intercambio de ideas, conocimientos y puntos de vista, así como los inicios de colaboración para proyectos futuros, intercambio de información y datos, así como la convivencia entre todos los involucrados en las pesquerías de túnidos y especies asociadas.
Cabe resaltar que dicho Foro cumplió con los objetivos y metas fijados al inicio de los trabajos, buscando ampliar los conocimientos sobre el comportamiento, ecología y genética de las diferentes especies de túnidos, así como otras especies de pelágicos mayores asociados al atún.
Posterior a la clausura del Foro, los participantes tuvieron la oportunidad de visitar el Buque de Investigación Pesquera y Oceanográfica (BIPO), del INAPESCA.
RESÚMEN DE LOS TRABAJOS DEL XVII FORO NACIONAL SOBRE EL ATÚN
CAPTURA DE ATÚN ALETA AMARILLA POR LA FLOTA ATUNERA CERQUERA MEXICANA Y SU AFECTACIÓN POR HURACANES EN EL PACÍFICO ORIENTAL EN 2013 Y 2014.
Héctor Pérez
FIDEMAR-PNAAPD.
Efecto de huracanes en la pesca de atún aleta amarilla: Promueven una pesca sustentable. Impiden la pesca: no se puede pescar en tanto está activa la tormenta, funciona como una veda regional y temporal. Producen enfriamiento de la capa superficial del mar. Su energía se alimenta de la capa superficial caliente del agua de mar, provocando enfriamiento y mezcla desde la superficie marina hasta una profundidad mayor a los 50m. Esto conlleva una redistribución en el recurso en la zona de pesca. En cuanto a huracanes y la pesca de atún en 2013 y 2014, explicó lo siguiente:
- Se presentaron condiciones normales en 2013 (TSM frías), y comenzaron a presentarse condiciones de un evento de El Niño (TSM calientes) en 2014.
- En 2013 hubo 20 eventos (arriba del promedio) pero de poca intensidad. En 2014 aumentó mucho la intensidad de huracanes (arriba del promedio) y casi no hubo mes sin un evento mayor en la temporada.
- Las capturas de atún aleta amarilla en lances sobre brisa se reducen notoriamente con la ocurrencia de huracanes mayores cercanos a la costa. Observable en 2014.
- En general en 2014 la mayor frecuencia de huracanes intensos y muy cercanos a la costa redujeron el esfuerzo pesquero a lo largo del año.
PROPIUESTA DE CONSERVACIÓN PARA EL ATÚN ALETA AZUL EN EL PACÍFICO NORTE.
Michel Jules Dreyfus León
Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INAPESCA)-CRIP-Ensenada.
México tiene un programa de 100% de cobertura de observadores desde 1992. México limitó el número de concesiones. Se pusieron límites de capacidad a los ranchos. La flota intenta la captura de organismos de mayor talla. El impacto de la pesca del OPO se ha reducido de 40% a solo un 16%. Desde 2012 se tiene una cuota que se
ha cumplido. Explicó que durante 2015 y 2016, en el Área de la Convención de la CIAT, las capturas comerciales totales de atún aleta azul del Pacífico por todos los CPC no superarán 6,600 toneladas, para una captura anual efectiva de 3,300 toneladas en cada año. Ningún CPC superará 3,500 toneladas en 2015. En el caso que la captura total real en 2015 sea más o menos que 3,300 toneladas, el límite de captura para 2016 será ajustado correspondientemente para asegurar que la captura total en el bienio no supere 6,600 toneladas.
CAPTURA DE LA FLOTA ATUNERA MEXICANA 2007-2013.
Marina Eva Hernández González.
FIDEMAR-PNAAPD
Los datos de captura provienen de la base de datos del Programa Nacional de Aprovechamiento del Atún y de Protección de Delfines (PNAAPD). La información representa el 50% de la flota atunera mexicana que opera en el Océano Pacífico Oriental (OPO) con red de cerco. Las especies de atunes que son capturadas durante la actividad de pesca son: atún aleta amarilla, barrilete, atún aleta azul, barrilete negro, bonito, melva, patudo y albacora. El número de buques activos en la flota atunera mexicana son: 38 barcos activos, 11 con capacidad de 500-976 tm y 27 de capacidad de 1089-1542 tm. En 2007, el número de viajes fueron 100 en 2008; 95, en 2009; 83, en 2010; 84, en 2011; 99, en 2012; 97 y en 2013 95. En 2013, el número total de lances registrados fueron 4,366, con una captura de 66,761 tm. Las capturas por tipo de lances se dividen en: lances sobre mamíferos, lances sobre atunes libres y lances sobre objetos flotantes. Las especies de atún con mayor captura son: atún aleta amarilla y barrilete. Le siguen en cantidad capturada, bonito y atún aleta azul. El tipo de lance tiene importancia en la presencia de la especie que se captura.
DESEMPEÑO DE LA FLOTA ATUNERA CERQUERA VENEZOLANA EN EL OCEÁNO PACÍFICO ORIENTAL (OPO) EN 2005-2012.
Manuel Correia-Aguiar\textsuperscript{1,2}, Juan Vaca-Rodríguez\textsuperscript{3}, Nicolás Castañeda-Lomas\textsuperscript{4}
Guillermo Rodriguez-Dominguez\textsuperscript{4}, Ramón Morán-Angulo\textsuperscript{4}, y José Félix-Ortiz\textsuperscript{4}
\textsuperscript{1}Programa de Maestría en Recursos Acuáticos de la Facultad de Ciencias del Mar de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. \textsuperscript{2}Fundación para la Pesca Sostenida y Responsable de Túnidos (FUNDATÚN). \textsuperscript{3}Facultad de Ciencias Marinas de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. \textsuperscript{4}Facultad de Ciencias del Mar de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa.
Desde la década de los 70’s, los barcos de la flota cerquera atunera venezolana han trabajado en el Océano Pacífico Oriental, lo cual les dio derecho de cuotas de captura cuando Venezuela se afilió en 1991 como miembro Cooperante de la CIAT. Cinco Organizaciones Regionales de Ordenamiento Pesquero a partir del año 2007, convinieron en desarrollar una metodología con criterios comunes para los 23 stocks poblacionales más comerciales de túnidos y especies afines. Los factores de manejo fueron: abundancia, administración del recurso e impacto ambiental en la fauna incidental. Los tipos de lances son: asociados a delfines, asociados a objetos flotantes y en cardúmenes libres. El objetivo general de la investigación fue delimitar la distribución espacio/temporal de la captura de túnidos de la flota cerquera venezolana en el Pacífico Oriental con menor impacto en la captura incidental de elasmobranquios. El 70% de los lances se realizaron en el polígono de estudio. Representaron el 32% de la capacidad potencial de bodegas. Los análisis dieron resultados particulares dependiendo de los estándares de comparación utilizados, algunos cuadrantes explicaron altos valores de túnidos y bajos valores de tiburones, considerándose como excedentes. Esta pesquería presenta una serie de conflictos dependiendo de los criterios de manejo ponderados en el contexto de las Convenciones Internacionales en las cuales participa Venezuela, como la CIAT y el APICD, respectivamente. MLG basado en variables ficticias y el Método Multicriterio de Función Utilidad (U) resultaron ser herramientas adecuadas para clasificar y tomar decisiones en el sector pesca, respectivamente. Gracias a los dos procedimientos empleados se puede interpretar que zonas entre los paralelos 5°N y 5°S y los meridianos 120°W y 95°W alcanzaron los mejores indicadores para mantener el recurso en niveles recomendables para la flota venezolana.
PREDICCIÓN DEL RECLUTAMIENTO DEL ATÚN ALETA AMARILLA (THUNNUS ALBACARES) CON BASE EN LAS CONDICIONES OCEANOGRÁFICAS EN EL OCÉANO PACÍFICO ORIENTAL, CON EL USO DE UNA RED NEURONAL ARTIFICIAL COMO HERRAMIENTA DE MODELACIÓN.
1 Laura Karen Torres Faurrieta. Michel Dreyfus 1,2
1,2 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC). INAPESCA-CRIP Ensenada 2.
Las predicciones del reclutamiento son una herramienta importante dentro de la estructura de manejo en un stock pesquero que es explotado (Dreyfus, 2008). Dada la susceptibilidad de la pesquería, las predicciones del reclutamiento con base en las condiciones oceanográficas ayudarían a mejorar las estimaciones de la población. Se generará información que podría ser útil para el establecimiento de medidas subsecuentes. Se modeló el reclutamiento con redes neuronales artificiales con base a las condiciones oceanográficas en dos periodos de estudios “periodo largo” y “periodo común”. Existen 5 modelos para el periodo común: temperatura, velocidad de las corrientes, magnitud del viento, biomasa estimada de los desovadores y la biomasa estimada del reclutamiento. Las redes neuronas artificiales (ANNs), son algoritmos informáticos que simulan la actividad de neuronas y el procesamiento de información en el cerebro humano. Son una herramienta poderosa para explorar ecosistemas y resolver problemas complejos no lineales (Chen y Ware, 1999).
ANÁLISIS MACROSCÓPICO DE GONADAS DEL ATÚN ALETA AMARILLA (THUNNUS ALBACARES) CAPTURADO POR LA FLOTA PALANGRERA EN EL GOLFO DE MÉXICO DURANTE 2013.
Karina Ramírez López, Cecilia Quiroga Brahms, Armando Wakida Kusunoki
Instituto Nacional de Pesca. Dirección General Adjunta de Investigación Pesquera en el Atlántico.
El estudio fue realizado en la zona del golfo. En este estudio se menciona la estructura de tallas y madurez sexual, 26,936 ejemplares, de los cuales el 51% fueron machos y el 40% hembras, el 9% no determinado. Se asume que las zonas donde se concentran organismos en etapas avanzadas de madurez podrían ser consideradas como áreas de reproducción. Los meses correspondientes al segundo y tercer trimestre se capturaron más organismos en estado de madurez IV (desove) en el suroeste del golfo de México. De acuerdo al índice de abundancia de hembras en estado de madurez IV (desove) se presentó mayormente en el cuadrante ubicado frente a las costa centro-sur del estado de Veracruz (mayo, junio, agosto) y en la zona centro del golfo de México (julio), por lo que se pudiera considerar como una zona probable del desove de atún aleta amarilla (Thunnus albacares) en el Golfo de México. Por lo anterior, sugiere que dicha zona es de agregación para el desove del atún aleta amarilla, asociado a aspectos espaciales y temporales. Este tipo de investigación debería ser corroborado con análisis microscópico de gónadas de atún aleta amarilla en el Golfo de México. Estos resultados contribuyen a los conocimientos científicos y técnicos para la gestión de la pesquería, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.
VARIABILIDAD AMBIENTAL Y SU EFECTO EN LA DISTRIBUCION ESPACIO-TEMPORAL DE LAS TASAS DE CAPTURA DE DORADO (Coryphaena hippurus) EN LA REGION DE LOS CABOS, B.C.S.
Hideki Yoshida Hernández 1,2, Sofía Ortega-García 1,3, Raúl O. Martínez - Rincón 4
1 Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, B.C.S. México. 2Becario CONACYT 3Becario COFAA. 4 Programa Cátedras CONACYT – CIBNOR.
El dorado es un organismo epipelágico que se distribuye en aguas tropicales y subtropicales. En México, se encuentra reservado a la pesca deportiva en una franja costera de 50 millas náuticas. Las pocas investigaciones que analizan la distribución espacio-temporal de este recurso, han usado información de captura incidental de las flotas
comerciales. En este estudio, se usa información georeferenciada de las tasas de captura (TC) de la flota deportiva y además de abordar este aspecto, se analiza su variabilidad interanual y estacional, y se determina un modelo predictivo considerando las principales variables ambientales que afectan su distribución. La información analizada son los registros de las tasas de captura (número de organismos/viaje), de algunas de las principales flotas que operaron en Cabo San Lucas B.C.S. durante el periodo 2008-2011. Las variables ambientales fueron inferidas a partir de imágenes de satélite. Se encontró una variabilidad interanual y estacional significativa, con los valores de TC más altos en 2009 y durante verano-otoño respectivamente. La temperatura superficial del mar (TSM), la clorofila-\(a\) y la altura superficial del mar mostraron correlación significativa con las TC. Espacialmente, aunque la zona central tuvo una actividad más constante a lo largo del periodo analizado, las TC registraron una concentración mayor en el lado al oeste del área de estudio (alrededor del Golden Gate). Considerando el valor de devianza explicada (37.5%), el modelo mínimo aceptable fue construido con las variables espaciales (longitud, latitud), temporales (mes) y la TSM. El recurso presentó una mayor afinidad con TSM de 26 °C.
**LARVAS DE PECES DE LA FAMILIA SCOMBRIDAE EN ENSENADA DE MUERTOS, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MÉXICO.**
González-Armas, R.*, Esqueda-Escárcega G.M., Anaya-Godínez E., Funes-Rodríguez, R., y Peiro-Alcantar, M.T.
Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Dpto. de Plancton y Ecología Marina.
Dentro de la familia Scombridae se encuentran especies de gran importancia pesquera como: el atún aleta amarilla (*Thunnus albacares*), bonito (*Sarda chilensis*) y barrilete (*Euthynnus lineatus*). Dichas especies comprenden una parte importante de la captura para la flota comercial y deportiva que opera en Ensenada de Muertos, Baja California Sur (B.C.S.). Se registró la presencia de atunes conocidos por los pescadores como bonito del Pacífico (*Sarda spp*) en diciembre de 2013. La pesca se realiza muy cerca de la costa y los pescadores locales usan boyas para agregar peces. Se realizaron muestreos de julio a noviembre de 2013, con una red de plancton de 505 micras, 0.6 m. de diámetro y 3 m de longitud. Los arrastres fueron superficiales a 3 nudos de velocidad y durante cinco minutos. Se capturaron larvas pertenecientes a 17 familias, 26 géneros y 28 especies. De un total de 156 larvas, los atunes representaron el 17.94% de los cuales los escómbridos identificados fueron: *Auxis rochei* (0.64%), *Auxis thazard* (2.5%), *E. lineatus* (8.97%), *Katsuwonus pelamis* (0.64%) y *T. Albacares* (5.12). Los atunes constituyen un recurso pesquero muy importante ya sea por su valor comercial o por su importancia ecológica. La presencia de larvas de melva y barrilete en esta zona pueden indicar que la presencia de atunes de mayor tamaño se alimentan de las especies de menor tamaño de escómbridos.
**ABUNDANCIA ESTACIONAL DE LARVAS DE DORADO CORYPHAENA HIPPURUS EN ENSENADA DE MUERTOS, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR.**
González-Armas, R., Esqueda-Escárcega G.M., Anaya-Godínez E., Funes-Rodríguez, R., y Peiro-Alcantar, M.T.
Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Dpto. de Plancton y Ecología Marina.
El pez pelágico suele vivir en alta mar y se acerca a la costa en cuanto sube la temperatura del agua. Son depredadores veloces y oportunistas que se alimentan de peces y cefalópodos; gracias a su velocidad también suelen perseguir con éxito a los peces voladores pero a su vez son víctimas de grandes pelágicos como el marlín, el atún y el emperador. Crece muy rápido y se supone que pocas veces llegue alcanzar los 5 años de vida, también tiene un ciclo reproductivo muy intenso. Se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en mares tropicales y subtropicales entre los paralelos 41° Lat N y 35° Lat S en todos los océanos del mundo.
Se encuentra reservado a la pesca deportiva dentro de una franja de 50 millas de las costas de México, sin embargo, se conoce que soporta una pesca ilegal por flotas artesanales en diferentes regiones del país. Esta especie tiene una tasa de crecimiento rápido durante los primeros 6 meses tanto en longitud como en peso. Las lecturas de las marcas
de crecimiento en las escamas mostraron que la pesca deportiva incide sobre 8 grupos de edad de 0 a 3.5 años, siendo los más abundantes los grupos de 0.5 a 1.5 años por ambos sexos.
**VARIABILIDAD INTERANUAL DEL ESPECTRO TRÓFICO DEL PEZ ESPADA (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758) EN LA COSTA OCCIDENTAL DE BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR.**
Ariana Trujillo-Olvera\textsuperscript{1,2,3} Sofía Ortega-García\textsuperscript{1,#} y Ofelia Escobar-Sánchez \textsuperscript{*2}
\textsuperscript{1}Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, B.C.S. \textsuperscript{3}Becario PIFI. \#Becario COFAA. \textsuperscript{*2}Facultad de Ciencias del Mar - Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa.
En el Método Isotópico utilizaron 113 Muestras de tejido muscular (enero-diciembre 2013). En el análisis de la variabilidad interanual por grupos (cefalópodos, peces y crustáceos) no se encontró diferencias significativas). D. Gigas fue la especie predominante en el grupo de los cefalópodos seguida de S.japonicus y C. Caballus en el grupo de los peces y P. Planipes (presente en 2012-2013) para crustáceos. El pez espada presentó una preferencia térmica por aguas de 22–23ºc. Las hembras de X. gladius presentaron mayores abundancias a partir de temperaturas de 21ºC en comparación a los machos. El δ13C demostró que X. gladius es un organismo que se alimenta preferentemente en el océano El δ15N demostró que el nivel trófico es similar al obtenido por el método tradicional concordando que X. gladius es un depredador carnívoro.
**VARIABILIDAD DE LAS TASAS DE CAPTURA DEL PEZ VELA (ISTIPHORUS PLATYPETUS) Y SU RELACIÓN CON ALGUNAS VARIABLES AMBIENTALES EN LA BOCA DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA.**
Fátima Gisela Medina Jasso\textsuperscript{1,2, 3}; Sofía Ortega-García\textsuperscript{1,4}; Raúl Octavio Martínez Rincón\textsuperscript{5}
\textsuperscript{1}Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, 2Cel.: (612) 155 93 62. \textsuperscript{3}Becario PIFI. \textsuperscript{4}Becario COFAA. \textsuperscript{5}Programa Cátedras CONACYT – CIBNOR.
La presentación tuvo por objetivo: a) determinar la variabilidad interanual y estacional de las tasas de captura; b) caracterizar el área de estudio, c) evaluar la relación entre las tasas de captura y las variables ambientales y d) construir un modelo de pronóstico a través del uso de GAM. Obteniendo los siguientes resultados:
- Mazatlán presentó la mayor tasa de captura.
- El recurso muestra una marcada estacionalidad en las tres localidades.
- El modelo estadístico evidencia la estacionalidad del recurso y la preferencia por temperaturas calidades mayores a 26 º C.
**RELACIÓN ENTRE LA NUTRICIÓN, DIETA Y REPRODUCCIÓN DEL BONITO (EUTHYNNUS ALLETTERATUS) EN EL SUROESTE DEL GOLFO DE MÉXICO.**
Cruz-Castán, Roberto\textsuperscript{1*}, Bouchot-Alegria, Juan Pablo\textsuperscript{1+} y Meiners, César\textsuperscript{1^}
1. Universidad Veracruzana. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías.
La importancia de esta pesquería actualmente no constituye una pesquería dirigida en el suroeste del Golfo de México, pero en el futuro podría constituirse como una pesquería emergente de gran importancia. Los objetivos de dicha presentación fueron: caracterizar la relación funcional entre la nutrición, la dieta y el ciclo reproductivo del bonito que se captura en el suroeste del Golfo de México mediante índices corporales. El método utilizado fue que se muestrearon organismos de E. alletteratus entre diciembre del 2009 a noviembre de 2012, con periodicidad cuasimensual. Se colectaron un total de 961 organismos, con una longitud furcal (LF) promedio de 41.68 cm ± 7.52, cm y un peso promedio de 1196.48 g ± 861.37 g. La producción del bonito ocurre de abril a septiembre, con
dos picos de puesta claramente definidos en abril y julio. El índice hepatosomático gonadosomático y nutricional observaron una relación directa y significativa, lo que sugiere que no hay relocalización energética evidente y que probablemente la energía para la puesta proviene de la alimentación inmediata. Durante los desoves, el índice de nutrición disminuye, lo que sugiere periodos sin alimentación durante la puesta, con recuperaciones inmediatas para una siguiente puesta o acumulación energética para la siguiente temporada reproductiva.
COMPOSICIÓN ISOTÓPICA Y ANÁLISIS DE LA DIETA DEL MARLÍN RAYADO, KIJKIA AUDAX, EN CABO SAN LUCAS, BAJA CALIFORNIA, SUR, MÉXICO.
Tatiana A. Acosta-Pachón¹, Sofía Ortega-García²
Instituto Pol – CICIMAR 1; 2Becario COFAA.
Los picudos son especies migratorias, de importancia económica tanto en pesca comercial como deportiva. Los isótopos estables proveen una mayor información temporal de relaciones tróficas y la dieta. La diferencia en tejidos radica en que cada anillo de crecimiento es depositado anualmente de manera consecutiva. Los objetivos de la presentación son: determinar valores isotópicos de músculo para organismos de diferentes clases de edad, y relacionados con los valores isotópicos de sus principales presas; determinar los valores de los isótopos estables en la espina de la aleta dorsal y comparar los valores isotópicos en los diferentes tipos de tejidos y determinar si hay cambios ontogénicos a lo largo de su vida. En cuanto al análisis de isótopos, los valores no fueron concordantes con otros estudios, probablemente debido a que los diferentes procesos oceanográficos en cada región particular afectan la línea base de d¹⁵N y d¹³C en las redes tróficas pelágicas. No hay evidencia de cambios en los hábitos alimenticios de marlín rayado a diferentes clases de edades. Aunque es probable que la no evidencia se deba a las tallas analizadas. No hay estudios que hayan determinado alimentación de esta especie en edades tempranas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas al comparar los dos tejidos. No hay relación entre talla y valores isotópicos en marlín rayado, indicando que no hay cambios alimenticios entre edades 4 a 6. La variación en los diferentes tipos de tejidos fue evidente, considerando la diferente composición de aminoácidos y la tasa de recambio.
VALIDACIÓN DEL USO DE LAS ESPINAS DE LA ALETA DORSAL DEL PEZ GALLO NEMATISTIUS PECTORALIS (GILL, 1862) PARA ESTIMAR LA EDAD Y CRECIMIENTO.
Rafael Chávez-Arellano¹, Chuget Sepulveda², Scott Aalbers², Sofía Ortega-García³ y Ulianov Jakes-Cota³
¹Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur. ²Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research.
³Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas.
El Pez Gallo pertenece a la familia Nematistiidae y se considera un depredador especialista activo al anochecer. Se alimenta a profundidades de 3 a 4 m. Es una especie que se explota tanto en la pesca comercial como en la pesca deportiva. En la Bahía de Concepción B.C.S. es una especie residente pero no permanente, ya que presenta cambios notorios en sus capturas. La edad en los peces permite evaluar cambios en las poblaciones ya sea naturales o por actividades del ser humano. La edad se puede determinar estudiando las discontinuidades que se producen en estructuras esqueléticas como: otolito, vértebras y escamas. Los peces pelágicos tienen una gran importancia ecológica y económica. Los estudios de edad y parámetros de crecimiento se emplean en modelos de evaluación de los recursos pesqueros con fines de explotación racional. Al igual que en otros pelágicos mayores las espinas de la aleta dorsal del pez gallo son útiles para la estimación de la edad y parámetros de crecimiento individual. Después de comparar las regresiones lineales y las fotografías de los cortes en diferentes niveles se determinó que los cortes de la espina número 4 a un nivel de 200% son los más adecuados para observar y contar las marcas de crecimiento.
CRECIMIENTO Y RELACIÓN PESO-LONGITUD DEL PEZ GALLO (NEMATISTIUS PECTORALIS) EN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MÉXICO.
Sofía Ortega-García¹, Chugey Sepulveda², Scott Aalbers², y Ulianov Jakes-Cota¹
¹Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. ²Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research,
El Pez Gallo *nematistius pectoralis* (*Nematistiidae*) es una especie reservada para la pesca deportiva y ayuda a la generación de empleos en la industria turística. A pesar de la importancia ecológica y económica del pez gallo, se han realizado muy pocos estudios científicos sobre su biología, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. A la fecha no existen estudios sobre la estimación de la edad y parámetros de crecimiento individual de esta especie. Conocer la estructura por edades y la tasa de crecimiento individual de los peces son aspectos necesarios para el diagnóstico, evaluación y administración de sus existencias. Los objetivos de esta presentación fueron el estimar la edad y los parámetros de crecimiento individual de pez gallo a través del conteo de marcas de crecimiento diarias en cortes de otolitos, así como establecer la relación entre el peso y la longitud furcal de los peces. En este sentido, se procesaron 95 otolitos, en 64 de ellos se logró realizar el conteo de marcas. Se estimaron edades desde 74 días (0.2 años) hasta 545 (1.49 años). En organismos de longitudes mayores a 86 cm no es confiable el conteo de marcas diarias debido a que los otolitos se encuentran calcificados y las bandas de crecimiento no son fáciles de distinguir. En cuanto al resultado de los parámetros de crecimiento individual, se determina que los organismos de crecimiento son muy acelerados en los primeros años de su vida ya que alcanza cerca del 40% y 60% de su longitud máxima promedio a la edad de 1 y 2 años, respectivamente. Para llegar a los resultados de la investigación, se contó con información de 173 organismos. Se procesaron 95 otolitos, en 64 de ellos se logró realizar el conteo de marcas. Se estimaron edades de 74 días (0.2 años) hasta 454 días (1.49 años). En organismos de longitudes mayores a 86 cm no es confiable el conteo de marcas diarias debido a que los otolitos se encuentran calcificados y las bandas de crecimiento no son fáciles de distinguir.
SELECTIVIDAD DE LA PESCA DEPORTIVA SOBRE LAS ESPECIES DE ATUNES CAPTURADOS EN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR.
Marcela S. Zúñiga Flores¹, Juan Gabriel Díaz Uribe¹ y Alexander Klett Traulsen¹
¹INP-CRIP-Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera. La Paz. México.
La captura del atún que se da principalmente en el Océano Pacífico Oriental (OPO), es básicamente con dos artes de pesca de superficie: La vara y el cerco, siendo este último el más habitual. En el OPO se capturan aproximadamente 8 especies de atunes, de las cuales el atún aleta amarilla representa entre el 75% y 90% de la captura anual, y el barrilete entre el 7% y 20%, todo esto basándose en el tipo de lance, las condiciones oceanográficas y la abundancia de las especies. En la pesca comercial de cerco, existen tres tipos de lance (brisas, asociados a objetos flotantes y delfines) y se ha evaluado que la selectividad en la talla de captura de los atunes es significativamente diferente, asimismo para los que se capturan con vara. En este trabajo la idea principal, fue el de determinar la selectividad en este caso de los atunes que se capturan por la flota deportiva de Baja California Sur. Para ello se analizó la información de longitud furcal (lf cm) y peso total para atunes, misma que fue registrada por el Instituto Nacional de Pesca en su Programa Operativo Anual de Pesca Deportiva, durante el periodo de 1990 – 2011. Para ello se utilizó el modelo logístico en la estimación de las curvas de selectividad a la talla para cada especie, asimismo se aplicó una herramienta de cluster para identificar y agrupar aquellos años que presentan similitudes y la mínima distancia entre sus características. Se tuvo registro de 12,733 atún aleta amarilla, *Thunnus albacares* y 1827 barriletes, de los cuales 1122 fueron *Katsuwonus pelamis* y 705 *Euthynnus lineatus*. Se presentaron diferencias significativas tanto en longitud y peso, por mes y año de los atunes capturados. Las curvas de selectividad variaron con año, sin embargo en promedio se determinó una talla de captura de 66 cm lf para el atún aleta amarilla y de 54.3 cm longitud furcal para los barriletes. Estas son similares principalmente a organismos considerados como juveniles o de edades pequeñas, que normalmente se les asocia a los tipos de lance sobre objetos flotantes o con aquellos capturados con vara.
EVOLUCIÓN DE LA CONTROVERSIA ATÚN-DELFIN ANTE EL GATT/OMC.
Luis Alfonso Calvillo.
El Grupo de Expertos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), encuentra que el etiquetado dolphin-Safe no es discriminatorio y no constituye una marca de origen como pretende México, argumentando que a) el etiquetado no prohíbe ni restringe por sí mismo la venta de los productos de Atún; b) tampoco establece requisitos que se tienen que observar con el fin de obtener ventajas del gobierno; c) cualquier ventaja que pudiera resultar del acceso de esta etiqueta depende de la libre elección de los consumidores de dar preferencia del atún que lleva la etiqueta dolphin-safe. Estados Unidos de América (EU) sostiene que el APICD, el etiquetado dolphin-safe y otras medidas de su legislación, forman parte de una estrategia comprensiva para proteger a los delfines, de tal manera que la sustitución del APICD por el etiquetado (DPCIA) reduciría la capacidad de EU para proteger a los delfines. México ha propuesto la convivencia de ambos etiquetados con el objeto de proporcionar una mayor información al consumidor acerca de los efectos que sobre los delfines tiene diferentes métodos de pesca. Esta alternativa está razonablemente disponible, restringe menos el comercio y alcanza el nivel de protección buscado por la legislación estadounidense en relación con el objetivo de contribuir a la protección de los delfines garantizando que el mercado de EU no se utilice para alentar la pesca de atún de forma que cause daños a los delfines. El informe del Órgano de Apelación, confirma el carácter obligatorio del etiquetado, constata que el atún mexicano recibe un trato menos favorable, asimismo, no permiten distinguir a los consumidores con precisión entre el atún capturado en forma en que se cause efectos perjudiciales a los delfines y el que no la ha causado. Mientras tanto el Órgano de Apelación confirma la resolución del Grupo de Expertos de que las normas de EU no se adaptan al riesgo efectivo de daño a los delfines ya que no exige para el atún capturado fuera del OPO la certificación de que no se ha sacrificado ningún delfín lo que hace posible que este atún tenga derecho a la etiqueta aun cuando en su captura hayan muerto delfines. El investigador Luis Alfonso Calvillo subrayó “tenemos fe en que la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) se ampare en principios para evitar el unilateralismo y busque la veracidad de lo que sustentan las etiquetas y que se garantice al consumidor que su atún está libre de mortalidad de delfines, cuando lo consume”.
Invitan al:
XVIII
FORO NACIONAL SOBRE EL ATUN
Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
Del 18 al 20 de noviembre de 2015
Temas:
- Biología y pesquería del atún y especies asociadas.
- Tecnología de captura.
- Regulación y manejo del recurso.
- Aspectos históricos, económicos y sociales de la pesca del atún.
“Conferencias Magistrales”
Los trabajos deberán ser enviados hasta el día 30 de octubre de 2015, al correo electrónico: email@example.com
Para mayores informes respecto a los requisitos para la presentación de trabajos visitar la página: www.fidemar.org
In memoriam
DR. ROBIN ALLEN
El Programa Nacional de Aprovechamiento del Atún y de Protección de Delfines, el comité editorial de la revista *El Vigía* y la comunidad científica Mexicana relacionada a los temas de atún, se unen a la pena que embarga a la familia del exdirector de la CIAT, el Dr. Robin Allen.
El Dr. Robin Allen nació en Tauranga, Nueva Zelanda, en 1943. Estudió matemáticas y estadística en la Universidad Victoria de Wellington y la Universidad de Otago. Comenzó su carrera en la pesca como estadístico con la División de Gestión de Pesca de Nueva Zelanda. Posteriormente obtuvo su Doctorado en la Universidad de British Columbia, donde estudió el modelado de la dinámica de población de peces bajo el difunto profesor Peter Larkin. Su investigación consistió en la aplicación de modelos estructurados por edad, incluyendo las relaciones población-captura, a los datos de pesca. El entonces director de la CIAT, Dr. James Joseph, le animó a hacer uso de los datos para el atún aleta amarilla del Océano Pacífico en su trabajo de tesis, iniciando su conexión con la CIAT. Después de completar sus estudios, el Dr. Allen regresó a Nueva Zelanda y se involucró en diversos cargos que fueron de gran beneficio para su país.
En 1976, el Dr. Joseph lo invitó a formar parte del personal de la CIAT donde, en un principio, se dedicó a investigar el uso de modelos lineales para hacer estimaciones estandarizadas de la abundancia de los atunes. En 1978, se le pidió establecer un Programa Atún-Delfín para la CIAT, dando cumplimiento al compromiso adquirido por la Comisión cuando decidió que debía ocuparse de los problemas derivados de la relación Atún-Delfín en el Océano Pacífico Oriental. El Dr. Allen regresó a Nueva Zelanda en 1981 como Subdirector y posteriormente Director, de la División de Investigación Pesquera.
Fue invitado para volver a la CIAT como Subdirector en 1995 y, tras la jubilación del Dr. Joseph en 1999 fue nombrado Director. Permaneció en ese cargo hasta el 19 de septiembre de 2007, cuando se retiró. Durante su mandato, se produjeron varios cambios importantes dentro de la CIAT. El número de países miembros aumentó de 10 a 15, se negoció y aprobó la "Convención de Antigua", y el Acuerdo multilateral legalmente vinculante sobre el Programa Internacional para la Conservación de los Delfines (APICD) que reemplazó el anterior "Acuerdo de La Jolla." Fué designado por la Comisión de la Organización Regional de Ordenación Pesquera del Pacífico Sur (SPRFMO), en su primera reunión en enero-febrero de 2013 como su Secretario Ejecutivo interino hasta que fue reclutado a un Secretario Ejecutivo permanente en 2014.
Su fallecimiento ocurrió el 18 de marzo de 2015, en Nueva Zelanda. Era una persona extraordinaria, tanto profesional como personalmente, respetado y apreciado, para todos aquellos que tuvimos el privilegio de conocerlo y trabajar con él nos queda el mejor de los recuerdos. La comunidad pesquera ha sufrido una gran pérdida.
*Nuestras condolencias y pronta resignación para su familia y seres queridos.*
*Descanse en paz.*
| Fecha | Agendas |
|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Jun-22 | 35a Reunión del Grupo de Trabajo Permanente sobre el Seguimiento del Atún |
| | 22a Reunión del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Promoción y Divulgación del Sistema de Certificación Dolphin Safe |
| | 57ª Reunión del Panel Internacional de Revisión |
| Jun-23 | 31ª Reunión de las Partes del APICD |
| Junio 24-25| 6a Reunión del Comité para la Revisión de la Aplicación de Medidas Adoptadas por la Comisión |
| Jun-26 | 3a Reunión del Comité de Administración y Finanzas |
| Jun 29 – Jul 03 | 89a Reunión de la CIAT |
**INVITAN - CONVOCAN**
a la comunidad científica, tecnológica, industrial y al público en general
a participar en el:
**FORO NACIONAL SOBRE EL ATÚN**
A realizarse del 18 al 20 de noviembre en Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
Los trabajos deberán ser presentados de conformidad con las siguientes:
**BASES:**
1. Envío de resúmenes en extenso.
2. Los trabajos serán ser enviados antes del día **31 DE OCTUBRE DE 2015**, al correo electrónico: firstname.lastname@example.org
3. Son bienvenidas las propuestas relacionadas con los siguientes temas: Biología y pesquería del atún y especies asociadas, tecnología de captura, regulación y manejo del recurso, aspectos históricos, económicos y sociales de la pesca del atún.
4. Formato de los resúmenes en extenso: Microsoft Word o compatible, fuente Times New Roman 12, con 3.0 cm en margen izquierdo y derecho y 2.5 cm margen superior e inferior y con una extensión mínima de 2 cuartillas.
5. El resumen deberá contener de manera concreta la introducción, métodos, resultados, discusión y conclusiones, y podrá contener figuras y/o tablas. Además, deberá de contener título con un máximo de 25 palabras, nombre y correo electrónico del autor o los autores.
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Since creation, God has not stopped to rest; He just stopped creating. The first part of creation was spent forming and the second part was spent filling. He created the beauty of the earth for our physical enjoyment and delight, but there are many intangible things of creation that God has made for us such as laughter, joy, pleasant odors and aromas, colors and time. Time was made specifically as a gauge for man. Time is only important to those who have a need to measure it; Man. Time, as it relates to God is without limit. The beginning of time is the beginning of God. To know the beginning of time is to know the mind of God.
God created time for us to measure His long suffering towards us, His patient cause to our situation and His boundless love to our needs. The creation of time was given to us as a gift and to be spent wisely sharing that gift first and foremost with him and then others. Our point of reference to any given circumstance is held up against the standard of time. How our effective prayers are answered is scaled by the length of time that God reaches the resolution. We take a limit of creation and use it as a balance for an unlimited God. We sometimes reach a conclusion of his responsiveness towards us based on a measurement that He has given us to order our lives and give back a major portion to Him.
We find time in our lives for the temporal events that gather us from day to day: work, school, meetings, athletic events, personal care appointments and we do this meticulously. We ‘chunk out’ blocks of time for family and friends, but what of our God? Do we forge ahead each week and set aside additional time outside of the worship services and bible study to spend with the God of our being? Spending time with Him is what he desires and what He expects of us. To walk and talk with the God of our faith uplifts us and carries our hearts to His love straightaway. Time well spent with the God of the universe will never yield a deficient dividend. It will multiply our stock in the kingdom, it will increase our investment in wisdom and knowledge, it will guarantee a profit in prayer and it will boost our face value in the likeness of Jesus.
I do so enjoy spending time with my God alone. In the cool of the day, I walk through the garden of my mind and speak to Him, unwavering in the thought of His grace, goodness and mercy towards me. I rest at his feet and contemplate on His glory, the sacrifice of Jesus, the magnificent plan that He alone prepared for the world and I sorrow in the knowing that there are lost souls that do not yet know Him. I petition Him on behalf of those who need Him including me.
concluded on back page
October 2009
Volume 3, Number 10
and I retreat rejoicing because He has allowed me time with Him. In the early morning, I rush out to greet Him with the stars and sing praises for Him to begin my day. My time well spent with God in service leaves me lacking no good thing and I gladly give back to Him the best of what He has so richly given to me.
The Bible references the time issue and it is applied to us as we are here in our doing and being. What we do with our time and how we are in this time is so crucial to our time in eternity. It speaks of the proficient use of it and admonishes us not to waste it for it is another precious part of creation that God has granted us. No matter what you lay up in your storehouse on this earth; friends, things, titles, money, you will be spiritually bankrupt if your time is not well spent with God.
When the Son of Man Shall Come in His Glory by Sue Walker
Matt. 25.31 reads “When the Son of man shall come in His glory, and all the holy angels with Him, then shall He sit upon the throne of His glory.” In Rev. 20.11 we find a similar reference to Jesus on His throne. “And I saw a great white throne, and Him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them.”
The following is a song (I Can Only Imagine) written by Amy Grant that refers to the glory of Jesus’ return. Although I disagree with Ms. Grant’s doctrine, these poignant words reflect my inability to grasp the awesomeness of “…when the Son of man shall come in His glory.” Have you thought about Jesus’ return? — Can you imagine?
Imagine
I can only imagine.
I can only imagine.
Whole creation bowed down.
The whole universe saying Your name out loud.
I can only imagine.
All our broken lives resurrected in Your healing light.
Surrounded by Your glory what will my heart feel?
Will I shout for You Jesus or will we all be still?
Will I stand in Your presence or to my knees will I fall?
Will I sing hallelujah?
Will I be able to speak at all?
I can only imagine.
I can only imagine.
Surrounded by forgiveness What will my heart feel?
Will I shout for You Jesus or will we all be still?
Will I stand in Your presence or to my knees will I fall?
Will I sing hallelujah?
Will I be able to speak at all?
I can only imagine.
Just imagine.
I can only imagine.
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LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES
William D. Stanley, Alok K. Verma Old Dominion University
Abstract
The long-term career patterns of Old Dominion University's engineering technology baccalaureate graduates have been studied extensively. Results from approximately 400 alumni have been analyzed. The results of the analysis are presented and conclusions are drawn from the trends. The results indicate that the career progress of engineering technology graduates over a nearly twenty-year period is substantial and that they are performing effectively in a variety of career patterns.
Introduction
Old Dominion University (ODU) in Norfolk, Virginia awarded its first Bachelor of Science degrees in Engineering Technology in 1973, and accreditation by the Engineers Council for Professional Development (ECPD) was received in 1976. Accreditation was later transferred to the Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (TAC-ABET) following reorganization of the accrediting agency. The programs in Civil Engineering Technology (CET), Electrical Engineering Technology (EET), and Mechanical Engineering Technology (MET) have maintained continuous accreditation since 1976.
In preparation for an ABET visit in the fall of 1993, the department recently undertook an extensive study of the career patterns, occupational progress, and professional development of its graduates over the period since the first degrees were awarded. The survey form used for collecting data is provided in Appendix A of this report. The graduate had the option of remaining anonymous or of providing his or her name.
The forms were mailed to over one-thousand alumni for whom addresses were available encompassing the entire period from 1973 through 1992. Approximately 400 alumni forms were received by the department, and about 98°/0 of the alumni chose to identify themselves. By scanning through the names of the alumni, there seemed to be just as many former "below-average" students as "above-average" students. We, therefore, believe that the returns represent a reasonable cross-section of the alumni population. With the exception of a few years for a few programs, which will be delineated in the analysis that follows, the number of returns per class was typically 15 or more. Thus, this constitutes a population sample sufficiently large to draw some general conclusions.
In the sections that follow, a number of general patterns established from the data will be studied. The order is not necessarily the same as on the forms, and in some cases, the data may represent a slightly different format than given in the forms. The pertinent question on the form will be repeated at the top of the each table.
In some of the studies, graduates are categorized according to the number of years since graduation, rounded to the nearest integer number of years. At the time of the survey, the largest integer number was 19 years, so the independent variable in those cases varies from 1 to 19.
During the period in which this study was being performed, an excellent paper by Mott [1] appeared, which indicated results of a similar study undertaken at the University of Dayton, Mott indicated the need for other studies to provide additional data of the type obtained. Our studies overlap and support many of Mott's findings, but they provide some information from a different perspective, We, therefore, offer this study as an additional contribution to support and complement Mott's study of the long-range performance of engineering technology graduates.
Salary Study
Based on the salary as of January 1, 1993, the mean values were computed for the three programs as a function of the number of years since graduation. Based on current dollars, it appears that EET and MET graduates tend to reach a level of approximately $50,000 after about 11 years, but CET graduates are somewhat behind. Beyond that point, the fluctuation in salaries increases, partly as a result of fewer data points, but also as a result of changes in career directions, i.e., management versus continued technical or engineering work.
As a basis for comparison, a decision was made to compare ODU engineering technology salaries with Engineering Manpower Commission (EMC) data [2]. The latter data are based on national statistics concerning the salary progress of engineers throughout the country and are released periodically. The most recent data available were from mid- 1992, but they should be sufficiently close to the time period of this study to permit a valid comparison.
Annual Salary vs Years Since Graduation ODU ET Compared to EMC Engineering Data
1996 ASEE Annual
Conference Proceedings
The EMC data are based on median salaries, while data shown in Figure 1 are based on mean salaries. Consequently, the ODU data were reorganized to determine median values for comparison purposes. In addition, the salaries for all three programs were combined for this purpose.
The ODU engineering technology salaries and the EMC salaries are compared on a year-by-year basis in Figure 1. As most national studies show, engineering technology graduates tend to start at lower salaries than their engineering colleagues, and this effect is definitely evident. One qualifier here is that most ODU ET graduates tend to stay in the Southeast where salaries are generally lower, while the EMC data reflect values from many higher salaried areas, e.g. California.
As the number of years increases, the ODU salary data tends to track the EMC data with about the same differential until about year 11 or so. At that point the curves cross and show several crossings over the next several years. Said differently, an ODU ET graduate appears just as likely to earn more as to earn less than the median national engineering salary level after about 11 years. Figure-2 shows the salary progression for each of the three programs.
Licenses or Certifications
Alumni were asked to list various licenses or certifications that they have obtained. Based on the approximately 400 respondents, the number of persons in each of the several categories is listed in Table 1. It should be pointed out that in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and in some other states, graduates of ET programs must practice engineering for 6 years prior to taking the professional engineering examination. Consequently, the 33 persons who have become professional engineers are based on a population of about 300, which represents the pertinent 13-year period for which alumni would be eligible.
Observe that 113 persons in the group have passed the EIT examination (now called the Fundamentals of Engineering or FE examination), In the authors' collective opinions, this is a significant number based on the widespread perception that engineering technology programs are not suited for EIT preparation. One of the motivating factors for ODU graduates is that many of the local employers are either Civil Service agencies or work directly with Civil Service agencies, and passing the EIT/FE examination is a means of establishing "legitimacy" with some of these organizations. Interestingly, it appears that EET graduates, as compared with CET and MET graduates, are much less motivated to take the final step to become registered professional engineers.
TABLE 1. LICENSES OR CERTIFICATIONS
(Indicate any special licenses or certifications that you have received.)
* One each of following: ASQC, CQA, Electricians License, Master Electrician, RCDD
| PROGRAM | EIT | PE | CMfgE | LSIT | LS | NICET |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CET | 34 | 20 | | | 1 | 3 |
| EET | 44 | 3 | | | | 1 |
| MET | 35 | 10 | 2 | | | |
** One each of following: CMfgT, NEBB, CPE
License or Certifications Percentage of R e s p o n d e n t s
45
Figure-3
.—..
.
Additional Degrees after ODU
The number of alumni who have received additional degrees and the corresponding fields are shown in Table 2. Obviously, the MBA has been the most popular advanced degree. It should be noted that the Masters of Engineering Management degree is offered at ODU, and our graduates have established credibility in that program.
One or more graduates of each of the ET programs have been successful in engineering master's degree programs as is partially evident from the table. In all fairness to MET, we know at least one who has completed a master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, but he evidently did not participate in the survey. In all cases in which we are aware, the ET graduates were not required to first complete an undergraduate degree in the engineering discipline. Instead, they typically were required to complete about five "undergraduate" leveling courses, which usually included several advanced mathematics classes.
TABLE 2.
ADDITIONAL DEGREES AFTER ODU
(List any additional degrees that you have received.)
Career Progress
Alumni were asked to compare their career progress with other persons in similar professional or technical positions, and the results are shown in Table 3. In all three programs, the perceived progress for about 50% was about the same as for persons whose degrees were from other schools or programs, but for between 30 and 40%, the perceived progress was either somewhat higher or much higher. On the down side, a much smaller percentage perceived their career progress as somewhat less or much less. For some reason, MET had a higher percentage in this category.
.
.—
TABLE 3.
. .
CAREER PROGRESS
(This analysis is quite subjective and requires your best opinion. By comparing your progress with other persons in similar professional or technical positions, but whose degrees were not from ET programs at ODU, indicate your perceived progress in terms of advancement, increased responsibilities, raises, etc.)
| Program | much less | somewhat less | about the same | somewhat higher |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CET | 3.12% | 4.69% | 54.69% | 31.25% |
| EET | 3.82% | 6.37% | 49.04% | 35.67% |
| MET | 3.67% | 10.09% | 53.21% | 29.36% |
Graduate Satisfaction
Alumni were asked to indicate their relative level of employment satisfaction, and the results are shown in Table 4. The averages for the three group are displayed graphically in Figure 4. It is very enlightening to note that between 80 and 90% of the graduates are moderately or very satisfied with their careers. Interestingly, the CET group had no one indicate "very dissatisfied" even though their average salary levels are the lowest. Perhaps as a byproduct of the Career Progress response, METs had the highest level of dissatisfaction.
TABLE 4.
EMPLOYMENT SATISFACTION STUDY
(Considering your overall career pattern since graduation, especially in regard to your work assignments, indicate your relative level of employment satisfaction.)
| Program | very dissatisfied | moderately dissatisfied | neutral | moderately satisfied |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CET | 0% | 3.12% | 6.25% | 50.00% |
| EET | 2.53% | 6.96% | 8.86% | 37.97% |
| MET | 5.56% | 7.41% | 8.33% | 50.00% |
----
Employment Satisfaction Study
Percentage of Respondents
Figure-4
Career Direction Study
Alumni were asked to categorize their present position in one of four broad categories as displayed in Table 5. There is amazing consistency among the three programs. Approximately 60% or so of all graduates are performing engineering or technical work in the same field as the degree, while about 15% are performing engineering or technical work in a different field than the degree. Finally, about 20°/0 of the graduates are now in management positions.
. .
TABLE 5.
CAREER DIRECTION STUDY
(Indicate which of the following categories best fits your present position.)
| PROGRAM | Engr./Technical Work in Same Field as Degree | Engr./Technical Work in Different Field than Degree | Management |
|---|---|---|---|
| CET | 67. 1% | 15.8% | 17.1% |
| EET | 60.8% | 15.8% | 21.5% |
| MET I 57.5% | | | |
The percentages above are based on the major groups.
Conclusions
Although there are many detailed conclusions that can be drawn from individual data, the overall pattern leads to the following general conclusions concerning Old Dominion University baccalaureate engineering technology graduates:
1. Alumni are pursuing successful career patterns with salary and professional growth commensurate with others of similar educational and professional background.
3. The vast majority of alumni are satisfied with their career progress and their professional work activities.
2. Alumni are employed in positions commensurate with their educational background, and most are still functioning in their fields of study.
REFERENCES
1. Mott, Robert L. "Twenty-five Years of Success with the Baccalaureate Degree in Engineering Technology". Journal of Engineering Technology, Vol. 9 Washington, D. C.: The American Society for Engineering Education, 1992.
2. Engineering Manpower Commission. "Engineering Salaries, 1992". Engineering Manpower Bulletin, No. 120 Washington, D. C.: Engineering Manpower Commission, 1992.
WILLIAM D. STANLEY
William D. Stanley is the chairman of the Engineering Technology Department at ODU. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from N.C. State in 1963. He has authored more than half dozen books. Professor Stanley has received nine outstanding faculty awards and is a member of IEEE and ASEE.
ALOK K. VERMA
Alok K. Verma is the Program Director of the MET Program and Director, Automated Manufacturing Laboratory at ODU. He received his B.S. in Aeronautical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology in 1978 and MSME from Old Dominion University in 1981. He is active in ASME, ASEE and SME.
.—
Appendix A
. .
OLD DOMINlON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY ALUMNI EMPLOYMENT SURVEY FORM
——
In order to encourage as much participation is possible, we are making this section optional. However, we assure you that all information will be kept confidential within the departmental administrative files, and it will not be released to any outside organization.
NAME:
(last)
(first)
(middle initial)
ADDRESS:
TELEPHONE: HOME ( )
WORK ()
EMPLOYER:
Circle your program. CET
EET
MET
TO
Circle the integer representing the nearest value of the number of years since graduation as of January 1, 1993. — .
1. ENTRY-LEVEL EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION
2. PRESENT EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION
3. LICENSES OR CERTIFICATIONS
4. ADDITIONAL STUDIES
5. ADDITIONAL DEGREES.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 .
To the best of your memory, indicate your annual starting sal ary and job tide following graduation.
SALARY
TITLE
As of January 1, 1993, indicate your annual salary and job title .
SALARY
TITLE
Indicate any special licenses or certifications that you have received.
EIT__ CMfgE
PE
L S I T _ LS_ N I C E T
Other
List any additional formal studies (UG) or graduate (G). you have undertaken, the institutions involved, and whether undergraduate
(Name)
UG
G —
—
UG — G —
List any additional degrees that you have received.
Level
Field
Level
Field
. . -
Institution—
Institution
6. ORGANIZATION MEMBERSHIP
-—List any technical or professional organizations of which you are a member.
7. CAREER PROGRESS
This analysis is quite subjective and requires your best opinion. By comparing your progress with other persons in similar professional or technical positions, but whose degrees were not from ET programs at ODU, indicate your pe rceived progress in terms of advancement, increased responsibilities, raises, etc.
much less
somewhat less
about the same
somewhat higher
much higher
8. GRADUATE SATISFACTION STUDY
9. CAREER DIRECTION STUDY
10. TECHNICAL COURSE RELEVANCY
11. NON-TECHNICAL COURSE RELEVANCY
12. ADDITIONAL COURSE(S)
Considering your overall career pattern since graduation, especially in regard to your work assignments, indicate your relative level of employment satisfaction.
very dissatisfied—
moderately dissatisfied neutral moderately satisfied_ very satisfied_ — —
Indicate which one of the following categories best fits your present position.
Primarily engineeringk.chnical work in same field as degree
Primarily engineenng/technicalwork in different field than degree
Primarily management
(Indicate field~
o~er W== de'ribe.~
Indicate several technology, math, or engineering subjects that you have found most helpful in your career (e.g. microprocessors, surveying, thermodynamics, calculus, etc.)
Indicate several non-technical or non-mathematical subjects that you have found most helpful in your career (e.g. public speaking, technical writing, philosophy, etc.)
List any course(s) that were not required, but that you believe would have keen very helpful to you in your career.
13. EMPLOYER SATISFACTION STUDY
Enclosed with this form are a separate form and envelope for use by your immediate supervisor or other official who can evaluate your recent employment record. As with this form, you can choose to place your name on the form or let him or her evaluate you without disclosing your mme to us. Indicate by a check mark if you have supplied the form and envelope to that person.
14. COMMENTS
Indicate below any comments you can provide to us about your education at ODU and the extent to which it prepared (or didn’t prepare) you for your career.
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Richtlijn voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs
Een richtlijn voor effectieve voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van waterpoloërs in de leeftijdscategorie van 8-23 jaar.
Johan Oostland en Marja van Nes
Richtlijn voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs
Een richtlijn voor effectieve voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van waterpoloërs in de leeftijdscategorie van 8-23 jaar.
Opdrachtgever
Dhr. E. Noordegraaf, directeur WOC
Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum
Alphen aan den Rijn
Praktijkbegeleiders
Mw. Y. Kilian, sportdiëtist
Mw. M. Treur, sportdiëtist
Begeleidend docent
Dhr. K. Flokstra
Hanzehogeschool
Groningen
Auteurs
Johan Oostland
Marja van Nes
Betreft
Specialisatie “Nutrition consultancy”
blok 4.1 en 4.2, september 2009/februari 2010
Hanzehogeschool Groningen
Groningen, 05-01-2010
Samenvatting
In opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum (WOC) in Alphen aan den Rijn is de richtlijn “voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs” geschreven. Deze richtlijn is tot stand gekomen door de probleemstelling te beantwoorden, namelijk: “hoe kunnen ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs, in de leeftijdscategorie van 8 tot 23 jaar, geïnformeerd worden over de relatie tussen voeding en topsport”. Ook is diverse literatuur geraadpleegd waarin onder andere ouderlijke invloeden, gedragsverandering, voeding en sport en voorlichting beschreven staan. De geraadpleegde literatuur is terug te lezen in hoofdstuk 1 tot en met hoofdstuk 5. Verder zijn onderzoeken verricht naar het voedingspatroon van de waterpoloërs middels een 24-uur recall en zijn vochtmetingen verricht. De belangrijkste resultaten van het onderzoek zijn: waterpoloërs hebben gemiddeld genomen geen vooruitgang geboekt op het gebied van gezonde voeding wanneer de eerste meting met de tweede meting vergeleken wordt, de voeding van de behandelgroep is ten opzichte van de controlegroep beter wat betreft macro- en micronutriënten, namelijk: vezels, ijzer, selenium, water en calcium. Ook het vochtgebruik tijdens de training is toegenomen, tijdens de eerste meting werd er 130 ml per waterpoloër gedronken en dit is bij de tweede meting 245 ml per waterpoloër. De richtlijn is 600-1000 ml per uur training. Het percentage waterpoloërs dat voldoende heeft gedronken tijdens de training is gestegen met 1%. Het percentage waterpoloërs dat geen vocht mee heeft genomen tijdens de training is gedaald met 9% en het percentage waterpoloërs dat onvoldoende heeft gedronken is gestegen met 8%. In hoofdstuk 6 worden de resultaten totaal weergegeven.
De kennis van de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches is middels een internetenquête getest en deze internetenquête is terug te vinden in bijlage 2 en 3. De respons op de internetenquête was relatief laag, 6,5% van de ouders/verzorgers en 33,3% van de trainers en coaches heeft de internetenquête ingevuld.
Als laatste is een voedingsvoorlichting aan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van de waterpoloërs van het WOC gegeven, te lezen in hoofdstuk 4. De doelstelling van deze voedingsvoorlichting is: “aan het einde van de specialisatie is de voeding van 30% van de waterpoloërs waarvan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches op de voedingsvoorlichting komen, verbetert ten opzichte van de voeding van de waterpoloërs waarvan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches niet op de voedingsvoorlichting komen. Dit zal middels een voor- en nameting gemeten worden”. Deze doelstelling is echter niet behaald, omdat de voeding van slechts 17% van de waterpoloërs verbeterd is.
In de gevonden literatuur is weinig te vinden over richtlijnen voor voeding in combinatie met waterpolo. Om de voedingsvoorlichting beter te laten aansluiten op de doelgroep is onderzoek gedaan naar het kennisniveau van de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches en naar de voedingsgewoonten van zowel de controlegroep als de behandelgroep. De internetenquête heeft echter weinig resultaat opgeleverd. Resultaten van de voedingsdagboekjes wijzen uit dat de voeding wel degelijk verbetert is ten opzichte van de controlegroep. Uit de vochtmetingen blijkt dat het vochtgebruik tijdens training verbeterd is. Op basis van de vochtmeting en de gevonden literatuur is de voedingsvoorlichting ontwikkeld. De praktijk wijst echter uit dat niet alles volgens plan verloopt tijdens de
voorbereiding van een voedingsvoorlichting. Aanbevolen wordt om voldoende tijd en ruimte vrij te maken voor onder andere het inwinnen van informatie, het raadplegen van verschillende literatuur en het verrichten van metingen en onderzoeken. Contact met ouder/verzorgers, trainers en coaches vindt plaats via e-mail. De afstand tussen de onderzoekers en de doelgroep was echter te groot, het gevolg hiervan is dat er een te lage respons op de internetenquête heeft plaatsgevonden. Bij het verrichten van metingen en onderzoeken is het dus belangrijk om persoonlijk contact te hebben met de doelgroep. Onderzoeks materiaal dient getest te worden alvorens het gebruikt wordt tijdens het onderzoek, waardoor de uitkomst een hogere representativiteit heeft en de uitkomst betrouwbaarder is. Een voorlichting is pas effectief wanneer er follow-up activiteiten plaatsvinden. Deze en andere aanbevelingen zijn terug te lezen in hoofdstuk 7.
Summary
In assignment of the water polo training centre (WOC) in Alphen aan den Rijn the guideline “nutritional education to parents/guardians, trainers and coaches of youthful water polo players” has been written. This guideline has been developed by answering the following problem definition “how can parents/guardians, trainers and coaches of youthful water polo players, in the range of 8 till 23 years of age, be informed about the relation between nutrition and top-class sport”. Several literature has been consulted. The literature which has been consulted concerned: parental influence, change of behaviour, nutritional and sports as well as education guidelines. The consulted literature can be retrieved in chapter 1 till 5. Research has taken place on the feeding patterns of the water polo players using a 24-hours recall and measurement of fluid. The most important results of the research are: there is no improvement in the healthy feeding patterns of the water polo players comparing the first and second measurement, the feeding pattern of the water polo players is better in comparing with the students from the Scala College who play a different kind of sport. The feeding pattern of the water polo players is in comparison to the players who play a different kind of sport five macro and micronutrients better namely: fibers, iron, selenium, fluid and calcium. The fluid intake has been increased during the training. During the first measurement the water polo player drank 130 ml and during the second measurement 245 ml. The guideline is 600-1000 ml per hour training. Water polo players who took enough fluid during the training increased with 1%. The percentage of water polo players who took no fluid decreased with 9% and the water polo players who took insufficient fluid increased with 8%. The total results can be retrieved in chapter 6.
The knowledge of parents/guardians, trainers and coaches was tested by an internet poll. The response was relatively low, 6,5% of the parents/guardians and 33,3% of the trainers and coaches responded. The results of the internet poll can be found in appendix 2 and 3.
Finally there was given a nutritional education about nutrition and fluid intake during exercise. This education was given to parents/guardians, trainers and coaches of youthful water polo players from the training centre (WOC). The aim of this education is to improve the nutrition intake of 30% of the water polo players whose parents/guardians, trainers and coaches attended the nutritional education in comparing with the nutrition intake of the water polo players whose parents/guardians, trainers and coaches did not attend the nutritional education. This aim has not been achieved because the nutrition has only been improved by only 17% of the water polo players. The results can be read in chapter 4.
In this research there was few literature found about nutritional guidelines in combination with water polo. To make sure that the nutritional education closely connect with the target group, research has taken place of the knowledge level of parents/guardians, trainers and coaches and also of the nutrition habits of the students who play a different sport and the water polo players. There was low response at the internet poll. The results of the nutrition journal shows that the nutrition has been improved in comparing with the students who play a different kind of sport and the fluid intake has been increased during the training. The nutrition education was developed based on the fluid measurements and the consulted literature. In everyday life not everything goes according to plan during developing a nutrition education. It is recommended that during the development that there is sufficient
time and space to gain information, to consult literature and conduct measurements and researches. Contact with parents/guardians, trainers and coaches take place by e-mail. The distance between the investigators and the target group was far, the consequence was that there was a low response at the internet poll. It is important to have personal contact during measurements and research. Research material should be tested before using. By testing the research material there will be a higher and more reliable outcome. An education will be effective when follow-up activities will take place. These and other recommendations can be read in chapter 7.
Voorwoord
Begin september 2009 zijn wij, Marja van Nes en Johan Oostland, begonnen met een specialisatie in opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum (WOC) in Alphen aan den Rijn. Wij zijn vierdejaars studenten Voeding en Diëtetiek aan de Hanzehogeschool te Groningen. Na overleg met dhr. Eric Noordegraaf, directeur van het WOC, en sportdiëtist Yvette Kilian is besloten om een voedingsvoorlichting te geven aan zowel de ouders/verzorgers als aan de trainers en coaches van de waterpoloërs van het opleidingscentrum. Besloten is om een richtlijn te ontwikkelen met betrekking tot effectieve voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs in de leeftijdscategorie van 8 tot 23 jaar.
Graag willen wij de volgende mensen bedanken voor hun medewerking, begeleiding of hulp bij het realiseren van deze scriptie:
- Alle waterpoloërs van het WOC;
- Alle sporters van het Scala College;
- Eric Noordegraaf, directeur WOC;
- Klaas Flokstra, begeleider Hanzehogeschool Groningen;
- Marjolein Treur, sportdiëtist;
- Menso Havinga, docent Hanzehogeschool Groningen;
- Michael van der Werve, sportarts aan het Rijnland ziekenhuis, afdeling sportgeneeskunde;
- Peter de Jeu, trainer WOC;
- Raymond Pet, coördinator Scala College;
- Sander Wools, trainer WOC;
- Yvette Kilian, sportdiëtist.
Inleiding .................................................................................................................. 10
Hoofdstuk 1 Waterpolo ............................................................................................ 11
1.1. De geschiedenis ......................................................................................... 11
1.2. Waterpolo ..................................................................................................... 11
1.3. Oprichting WOC ......................................................................................... 11
Hoofdstuk 2 Onderzoek ........................................................................................... 13
2.1. Literatuuronderzoek .................................................................................... 13
2.2. Voorlichtingsonderzoek .............................................................................. 14
2.3. Vergelijkingsonderzoek ............................................................................... 14
Hoofdstuk 3 Gedragsverandering .......................................................................... 16
3.1. Ouderlijke invloeden .................................................................................... 16
3.2. Attitude en gedragsverandering ................................................................. 16
Hoofdstuk 4 Trainingsanalyse ................................................................................ 18
4.1. Zwemtechnieken .......................................................................................... 19
4.2. Voedingslessen ............................................................................................ 21
4.3. Doelgroepenanalyse .................................................................................... 21
Hoofdstuk 5 Voorlichting ....................................................................................... 22
5.1. Doel .............................................................................................................. 22
5.2. Methode ....................................................................................................... 22
5.3. Uitvoering .................................................................................................... 23
5.4. Verantwoording ........................................................................................... 24
5.4.1. Voedingsdagboek .................................................................................. 24
5.4.2. Enquête ................................................................................................. 25
Hoofdstuk 6 Resultaten .......................................................................................... 26
6.1. Eerste meting ............................................................................................... 26
6.2. Tweede meting ............................................................................................ 27
6.3. Vergelijking eerste en tweede meting ....................................................... 27
6.4. De controlegroep ......................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 7 Conclusies en aanbevelingen .......................................................... 29
7.1. Beantwoording probleemstelling ............................................................... 29
7.2. Beantwoording doelstelling ....................................................................... 29
7.3. Conclusie ..................................................................................................... 30
7.4. Aanbevelingen ............................................................................................ 30
Literatuurlijst .................................................................................................................. 33
Boeken ............................................................................................................................ 33
Literatuur ....................................................................................................................... 33
Websites ......................................................................................................................... 34
Bijlagen
Bijlage 1 Gedragsverandering ......................................................................................... 36
1.1. Theorie van de sociale beoordeling (Sherif en Hovland 1961; Sherif e.a. 1965) .. 36
1.2. Cognitieve dissonantie theorie (Festinger 1957) .............................................. 37
1.3. De theorie van beredeneerd gedrag (Fishbein en Ajzen 1975) ....................... 38
1.4. Beïnvloedingsmethodiek ................................................................................... 39
Bijlage 2 Enquête ouders/verzorgers ........................................................................... 40
Bijlage 3 Enquête trainers en coaches .......................................................................... 52
Bijlage 4 Inhoud presentatie .......................................................................................... 61
4.1. Vocht en inspanning ......................................................................................... 61
4.2. Voeding en inspanning ..................................................................................... 66
Bijlage 5 24 uur recall .................................................................................................... 69
Bijlage 6 Overzicht jaarbelasting ................................................................................ 75
Bijlage 7 Brochure ......................................................................................................... 76
Bijlage 8 Begeleidende brief ouders/verzorgers ......................................................... 78
Bijlage 9 Begeleidende brief trainers en coaches ......................................................... 79
Bijlage 10 Beoordeling voeding waterpoloërs WOC voor de voedingsvoorlichting .... 80
Bijlage 11 Beoordeling voeding waterpoloërs WOC na de voedingsvoorlichting ...... 82
Bijlage 12 Vochtbepaling voor de voedingsvoorlichting ........................................... 84
Bijlage 13 Vochtbepaling na de voedingsvoorlichting ............................................... 85
Bijlage 14 Beoordeling voeding sporters controlegroep ............................................. 86
Inleiding
Gezonde en gebalanceerde voeding is van belang bij topsporters, maar door maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen kunnen deze, apart of in combinatie, binnen iedere gezinsconstellatie van invloed zijn op het beweeggedrag en voedingspatroon van kinderen. Door het toegenomen opleidingsniveau in het algemeen is de kennis rondom voeding gegroeid. Begrippen als onder andere calorieën, voedingstoffen, koolhydraten, eiwitten, vetten zijn niet meer onbekend. Ondanks deze toegenomen kennis hebben veel gezinnen geen besef hoeveel men gedurende de dag eet en hoe een gezond voedingspatroon eruitziet.
Tegenwoordig bestaat een gezin meestal uit tweeverdieners, wat er aan kan bijdragen dat het gezin in een betere welstand verkeert. Door de betere welstand kunnen gezinnen zich permitteren om onder andere vaker en meer energierijke tussendoortjes te gebruiken, in tegenstelling tot vroeger. De opvoeding van de kinderen wordt overdag vaak niet door de ouders/verzorgers gedaan maar door crèche, school, buitenschoolse en tussentijdse opvang of oppas. Aanvullend vervullen trainers en coaches vaak een voorbeeldfunctie voor jonge topsporters en fungeren vaak als rolmodel.
Het moderne gezin heeft vaak minder tijd voor sociale aangelegenheden en de bereiding van de voeding. Het gebruik van onder andere kant-en-klaar maaltijden of een snelle en makkelijke bereiding wordt vaak verkozen boven een uitgebreide, gevarieerde en gezonde maaltijd. Er is dus sprake van een gewijzigd opvoedingsklimaat en ook de controle en voorbeeldfunctie van ouders/verzorgers is veranderd ook wat betreft de voeding. Tegenwoordig is de opvoeding in veel gezinnen gericht op zelfontplooiing en geborgenheid, waardoor er in de gezinshuishouding onder andere onderhandeld wordt over wat, waar en wanneer er gegeten wordt. Dit kan resulteren in een ongezonder voedingspatroon.
Wanneer kinderen op jonge leeftijd beginnen met topsport dan zijn voeding en beweging onlosmakelijk met elkaar verbonden. Zonder goede en gezonde voeding is optimaal presteren niet mogelijk. Een gezonde voeding kan zorgen voor betere prestaties en een sneller herstel. Een efficiënte inname van koolhydraten, eiwitten, vetten en vitamines en mineralen dragen bij aan een snelle en betere groei en een goede ontwikkeling van kinderen\(^1\)
Op grond van voorgaande gegevens is de volgende probleemstelling geformuleerd, namelijk: “hoe kunnen ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs, in de leeftijdscategorie van 8 tot 23 jaar, geïnformeerd worden over de relatie tussen voeding en topsport”. In dit rapport wordt de richtlijn voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs beschreven.
In hoofdstuk 1 wordt algemene informatie gegeven over de tak van sport. In hoofdstuk 2 worden de verschillende onderzoeken toegelicht. Vervolgens wordt in hoofdstuk 3 de gedragsveranderingen besproken, in hoofdstuk 4 de trainingsanalyse besproken en in
\(^1\) Boom-Brinkhorst, F.H. van der, Hartman, E., Hartog, A.P. den, Lith, A. van, Lossonczy von Losoncz, T.O. von, Ronhaar, P., Veen, J.M., Winkelman, M.L.J. (2005). *Mens en voeding* (5\(^{de}\) druk). Baarn: Hb uitgevers.
hoofdstuk 5 de voedingsvoorlichting. In hoofdstuk 6 staan de resultaten beschreven en als laatste komt in hoofdstuk 7 de conclusie, discussiepunten en aanbevelingen aan bod.
Hoofdstuk 1 Waterpolo
1.1. De geschiedenis
Over het ontstaan van waterpolo is weinig zekerheid. William Wilson, geboren in 1844, werd gezien als de uitvinder van het “handbal in water”. Hij heeft in 1876 de regels voor het balspel ontworpen bij zijn zwemvereniging in Aberdeen. In 1877 werd de eerste waterpolowedstrijd gespeeld, maar deze sport werd pas in 1885 officieel erkend. In 1888 werd in Engeland een waterpolocommissie opgericht en het eerste nationale kampioenschap gespeeld. In datzelfde jaar werden regels vastgelegd en werd het spel vanuit Engeland naar de Verenigde Staten geëxporteerd.
1.2. Waterpolo
Het waterpolo team bestaat uit zes veldspelers en een keeper. Het thuisspelend team draagt een witte cap en het uitspelandend team een blauwe, keepers hebben een rode cap met oorbescherming.
Een wedstrijd is verdeeld in vier perioden, die afhankelijk van de leeftijd van de spelers, het competitieniveau en het land, 3 tot 8 zuivere minuten duren. Dit betekent dat de tijdsmeting wordt stilgelegd tussen het begaan van een overtreding (op het fluitsignaal van de scheidsrechter(s)) en het nemen van de daaropvolgende vrije worp (Kring Utrecht 2008). Wanneer er twee periodes zijn gespeeld wisselen de teams van speelhelft. Een verlenging bestaat uit twee periodes, waarbij er gewisseld wordt van speelhelft na één periode. Als er na een verlenging nog geen winnaar is, worden er strafschoppen genomen.
De grootte van het speelveld is bij de heren maximaal 20 meter breed en 30 meter lang en bij de dames is de lengte maximaal 25 meter. De minimale grootte van een speelveld is 10 meter breed en 20 meter lang. De doelen zijn 3 meter breed en 90 centimeter hoog. De diepte van het speelveld is minimaal 1,80 meter. Spelers mogen, wanneer zij in het bezit zijn van de bal, niet staan of lopen met de bal.
1.3. Oprichting WOC
Het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum (WOC) is opgericht in 2004 door Eric Noordegraaf en André de Jeu en is gevestigd in Alphen aan den Rijn. Het WOC streeft er naar spelers en speelsters in de leeftijd van 8 tot 23 jaar voor het hoogste niveau op te leiden, waardoor ze kunnen meedraaien met de nationale en internationale top.
Door dit opleidingscentrum is er een samenwerkingsverband ontstaan tussen het WOC, het Scala college in Alphen aan den Rijn en vanaf schooljaar 2010/2011 het Leonardo college in Leiden. Deze scholen hebben een speciale afdeling voor topsporters, een zogeheten LOOT-afdeling (Landelijk Overleg Onderwijs en Topsport). Op een LOOT-afdeling krijgen toptalenten in de sport kans om hun topsportcarrière te combineren met hun school. Zo krijgen de waterpoloërs van het Scala College de kans om overdag bij het WOC te komen trainen. Deze waterpoloërs hebben vrijstelling van een aantal lessen aan het Scala College, waaronder de gymnastieklessen en de handvaardigheidlessen. Het verzorgingsgebied van het WOC omvat zo goed als de gehele provincie Zuid Holland.
Tevens wordt er samengewerkt met de Koninklijke Nederlandse Zwembond (KNZB), de kring Gouwe Rijnstreek en Kring Haaglanden. Volgens het Meerjaren Opleidingsplan Waterpolo (MOW) van de KNZB worden de waterpoloërs opgeleid tot topsporters. Het MOW biedt een gestructureerde en inzichtelijke opleidingsweg aan alle waterpoloërs. Als laatste wordt er samengewerkt met het Nederlands Olympisch Comité* Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NOC*NSF). Particuliere investeerders hebben het WOC financieel en materieel gesteund.
Het WOC spant zich in om de combinatie sport/studie, of sport/werk in een verantwoord evenwicht te brengen (Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum 2009).
Bron: www.waterpolo-opleidingscentrum.nl
Hoofdstuk 2 Onderzoek
Voor het geven van een goed aansluitende voedingsvoorlichting aan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van de waterpoloërs zal eerst een literatuuronderzoek verricht worden. Gedurende dit onderzoek zullen boeken, wetenschappelijke artikelen en websites geraadpleegd worden om de kennis te vergroten omtrent waterpolo in combinatie met voeding.
Tevens dient een voorlichtingsonderzoek gedaan te worden. In dit onderzoek zal naar voren komen wat de beste methode is om een voedingsvoorlichting te geven aan de betreffende doelgroep. Hierbij dient rekening gehouden te worden met het kennisniveau van de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches. Om hierachter te komen vindt een nulmeting plaats middels een internetenquête, zodat bekend wordt welke kennis reeds aanwezig is. Op basis van de resultaten van de internetenquête kan bepaald worden welke informatie nuttig is om tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting naar voren te laten komen. Ook dienen de waterpoloërs een voedingsdagboekje voor en na de voedingsvoorlichting bij te houden, zodat tijdens een vergelijkingsonderzoek bepaald kan worden of de informatie die tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting verschafft is aan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches effect heeft gehad op de waterpoloërs. In het vergelijkingsonderzoek worden de resultaten van de waterpoloërs vergeleken met een controlegroep. De controlegroep voor dit vergelijkingsonderzoek zal bestaan uit 27 sporters van het Scala College, die een andere tak van sport beoefenen. Er wordt eenmalig een voedingsdagboekje afgenomen bij deze controlegroep.
2.1. Literatuuronderzoek
De probleemstelling vanuit het WOC is hoe ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs in de leeftijd van 8 tot 23 jaar, geïnformeerd kunnen worden over de relatie tussen voeding en topsport. Bij deze probleemstelling kunnen veel onderwerpen bespreekbaar gemaakt worden, aangezien het onderwerp specifieker moet zijn, is deze geconcretiseerd. De probleemstelling ziet er als volgt uit: “hoe kunnen ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs, in de leeftijd van 8 tot 23 jaar, geïnformeerd worden over voeding en vochtgebruik voor, tijdens en na een training of wedstrijd”. Met deze probleemstelling is literatuuronderzoek gedaan naar ouderlijke invloeden, gedragsveranderingmodellen en voeding en vochtgebruik voor, tijdens en na inspanning. Hierbij is gezocht naar boeken en wetenschappelijke artikelen. Zowel de wetenschappelijke artikelen als de boeken zijn opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Voor het zoeken naar wetenschappelijke artikelen is Pubmed® gebruikt. Helaas is er weinig informatie te vinden over het onderwerp waterpolo en voeding- en vochtgebruik in combinatie met waterpolo. In de onderstaande tabel staan de zoektermen die zijn ingevoerd in Pubmed®.
| Zoekterm | Resultaat |
|----------|-----------|
| Hydration AND exercise | Role of Whole Foods en Promoting Hydration after Exercise in Humans |
| | Hydration and Physical Performance |
| Carbohydrate intake AND exercise, limits: humans | Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise |
| Sports AND protein intake, limits humans | Nutritional aspects of women strength athletes, exercise and functional foods
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stant; Nutrient timing |
|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Parental influence AND nutrition | family and social determinants of children's eating patterns and diet quality
Parental influence on eating behavior conception to adolescence
The Athletic Trainer's Role in Modifying Nutritional Behaviors of Adolescent Athletes Putting Theory into Practice
Development and preliminary validation of a Family Nutrition and Physical Activity (FNPA) screening tool
Childhood Overweight Prevention Strategies for Parents
Review of family and social determinants of children's eating patterns and diet quality |
| Nutrition AND exercise | Exercise and functional foods
The endocrine response and substrate utilization during exercise in children and adolescents
Nutrition and physical activity |
| Artikel op de website van het WOC | Studie motivatie sporters |
Tabel 1 (zoekresultaten Pubmed®)
In bovenstaande tabel, tabel 1 (zoekresultaten Pubmed®) staan artikelen die betrekking hebben op factoren die invloed hebben op het voeding- en beweeggedrag van kinderen. Sport- en voedinggerelateerde artikelen zijn als informatiebron gebruikt tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting aan ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches. In bijlage 4 wordt deze informatie nader toegelicht. De wetenschappelijke artikelen die betrekking hebben op ouderlijke invloeden en invloeden van trainers en coaches zijn gebruikt om de doelgroepkeuze te onderbouwen en is in hoofdstuk 3 beschreven.
2.2. Voorlichtingsonderzoek
Voordat een goed aansluitende voorlichting gegeven kan worden aan de doelgroep, dienen verschillende zaken uitgezocht te worden. Voor de onderbouwing van de voedingsvoorlichting zijn verschillende theorieën onderzocht, namelijk: de theorie van attitude en gedragsverandering, theorie van de sociale beoordeling, cognitieve dissonantie theorie, de theorie van beredeneerd gedrag, *beïnvloedingstheorie* “openstaan-begrijpen-willen-kunnen-doen-blijven doen”. Deze theorieën hebben betrekking op het gedrag, gedragsverandering en gedragsbehoud en zijn opgenomen in bijlage 1.
2.3. Vergelijkingsonderzoek
Tijdens het onderzoek wordt gebruik gemaakt van een behandelende groep en een controlegroep. De behandelende groep bestaat uit 34 waterpoloërs van het WOC en de controlegroep bestaat uit 27 sporters van het Scala College in Alphen aan den Rijn die een andere tak van sport beoefenen. Het doel hiervan is om te controleren of de voeding van de waterpoloërs waarvan de ouders/verzorgers naar de voedingsvoorlichting zijn geweest,
verbeterd is ten opzichte van de voeding van sporters waarvan de ouders/verzorgers geen voedingsvoorlichting hebben gehad. Deze sporters vullen hetzelfde voedingsdagboekje in als de waterpoloërs. Het voedingsdagboekje is terug te vinden in bijlage 5. De voeding van zowel de waterpoloërs als de andere sporters wordt berekend met het voedingsberekeningsprogramma “de Eetmeter” van het voedingscentrum. Hierbij wordt de voeding gecontroleerd op alle macronutriënten\(^2\) en micronutriënten\(^3\). De uitslagen van dit onderzoek vinden plaats op groepsniveau, dit houdt in dat het gemiddelde van de behandelgroep wordt vergeleken met het gemiddelde van de controlegroep. De resultaten van dit onderzoek zullen besproken worden in hoofdstuk 5.
\(^2\) Onder macronutriënten worden koolhydraten, eiwitten, vetten en vezels verstaan.
\(^3\) Onder micronutriënten worden alle vitamines en mineralen in de voeding verstaan.
3.1. Ouderlijke invloeden
Dat ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches invloed hebben over de sportkeuze van kinderen wordt bevestigd door een artikel “De invloed van ouders en coaches op de motivatie van jeugdige topsporters” geschreven door Arjan de Wit\(^4\), waarin hij toelicht welke invloed ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches kunnen hebben op kinderen die aan (top)sport doen. Ouders/verzorgers dienen vaak als rolmodel voor hun kinderen, zij moedigen hun kinderen aan om op hoog niveau te gaan sporten. Deze invloedrijke rol van ouders/verzorgers is niet altijd positief. De kinderen hebben vaak een extrinsieke motivatie om de sport te beoefenen. Dit houdt in dat de gemaakte keuze voor het beoefenen van de tak van sport niet de keus is van het kind zelf, maar vaak de keuze is van de ouders/verzorgers. Wanneer niet naar verwachting wordt gepresteerd zal het kind dit moeten ontgelden, waardoor de intrinsieke motivatie van het kind verminderd. Tot een leeftijd van 10 jaar zal het kind voornamelijk beïnvloed worden door de ouders/verzorgers, vanaf het 10\(^e\) levensjaar hebben ook trainers, coaches en vrienden een grote invloed op de motivatie\(^3\).
Ouders/verzorgers hebben niet alleen invloed op de sportkeuze van hun kinderen, maar ook op de voeding van hun kinderen. Zij hebben een directe invloed op het bewegingspatroon en voedingsgewoonten van hun kinderen. Tevens bepalen de ouders/verzorgers in welke fysieke en sociale omgeving de kinderen opgroeien. Diverse studies\(^5,6,7\) hebben bevestigd dat het ouderlijk gedrag en de sociale omgeving bepalend is voor het beweeggedrag en voedingspatroon van kinderen. Overmatig ouderlijk toezicht en de druk om gezond te eten kan een negatieve invloed hebben op de inname van gezonde voeding bij kinderen. De productkeuze van kinderen die onder druk gezet worden door hun ouders/verzorgers zal juist bestaan uit energierijke producten in plaats van gezondere varianten, zoals groente en fruit\(^8\).
3.2. Attitude en gedragsverandering
Het doel van een voorlichting is het gedrag of de attitude van een groep te veranderen. Het begrip attitude verwijst naar een mening, houding of opvatting die een persoon heeft over een bepaald onderwerp. Er zijn theorieën die betrekking hebben op het veranderen van een attitude, hieronder worden een aantal theorieën besproken. Deze theorieën kunnen helpen een opzet te maken voor een effectieve voedingsvoorlichting. Volgens de theorie van de sociale beoordeling (Sherif en Hovland 1961; Sherif e.a. 1965, bijlage 1) is het belangrijk om
---
\(^4\) Wit, A. de (2007). *De invloed van ouders en coaches op de motivatie van jeugdige topsporters*.
\(^5\) Philipsen, N.M. Philipsen, N.C. (2008). Childhood Overweight: Prevention Strategies for Parents. *The Journal of Parental Education*, winter 2008, 44-47
\(^6\) Ihmels, M.A. Welk, G.J. Eisenmann, J.C. Nusser, S.M. (2008). Development and preliminary validation of a Family Nutrition and Physical Activity (FNPA) screening tool. *International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity*, 12-03-2009
\(^7\) Heather, P. Theresa A.N. (2003). A Review of Family and Social Determinants of Children’s Eating Patterns and Diet Quality. *Journal of the American College of Nutrition*, Vol. 24 (2005), No. 2, 83–92
\(^8\) Savage, J.S. Orlet Fisher, J. Birch, L.L. (2007). Parental Influence on Eating Behavior: Conception to Adolescence. *J Law Med Ethics*, 2007 ; 35(1), 22–34
de informatie die verstrekt wordt aan te sluiten op de attitude van de ontvanger. Om goed aansluitende informatie te geven aan de ontvanger is er een internetenquête ontwikkeld voor de ouders/verzorgers (Bijlage 2) en voor de trainers en coaches (Bijlage 3). De cognitieve dissonantie theorie (Festinger 1957, bijlage 1) kan als hulpmiddel dienen om de besluitvorming van de ontvanger te kunnen beïnvloeden. Na het veranderen van het gedrag krijgt men spijt van de gemaakte beslissing (post-decision-regret), hierbij is het belangrijk om follow-up activiteiten te laten plaatsvinden zodat men niet terugvalt in het oude gedrag. Om te kunnen beoordelen in welke fase van gedragsverandering de ontvanger verkeerd kan de theorie van beredeneerd gedrag (Fishbein en Ajzen 1975, bijlage 1) gebruikt worden. Deze theorie beschrijft het ASE-model, welke het proces van de gedragsintentie tot het uitvoeren van het gedrag beschrijft. Vanuit het ASE-model zijn op basis van attitude, sociale invloeden, eigen effectiviteit en intentie vragen ontwikkeld die in de internetenquête worden gesteld. Het ASE-model is een onderdeel van de beïnvloedingsmethodiek. De beïnvloedingsmethodiek (Bijlage 1) is een uitgebreidere methode om de fase van gedragsverandering te bepalen. De theorieën in deze paragraaf zullen toegepast worden op de voedingsvoorlichting. De inhoud van deze voedingsvoorlichting wordt besproken in bijlage 4.
Het WOC is een opleidingscentrum en verzorgt extra trainingen naast de trainingen van de waterpoloclubs waarbij de waterpoloërs zelf zijn aangesloten. Het WOC biedt twee tot vier waterpolotrainingen in de ochtend aan. Daarnaast worden er nog één tot drie fysieke krachttrainingen en drie zwemtrainingen in de middag aangeboden. De zwemtrainingen gelden voor alle waterpoloërs die een opleiding volgen tot topsporter. Deze opleiding is geïntegreerd binnen de LOOT-school. Naast de waterpolotrainingen ’s ochtends dienen de waterpoloërs 1 zwemtraining en 2 fysieke trainingen te volgen. Er worden ook nog extra trainingen gegeven maar dit wordt door de trainers en coaches bepaald. Waterpoloërs hebben ook extra trainingen, wanneer zij geselecteerd zijn om te spelen voor jong Oranje. Een overzicht van de trainingen is weergegeven in Tabel 2 (Overzicht trainingsschema).
| Dag | Training 1 | Type | Training 2 | Type |
|-----------|---------------------|--------|---------------------|--------|
| | **Groep 1: Waterpoloërs op de basisschool** | | | |
| Maandag | 07:00-08:00 | Water | - | - |
| Dinsdag | | | - | - |
| Woensdag | 15:00-16:30 | Fysiek | - | - |
| Donderdag | 07:00-08:00 | Water | - | - |
| Vrijdag | 19:30-20:15 | Fysiek | - | - |
| | **Groep 2: Meisjes** | | | |
| Maandag | 08:00-09:40 | Waterpolo | 13:30 of later | Fysiek |
| Dinsdag | 14:30-15:30 | Zwemtraining | 13:30 of later | Fysiek |
| Woensdag | 08:15-09:30 | Waterpolo | - | - |
| Donderdag | 08:30-09:40 | Waterpolo | 13:30 of later | Fysiek |
| Vrijdag | 07:45-08:45 | Waterpolo | - | - |
| | **Groep 3: Jongens '95/'96** | | | |
| Maandag | 14:30-15:30 | Zwemtraining | - | - |
| Dinsdag | 08:00-09:30 | Waterpolo | 13:30 of later | Fysiek |
| Woensdag | 08:15-09:30 | Waterpolo | - | - |
| Donderdag | 07:45-08:45 | Waterpolo | 13:30 of later | Fysiek |
| Vrijdag | 07:45-08:45 | Waterpolo | - | - |
| | **Groep 4: Jongens '93/'94** | | | |
| Maandag | 14:30-15:30 | Zwemtraining | - | - |
| Dinsdag | 08:00-09:30 | Waterpolo | 13:30 of later | Fysiek |
| Woensdag | 07:00-08:15 | Waterpolo | - | - |
| Donderdag | 07:45-08:45 | Waterpolo | 13:30 of later | Fysiek |
| Vrijdag | 08:45-09:45 | Waterpolo | - | - |
| | **Groep 5: Jongen '92 en ouder** | | | |
| Maandag | - | - | - | - |
| Dinsdag | 09:45-10:45 | Fysiek | 11:00-12:30 | Waterpolo |
| Woensdag | 07:00-08:15 | Waterpolo | - | - |
| Donderdag | 09:45-10:45 | Fysiek | 11:00-12:30 | Waterpolo |
| Vrijdag | 11:00-11:30 | Fysiek | 11:30-12:30 | Waterpolo |
Tabel 2 (Overzicht trainingsschema)
De trainingen bij het WOC zijn elke week verschillend. De intensiteit van de training begint met 40% en piekt op 90-95%. Hierdoor is het moeilijk te zeggen hoe lang de onderdelen duren en in welke week met welke intensiteit getraind wordt en hoeveel de waterpoloërs per training verbranden. Een overzicht van de trainingsopbouw is weergegeven in bijlage 6. Gemiddeld wordt 10,5 kcal per uur per kg lichaamsgewicht verbrand\(^9\). Dit houdt in dat een persoon van 70 kg die een uur waterpolo speelt 10,5 x 70 x 1 = 735 kcal zal verbranden.
---
\(^9\) Harms-Aris, C. Geerets T. (2005). *Sportvoedingswijzer* (2\(^{de}\) druk). Den Haag: Delthahage.
4.1. Zwemtechnieken
De zwem- en waterpolotrainingen bestaan uit een aantal zwemtechnieken, namelijk: schoolslag, borstcrawl, rugcrawl, vlinderslag en watertrappen. Deze zwemtechnieken worden hieronder behandeld.
Schoolslag is de oudste en tevens de meest in de praktijk gebrachte slag, vanwege het simpele feit dat er tijdens deze oefening eenvoudig adem gehaald kan worden. Het is ook de traagste van de vier zwemslagen. De armen en handen komen tijdens de gehele slag niet boven het wateroppervlak uit, hetgeen wat veel weerstand tot gevolg heeft. Bij de schoolslag is de 'klappende' beenbeweging verreweg de belangrijkste stuwingfactor.
De lichaamverbranding voor de schoolslag ligt tussen de 8,5 en 10,5 kcal per kilo lichaamsgewicht per uur. Voor een lichte of gemiddelde inspanning wordt 8,5 kcal per kilo lichaamsgewicht per uur gerekend en tijdens zware inspanning wordt er 10,5 kcal per kilo lichaamsgewicht per uur gerekend. Voor iemand van zeventig kilo die een uur schoolslag zwemt zal tussen $8,5 \times 70 \times 1 = 595$ kcal en $10,5 \times 70 \times 1 = 735$ kcal verbranden.
De borstcrawl staat een grotere bewegingsvrijheid van de armen toe dan bij de rugcrawl, waarbij het stuwend gedeelte van de slag achter de ruggengraat plaatsvindt. Het voorwaarts bewegen van de armen vind plaats boven het water wat een enorme reductie van de weerstand heeft ten opzichte van de schoolslag. Ten slotte kent deze slag in vergelijking met andere slagen een relatief constante snelheid, door de afwisseling van stuwing door linker- en rechterarm.
De lichaamsverbranding voor de borstcrawl ligt tussen de 8,5 en 11,5 kcal per kilo lichaamsgewicht per uur. Voor een lichte of gemiddelde inspanning wordt 8,5 per uur per kilo lichaamsgewicht gerekend en tijdens een zware inspanning wordt er 11,5 per uur per kilo lichaamsgewicht gerekend. Voor een persoon van 70 kg die een uur borstcrawl zwemt zal tussen $8,5 \times 70 \times 1 = 595$ kcal en $11,5 \times 70 \times 1 = 805$ kcal verbranden.
Rugslag of rugcrawl is een zwemslag die op de rug wordt gezwommen. Het onderdeel heeft als voordeel een eenvoudige ademhaling, maar als nadeel dat de zwemmer niet ziet waar hij zich bevindt. Omdat de doorhaal van de armen langs het lichaam plaatsheeft, bestaat de neiging te gaan slingeren. Er is daarom een goede beenslag vereist om de zijwaartse afwijkingen te compenseren, meer nog dan bij de borstcrawl. Daarnaast blijft de stuwend functie van de benen van belang. Niet de benen, maar de armen dragen grotendeels bij aan de verplaatsing en dus de snelheid in het water.
Voor de lichaamsverbranding voor de rugcrawl wordt 8,5 kcal per kilo lichaamsgewicht per uur gerekend. Iemand van 70 kg die een uur rugcrawl zwemt zal $8,5 \times 70 \times 1 = 595$ kcal verbranden.
De vlinderslag is nog een betrekkelijk jonge zwemslag. Hij is ontstaan uit de schoolslag, doordat de contrabeweging van de armen op een bepaald moment boven het water werd uitgevoerd. De vlinderslag is de op één na de snelste zwemslag. De verplaatsing is minder continu dan de borstcrawl, door de gelijktijdigheid van de armbeweging. Ook de ligging is minder ideaal, omdat er meer in verticale richting bewogen moet worden. Vlinderslag is, zoals dat heet, een echte 'hoofdzaak' en dat heeft alles te maken met de bewegingen van het hoofd ten opzichte van de romp. Voor een optimale snelheid moet het lichaam in voldoende mate deze beweging volgen om de wisselende bol-hol-ligging goed aan te voelen. De timing van de hoofdbeweging op de armslag is doorslaggevend. Bovendien moet de timing van de ondersteunende beenactie aansluiten op de bol-hol vanuit de armlag en de hoofdbeweging. De vlinderslag beenbeweging is een voortdurend op en neer bewegen van beide benen, en dat gelijktijdig. Vlinderslag is de enige slag waarbij de rug actief deelneemt aan de zwembeweging. Aan de bewegingsmogelijkheden van de schouders, nek en rug worden eveneens hoge eisen gesteld. Een relatief grote krachtsinzet is noodzakelijk; hierdoor is de slag ongeschikt voor lange afstanden.
Voor de lichaamsverbranding voor de vlinderslag wordt 11,5 kcal per kilo lichaamsgewicht per uur gerekend. Voor een persoon van 70 kg die een uur vlinderslag zwemt zal $11,5 \times 70 \times 1 = 805$ kcal.
Watertrappen is een techniek om in het water het hoofd boven water te houden, door met de benen een trappende beweging te maken. Vaak is het niet mogelijk om tijdens het watertrappen een specifieke richting op te zwemmen. Waterpolokeepers zullen gebruik maken van watertrappen om het lichaam zo ver mogelijk boven het water te krijgen, zodat een schot op doel geblokkeerd kan worden. In training wordt er vaak gebruik gemaakt van watertraptechnieken, zal zijwaarts watertrappen en watertrappen met behulp van een elastiek om de taille en vastgebonden aan een startblok, zodat het watertrappen zwaarder wordt omdat de weerstand verhoogd wordt.
Naast de verschillende zwemtechnieken bestaat een waterpolotraining ook uit het oefenen van werptechnieken en het beoefenen van aanval- en verdedigingstrategieën. Er zijn verschillende werptechnieken waar gebruik van wordt gemaakt tijdens de waterpolotrainingen, namelijk: de strek-, boog-, achterwaarts-, slinger-, druk-, back-, pols- en stootworp. Deze verschillende worpen worden getraind door middel van het werpen van een kleine, zware bal van ongeveer 1 kg tegen een muur.
Aangezien elke zwemtechniek een andere lichaamsverbranding heeft en de waterpolotraining deze zwemtechnieken combineert, kan geen nauwkeurige energieverbranding bepaald worden.
Zoals eerder in dit hoofdstuk genoemd is, bestaat de training van de waterpoloërs naast zwem- en waterpolotrainingen ook uit fysieke trainingen. Deze fysieke trainingen zijn krachttrainingen die de sporter kan helpen om bijvoorbeeld harder te kunnen werpen of sneller te kunnen zwemmen. De nadruk bij de fysieke trainingen ligt op explosiviteit.
4.2. Voedingslessen
Het WOC heeft altijd al aandacht gehad voor voeding in combinatie met topsport. In 2006 is het waterpolo opleidingscentrum gestart met voedingslessen voor waterpoloërs, de lessen zijn in twee keer vijf lessen verdeeld over twee jaar. Waterpoloërs van het WOC krijgen de gelegenheid voedingslessen te volgen op het Scala College. Deze voedingslessen worden aan de eerste en tweede klassen van de LOOT-afdeling van het Scala College gegeven en worden verzorgd door sportdiëtist Yvette Kilian. De voedingslessen maken deel uit van het opleidingsprogramma van het WOC, de opleiding tot topsporter. Tijdens de voedingslessen worden de waterpoloërs bewust gemaakt van hun voedingspatroon en wat voor invloed het voedingspatroon heeft op de sportprestaties.
Tijdens de voedingslessen wordt de schijf van vijf behandeld. Waterpoloërs leren wat gezonde voeding is en wat voorkeursproducten zijn tijdens de verschillende maaltijdenmomenten (ontbijt, lunch, avondeten en tussendoortjes). Verder leren de waterpoloërs wat de verschillende macronutriënten (koolhydraten, eiwitten, vetten, vezels en vocht) zijn, wat deze voor functies hebben in het lichaam en in welke producten ze voorkomen. Daarnaast wordt er aandacht besteed aan de spijsvertering, etikettering en sportvoeding. Wat kan gebruikt worden voor, tijdens of na een training. De richtlijn voeding-en vochtgebruik wordt behandeld, zowel voor, tijdens als na de training. Tijdens de sportvoeding komen ook de verschillende sportdranken aan bod. Deze richtlijnen worden vertaald in praktische adviezen. Naast de voedingslessen kunnen de waterpoloërs, wanneer dit nodig is, individueel begeleid worden door sportdiëtist Yvette Kilian, die verbonden is aan WOC.
4.3. Doelgroepanalyse
Zoals uit de vorige paragraaf blijkt krijgen waterpoloërs voldoende informatie over gezonde voeding in combinatie met topsport. Omdat de voedingslessen aan jeugdige waterpoloërs en sporters, die in de 1e of 2e klas van de LOOT-school zitten wordt gegeven, is het ook belangrijk dat ouders/verzorgers van de waterpoloërs worden geïnformeerd aangezien zij de maaltijden verzorgen. Zoals eerder aangegeven hebben ouders/verzorgers invloed op de voedingsgewoonten en het beweeggedrag van de sporters. Om deze reden wordt er een workshop, gecombineerd met een kookworkshop gegeven aan de ouders/verzorgers van de sporters. In vergelijking met het aantal voedingslessen die gegeven worden aan de waterpoloërs, is er voor gekozen om een voedingsvoorlichting te geven aan de ouders/verzorgers. Trainers en coaches krijgen geen voedingsles, maar zij kunnen voedingsrichtlijnen terugvinden in het Meerjaren Opleidingsplan Waterpolo (MOW). Het MOW biedt een gestructureerde en inzichtelijke opleidingsweg aan alle waterpoloërs. De voedingsrichtlijnen die beschreven staan in het MOW zijn niet volledig weergegeven. Er wordt wel beschreven wat de voedingsrichtlijn is, maar niet waarom deze gehanteerd moet worden. De trainers en coaches zijn een rolmodel voor de sporters en dienen inzicht te krijgen in de onderbouwing van een voedingsrichtlijn. Deze onderbouwing komt in de voedingsvoorlichting naar voren.
Hoofdstuk 5 Voorlichting
In eerste instantie wordt het geven van een voedingsvoorlichting opgevat als het verschaffen van kennis en informatie over gezonde voeding. Hierbij wordt verondersteld dat de mensen weten wat gezonde voeding is en ook bewust zijn van de risico’s van hun ongezonde eetgedrag, waardoor ze vervolgens gemotiveerd raken om dit gedrag aan te passen. Echter in de praktijk is dit niet altijd het geval. Jeugdige (top)sporters die bijvoorbeeld ongezond eten, blijven vaak ook ongezond eten ondanks dat zij weten dat het gezondheidsrisico’s met zich mee kan brengen\textsuperscript{10}.
5.1. Doel
Het doel van de voedingsvoorlichting is onder andere het veranderen van de kennis, de houding en het gedrag ten aanzien van voeding en voedingsgewoonten. Voedingsvoorlichting is veel complexer dan alleen het verschaffen van informatie over gezonde voeding. Het is niet alleen belangrijk om mensen te informeren over wat gezond en ongezond is, maar ook hoe zij deze vaardigheden in de praktijk kunnen toepassen. Uit onderzoek is gebleken dat men negentig procent onthoudt van de informatie die verschaft wordt wanneer deze ook gedemonstreerd wordt\textsuperscript{11}.
Er zal gedurende de onderzoeksperiode één voedingsvoorlichting gegeven worden aan zowel de ouders/verzorgers als aan de trainers en coaches van de waterpoloërs. Om een goed aansluitende voedingsvoorlichting te geven en ervan uitgaande dat een informatieve voorlichting minder doeltreffend is dan een praktische voorlichting, zal de voedingvoorlichting bestaan uit zowel informatieve als praktische onderwerpen. Tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting zal zowel de kennis van de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches worden opgefrist als de ontbrekende kennis worden aangevuld waarbij er nieuwe informatie wordt verschafft. In de voedingsvoorlichting worden theoretische richtlijnen vertaald in praktische adviezen door middel van een casus. Gedurende de voedingsvoorlichting zullen aan de hand van casussen vragen worden gesteld om te controleren of zowel de ouders/verzorgers als de trainers en coaches de verstrekte informatie begrepen heeft. Ook worden er vragen gesteld om de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches actief bij de voedingsvoorlichting te betrekken en te prikkelen om over de onderwerpen na te denken. Bovendien wordt de doelgroep gestimuleerd om een relatie te leggen tussen de verschafte informatie en hoe men dit kan toepassen in het dagelijks leven. Tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting is er ondersteunend materiaal uitgedeeld zie \textit{bijlage 7}. In de brochure staan onder andere enkele richtlijnen, praktische adviezen, enkele tips en een korte samenvatting van de onderwerpen die tijdens de voedingvoorlichting besproken worden.
5.2. Methode
Om gedragsverandering of een fase van de gedragsverandering van ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches te beïnvloeden tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting, is er gebruik gemaakt
\textsuperscript{10} Dagevos, H., Munnichs, G. (2007). \textit{De obesogene samenleving}. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
\textsuperscript{11} Burgt, M., van der Mechelen-Gevers, E.J. van (2002). \textit{Preventie: samen werkt het!}. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
Brinkman, J. (2006). \textit{Cijfers spreken} (4\textsuperscript{e} druk). Groningen/Houten: Wolters-Noordhoff.
van de beïnvloedingsmethodiek bijlage 1 en eerder genoemd in paragraaf 3.2. De beïnvloedingmethodiek helpt om te bepalen welke doel de voedingsvoorlichting heeft. Tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting is de beïnvloedingsmethodiek gebruikt. De beïnvloedingsmethodiek bestaat uit vijf stappen, namelijk: openstaan, begrijpen, willen, kunnen, doen en blijven doen. Deze stappen worden tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting doorlopen om gedragsverandering of een fase ervan te bewerkstelligen. In bijlage 1 staat beschreven hoe deze theorie onderbouwing geeft aan de voedingsvoorlichting. Doordat ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches naar de voedingsvoorlichting komen, kan een groot percentage van de doelgroep openstaan voor gedragsverandering. Daardoor zit de doelgroep in de fase: “openstaan”.
De informatie die gegeven wordt tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting wordt visueel onderbouwd door een PowerPoint presentatie. Voor deze methode van voorlichten is gekozen, omdat uit onderzoek blijkt dat mensen 55% van de informatie onthouden wanneer zij dit horen en zien\(^{12}\). Om goed aan te kunnen sluiten op het kennisniveau van de doelgroep is gekozen om een internetenquête voorafgaand aan de voedingsvoorlichting te houden. Helaas is de respons op deze internetenquête te laag uitgekomen, 6,5% van de ouders/verzorgers en 33,3% van de trainers en coaches heeft de internetenquête ingevuld, waardoor de uitslag hiervan als niet bruikbaar kan worden beschouwd. Voor een goede beoordeling van de functionaliteit van de voedingsvoorlichting zijn de waterpoloërs van het WOC gevraagd vóór de voedingsvoorlichting een voedingsdagboekje bij te houden. Dit voedingsdagboekje zal na de voedingsvoorlichting nogmaals door de waterpoloërs worden ingevuld om te kunnen beoordelen of de voeding verbeterd is. De resultaten hiervan zijn beschreven in hoofdstuk 6.
5.3. Uitvoering
Het is tijdens een voorlichting belangrijk om het doel niet te hoog te stellen, gedragsverandering na één voorlichting is onrealistisch\(^{10}\). Tijdens de specialisatieperiode zal er één voedingsvoorlichting worden gegeven, verdeeld in twee delen. Eén hiervan zal gegeven worden aan ouders/verzorgers van de waterpoloërs en één voedingsvoorlichting wordt gegeven aan de trainers en coaches van het WOC. Follow-up activiteiten in eventuele vervolgonderzoeken zouden kunnen bijdragen aan gedragsverandering. Denk hierbij aan voorlichtingen met betrekking tot de onderwerpen die in bijlage 4 naar voren zijn gekomen. Om een zo goed mogelijk aansluitende voedingsvoorlichting te geven aan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches, is er een internetenquête ontwikkeld. Bij de ontwikkeling van de internetenquête is rekening gehouden met de verwachtingen, behoeftes en wensen van de doelgroep. De internetenquête bevat vragen over o.a. basisvoeding, macro en micronutriënten, etikettering en voeding en vocht tijdens topsport. Deze internetenquête is terug te lezen in bijlage 2 en in bijlage 3. Op basis van de uitslagen van de internetenquête en de workshops die sportdiëtist Yvette Kilian aan de waterpoloërs en de ouders/verzorgers van de waterpoloërs heeft gegeven, worden de onderwerpen waarop slecht gescoord is in de voedingsvoorlichting verwerkt en behandeld.
De uitkomsten van de internetenquêtes zijn echter te weinig om een goede aansluitende voedingsvoorlichting te ontwikkelen. Slechts 6 van 92 ouders/verzorgers hebben de
\(^{12}\) Burgt, M. van der Mechelen-Gevers, E.J. van (2002). *Preventie: samen werkt het!* Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
internetenquête ingevuld en 3 van de 9 trainers en coaches hebben respons gegeven op de internetenquête. Om toch de juiste gegevens te verkrijgen, zal er aan het begin van de voedingsvoorlichting een verkorte versie van de huidige enquête af worden genomen. Op basis van de uitslagen zal een reeds onderwerpen behandeld worden waarop slecht gescoord is. Voorgaande is niet uitgevoerd, aangezien de spreektijd hiervoor helaas te kort is. Er is daarom samen, met de sportdiëtist mevrouw Yvette Kilian en sportdiëtist Marjolein Treur, overlegd welke onderwerpen besproken moeten worden op basis van de informatie die tijdens de workshops zijn behandeld. De onderwerpen vocht en voeding voor, tijdens en na de training en wedstrijd zijn gekozen om tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting te behandelen. In de voedingsvoorlichting worden voornamelijk informatieve en praktische adviezen gegeven aan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches, zodat ze dit in het dagelijks leven kunnen toepassen.
De vragen en opmerkingen uit de ingevulde internetenquêtes worden meegenomen en behandeld in de voedingsvoorlichting. De onderwerpen die besproken worden tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting zijn terug te lezen in bijlage 4.
5.4. Verantwoording
5.4.1. Voedingsdagboek
Om te beoordelen of de voedingsvoorlichting aan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches effect heeft gehad op de voedingsgewoonten van de waterpoloërs, is er zowel voor de voedingsvoorlichting als na de voedingsvoorlichting een voedingsdagboekje bij de behandelgroep, bestaand uit zesenvierig waterpoloërs, afgenomen. Er is bij de afname van de voeding voor de voedingsvoorlichting gekozen voor een meerdaagse voedingsdagboek, de voeding werd van 3 tot 4 doordeweekse dagen genoteerd. De waterpoloërs hebben twee weken de tijd om de voedingsdagboekjes in te vullen. De voedingsdagboekjes en begeleidende brieven zijn per e-mail verstuurd aan de ouders/verzorgers. Deze zijn terug te lezen in bijlage 5, bijlage 8 en bijlage 9. Er is gekozen om de voedingsdagboekjes per e-mail te versturen, aangezien de waterpoloërs wekelijks verspreid trainen. Op deze manier wordt de kans op respons groter. Zoals al eerder genoemd hebben de ouders/verzorgers een grote invloed op de voeding- en beweeggewoonten van de sporters. Om de respons te vergroten krijgen de waterpoloërs een presentje wanneer het voedingsdagboekje wordt ingeleverd bij dhr. Eric Noordegraaf.
Helaas hebben slechts 2 van de 46 respondenten het voedingsdagboekje ingeleverd. Om alsnog de volledige gegevens te verkrijgen, worden de voedingsdagboekjes tijdens twee vocht- en vetmetingen afgenomen. Deze metingen vinden plaats voor de voedingsvoorlichting. Gezien de tijd die beschikbaar is tijdens de vocht- en vetmeting, is er voor een 24 uur recall gekozen. Bij een 24 uur recall wordt de hoeveelheid voeding van de voorgaande dag gemeten. Het enige nadeel van de 24 uur recall is, dat er geen totaalbeeld van de huidige voeding kan worden gevormd en het dus slechts een momentopname betreft. Om toch een zo goed mogelijk resultaat te krijgen, is elk ingevuld voedingsdagboek gecontroleerd op de juiste aantal hoeveelheden macro- en micronutriënten. Tijdens het afnemen van de 24 uur recall bij zowel de waterpoloërs als bij de sporters van het Scala College zijn er een aantal verbeterpunten van de 24 uur recall naar voren gekomen. De 24 uur recall moet op de volgende punten verbeterd worden, namelijk: voeding tussendoor,
hoeveelheden voeding en vocht, onduidelijke termen en uitleg voedingsdagboekje. De verbeterde 24 uur recall is te vinden in bijlage 5. De resultaten van de voedingsdagboekjes zijn terug te vinden in bijlage 10 en bijlage 11 en zullen in het volgende hoofdstuk verder worden behandeld.
5.4.2. Enquête
Er zijn diverse soorten enquêtes. Zo onderscheidt de literatuur een huis aan huis enquête, een straatenquête, een telefonische enquête en een post- of internetenquête. Er is gekozen voor een internetenquête, omdat deze enquête een zeer snelle en goedkope manier is om te enquêteren. Daarnaast kan een internetenquête direct gekoppeld worden aan een tekstverwerkingsprogramma, zodat de gegevens en resultaten overzichtelijk worden weergegeven. In de internetenquête zijn simple, duidelijke en over het algemeen gesloten vragen gesteld. Tevens is de internetenquête in verschillende modules verdeeld, zodat deze in een logische volgorde wordt afgewerkt. De internetenquête is in modules verdeeld om een hoog representativiteit te krijgen. Aangezien de doelgroep een kleinere populatie heeft dan honderd en dezelfde kenmerken heeft dient een populatieonderzoek verricht te worden. In dit geval ouders/verzorgers van jeugdige waterpoloërs en trainers en coaches die participeren in de waterpolo topsport. Bij de internetenquête is een begeleidende brief meegestuurd. In deze brief staat een korte toelichting, het doel van de internetenquête en binnen welk termijn de internetenquête ingevuld dient te worden. Om de anonimiteit te waarborgen dienen ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches alleen een naam op te geven wanneer zij daadwerkelijk naar de voedingsvoorlichting komen.
Om het kennisniveau van de doelgroep te testen is er voor een internetenquête gekozen. Op basis van de resultaten van de internetenquête kan een aansluitende voedingsvoorlichting gegeven worden. De vragen van de internetenquête worden normaliter geformuleerd op basis van de probleemstelling. De probleemstelling wordt dan in meerdere deelproblemen geformuleerd. De onderwerpen die in de internetenquête staan beschreven zijn gebaseerd op de workshops van sportdiëtist Yvette Kilian zoals in paragraaf 4.2 staat beschreven. In paragraaf 4.2 staan tevens de resultaten van de internetenquête beschreven.
Hoofdstuk 6 Resultaten
Er zijn twee dezelfde onderzoeken verricht bij de waterpoloërs van het WOC. In zowel het eerste als het tweede onderzoek worden waterpoloërs gevraagd een voedingsdagboekje in te vullen, zoals eerder beschreven werd in paragraaf 2.3. In dit hoofdstuk zullen de twee onderzoeken apart worden besproken en zullen de uitkomsten van deze onderzoeken met elkaar worden vergeleken.
6.1. Eerste meting
Het eerste onderzoek dat gedaan is, wordt beschouwd als een nulmeting. In deze nulmeting zijn 34 waterpoloërs gemeten met een gemiddelde leeftijd van 13,3 jaar. In deze meting wordt bepaald hoeveel energie, macronutriënten\(^{13}\) en micronutriënten\(^{14}\) de voeding van de waterpoloërs bevat. De normen die gehanteerd zijn voor het bepalen van de hoeveelheden macro- en micronutriënten zijn conform de richtlijnen van het voedingscentrum. Deze richtlijn maakt onderscheid tussen mannen en vrouwen met een actievere levensstijl en is terug te vinden op de website van het voedingscentrum\(^{15}\).
In bijlage 10 staat de tabel waarin de voedingsberekening van de waterpoloërs van het WOC is weergegeven. Vanwege het privacybeleid zijn de namen van de waterpoloërs weggelaten. De volgende conclusie kan getrokken worden uit de voedingsberekeningen van de waterpoloërs.
De gemiddelde energie-inname van de waterpoloërs is 2525 kcal. Voor de eerste groep (waterpoloërs in de leeftijdscategorie van 8 tot 12 jaar) ligt de gemiddelde energie inname rond de 2000 kcal. De richtlijn die het Voedingscentrum hanteert ligt tussen de 1500 en 2500 kcal. Voor de tweede groep (vrouwelijke waterpoloërs in de leeftijdscategorie van 13 tot 16 jaar) is dit 2500 kcal. De gemiddelde inname van deze groep ligt rond de 2100 kcal. De derde groep (mannelijke waterpoloërs in de leeftijdscategorie van 12 tot 14 jaar) heeft een energie-inname rond de 2700 kcal. Het Voedingscentrum adviseert een energie-inname tussen de 2500 en 3300 kcal. Deze richtlijn geldt ook voor de vierde groep (mannelijke waterpoloërs in de leeftijdscategorie van 13 tot 16 jaar). De vierde groep heeft een gemiddelde energie-inname van ongeveer 3000 kcal. De eerste, derde en vierde groep zit qua energie-inname goed en de tweede groep zit te hoog. De voeding van de waterpoloërs is over het algemeen goed, maar heeft enkele tekorten aan macro- en micronutriënten, namelijk: gemiddeld krap\(^{16}\) met vezels, vitamine A, vitamine D, foliumzuur en groente en te weinig\(^{17}\) vitamine E. Overige macro- en micronutriënten zijn in juiste hoeveelheden aanwezig.
Naast de voedingsbepaling op de aanwezigheid van macro- en micronutriënten in de juiste hoeveelheden zijn er twee vochtmetingen bij de waterpoloërs verricht tijdens twee trainingen. Deze vochtmeting is verricht om te bekijken hoe het gesteld is met het vochtgebruik onder de waterpoloërs.
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\(^{13}\) Onder macronutriënten worden koolhydraten, eiwitten, vetten en vezels verstaan.
\(^{14}\) Micronutriënten zijn alle vitamines en mineralen in de voeding.
\(^{15}\) [http://www.voedingscentrum.nl](http://www.voedingscentrum.nl)
\(^{16}\) Krap houdt in dat de inname op de ondergrens van de aanbevolen dagelijkse hoeveelheid zit.
\(^{17}\) Weinig houdt in dat de inname onder de aanbevolen dagelijkse hoeveelheid zit.
De resultaten van het vochtgebruik is opgenomen in bijlage 12. Uit deze tabel kan geconcludeerd worden dat waterpoloërs te weinig drinken tijdens een training. Aanbevolen wordt, zoals aangegeven in bijlage 4, om 600-1000 ml vocht per uur training te gebruiken. 53% van de waterpoloërs heeft geen vocht meegenomen naar de training, 44% heeft wel vocht meegenomen maar drinkt te weinig (125-500 ml) en 3% van de waterpoloërs heeft voldoende gedronken, namelijk 800 ml. Gemiddeld wordt er 130 ml per waterpoloër gedronken tijdens de training.
6.2. Tweede meting
De tweede meting vond een maand na de voedingsvoorlichting plaats. Tijdens deze nameting zijn de waterpoloërs wederom gevraagd om een voedingsdagboekje bij te houden en werd het vochtgebruik tijdens de training gemeten. Er zijn 23 waterpoloërs gemeten tijdens de tweede meting. De resultaten van de voedingsdagboekjes zijn opgenomen in bijlage 11. De conclusie die getrokken kan worden uit deze meting is het volgende.
De gemiddelde energie-inname van de waterpoloërs is 2280 kcal. Voor de eerste groep (waterpoloërs in de leeftijds categorie van 8 tot 12 jaar) ligt de gemiddelde energie inname rond de 1900 kcal. De richtlijn die het Voedingscentrum hanteert ligt tussen de 1500 en 2500 kcal. Voor de tweede groep (vrouwelijke waterpoloërs in de leeftijds categorie van 13 tot 16 jaar) is dit 1800 kcal. De gemiddelde inname van deze groep ligt rond de 2100 kcal. De derde groep (mannelijke waterpoloërs in de leeftijds categorie van 12 tot 14 jaar) heeft een energie-inname rond de 2400 kcal. Het Voedingscentrum adviseert een energie-inname tussen de 2500 en 3300 kcal. Deze richtlijn geldt ook voor de vierde groep (mannelijke waterpoloërs in de leeftijds categorie van 13 tot 16 jaar). De vierde groep heeft een gemiddelde energie-inname van ongeveer 2900 kcal. De voeding van de waterpoloërs is over het algemeen goed, maar heeft enkele tekorten aan macro- en micronutriënten, namelijk:
er wordt gemiddeld te veel verzadigd vet gegeten. Verder bevat de voeding gemiddeld te weinig vitamine E en foliumzuur en zit krap met vitamine A en groente.
Wanneer er gekeken wordt naar de resultaten van de vochtmeting (bijlage 13) kan geconcludeerd worden dat waterpoloërs nog steeds te weinig drinken tijdens de training. De gemiddelde hoeveelheid vocht die gedronken wordt tijdens een training is 245 ml per persoon, terwijl de aanbeveling 600-1000 ml per uur training is. Tijdens deze training heeft 4% van de waterpoloërs voldoende gedronken (600 ml), 52% onvoldoende gedronken (100-580 ml) en heeft 44% van de waterpoloërs geen vocht meegenomen.
6.3. Vergelijking eerste en tweede meting
Wanneer de twee onderzoeken met elkaar worden vergeleken dan zijn er een aantal punten waarop de voedingsinname van de waterpoloërs zijn verbeterd, maar aan de andere kant ook verslechterd als het gaat om goede voeding volgens de richtlijn van het Voedingscentrum. Zo is de gemiddelde energie-inname in de tweede meting van alle groepen lager als in de eerste meting. De energie-inname van de tweede en derde groep zitten gemiddeld beneden de richtlijnen van het Voedingscentrum. De voeding van de waterpoloërs is met betrekking tot de vezel- en vitamine D inname verbeterd en de inname van verzadigd vet en foliumzuur verslechterd. De gemiddelde inname van de overige macro-
\footnote{Veel houdt in dat de inname boven de dagelijkse aanbevolen hoeveelheid zit.}
en micronutriënten zijn gelijk gebleven. Er kan geconcludeerd worden dat waterpoloërs op het gebied van gezonde dagelijkse voeding geen vooruitgang hebben geboekt. Dit komt waarschijnlijk omdat de informatie die tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting gegeven is aan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches over voeding- en vochtgebruik voor, tijdens en na inspanning gaat. In eerste instantie was het de bedoeling om het onderwerp “gezonde voeding” te behandelen, maar gezien de tijd die beschikbaar was voor de voedingsvoorlichting is dit onderwerp niet behandeld. Het onderzoek was inmiddels al gestart, waardoor het onderwerp “gezonde voeding” wel in het onderzoek naar voren is gekomen. Achteraf gezien zou het onderwerp gezonde voeding een betere aansluiting hebben gehad op het onderzoek als gekeken wordt naar de uitkomst van de metingen. Wanneer de eerste meting met de tweede meting wordt vergeleken kan geconcludeerd worden dat het vochtgebruik tijdens de training is toegenomen. Tijdens de eerste meting werd er 130 ml per waterpoloër gedronken en dit is bij de tweede meting 245 ml per waterpoloër. De richtlijn is 600-1000 ml per uur training. Het percentage waterpoloërs dat voldoende heeft gedronken tijdens de training is gestegen met 1%. Het percentage waterpoloërs dat geen vocht mee heeft genomen tijdens de training is gedaald met 9% en het percentage waterpoloërs dat onvoldoende heeft gedronken is gestegen met 8%.
6.4. De controlegroep
De sporters van het Scala College fungeerden als controlegroep. De controlegroep beoefenen een andere tak van sport dan waterpolo. Deze groep bestaat uit 27 sporters met een gemiddelde leeftijd van 13,4 jaar. De beoordeling van de voeding van deze sporters is opgenomen in bijlage 14. Wederom zijn vanwege het privacybeleid de namen van de sporters weggelaten. Uit de voedingsdagboekjes van de sporters uit de controlegroep kan geconcludeerd worden dat de sporters gemiddeld te veel verzadigd vet gebruiken, te weinig vezels, ijzer, selenium, foliumzuur en groente gebruiken en dat de voeding een te krap gehalte heeft aan water, calcium, vitamine A en vitamine E.
Wanneer gekeken wordt naar de gehele voedselinname bevat de voeding van de waterpoloërs 5 macro- en micronutriënten niet volgens de richtlijn van het Voedingscentrum. Bij de controle groep zijn dit 10 macro- en micronutriënten. Hieruit blijkt dat de voeding van de behandelgroep beter is dan de controlegroep. De reden hiervan kan zijn dat de waterpoloërs van het WOC bewuster bezig zijn met voeding dan de sporters uit de controlegroep. De waterpoloërs kunnen elkaar het goede voorbeeld geven en de voedingslessen van de waterpoloërs zijn opgenomen in het opleidingsprogramma van het WOC.
Aangezien de controlegroep niet uit waterpoloërs bestaat en dat bij 11 van de 34 waterpoloërs geen nameting is verricht, kan geconcludeerd worden dat de uitkomst minder betrouwbaar is.
Hoofdstuk 7 Conclusie en aanbevelingen
Het onderzoek dat totaal 20 weken heeft geduurd resulteert in een aantal conclusies. De conclusie van de onderzoeksvraag waarmee het onderzoek gestart is, wordt in dit hoofdstuk beschreven. Ook zullen de probleemstelling en doelstelling worden beantwoord en als laatste zullen de aanbevelingen gedaan worden.
Vanuit de probleemstelling is het plan van aanpak ontwikkeld waarin beschreven staat welke stappen ondernomen dienen te worden om een voedingsvoorlichting te kunnen geven. In diverse boeken staat beschreven hoe een voorlichting voorbereid dient te worden en welke stappen ondernomen kunnen worden. Op basis van deze literatuur is het onderzoek opgezet.
7.1. Beantwoording probleemstelling
De volgende probleemstelling is geformuleerd vanuit de onderzoeksvraag, namelijk: “hoe kunnen ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs, in de leeftijdscategorie van 8 tot 23 jaar, geïnformeerd worden over de relatie tussen voeding en topsport”. Zoals in paragraaf 2.1 beschreven is, is de probleemstelling geconcretiseerd. De probleemstelling ziet er als volgt uit, “hoe kunnen ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches van jeugdige waterpoloërs, in de leeftijd van 8 tot 23 jaar, geïnformeerd worden over voeding en vochtgebruik voor, tijdens en na een training of wedstrijd”.
De minimale resultaten van de internetenquête, de minder betrouwbare manier waarop het voedingsdagboekje is afgenomen, beperkte literatuur omtrent waterpolo, niet eenduidige richtlijnen en de mogelijkheid om slechts één voedingsvoorlichting zonder follow-up activiteiten te geven hebben er toe geleid dat het beoogde effect minder is. Het effect zal groter zijn wanneer de voedingsvoorlichting geen belemmerende factoren heeft. Op basis hiervan en de gegevens uit voorgaande hoofdstukken is het lastig om de probleemstelling te beantwoorden, zoals deze gesteld is. Gedurende elke stap tijdens de voorbereiding van een onderzoek of voorlichting kunnen obstakels plaatsvinden. Het is dan ook verstandig om voor elke stap een alternatief te bedenken, zodat dit als back-up kan dienen wanneer de gegevens niet betrouwbaar genoeg zijn.
7.2. Beantwoording doelstelling
De volgende doelstelling is geformuleerd vanuit de onderzoeksvraag, namelijk: “Aan het einde van de specialisatie is de voeding van 30% van de waterpoloërs waarvan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches op de voedingsvoorlichting komen verbeterd ten opzichte van de voeding van de waterpoloërs waarvan de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches niet op de voedingsvoorlichting komen, wat middels een voor- en nameting gemeten worden”. Dhr. Eric Noordegraaf laat alle ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches naar de voedingsvoorlichting komen. Om deze reden is gekozen om sporters van het Scala College die een andere tak van sport beoefenen te laten fungeren als controlegroep. Omdat de controlegroep niet uit waterpoloërs bestaat en dat bij 11 van de 34 waterpoloërs geen nameting is verricht, kan geconcludeerd worden dat de uitkomst minder betrouwbaar is.
De voeding wordt beoordeeld via de richtlijnen van het Voedingscentrum. Totaal wordt de voeding beoordeeld op 27 macro- en micronutriënten. 11 van de 25 (44%) van de
controlegroep heeft een goede voeding\textsuperscript{19} en 14 van de 23 (61%) van de behandelgroep heeft een goede voeding. In totaal is de voeding van de behandelgroep slechts 17% verbeterd ten opzichte van de controlegroep\textsuperscript{20}. Het gebrek aan persoonlijk contact tussen de onderzoekers en de doelgroep zal invloed kunnen hebben gehad op de doelstelling. Waarschijnlijk zal het onderzoek een beter resultaat opleveren wanneer er regelmatig persoonlijk contact is tussen de doelgroep en de onderzoekers. Ook kan de lage opkomst bij de voedingsvoorlichting, namelijk 5 van de 9 trainers en coaches en 22 van de 92 ouders/verzorgers, bijdragen aan het niet behalen van de doelstelling.
7.3. Conclusie
Zoals in paragraaf 2.1 is beschreven, is er weinig te vinden over het onderwerp waterpolo of waterpolo en voeding. De richtlijnen in de gevonden literatuur spreken elkaar in sommige gevallen tegen. Hierdoor is het lastig een goede richtlijn te hanteren. Het onderzoek dat gedaan is naar het kennisniveau van de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches en naar de voedingsgewoonten van zowel de controlegroep als de behandelgroep heeft weinig resultaat opgeleverd. Door de lage respons op de internetenquête kan het kennisniveau niet worden bepaald waardoor dit nauwelijks invloed heeft gehad op de voedingsvoorlichting. Resultaten van de voedingsdagboekjes wijzen uit dat de voeding zowel tijdens de eerste meting als de tweede meting gelijk is gebleven. Echter, wanneer de resultaten worden vergeleken met de resultaten van de controlegroep blijkt dat de voeding wel degelijk beter is dan dat van de controlegroep. De voedingsvoorlichting heeft enige invloed kunnen hebben op het resultaat. Echter zal deze uitkomst niet als significant\textsuperscript{21} kunnen worden beschouwd, omdat de voeding van één dag berekend werd, de eerste meting was een doordeweekse dag en de tweede meting was een dag in het weekend, hierdoor kunnen de gegevens als minder betrouwbaar worden beschouwd. Ook zou de leeftijdscategorie van de behandelgroep van het onderzoek, sporters tussen de 8 en 16 jaar, invloed kunnen hebben gehad op de uitkomst. De kans is groot dat jongeren op deze leeftijd niet bewust met voeding bezig zijn. Dit wordt versterkt wanneer de voeding wordt afgenomen in groepsverband, zoals tijdens dit onderzoek gedaan is. De uitkomst van de voedingsdagboekjes komt hoogstaarswaarschijnlijk door het feit dat de voedingslessen in het opleidingsprogramma van het WOC zitten, terwijl andere sporters op het Scala College vrij worden gelaten in de keuze om deze voedingslessen te volgen.
Het vochtgebruik van de waterpoloërs is daarentegen wel verbeterd. Echter zal deze uitkomst niet als significant kunnen worden beschouwd, omdat de uitkomst toevallig zou kunnen zijn ontstaan. Een aantal waterpoloërs had in de eerste vochtmeting wel vocht mee en in de tweede meting geen vocht bij zich, waardoor er niet met zekerheid kan worden gezegd dat de voedingsvoorlichting invloed heeft gehad op dit resultaat.
7.4. Aanbevelingen
Zoals eerder geconcludeerd is, is de gemiddelde voedselinname van de sporters en waterpoloërs niet conform de richtlijnen van het voedingscentrum. De sporters en waterpoloërs dienen met name hun voedselinname op het gebied van micronutriënten en
\textsuperscript{19} Er wordt gesproken van een goede voeding, wanneer de voeding van een persoon 17 of meer macro- of micronutriënten volgens de richtlijn gezonde voeding bevat
\textsuperscript{20} 61% - 44% = 17%
\textsuperscript{21} Een statistisch begrip dat betekent dat de kans dat een bepaald verschijnsel voorkomt groter is dan het toeval normaal gesproken wil.
de inname van verzadigd vet te verbeteren. Er dient een oplossing gezocht te worden om zowel de waterpoloërs als sporters hun voeding gedurende meerdere dagen bij te laten houden zodat het resultaat van de voeding betrouwbaar is.
Ook het vochtgebruik tijdens de trainingen zou verbetert kunnen worden, aangezien veel waterpoloërs geen drinken meenemen naar de training of tijdens het sporten nauwelijks drinken. Om de waterpoloërs tegemoet te komen en de vochtrichtlijn te handhaven is het verstandig dat het WOC een isotone sportdrank aanbiedt. In bijlage 4 staat beschreven hoe een isotone sportdrank gemaakt kan worden. Verder wordt er geadviseerd om drinkmomenten tijdens training in te plannen, bijvoorbeeld door tijdens een training van 1 uur 4 drinkmomenten in te plannen.
Zoals in hoofdstuk 4 staat beschreven heeft elke zwemtechniek een aparte energieverbranding. Om een nauwkeurig beeld te krijgen van de energieverbranding van een training dient er een nauwkeurige trainingsanalyse gemaakt te worden. Op basis van deze trainingsanalyse kan een goed voedingsadvies gegeven worden.
Het WOC biedt verschillende specialisatieopdrachten aan die onder andere betrekking hebben op voeding en biedt voedingslessen aan die gegeven worden door sportdiëtist Yvette Kilian. Hieruit kan geconcludeerd worden dat het WOC veel aandacht besteed op het gebied van goede en gezonde voeding in combinatie met topsport.
Het is lastig om controle te houden op de voedingsgewoonten van waterpoloërs en sporters. Aangezien trainers en coaches geen kijk hebben op het voedingspatroon buiten de trainingen en wedstrijden. Het is van belang om periodiek voorlichting en workshops te geven omtrent onder andere voeding, vocht, herstel, supplementen en doping in combinatie met topsport.
Wellicht kan het zinvol zijn om vergelijkingsonderzoek te doen naar het beweeg- en voedingspatroon van de waterpoloërs en sporters die een andere tak van sport beoefenen, waterpoloërs van andere opleidingscentra (bijvoorbeeld van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum Noord Nederland (WONN)) of personen die geen sport beoefenen in dezelfde leeftijdscategorie.
Om een effectieve voedingsvoortichting te geven dient er voldoende tijd en ruimte gemaakt te worden voor onder andere het inwinnen van informatie, het raadplegen van verschillende literatuur en het verrichten van metingen en onderzoeken. Bij het verrichten van metingen en onderzoeken is het belangrijk om persoonlijk contact te hebben met de doelgroep voor een betrouwbarder resultaat. Daarnaast dient het onderzoeks materiaal getest te worden alvorens het gebruikt wordt tijdens het onderzoek, waardoor de uitkomst een hogere representativiteit heeft en de uitkomst betrouwbarder is. Een voorlichting is pas effectief wanneer er follow-up activiteiten plaatsvinden. Zoals vervolgmetingen omtrent vet, vocht en voeding. Het is verstandig om de ouders/verzorgers, trainers en coaches te informeren over de uitkomsten van de metingen, zodat zij meer betrokken worden bij het proces. Deze informatievevoorziening kan plaatsvinden via de site van het WOC, de mail, eventuele clubblad, foldermateriaal, halfjaarlijkse voedingsbijeenkomsten, het geven van workshops en voorlichtingen, persoonlijke benadering en bij tegenvallende resultaten waterpoloërs en ouders/verzorgers individueel te benaderen. Het blijven informeren, attenderen, optimaliseren en updaten van informatie is belangrijk om de reeds bewerkstelligde
gedragsverandering te behouden. Hierdoor zal onder andere de dagelijkse controle op de inname van gezonde voeding kunnen worden vergroot. Dit zou kunnen resulteren in gezondere voedingsgewoonten van de waterpoloërs.
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**Websites**
- (2009). *Trainingen Alphen.* [http://www.waterpolo-opleidingscentrum.nl/start.asp](http://www.waterpolo-opleidingscentrum.nl/start.asp). Geraadpleegd op 09-10-2009 t/m 27-11-2009.
- (2009). *Documentatie.* [http://www.waterpolo-opleidingscentrum.nl/start.asp](http://www.waterpolo-opleidingscentrum.nl/start.asp). Geraadpleegd op 09-10-2009 t/m 02-01-2010.
- Vries, de. *ASE-model.* [http://doca.nigz.nl/ase_2.pdf](http://doca.nigz.nl/ase_2.pdf). Geraadpleegd op 09-10-2009.
- Veen, M. Kamping, M. *Zwemtechnieken.* [http://www.zweminfo.nl/](http://www.zweminfo.nl/). Geraadpleegd op: 09-10-2009 t/m 27-11-2009.
- Cats, A. (2007). *Meerjaren Opleidingsplan Zwemmen.* [http://www.knzb.nl/StippWebDL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?ID=1000002577](http://www.knzb.nl/StippWebDL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?ID=1000002577). Geraadpleegd op: 20-12-2009 t/m 23-12-2009.
- (2007). *Meerjaren Opleidingsplan Waterpolo.* [http://www.knzb.nl/StippWebDL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?ID=1000002396](http://www.knzb.nl/StippWebDL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?ID=1000002396). Geraadpleegd op: 09-10-2009 t/m 02-01-2010.
- (2009). *Koninklijke Nederlandse Zwembond.* [Http://www.knzb.nl/](Http://www.knzb.nl/). Geraadpleegd op: 09-10-2009 t/m 02-01-2010.
- (2009). *Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum Noord Nederland.* [http://www.wonn.nl/](http://www.wonn.nl/). Geraadpleegd op: 10-10-2009 t/m 15-10-2009.
- *Enquête maken.* [http://www.enquêtemaken.be/index.php](http://www.enquêtemaken.be/index.php). Geraadpleegd op: 28-09-2009 t/m 30-10-2009.
Bijlagen
Bijlagen
a. Bijlage 1 Gedragsverandering
b. Bijlage 2 Enquête ouders/verzorgers
c. Bijlage 3 Enquête trainers en coaches
d. Bijlage 4 Inhoud presentatie
e. Bijlage 5 24 uur recall
f. Bijlage 6 Overzicht jaarbelasting
g. Bijlage 7 Brochure
h. Bijlage 8 Begeleidende brief ouders/verzorgers
i. Bijlage 9 Begeleidende brief trainers en coaches
j. Bijlage 10 Beoordeling voeding waterpoloërs WOC voor de voedingsvoorlichting
k. Bijlage 11 Beoordeling voeding waterpoloërs WOC na de voedingsvoorlichting
l. Bijlage 12 Vochtbepaling voor de voedingsvoorlichting
m. Bijlage 13 Vochtbepaling na de voedingsvoorlichting
n. Bijlage 14 Beoordeling voeding sporters controlegroep
Bijlage 1 Gedragsverandering
1.1. Theorie van de sociale beoordeling (Sherif en Hovland 1961; Sherif e.a. 1965)
De theorie van de sociale beoordeling behandelt het effect van communicatie op attitudeverandering (N.G. Röling 1996). In deze theorie wordt verondersteld dat de attitudeverandering afhankelijk is van de manier waarop de ontvanger de boodschap beoordeelt en evalueert. Deze beoordeling kan geïnterpreteerd worden middels een beoordelingsschaal (psychological judgement scale). In Afbeelding 1 (Beoordelingsschaal) is een dergelijke schaal te zien.
In de beoordelingsschaal bevinden zich drie gebieden (latitudes). Het eerste gebied omvat boodschappen of uitspraken van onderwerpen die in de buurt komen van de eigen attitude, het zogenaamde acceptatiegebied (latitude of acceptance). Het tweede gebied bevat uitspraken die niet overeen komen met de eigen attitude van de ontvanger, het verwerpingsgebied (latitude of rejection). Het laatste gebied heeft betrekking op uitspraken waarover de ontvanger geen uitgesproken mening heeft, het neutrale gebied (latitude of non-commitment). Met attitude wordt bedoeld de mening, opvatting en houding van een individu over een bepaald gedrag.
In de sociale beoordelingstheorie wordt er vanuit gegaan dat een boodschap in het acceptatiegebied valt wanneer deze overeen komt met de eigen attitude van de ontvanger. Hoe meer betrokken een persoon bij het onderwerp is, des te kleiner is het acceptatiegebied en des te groter het verwerpingsgebied. Het neutrale gebied is bij zeer betrokken personen meestal niet aanwezig.
Als een boodschap, zoals in Afbeelding 2 (Beoordeling van een boodschap), in het verwerpingsgebied valt zal de ontvanger niets met de boodschap doen en wordt hij niet aan het denken gezet.
Ook voor het geven van een voedingsvoorlichting is het van belang aan te sluiten op de kennis en de attitude van de ontvangers. In dit geval is er gekozen om een nulmeting te starten middels een internetenquête. Deze internetenquête is terug te vinden in bijlage 2 en bijlage 3. In deze internetenquête wordt de kennis getest op het gebied van voeding, etikettering en voeding in combinatie met sport. Tevens wordt er gekeken naar de attitude van de doelgroep ten opzichte van de voedingsvoorlichting en gezonde voeding van de waterpoloërs.
1.2. Cognitieve dissonantie theorie (Festinger 1957)
Wanneer er een voorlichting gegeven wordt dient de ontvanger altijd een besluit te maken. In ons geval dient de ontvanger uiteindelijk een beslissing te maken om de voedingsgewoonten aan te passen of om door te gaan met de huidige voedingsgewoonten. Uiteindelijk moet de ontvanger op basis van de informatie die gegeven is tijdens de voorlichting een besluit nemen om al dan niet over te schakelen naar een ander voedingspatroon. De cognitieve dissonantie theorie handelt over relaties tussen twee of meer cognities (N.G. Röling 1996) en kan een hulpmiddel bieden om de besluitvorming van de ontvanger te kunnen beïnvloeden, zodat deze uiteindelijk zijn eetpatroon zal gaan veranderen. Deze theorie verondersteld dat deze beslissingssituaties verlopen volgens een proces welke uit vier fasen bestaat, namelijk conflict, beslissing, dissonantie en dissonantiereductie.
Mensen die naar de voedingsvoorlichting komen zullen uiteindelijk een beslissing nemen om, of het voedingspatroon van hun kinderen te veranderen, of om op dezelfde voet verder te gaan. Het omschakelen van het ene patroon naar het andere kan een aantal nadelen hebben. Zo is gezondere voeding vaak duurder, het is minder smakelijk en de bereiding duurt langer. Daarentegen kan een gezonde voeding zorgen voor een gezonder leven, het heeft geen gezondheidsrisico’s, het biedt structuur in het voedingspatroon en het kan sporters betere sportprestaties opleveren. Na de voedingsvoorlichting zal de ontvanger deze voor- en nadelen met elkaar afwegen (conflict) en een besluit nemen. Mocht er dan besloten worden om het voedingspatroon te veranderen (beslissing) zullen er meteen na de beslissing negatieve gevoelens jegens de genomen beslissing en positieve gevoelens naar de niet genomen verandering opkomen. Kortom de ontvanger krijgt spijt van de gemaakte beslissing, ook wel “post-decision-regret” genoemd. Er ontstaat dus cognitieve dissonantie, oftewel de gevoelens komen niet overeen met het besluit (dissonantie). De ontvanger zal deze dissonantie proberen te reduceren door de alternatieven opnieuw te overwegen en positieve elementen voor de gekozen beslissing en negatieve elementen voor het niet gekozen besluit te benadrukken of toe te voegen (dissonantiereductie). Door dit te doen is de ontvanger uiteindelijk toch tevreden met het genomen besluit.
Voor het geven van een voorlichting betekent dit dat:
- dissonantie een belangrijke motivatie voor attitude- en gedragsverandering; door het geven van positieve voorbeelden voor het te veranderen gedrag en het benadrukken van de negatieve gevolgen van het huidig gedrag kan deze dissonantie worden opgewekt;
- bij gelijkwaardige alternatieve altijd enige mate van dissonantie optreedt, een spijtgevoel (iemand die stopt met roken krijgt na enige tijd spijt van de beslissing en zoekt naar argumenten om weer te beginnen); hierdoor is het belangrijk follow-up activiteiten te organiseren om er voor te zorgen dat men niet meer terugvalt;
- aan attitude- en gedragsverandering een besluitvormingsproces vooraf ligt; personen gaan eerst door een proces heen alvorens zij een beslissing nemen. Dit kan door men erop te wijzen wat de voordelen zijn van het te nemen besluit en de nadelen te benadrukken van het huidige gedrag.
1.3. De theorie van beredeneerd gedrag (Fishbein en Ajzen 1975)
De theorie van Ajzen en Fishbein herkent drie determinanten die uiteindelijk beslissend zijn voor het veranderen van het gedrag, namelijk attitude, subjectieve norm en de waargenomen gedragscontrole. Deze theorie is later verbeterd en is het ASE-model (de Vries 1988) geworden (Afbeelding 3 ASE-Model). Hierbij staat de A voor de attitude, de S voor de sociale omgeving en de E voor de eigen effectiviteit.
Afbeelding 3 ASE-Model
Dit model beschrijft het proces van de gedragsintentie tot het uitvoeren van het gedrag. Hierbij komt het niet neer op de kennis die een persoon bezit, maar op de intentie om het gedrag te gaan veranderen. Het ASE-model is verwerkt in de internetenquête middels een negental vragen:
**Attitude**
1. Ik denk dat, wanneer ik mijn voedingspatroon verander de sportprestaties van mijn zoon/dochter verbeteren;
2. Ons gezin zou een gezonder voedingspatroon moeten hanteren, zodat mijn zoon/dochter betere sportprestaties behaalt;
3. Ik vind dat mijn zoon/dochter gezonder moet eten.
**Sociale invloed**
4. Ik verwacht dat mijn sociale omgeving (partner/vrienden/familie) mij steunt bij het hanteren van een gezond voedingspatroon;
5. Ik denk dat mijn sociale omgeving (partner/vrienden/familie) vind dat ik een gezond voedingspatroon moet hanteren.
**Eigen effectiviteit**
6. Ik denk dat ik in staat ben een gezond voedingspatroon aan te nemen;
7. Ik denk dat ik hierbij geen hulp van anderen nodig ben;
8. Ik denk te weten hoe ik een gezond voedingspatroon kan aannemen.
Intentie
9. Ik overweeg serieus een gezond voedingspatroon te hanteren.
1.4. Beïnvloedingsmethodiek
De beïnvloedingsmethode is een stappenreeks voor het geven van een voorlichting, bestaande uit vijf stappen: openstaan, begrijpen, willen, kunnen, doen en blijven doen. Wanneer deze stappen gedurende een voorlichting worden doorlopen, wordt er op deze manier gewerkt aan gedragsverandering bij de ontvanger.
Als eerste moet er aandacht voor het onderwerp worden gevraagd, zodat de ontvanger open kan staan voor het onderwerp. Deze aandacht wordt door middel van een internetenquête gevraagd. In deze internetenquête wordt niet alleen de aandacht van de lezer gevraagd (openstaan), maar ook de basiskennis van de lezer getest. Dit kan helpen nieuwe aansluitende informatie tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting te verstrekken, die zo goed mogelijk aansluit bij het niveau van de ontvanger (theorie van de sociale beoordeling).
De internetenquête is ontworpen om mensen bewust te maken dat voeding invloed kan hebben op de prestaties (begrijpen). Mensen worden bewust gemaakt van het feit dat gedragsverandering noodzakelijk kan zijn, zodat de sportprestaties verbeterd kunnen worden. Een voorbeeld hiervan kan zijn “ik eet ongezond, omdat het lekker is, ondanks dat ik weet dat mijn sportprestaties hierdoor achteruit zullen gaan”. In deze overtuiging zit een mate van dissonantie namelijk; ongezond eten ondanks verslechterde prestaties. Er zit ook een mate van consonantie in namelijk; ongezond eten omdat het lekker is.
Om mensen bewust te maken dat gezond eten niet onsmakelijk hoeft te zijn en te laten zien dat sportprestaties verbeterd kunnen worden kan men uiteindelijk de keuze maken om het gedrag te veranderen (cognitieve dissonantie theorie).
Mensen zullen naar de voedingsvoorlichting komen wanneer zij bereid zijn hun gedrag aan te passen (willen). Middels het ASE-model (theorie van beredeneerd gedrag) kan bepaald worden in welk stadium van gedragsverandering een persoon verkeerd.
Tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting zal aangetoond worden dat men de vaardigheden bezit om het gedrag te veranderen en zullen de eventuele barrières worden weggenomen (kunnen). Wat uiteindelijk bewerkstelligd moet worden is een verandering in het gedrag (doen). Mensen moeten de keuze maken, op basis van voor- en nadelen van de gedragsverandering, om het gedrag te veranderen of om op dezelfde voet verder te gaan. Ondanks de keuze om het gedrag te veranderen zullen mensen in de meeste gevallen spijt krijgen van de gemaakte gedragsverandering (post-decision-regret). Er worden argumenten verzonden om toch weer het oude gedrag aan te nemen (bijvoorbeeld: ik heb geen tijd om gezond eten te koken). Hierom zijn follow-up activiteiten essentieel, om terugval in het oude gedrag te kunnen voorkomen (blijven doen).
Bijlage 2 Enquête ouders/verzorgers
Geachte ouders van de waterpoloërs van het WOC,
Wij zijn Johan Oostland en Marja van Nes en wij volgen de opleiding Voeding en Diëtetiek aan de Hanze Hogeschool in Groningen. Voor onze opleiding doen wij een specialisatieopdracht in opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum (WOC) in Alphen aan den Rijn. Deze specialisatieopdracht bestaat uit het organiseren van een voedingsvoorlichtingsavond die wij graag willen geven aan u als ouders. Om in deze voedingsvoorlichting zoveel mogelijk nieuwe informatie aan u te verstrekken, hebben wij deze enquête opgesteld. De resultaten uit deze enquête bepalen wat het onderwerp wordt van de voedingsvoorlichting.
Deze voedingsvoorlichting vindt plaats op 17 november 2009 in het Scala College te Alphen aan den Rijn. U wordt verwacht om 19:00 uur voor een kop koffie of thee, waarna wij om 19:30 uur zullen beginnen met de voedingsvoorlichting. Tijdens deze avond zullen er diverse gastsprekers aanwezig zijn, die andere onderwerpen zullen behandelen.
Deze enquête zal hoogstens 15 tot 20 minuten van uw tijd in beslag nemen. De antwoorden die gegeven worden tijdens deze enquête maken deel uit van een gemiddelde score. Geen van deze informatie zal individueel beoordeeld worden. Verder wordt de informatie zeer zorgvuldig verwerkt en is deze strikt vertrouwelijk.
1) Suiker is een langzaam opneembaar koolhydraat.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
2) Koolhydraten dienen als:
- [ ] bron van energie voor het lichaam.
- [ ] bron van bouwstoffen voor het lichaam.
- [ ] opnamebron voor de vitamines A, D en E.
3) Welke van de onderstaande energieleverende stoffen dienen het meeste in de voeding voor te komen:
- [ ] koolhydraten
- [ ] eiwitten
- [ ] vetten
- [ ] alcohol
4) Plantaardige eiwitten zijn beter opneembaar dan dierlijke eiwitten.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
5) Eiwitten dienen als:
- bouwstoffen voor het lichaam.
- energiebron voor het lichaam.
- opnamebron voor de vitamines A, D en E.
6) Onverzadigde vetten zijn gezonde vetten.
- Juist
- Onjuist
7) Producten als koek, gebak en hartige snacks bevatten veel onverzadigd vet.
- Juist
- Onjuist
8) Plantaardige ijzers zijn beter opneembaar dan dierlijke.
- Juist
- Onjuist
9) Naarmate de actieve spiermassa en de bloedhoeveelheid toenemen zal de ijzerbehoefte toenemen.
- Juist
- Onjuist
10) Water remt de maagontlediging, waardoor eerder een gevoel van verzadiging optreedt.
- Juist
- Onjuist
11) Water is de voornaamste bouwstof van het lichaam, zonder de aanwezigheid van water kunnen er geen lichaamsweefsels worden opgebouwd.
- Juist
- Onjuist
12) 200 gram groente komt overeen met 4 opscheplepels groente.
- Juist
- Onjuist
13) Het gebruik van drie hoofdmaaltijden en drie tussendoortjes is gezonder dan alleen het gebruik van drie hoofdmaaltijden.
- Juist
- Onjuist
14) Een glas cola (200 ml) bevat evenveel calorieën als een glas sinaasappelsap (200 ml).
- Juist
- Onjuist
15) In diepvriesgroente zitten evenveel vitamines als in verse groente.
- Juist
- Onjuist
16) Vanwege contaminatie (besmetting) wordt aangeraden niet vaker dan eenmaal per twee weken een portie zeevis (zoals makreel) te gebruiken.
- Juist
- Onjuist
17) Vis eten is vooral belangrijk vanwege de visvetzuren, er wordt geadviseerd om twee keer per week vis te eten, waarvan 1 keer vette vis. Een voorbeeld van vette vis is tonijn?
- Juist
- Onjuist
18) Een "snackdag" is niet toegestaan wanneer men een gezond voedingspatroon hanteert.
- Juist
- Onjuist
19) Vrouwen hebben een hogere energiebehoefte (mogen meer eten) dan mannen.
- Juist
- Onjuist
20) Het energieverbruik tijdens lichamelijke activiteit is niet afhankelijk van het lichaamsgewicht.
- Juist
- Onjuist
21) Hoe meer suiker een drank bevat, des te kleiner de dorstlessende werking.
- Juist
- Onjuist
22) Natrium (zout) remt de opname van suikers en water in de darm.
- Juist
- Onjuist
23) Van nature is natrium (zout) aanwezig in brood en fruit
- Juist
- Onjuist
24) Wanneer gewichtsreductie (afvallen) gewenst is, is het verstandig niet te ontbijten. Op deze manier krijg je makkelijk minder calorieën binnen.
- Juist
- Onjuist
25) Leest u wel eens de etiketten op een verpakking?
- Ja
- Nee
26) Waar let u op, wanneer u een etiket van een voedingsmiddel leest?
- Koolhydraten
- Vetten
- Eiwitten
- Natrium
- andere
27) Welk soort melk hoort bij onderstaande etiket?
| Energie (kJ/kcal) | 170/40 |
|-------------------|--------|
| Eiwit (g) | 4,1 |
| Koolhydraten (g) | 5,9 |
| Vet (g) | 0,0 |
| Waarvan verzadigd (g) | 0,0 |
| Voedingsvezel (g) | 0,0 |
**MINERALEN**
| Natrium (g) | 0,06 |
|-------------|------|
| Kalium (mg) | 137 |
| Calcium (mg)| 130 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 11 |
| Fosfor (mg) | 85 |
**VITAMINES**
| Vitamine B2 (mg) | 0,16 |
|------------------|------|
| Vitamine B6 (mg) | 0,04 |
| Vitamine B12 (µg) | 0,45 |
- Volle melk
- Halfvolle melk
- Magere melk
28) Op een etiket van een product staat "ongezoet" of "geen suiker toegevoegd". Dit product bevat geen suiker.
- Juist
- Onjuist
29) Wanneer er "halva" op een etiket staat (bijvoorbeeld halvajam) bevat het product geen vet of suiker.
- Juist
- Onjuist
30) Hoeveel kennis vindt uzelf dat u heeft van gezonde voeding in combinatie met topsport?
- Geen kennis
- Voldoende kennis
- Veel kennis
31) Vlak voor een training of wedstrijd is het goed om een volledige maaltijd (ontbijt, lunch of warme maaltijd) te gebruiken.
- Juist
- Onjuist
32) Van welke factoren is vochtverlies tijdens inspanning afhankelijk?
(Meerdere antwoorden zijn mogelijk)
- Het lichaamsgewicht
- De luchtvochtigheid
- De duur van de inspanning
- De hoeveelheid gedronken vocht
- De temperatuur
- De grote van het vetweefsel
- De intensiteit van de inspanning
33) Mark traint 3 ochtenden in de week om 8 uur 's ochtends. Het is verstandig om een koolhydraatrijk ontbijt te gebruiken.
Het ontbijt vóór de training kan bestaan uit gezoete ontbijtgranen met halfvolle of magere yoghurt en een glas sinaasappelsap.
- Juist
- Onjuist
34) Vochtverlies van 1% van het totale lichaamsgewicht kan al leiden tot prestatieverlies.
- Juist
- Onjuist
35) Indien er te weinig of niet wordt gedronken ontstaat er een probleem als concentratieverlies, vermoeidheid en uitputtingsverschijnselen en heeft een negatieve invloed op de sportprestaties.
- Juist
- Onjuist
36) Thijs doet aan waterpolo en heeft een uur zwemtraining. Hoeveel vocht heeft Thijs gedurende de training nodig?
- Geen vocht
- 250 - 300 ml
- 500 ml
- 600 - 1000 ml
37) Het is verstandig om na de training snel opneembare koolhydraten te gebruiken. Een goede bron van deze koolhydraten is:
- Volkoren brood
- Rauwkost
- Rijst
38) Bereid u de maaltijden meestal zelf of maakt u meestal gebruik van een kant-en-klaar maaltijd?
- Zelf bereiden
- Kant-en-klaar maaltijd
39) Hoeveel tijd besteedt u aan de bereiding?
- minder dan 15 minuten
- tussen de 15 en 30 minuten
- meer dan 15 minuten
40) Hoe vaak maakt u gebruik van een kant-en-klaar maaltijd?
- 1-2 keer per week
- 3-4 keer per week
- meer dan 5 keer per week
41) Waar bestaat uw warme maaltijd meestal uit?
- Aardappelen, vlees en groente
- Pasta/rijst
42) Hoeveel aardappelen (ter grootte van een kippenei) gebruikt u?
43) Gebruikt u ook jus over de aardappelen?
- Ja
- Nee
44) Hoeveel sauslepels jus gebruikt u?
- 1 sauslepel
- 2 sauslepels
- meer dan 2 sauslepels
45) Hoe groot is het stuk vlees dat u gebruikt?
- minder dan 100 gram
- 100 gram
- meer dan 100 gram
- ik neem meerdere stukken vlees
46) Hoeveel groente gebruikt u?
- 1 opscheplepel
- 2 opscheplepels
- 3 opscheplepels
- 4 of meer opscheplepels
47) Wat voor pasta of rijst gebruikt u?
- Zilvervliesrijst
- Volkorenpasta/rijst
- Gewone pasta
- Witte rijst
- andere
48) Gebruikt u ook saus over de pasta of rijst?
- Ja
- Nee
49) Wat voor saus gebruikt u?
50) Gebruikt u groente bij of door de pasta of rijst?
- Ja
- Nee
51) Hoeveel groente gebruikt u?
- 1 opscheplepel
- 2 opscheplepels
- 3 opscheplepels
- 4 of meer opscheplepels
52) Gebruikt u ook vlees bij of door de pasta of rijst?
- Ja
- Nee
53) Wat voor vlees gebruikt u?
- Rundergehakt
- Half om half gehakt
- Kip
- Smak
- Varkensfilet
- andere
54) Hoe vaak gebruik u een toetje?
- Nooit
- 1-2 keer per week
- 3-4 keer per week
- 5 keer of vaker per week
55) Waar bestaat dit toetje uit?
- Volle vla/yoghurt/kwark
- Halfvolle vla/yoghurt/kwark
- Magere vla/yoghurt/kwark
- Vers fruit
- Fruit uit blik of pot
- andere
56) Drinkt u ook bij de warme maaltijd?
- Ja
- Nee
57) Wat drink u?
58) Hoe vaak gebruikt u een snack (bijvoorbeeld patat, frikandel, pizza, shoarma) in de week?
- Nooit
- 1-2 keer per week
- 3-4 keer per week
- 5 keer of vaker
59) Wat geeft u uw kind mee naar school/training, qua eten en drinken?
60) Wat zijn de gebruikelijke tussendoortjes?
61) Ik denk dat, wanneer ik mijn voedingspatroon verander, de sportprestaties van mijn zoon/dochter verbeteren.
- Juist
- Onjuist
62) Ons gezin zou een gezonder voedingspatroon moeten hanteren, zodat mijn zoon/dochter betere sportprestaties behaalt.
- Juist
- Onjuist
63) Ik verwacht dat mijn sociale omgeving (partner, vrienden, familie) mij steunt bij het hanteren van een gezond voedingspatroon.
- Juist
- Onjuist
64) Ik vind dat mijn zoon/dochter gezonder moet eten.
- Juist
- Onjuist
65) Ik denk dat mijn sociale omgeving (partner, vrienden, familie) vind dat ik een gezond voedingspatroon moet hanteren.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
66) Ik denk dat ik in staat ben een gezond voedingspatroon aan te nemen.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
67) Ik denk dat ik hierbij geen hulp van anderen nodig ben.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
68) Ik denk te weten hoe ik een gezond voedingspatroon kan aannemen.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
69) Ik overweeg serieus een gezond voedingspatroon te hanteren.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
70) Bent u van plan naar de voedingsvoorlichting te gaan?
- [ ] Ja
- [ ] Nee
71) Wat is de reden om niet op de voorlichting te komen?
- [ ] Niet interessant
- [ ] Geen tijd
- [ ] Overbodig
- [ ] andere
72) Wie is aanwezig op de voedingsvoorlichting?
- [ ] Eén ouder
- [ ] Beide ouders
73) Ik ben de ouder van:
74) In hoeverre bent u bezig met de voeding van uw kind?
- Ik ben er veel mee bezig
- Ik ben er voldoende mee bezig
- Ik ben er weinig mee bezig
- Ik ben er niet mee bezig
75) Wat denkt u dat er in de voedingsvoorstelling besproken wordt?
76) Heeft u nu al vragen over een specifiek onderwerp dat betrekking heeft op voeding, welke wij tijdens de voedingsvoorstelling kunnen behandelen?
- Ja
- Nee
77) Namelijk:
78) Bent u wel geïnteresseerd in voorlichtingsmateriaal omtrent waterpolo en voeding?
- Ja
- Nee
79) Is er een onderwerp dat u graag behandeld wilt hebben tijdens de voorlichting?
- Ja
- Nee
80) Namelijk:
Bijlage 3 Enquête trainers en coaches
Geachte trainers van het WOC,
Wij zijn Johan Oostland en Marja van Nes en wij volgen de opleiding Voeding en Diëtetiek aan de Hanze Hogeschool in Groningen. Voor onze opleiding doen wij een specialisatieopdracht in opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum (WOC) in Alphen aan den Rijn. Deze specialisatieopdracht bestaat uit het organiseren van een voedingsvoorlichtingsavond die wij graag willen geven aan u als trainer. Om in deze voedingsvoorlichting zoveel mogelijk nieuwe informatie aan u te verstrekken, hebben wij deze enquête opgesteld. De resultaten uit deze enquête bepalen wat het onderwerp wordt van de voedingsvoorlichting.
Deze voedingsvoorlichting vindt plaats op 18 november 2009 in het zwembad “De Hoorn”. U wordt verwacht om 16:30 uur voor een kop koffie of thee, waarna wij om 17:00 uur zullen beginnen met de voedingsvoorlichting.
Deze enquête zal hoogstens 10 tot 15 minuten van uw tijd in beslag nemen. De antwoorden die gegeven worden tijdens deze enquête maken deel uit van een gemiddelde score. Geen van deze informatie zal individueel beoordeeld worden. Verder wordt de informatie zeer zorgvuldig verwerkt en is deze strikt vertrouwelijk.
1) Suiker is een langzaam opneembaar koolhydraat.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
2) Koolhydraten dienen als:
- [ ] bron van energie voor het lichaam.
- [ ] bron van bouwstoffen voor het lichaam.
- [ ] opnamebron voor de vitamines A, D en E.
3) Welke van de onderstaande energieleverende stoffen dienen het meeste in de voeding voor te komen:
- [ ] Koolhydraten
- [ ] Eiwitten
- [ ] Vetten
- [ ] Alcohol
4) Plantaardige eiwitten zijn beter opneembaar dan dierlijke eiwitten.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
5) Onverzadigde vetten zijn gezonde vetten.
- Juist
- Onjuist
6) Eiwitten dienen als:
- bouwstoffen voor het lichaam.
- energiebron voor het lichaam.
- opnamebron voor de vitamines A, D en E.
7) Plantaardige ijzers zijn beter opneembaar dan dierlijke.
- Juist
- Onjuist
8) 200 gram groente komt overeen met 4 opscheplepels groente.
- Juist
- Onjuist
9) Het gebruik van drie hoofdmaaltijden en drie tussendoortjes is gezonder dan alleen het gebruik van drie hoofdmaaltijden.
- Juist
- Onjuist
10) Een glas cola (200 ml) bevat evenveel calorieën als een glas sinaasappelsap (200 ml).
- Juist
- Onjuist
11) Een goede vitaminestatus in het lichaam is noodzakelijk om optimaal te presteren. Een tekort aan vitamines kan leiden tot een verminderde conditie, ziekten en dus prestatieverlies.
- Juist
- Onjuist
12) In diepvriesgroente zitten evenveel vitamines als in verse groente.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
13) Vis eten is vooral belangrijk vanwege de visvetzuren, er wordt geadviseerd om twee keer per week vis te eten, waarvan 1 keer vette vis. Een voorbeeld van vette vis is tonijn?
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
14) Vitaminen en mineralen zijn onmisbaar voor de groei, het herstel, het goed functioneren van diverse processen in het lichaam en het in stand houden van een goede gezondheid
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
15) Producten als koek, gebak en hartige snacks bevatten veel onverzadigd vet
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
16) Water is het hoofdbestanddeel van bloed, urine en zweet. Bij de afgifte van warmte gaat vocht, in de vorm van zweet verloren
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
17) Een "snackdag" is niet toegestaan wanneer men een gezond voedingspatroon hanteert.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
18) Is het waterverlies kleiner dan de wateropname dan is de waterbalans negatief en bestaat de kans op uitdroging
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
19) Vrouwen hebben een hogere energiebehoefte (mogen meer eten) dan mannen.
- [ ] Juist
- [ ] Onjuist
20) Indien er te weinig of niet wordt gedronken ontstaan er problemen als concentratieverlies, vermoeidheid en uitputtingsverschijnselen, maar heeft echter een positieve invloed op de sportprestaties
- Juist
- Onjuist
21) Het vetgehalte van vis ligt hoger dan dat van vlees, namelijk 10-18% (behalve zalm en haring) tegenover 5% voor gemiddeld vlees
- Juist
- Onjuist
22) IJzertekort leidt tot een verminderd zuurstoftransport, waardoor het prestatievermogen nadelig wordt beïnvloed
- juist
- Onjuist
23) Tussen weefsels en organen bestaan grote verschillen in energieverbruik. Zo is het energieverbruik van organen laag en van vetweefsel hoog. Het verschil in hoeveelheid orgaan, spier- en vetweefsel is van invloed op de lichamelijke activiteit
- Juist
- Onjuist
24) Natrium (zout) remt de opname van suikers en water in de darm.
- Juist
- Onjuist
25) Van nature is natrium (zout) aanwezig in brood en fruit
- Juist
- Onjuist
26) Wanneer gewichtsreductie (afvallen) gewenst is, is het verstandig niet te ontbijten. Op deze manier krijg je makkelijk minder calorieën binnen.
- Juist
- Onjuist
27) Leest u wel eens de etiketten op een verpakking?
- Ja
- Nee
28) Waar let u op, wanneer u een etiket van een voedingsmiddel leest?
- Koolhydraten
- Vetten
- Eiwitten
- Natrium
- andere
29) Welk soort melk hoort bij onderstaande etiket?
| Energie (kJ/kcal) | 170/40 |
|-------------------|--------|
| Eiwit (g) | 4,1 |
| Koolhydraten (g) | 5,9 |
| Vet (g) | 0,0 |
| Waarvan verzadigd (g) | 0,0 |
| Voedingsvezel (g) | 0,0 |
**MINERALEN**
| Natrium (g) | 0,06 |
|-------------|------|
| Kalium (mg) | 137 |
| Calcium (mg)| 130 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 11 |
| Fosfor (mg) | 85 |
**VITAMINES**
| Vitamine B2 (mg) | 0,16 |
|------------------|------|
| Vitamine B6 (mg) | 0,04 |
| Vitamine B12 (µg) | 0,45 |
- Volle melk
- Halfvolle melk
- Magere melk
30) Op een etiket van een product staat "ongezoet" of "geen suiker toegevoegd". Dit product bevat geen suiker.
- Juist
- Onjuist
31) Wanneer er "halva" op een etiket staat (bijvoorbeeld halvajam) bevat het product geen vet of suiker.
- Juist
- Onjuist
32) Hoeveel kennis vindt uzelf dat u heeft van gezonde voeding in combinatie met topsport?
- Geen kennis
- Voldoende kennis
- Veel kennis
33) Vetten worden vooral verbrand bij inspanning met lage intensiteit
- Juist
- Onjuist
34) Vlak voor een training of wedstrijd is het goed om een volledige maaltijd (ontbijt, lunch of warme maaltijd) te gebruiken.
- Juist
- Onjuist
35) Mark traint 3 ochtenden in de week om 8 uur 's ochtends. Het is verstandig om een koolhydraatrijk ontbijt te gebruiken. Het ontbijt vóór de training kan bestaan uit gezoete ontbijtgranen met halfvolle of magere yoghurt en een glas sinaasappelsap.
- Juist
- Onjuist
36) Vochtverlies van 1% van het totale lichaamsgewicht kan al leiden tot prestatieverlies.
- Juist
- Onjuist
37) Thijs doet aan waterpolo en heeft een uur zwemtraining. Hoeveel vocht heeft Thijs gedurende de training nodig?
- Geen vocht
- 250 - 300 ml
- 500 ml
- 600 - 1000 ml
38) Het is verstandig om na de training snel opneembare koolhydraten te gebruiken. Een goede bron van deze koolhydraten is:
- Volkoren brood
- Rauwkost
- Rijst
39) Eet u ook tijdens het training geven?
☐ Ja
☐ Nee
40) Wat eet u?
41) Drinkt u ook tijdens het geven van training?
☐ Ja
☐ Nee
42) Wat drinkt u?
43) Krijgen de sporters tijd om tijdens de training wat te eten of te drinken?
☐ Ja
☐ Nee
44) Bent u alert op de voeding van de sporters?
☐ Ja
☐ Nee
45) Ik let namelijk op:
46) Let u op het vochtgebruik van de sporters
☐ Ja
☐ Nee
47) Ik denk dat ik een goed voorbeeld ben voor de waterpoloërs, als het gaat om gezonde voeding tijdens training of wedstrijd.
☐ Juist
☐ Onjuist
48) Ik denk dat mijn omgeving (andere trainers/coaches) vindt dat ik een gezond voedingspatroon hanteer tijdens training of wedstrijd.
☐ Juist
☐ Onjuist
49) Ik denk dat ik staat ben een gezond voedingspatroon te (blijven) hanteren tijdens training en wedstrijd.
- Juist
- Onjuist
50) Ik denk dat ik hierbij geen hulp van anderen nodig ben.
- Juist
- Onjuist
51) Bent u van plan naar de voedingsvoorlichting te gaan?
- Ja
- Nee
52) Wat is de reden om niet op de voorlichting te komen?
- Niet interessant
- Geen tijd
- Overbodig
- andere
53) Wat denkt u dat er in de voedingsvoorlichting besproken wordt?
54) In hoeverre bent u bezig met de voeding van de waterpoloërs?
- Ik ben er veel mee bezig
- Ik ben er voldoende mee bezig
- Ik ben er weinig mee bezig
- Ik ben er niet mee bezig
55) Is er een onderwerp dat u graag behandeld wilt hebben tijdens de voorlichting?
- Ja
- Nee
56) Namelijk:
57) Heeft u nu al vragen over een specifiek onderwerp dat betrekking heeft op voeding, welke wij tijdens de voedingsvoorlichting kunnen behandelen?
- Ja
- Nee
58) Namelijk:
59) Bent u wel geïnteresseerd in voorlichtingsmateriaal omtrent waterpolo en voeding?
- Ja
- Nee
60) Heeft u nog opmerkingen ten opzichte van de enquête?
4.1. Vocht en inspanning
Vocht heeft een belangrijke functie in de regulatie van de lichaamstemperatuur. Bij inspanning gaat de energieproductie omhoog en daarmee tevens de warmteproductie, waardoor de temperatuur in het lichaam stijgt. Wanneer de lichaamstemperatuur stijgt boven de 39°C kan er een levensbedreigende situatie ontstaan. Het lichaam kan de overtollige warmte kwijtraken door straling, geleiding, stroming en verdamping. Vooral door verdamping kan de warmteafgifte in belangrijke mate worden verhoogd, maar bij waterpoloërs wordt de warmteafgifte bevordert door stroming.
Wanneer het lichaam warmte afgeeft verliest het lichaam vocht, doordat men gaat zweten. Een vochtverlies van 1% van het lichaamsgewicht kan al prestatieverlies opleveren. Onderzoek heeft uitgewezen dat bij een vochtverlies van 2% van het lichaamsgewicht de prestatieverlies kan oplopen tot maar liefst 20%. Bij een vochtverlies groter dan 2-3% van het lichaamsgewicht kan men te maken krijgen met onder andere uitputtingsverschijnselen, hittestuwing (zonnesteek, warmtestuwing of hitteberoerte) en coma. Vochtverlies van 15-20% van het lichaamsgewicht is levensbedreigend. Een dorst gevoel treedt pas op bij 2% vochtverlies. Het is daarom belangrijk om voor de training en wedstrijd goed gehydrateerd te zijn. Voor een inspanning wordt aanbevolen om 200-350 ml vucht te gebruiken.
Er zijn twee methodieken beschikbaar om te bepalen hoeveel vucht gedronken moet worden. Als eerste kan gekeken worden naar de kleur van de urine. Wanneer men een uur na het sporten nog niet kan plassen of wanneer de urine donkergeel is, kan geconcludeerd worden dat een sporter te weinig gedronken heeft. Het advies is dan om net zo lang door te blijven drinken totdat de urine een lichtgele kleur heeft. Echter, hoge doseringen van vitamines kunnen de urine ook geel doen kleuren. Wanneer dit gebruikt wordt is deze methode geen goede maatstaf. Een andere methode is om het gewicht voor en na de training te wegen. Om een nauwkeurige meting te verrichten dient dit gedaan te worden in ondergoed en met een afgedroogde huid. Is het gewicht na de training lager dan ervoor, moet vucht aangevuld worden. Een formule om het vochtverlies te berekenen is: gewicht voor – gewicht na + hoeveelheid gedronken.
Tijdens de inspanning verliest men vucht, natrium en koolhydraten. Om dit aan te vullen is het verstandig een sportdrank te gebruiken. Sportdranken zijn onder te verdelen in drie categorieën, namelijk hypotoon, isotoon en hypertoon.
Zoals te zien is in afbeelding 5 (Soorten sportdranken, bron: folder vocht Vereniging Sportdiëtetiek Nederland) heeft een hypotone sportdrank een lagere concentratie dan de concentratie in het lichaam. Water is een voorbeeld van een hypotone sportdrank. Deze sportdrank wordt minder snel opgenomen dan een isotone sportdrank. Een isotone sportdrank heeft namelijk dezelfde concentratie als het lichaam. Hierdoor wordt de isotone sportdrank snel opgenomen door het lichaam en is ideaal om tijdens het sporten te gebruiken. Water kan ook tijdens het sporten gebruikt worden, maar water bevat geen koolhydraten en daarom heeft een isotone sportdrank de voorkeur. Aangezien een isotone sportdrank het bloedsuiker op peil houdt, de verloren koolhydraten weer aanvult en het zweetverlies compenseert. Voorbeelden van een isotone drank zijn Gatorade® en AA-drink® isotone. Tijdens het sporten verliest men koolhydraten en vocht en om deze aan te vullen biedt een hypertone sportdrank na het sporten de uitkomst. De hypertone drank heeft een veel hogere concentratie dan het lichaam. Voorbeelden van een hypertone drank zijn; sinaasappelsap, alle soorten vruchten sap, Extran® Energy en AA-drink® High Energy.
Sportdranken kosten over het algemeen veel geld. In de scriptie van Marije Langen en Suzanne de Wit\(^{22}\) staat beschreven hoe men zelf een sportdrank kan maken. De tabel hieronder is gebaseerd op deze scriptie.
| Soort drank | Bereiding |
|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Hypotone sportdrank | < 50 ml limonadesiroop aanvullen met water tot 1 liter. Voeg een klein mespuntje zout toe. |
| < 4 g koolhydraten | |
| Isotone sportdrank | 50-100 ml limonadesiroop aanvullen met water tot 1 liter. Voeg een klein mespuntje zout toe. |
| 4-8 g koolhydraten | |
| Hypertone sportdrank | > 100 ml limonadesiroop aanvullen met water tot 1 liter. Voeg een klein mespuntje zout toe. |
| > 8 g koolhydraten | |
Tabel 3 (Bereiding sportdrank)
Het WOC kan de waterpoloërs tijdens de trainingen voorzien van een isotone sportdrank. In bovenstaande tabel staat beschreven hoe deze gemaakt kan worden. De kosten per maand voor het maken van deze sportdrank is in de volgende paragraaf weergegeven.
Tijdens de training krijgen waterpoloërs nog niet de gelegenheid om het verloren vocht bij te vullen. Rehydratatie is wel belangrijk tijdens fysieke inspanning. Zoals eerder aangegeven levert een vochtverlies van 1% van het lichaamsgewicht al prestatieverlies. Om dit te voorkomen dienen er drinkmomenten te worden ingepland. Er wordt aanbevolen om elk
\(^{22}\) Richtlijn gezonde sportvoeding voor jeugdige waterpoloërs van het WOC in Alphen aan den Rijn
kwartier 150-250 ml vocht te gebruiken, per uur is dit 600-1000 ml vocht (Tabel 4 (Richtlijn vochtgebruik tijdens inspanning, bron: Sportvoedingswijzer en Sportvoeding)).
Zoals al eerder in de paragraaf beschreven is dient een hypertone sportdrank gebruikt te worden na inspanning. Deze vult namelijk niet alleen het vocht aan, maar ook de verloren koolhydraten en het compenseert het zweetverlies. Om te kunnen beoordelen hoeveel vocht gedronken dient te worden na de inspanning, kan het gewichtsverlies gemeten worden, zoals eerder in deze paragraaf beschreven is. Aanbevolen wordt om 1,5 maal het verloren gewicht aan te vullen met vocht, bijvoorbeeld als een persoon 0,5 kg is afgevallen dient hij 750 ml vocht aan te vullen.
| Warming-up | minstens 150-250 ml vocht |
|------------|--------------------------|
| Voor | 200-350 ml vocht |
| Training | Tijdens | Elke 15 minuten 150-250 ml vocht |
|------------|---------|----------------------------------|
| | Na | 1,5 keer het verloren gewicht aanvullen |
| Voor | 200-350 ml vocht |
| Wedstrijd | Tijdens | Na 8 minuten speeltijd, 150-250 ml vocht |
|------------|---------|------------------------------------------|
| | Na | 1,5 keer het verloren gewicht aanvullen |
Tabel 4 (Richtlijn vochtgebruik tijdens inspanning, bron: Sportvoedingswijzer en Sportvoeding)
4.2. Toelichting berekening
Voor het maken van een isotone sportdrank is 50 tot 100 ml siroop per liter sportdrank nodig. Gemiddeld is dit 75 ml siroop per liter sportdrank. Limonadesiroop is in diverse varianten en prijsklassen verkrijgbaar. Twee merken zijn Euroshopper en het eigen merk van Albert Hein. De prijs van de Euroshopper siroop bedraagt € 0,75 per liter en de prijs van het eigen merk van Albert Hein bedraagt € 0,85 per liter. Het aantal sporters dat aanwezig is geweest tijdens de training in de eerste 3 weken van oktober komt gemiddeld op 34,33 sporters, dit is berekend op basis van de presentielijst van negen dagen. In totaal sporten er 62 sporters bij het WOC. In onderstaande tabel zijn de kosten van verschillende soorten (sport)dranken weergegeven. Hieruit blijkt dat een zelfgemaakte sportdrank de goedkoopste oplossing is. Een sportdrank is hooguit twee dagen houdbaar, mits deze gekoeld is. Ons advies is om dagelijks een sportdrank klaar te maken voor de gehele dag.
| Dranken | Eenheid | Prijs per eenheid | Prijs per liter |
|--------------------------|---------|-------------------|-----------------|
| Ah gekoeld sinaasappelsap| 2 l | € 1.80 | € 0.90 |
| Spa & fruit | 1,5 l | € 1.17 | € 0.78 |
| Roosvicee 50/50 | 1,5 l | € 1.13 | € 0.75 |
| Dubbelfris | 1,5 l | € 0.96 | € 0.64 |
| Ah frisse fruitdrank | 1,5 l | € 0.70 | € 0.47 |
| Isostar poedervorm | 400g/5 l| € 8.29 | € 1.66 |
| Aquarius | 0,5l | € 1.19 | € 2.38 |
| Zelf gemaakte isotone sportdrank | 13,3 l | € 0.75 | € 0.06 |
Tabel 5 (Kostenoverzicht verschillende sportdranken)
In de onderstaande tabellen zijn de kosten per groep weergeven. Er is een kostenberekening gemaakt voor de benodigde hoeveelheid siroop voor zowel de gemiddelde aanwezigheid als
de totale aanwezigheid en de kosten zijn weergegeven van zowel de Euroshopper siroop als de Albert Hein siroop. Het aantal trainingen zijn gebaseerd op de trainingsdagen die vermeld staan op de site van het WOC. Bij elke training dient een warming-up van 15 minuten opgeteld te worden. Hier is in de kostenberekening rekening mee gehouden.
| Aanwezigheid | Gemiddelde over 9 dagen: 6,6667 | Aantal sporters in deze groep: 14 |
|--------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Sportdrank | Maximaal per dag aan siroop: 1050 ml | Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.d.: 500 ml |
| | Aantal trainingen per week: 2,5 uur per week | Maximale hoeveelheid siroop per week: 2625 ml |
| | Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.w.: 1250 ml |
| Kosten | Prijs per liter siroopeuroshopper: € 0,75 | Prijs per liter AH: € 0,85 |
|--------------|------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| | Maximale kosten per week: € 1,97 tot € 2,23 | Gemiddelde kosten per week: € 0,94 tot € 1,06 |
| | Maximale kosten per maand: € 7,88 tot € 8,93 | Gemiddelde kosten per maand: € 3,75 tot € 4,25 |
Tabel 6 (Kostenoverzicht Groep 1)
| Aanwezigheid | Gemiddelde over 12 dagen: 6,5 | Aantal sporters in deze groep: 12 |
|--------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Sportdrank | Maximaal per dag aan siroop: 900 ml | Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.d.: 487,5 ml |
| | Aantal trainingen per week: 7,25 uur per week | Maximale hoeveelheid siroop per week: 6525 ml |
| | Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.w.: 3534,4 ml |
| Kosten | Prijs per liter siroopeuroshopper: € 0,75 | Prijs per liter AH: € 0,85 |
|--------------|------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| | Maximale kosten per week: € 4,89 tot € 5,55 | Gemiddelde kosten per week: € 2,65 tot € 3,00 |
| | Maximale kosten per maand: € 19,58 tot € 22,19 | Gemiddelde kosten per maand: € 10,60 tot € 12,02 |
Tabel 7 (Kostenoverzicht Groep 2)
| Aanwezigheid | Gemiddelde over 12 dagen: 5,25 | Aantal sporters in deze groep: 6 |
|--------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Sportdrank | Maximaal per dag aan siroop: 450 ml | Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.d.: 393,75 ml |
| | Aantal trainingen per week: 7 uur per week | Maximale hoeveelheid siroop per week: 3150 ml |
| | Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.w.: 2756,3 ml |
| Kosten | Prijs per liter siroopeuroshopper: € 0,75 | Prijs per liter AH: € 0,85 |
|--------------|------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
| | Maximale kosten per week: € 2,36 tot € 2,68 | Gemiddelde kosten per week: € 2,07 tot € 2,34 |
| | Maximale kosten per maand: € 9,45 tot € 10,71 | Gemiddelde kosten per maand: € 8,27 tot € 9,37 |
Tabel 8 (Kostenoverzicht Groep 3)
### Tabel 9 (Kostenoverzicht Groep 4)
| Aanwezigheid | |
|--------------|---------------------|
| Gemiddelde over 12 dagen: | 10,833 |
| Aantal sporters in deze groep: | 15 |
| Sportdrank | |
|------------|---------------------|
| Maximale per dag aan siroop: | 1125 ml |
| Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.d.: | 812,5 ml |
| Aantal trainingen per week: | 7 uur per week |
| Maximale hoeveelheid siroop per week: | 7875 ml |
| Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.w.: | 5687,5 ml |
| Kosten | |
|--------|---------------------|
| Prijs per liter siroopeuroshopper: | € 0,75 |
| Prijs per liter AH: | € 0,85 |
| Maximale kosten per week: | € 5,91 tot € 6,69 |
| Gemiddelde kosten per week: | € 4,27 tot € 4,83 |
| Maximale kosten per maand: | € 23,63 tot € 26,78 |
| Gemiddelde kosten per maand: | € 17,06 tot € 19,34 |
### Tabel 10 (Kostenoverzicht Groep 5)
| Aanwezigheid | |
|--------------|---------------------|
| Gemiddelde over 12 dagen: | 5,0833 |
| Aantal sporters in deze groep: | 15 |
| Sportdrank | |
|------------|---------------------|
| Maximale per dag aan siroop: | 1125 ml |
| Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.d.: | 381,25 ml |
| Aantal trainingen per week: | 6,25 uur per week |
| Maximale hoeveelheid siroop per week: | 7031,3 ml |
| Gemiddelde hoeveelheid siroop p.w.: | 2382,8 ml |
| Kosten | |
|--------|---------------------|
| Prijs per liter siroopeuroshopper: | € 0,75 |
| Prijs per liter AH: | € 0,85 |
| Maximale kosten per week: | € 5,27 tot € 5,98 |
| Gemiddelde kosten per week: | € 1,79 tot € 2,03 |
| Maximale kosten per maand: | € 21,09 tot € 23,91 |
| Gemiddelde kosten per maand: | € 7,15 tot € 8,10 |
### Tabel 11 (Kostenoverzicht alle Groepen)
| Uitgaand van 150 ml per kwartier | Euroshopper | AH |
|----------------------------------|-------------|----|
| Totale maximale kosten per maand: | € 48,98 | tot € 55,50 |
| Gemiddelde kosten per maand: | € 28,10 | tot € 31,85 |
| Kosten zout per maand: | € 0,04 | € 0,04 |
| Maandelijkse hoeveelheden | |
|----------------------------------|---------------------|
| Totale maximale hoeveelheid siroop p.m.: | 65295 ml |
| | 66 Flessen van 1 liter siroop |
| | 14 Jerrycans van 5 liter siroop |
| | 100 Gram zout (1,5 g/ltr) |
| Jaarlijkse kosten | |
|----------------------------------|---------------------|
| Jaarlijkse kosten aan siroop: | € 637,16 |
| Gemiddelde jaarlijkse kosten aan siroop: | € 365,83 |
| Uitgaand van 250 ml per kwartier | Euroshopper | AH |
|----------------------------------|-------------|----|
| Totale maximale kosten per maand: | € 81,62 | tot € 92,50 |
| Gemiddelde kosten per maand: | € 46,83 | tot € 53,08 |
| Kosten zout per maand: | € 0,08 | € 0,08 |
| Maandelijkse hoeveelheden | |
|----------------------------------|---------------------|
| Totale maximale hoeveelheid siroop p.m.: | 108825 ml |
| | 109 Flessen siroop |
| | 22 Jerrycans van 5 liter siroop |
| | 170 Gram zout (1,5 g/ltr) |
| Jaarlijkse kosten | |
|----------------------------------|---------------------|
| Maximale jaarlijkse kosten aan siroop: | € 1.062,00 |
| Gemiddelde jaarlijkse kosten aan siroop: | € 609,79 |
4.3. Voeding en inspanning
Het lichaam beschikt over 4 energiesystemen die het lichaam tijdens inspanning voorzien van energie. Deze energiesystemen zijn adenosine trifosfaat (ATP), creatine fosfaat (CP), koolhydraatverbranding (glycogeenverbranding) en vetverbranding. In onderstaande afbeelding is goed te zien wanneer en hoe lang elk energiesysteem wordt aangesproken.
ATP (adenosine trifosfaat) en CP (creatine fosfaat) zitten opgeslagen in de spieren en dienen als buffervoorraad voor direct beschikbare energie. Deze worden tijdens inspanning als eerste aangesproken en levert energie voor de eerste 20-30 seconden. Hierna moet het lichaam de energie uit een andere bron halen en doet dit door koolhydraten te verbranden.
Het lichaam heeft hiervan ook een eigen voorraad van in de vorm van glycogeen. Dit glycogeen zit voor een klein deel opgeslagen in de lever en merendeels in de spieren. In totaal heeft het lichaam een glycogeen voorraad van 400 g, wat gelijk staat aan 1.600 kcal. Na 1-1½ uur sporten is deze voorraad geheel uitgeput. Het lichaam schakelt na ongeveer 1 minuut over op een ander energiesysteem, namelijk vetverbranding. Na 2-3 minuten zal de vetverbranding helemaal op gang zijn en zal deze bijna alle energie leveren die voor de inspanning nodig is. Een waterpolotraining en wedstrijd bestaat uit het zwemmen van korte, explosieve afstanden die niet langer duren dan 1 minuut. Hierdoor zal een waterpoloër voornamelijk koolhydraten verbranden.
Om het lichaam in optimale conditie te houden is het belangrijk om de verbruikte energie tijdens inspanning weer aan te vullen. De intensiteit en de duur van de inspanning bepalen hoeveel er extra gegeten moet worden. Niet alleen de hoeveelheden, maar ook het tijdstip van eten en de samenstelling van de voeding zijn belangrijk.
Wanneer er begonnen wordt met een inspanning is het belangrijk om over voldoende energie te beschikken, maar een inspanning leveren met een volle maag is niet fijn. Hierom moeten de etenstijden aangepast worden aan de tijden waarop inspanning wordt geleverd. Om geen complicaties te krijgen tijdens de inspanning is het belangrijk om voor deze inspanning geen volledige maaltijd gegeten wordt. Met een volledige maaltijd wordt ontbijt, lunch of warme maaltijd bedoeld die kan bestaan uit vezelrijke, eiwitrijke en vetrijke producten, zoals vlees en vleeswaren, melk en melkproducten, bak- en braadproducten, groente en graanproducten. Deze producten passen in een gezonde gevarieerde voeding, alleen kunnen ze tijdens inspanning maag-/darmklachten veroorzaken. Tevens vertragen eiwit-, vet- en vezelrijke producten de opname van koolhydraten. De koolhydraten vullen de glycogeenvoorraad van het lichaam aan waardoor er optimaal gepresteerd kan worden.
Hieruit kan geconcludeerd worden dat de voeding voor inspanning koolhydraatrijk dient te zijn. Enkele voorbeelden van koolhydraatrijke maaltijden zijn:
- mueslirepen of ontbijtkoek;
- beschuit/crackers* met zoet beleg (geen chocolade);
- vers fruit;
- sap of sportdranken;
- rijstwafel met een sinaasappel;
- sporttropen.
*wanneer je maag-darmklachten krijgt van vezelrijk voedsel heeft een witte variant de voorkeur
Een wedstrijddag kan afwijken van een trainingsdag. Het kan bijvoorbeeld zijn dat men zenuwachtig is. Hierdoor kan er minder gegeten worden. Om toch voldoende energie binnen te krijgen kan men er voor kiezen om vloeibare voeding te nemen, zoals een drinkontbijt, een schaaltje yoghurt met cornflakes, havermoutpap met honing, een bord Brinta of een hypertone sportdrank. Ook is het beter om de maaltijd te verdelen in meerdere kleine hoeveelheden.
Tijdens inspanning heeft men geen tijd om voeding te nemen. Hierdoor kunnen de koolhydraatverliezen niet worden aangevuld. Een isotone sportdrank kan hiervoor de uitkomst bieden. Zoals beschreven in paragraaf 4.1 van deze bijlage heeft een isotone sportdrank dezelfde concentratie als het lichaam, waardoor deze sportdrank snel opgenomen wordt door lichaam. Een isotone sportdrank bevat 4-8 gram koolhydraten per 100 ml en zal een deel van de koolhydraatverliezen aanvullen.
Na het sporten zal de sporter zijn koolhydraatverliezen moeten aanvullen om optimaal te kunnen herstellen. Dit dient uiterlijk een half uur na inspanning gedaan te worden. Tijdens het sporten ontstaan kleine scheurtjes in de spieren. Door eiwit aan de herstelmaaltijd toe te voegen kunnen deze spierbeschadigingen worden hersteld. De combinatie van koolhydraten en eiwitten is beter dan de inname van slechts één van de hiervoor genoemde macronutriënten. Wanneer er alleen koolhydraten of een combinatie van koolhydraten en eiwitten wordt gebruikt tijdens een weerstand of krachtraining, vergroot de spier glycogeen, vermindert de spierbeschadiging en bewerkstelligt een grotere trainingsaanpassing\(^{23}\). Merendeels dient de voeding te bestaan uit koolhydraten en een klein deel uit eiwitten. De verhouding tussen koolhydraten en eiwitten is 3-4:1 (koolhydraten:eiwitten). De algemene richtlijn voor de inname van koolhydraten na inspanning is 0,6-1 gram per kg lichaamsgewicht\(^{24}\).
Een sporter van 70 kg dient na de inspanning 42-70 g koolhydraten te gebruiken en 10,5-17,5 g eiwit. De voedingsrichtlijn voor, tijdens en na het sporten is samengevat in tabel 12 (Richtlijn voeding tijdens inspanning, bron: Sportvoedingswijzer en Sportvoeding)
---
\(^{23}\) Kerksick, C. Harvey, T. Stout, J. Campbell, B. Wilborn, C. Kreider, R. Kalman, D. Ziegenfuss, T. Lopez, H. Landis, J. Ivy, J.L. Antonio, J. (2008). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Nutrient Timing. *Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2008.*
\(^{24}\) Maughan, R.J. Burke L.M.(2004). *Sportvoeding.* Maarssen: Esevier Gezondheidszorg.
Harms-Aris, C. Geerets, T. (2005). *Sportvoedingswijzer.* Den Hoog: DeltaHage.
| Warming- up | Minstens 150-250 ml isotone sportdrank |
|-------------|----------------------------------------|
| Voor | Licht verteerbare maaltijd |
| Training | Isotone sportdrank |
| Na | 1 g koolhydraten per kg lichaamsgewicht|
| Voor | Licht verteerbare maaltijd |
| Wedstrijd | Isotone sportdrank |
| Na | 1 g koolhydraten per kg lichaamsgewicht|
Tabel 12 (Richtlijn voeding tijdens inspanning, bron: Sportvoedingswijzer en Sportvoeding)
Voedingsdagboek
Naam: ____________________________
Groep: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
Geboortedatum: ______ - ______ - _______
1. Fruit:
(omcirkel wat voor jou van toepassing is)
Ik eet ______ stuks fruit per dag.
Ja ingevuld, soort fruit: appel/ banaan/ sinaasappel/ mandarijn/ peer/kiwi/anders:
2. Ontbijt:
(omcirkel wat voor jou van toepassing is)
Ik ontbijt: altijd / soms / nooit
Ik eet bij het ontbijt: (geef aan hoeveel je gebruikt)
______ Boterhammen
______ Bolletjes
______ Crackers
______ Beschuitjes
Deze boterhammen zijn: bruin / volkoren / wit
Ik doe boter op mijn brood: ja/ nee ja ingevuld, namelijk: margarine / halvarine / roomboter
Ik eet altijd op mijn boterhammen:
* Kaas, soort: ____________________________________________________________
* Vleeswaren, soort: _______________________________________________________
* Zoet beleg, soort: _________________________________________________________
Als je geen brood eet vul dan de onderstaande vragen in, anders ga naar punt 3 (omcirkelen wat van toepassing is):
yoghurt (vol/ halfvol / mager)/ vla / Brinta (magere / halfvolle / volle melk) / drinkontbijt
Anders namelijk: ___________________________________________________________
Ik doe altijd_______eetlepels muesli of cruesli over mijn yoghurt.
Ik doe altijd_______eetlepels suiker in mijn yoghurt of Brinta.
Ik drink bij mijn ontbijt: (kruis aan wat voor jou van toepassing is)
1/2/3/4/5 Glas halfvolle melk / volle melk / karnemelk / soja melk / anders, namelijk:
1/2/3/4/5 Glas vruchten sap
1/2/3/4/5 Glas limonade/ Roosvicee
1/2/3/4/5 Glas frisdrank / frisdrank light
1/2/3/4/5 Beker thee met suiker / zoetjes aantal: _______
1/2/3/4/5 kopjes koffie (zwart / suiker / melk / melk en suiker)_________klontjes suiker
Anders namelijk: _______________________________________________________
Ik eet of drink iets wat hier nog niet genoemd is, namelijk:
______________________________________________________________
3. Tussendoor ’s ochtends:
Ik eet dan
__________stuks, soort:______________________________________________
__________stuks, soort:______________________________________________
Ik drink dan
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:______________________________
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:______________________________
4. Lunch:
(zet een kruisje voor het antwoord wat bij jou van toepassing is)
☐ Ik eet altijd thuis
☐ Ik eet door de week altijd op school
☐ Ik eet altijd de lunch van thuis op
☐ Ik gooi mijn lunch weg en koop zelf wat
☐ Ik koop altijd mijn lunch op school
4.1. Eet je altijd thuis of eet je de lunch die je van huis mee neemt op school. Vul dan de volgende vragen in, anders ga naar punt 4.2.
Ik eet bij de lunch: (geef aan hoeveel je gebruikt)
______Boterhammen
_____Bolletjes
_____Crackers
_____Beschuitjes
Deze boterhammen zijn: bruin / volkoren / wit
Ik doe boter op mijn brood: ja/ nee ja ingevuld, namelijk: margarine / halvarine / roomboter
Ik eet altijd op mijn boterhammen:
* Kaas, soort: ____________________________________________________________
* Vleeswaren, soort: _______________________________________________________
* Zoet beleg, soort: ________________________________________________________
Ik drink bij mijn lunch (kruis aan wat voor jou van toepassing is)
1/2/3/4/5 Glas halfvolle melk / volle melk / karnemelk / soja melk / anders, namelijk:
1/2/3/4/5 Glas vruchtsap
1/2/3/4/5 Glas limonade / Roosvicee
1/2/3/4/5 Glas frisdrank / frisdrank light
1/2/3/4/5 Beker thee met suiker / zoetjes aantal: ______
1/2/3/4/5 kopjes koffie (zwart / suiker / melk / melk en suiker)___klontjes suiker
Ik eet of drink iets wat hier nog niet genoemd is, namelijk:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4.2. Als je altijd je lunch koopt vul dan de volgende vragen in, anders ga naar punt 5
Ik eet
__________stuks, soort:____________________________________________________
__________stuks, soort:____________________________________________________
Ik drink
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:____________________________________
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:____________________________________
5. Tussendoor ’s middags:
Ik eet dan
__________stuks, soort:____________________________________________________
__________stuks, soort:____________________________________________________
Ik drink dan
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:____________________________________
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:____________________________________
Avondeten:
Ik eet bij het avondeten: (kruis aan wat voor jou van toepassing is)
□ _____Stuks aardappelen (wel jus/geen jus) hoeveel juslepels:_______________
□ _____Opscheplepels rijst (met saus/zonder saus) hoeveel lepels:_____________
□ _____Opscheplepels pasta (met saus/zonder saus) hoeveel lepels:___________
□ _____Opscheplepels patat (mayonaise/curry/ketschup/pindasaus)
Hoeveel opscheplepels: ___________________________________________________
Ik eet _______opscheplepels groente
☐ Ik doe saus over mijn groente,__________sauslepels.
Ik eet bij het avondeten: (kruis aan wat voor jou van toepassing is)
☐ Vlees (karbonade/biefstuk/tartaar/gehaktbal/kipfilet/slavink/anders,namelijk______________________)
☐ Vis (zalm/haring/markeel/tonijn/anders, namelijk______________________)
☐ Vleesvervanger
☐ Gevogelte
☐ Ei
Aantal stuks:__________________________________________________________
Ik eet een nagerecht bij het avondeten ja/nee
Ik eet bij het nagerecht
☐ Fruit
☐ Vla
☐ Ijs
☐ Yoghurt vol/halfvol/mager (kruis aan wat van toepassing is)
Iets anders, namelijk_______________________________________________
Ik drink bij het avondeten(kruis aan wat voor jou van toepassing is)
1/2/3/4/5 Glas halfvolle melk / volle melk / karnemelk / soja melk / anders, namelijk:
1/2/3/4/5 Glas vruchtsap
1/2/3/4/5 Glas limonade/ Roosvicee
1/2/3/4/5 Glas frisdrank / frisdrank light
1/2/3/4/5 Beker thee met suiker / zoetjes aantal: _____
1/2/3/4/5 kopjes koffie (zwart / suiker / melk / melk en suiker)__________klontjes suiker
Ik eet iets wat nog niet is genoemd:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Tussendoor ’s avonds:
Ik eet dan
__________stuks, soort:_____________________________________________________
__________stuks, soort:_____________________________________________________
Ik drink dan
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:_____________________________________
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:_____________________________________
Training:
Ik heb het volgende meegenomen naar de training:
□ Sportdrank (extran/aquarius/AA-drink/isostar/anders, namelijk______________)
□ Water
□ Frisdrank / frisdrank light
□ Energiereep (mueslireep)
□ Snoep (chocolade/winegum/drop)
□ Niets
Anders, namelijk:
__________stuks, soort:_____________________________________________________
__________stuks, soort:_____________________________________________________
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:_____________________________________
__________glas/pakje/flesje/blikje, soort:_____________________________________
Ik eet of drink dit ook altijd op: ja / nee
_____ml drinken voor de training
_____ml drinken na de training
Voeding en vocht rondom inspanning
Sportdranken
We onderscheiden drie soorten sportdranken, namelijk hypotone, isotone en hypertone sportdranken. Deze dranken verschillen van elkaar in concentratie. Een hypertone drank heeft een hogere concentratie dan ons bloed. Hierdoor wordt deze drank langzaam opgenomen in het lichaam en is deze prima te gebruiken als hersteldrank. Een isotone drank heeft ongeveer dezelfde concentratie als het bloed en zal makkelijk worden opgenomen tijdens inspanning. Hypotone dranken hebben een lagere concentratie als het bloed en zijn net als isotone dranken te gebruiken als dorstlessers. Een isotone drank heeft de voorkeur, omdat deze ook koolhydraten aanvult en energie geeft.
Ook zou je er voor kunnen kiezen om zelf een sportdrank te maken. Dit wordt beschreven in de volgende tabel.
| Soort drank | Bereiding |
|----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Hypotone sportdrank | < 50 ml limonadesiroop aanvullen met water tot 1 liter. Voeg een klein mespuntje zout toe. |
| Isotone sportdrank | 50-100 ml limonadesiroop aanvullen met water tot 1 liter. Voeg een klein mespuntje zout toe. |
| Hypertone sportdrank | > 100 ml limonadesiroop aanvullen met water tot 1 liter. Voeg een klein mespuntje zout toe. |
Ontworpen door
Johan Oostland
Marja van Nes
Voeding en vocht rondom inspanning
Voedingsbehoeften
Voeding en beweging zijn onlosmakelijk met elkaar verbonden. Een gezonde voeding zorgt voor betere prestaties en een sneller herstel.
Om je voedingsbehoefte te berekenen zijn ingewikkelde formules ontwikkeld. Een sportdiëtist weet hoe zij met deze formules moet werken en kan middels deze formules precies de voedingsbehoefte bepalen. Zo kan een nauwkeurig, aansluitend voedingsadvies gegeven worden, die voldoet aan de persoonlijke behoeften van de hedendaagse topsporter. Wanneer je zou willen weten hoeveel je per dag moet eten is het verstandig contact op te nemen met een sportdiëtist.
Het voedingscentrum heeft daarentegen enkele tabellen ontwikkeld die aangeven hoeveel een sporter ongeveer per dag zou moeten eten. Deze tabellen bevatten echter gemiddelde waarden en zijn minder nauwkeurig dan het voedingsadvies van een sportdiëtist.
Voeding en inspanning
Wanneer je een training of wedstrijd begint is het verstandig niet te veel te eten. Neem een tussendoortje, zoals een boterham of een ontbijtkoek. Deze zullen minder lang in de maag blijven, waardoor de kans kleiner is dat er maag-darmklachten optreden tijdens het sporten. Het is echter ook niet verstandig om te gaan sporten op een lege maag. Wanneer je een kleine maaltijd voor het sporten neemt blijf je langer geconcentreerd en zul je meer energie hebben voor het sporten.
Om goed te herstellen na een training of wedstrijd is het belangrijk dat de maaltijd koolhydratrijk is en een beetje eiwitten bevat. Enkele voorbeelden van maaltijden na de training zijn:
- 150-500 ml energiedrank
- 1-3 sneetjes brood met zoet beleg (en fruit)
- 2-4 muesilrepen of ontbijtkoek
- Krentenbol met een groot glas vruchtsap (voor kinderen alleen een krentenbol of een glas vruchtsap)
- 250-750 ml vruchtsap.
Tijdens sporten verlies je vocht. 1% vochtverlies kan al prestatieverlies opleveren. Je krijgt pas een dorstgevoel bij 2% vochtverlies. Het is hierom verstandig voordat je begint met sporten al te gaan drinken. Dit herhaal je tijdens het sporten en na het sporten om het vochtverlies aan te vullen.
Het volgende schema kan je helpen om voldoende vocht in te nemen.
| Wanneer | Hoeveel |
|--------------------------------|------------------|
| 2 tot 3 uur voor de training | 500-700 ml vocht |
| of wedstrijd | |
| 10 tot 15 minuten voor de | 200-350 ml vocht |
| wedstrijd of training | |
| Tijdens de training of wedstrijd | 150-250 ml vocht per 15 minuten |
| Na de training of wedstrijd | Aanvullen van 150% van het resterende vochtverlies |
Hierbij geldt de laagste hoeveelheid voor kinderen vanaf 8 jaar met een gewicht rond de 27 kg en de hoogste hoeveelheid voor volwassenen met een gewicht rond de 75 kg.
(Bron: Sportvoedingswijzer)
"Wanneer je dorst krijgt kun je al niet meer optimaal presteren. Probeer hierom de dorst voor te zijn en drink voldoende."
Bijlage 8 Begeleidende brief ouders/verzorgers
Geachte heer/mevrouw,
Wij zijn Johan Oostland en Marja van Nes en wij volgen de opleiding Voeding en Diëtetiek aan de Hanze Hogeschool in Groningen. Voor onze opleiding doen wij een specialisatieopdracht in opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum (WOC) in Alphen aan den Rijn. Op 17 november 2009 geven wij, in opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum, een voedingsvoorlichting over voeding in combinatie met sport. U bent van harte welkom om 19:00 in het Scala College te Alphen aan den Rijn.
Hierbij mailen wij u een link van een enquête die wij hebben opgesteld. Deze enquête bevat enkele vragen over voeding en voeding in combinatie met (top)sport. Hiermee kunnen wij bepalen welke onderwerpen wij kunnen behandelen tijdens de presentatie. Deze enquête zal slecht 5 tot 10 minuten van uw tijd in beslag nemen. In de enquête kunt u aangeven of u wel of niet bij deze voedingsvoorlichtingsavond aanwezig wilt/kunt zijn. Wilt u de enquête voor 23-10-2009 invullen. Na deze datum is het niet meer mogelijk de enquête in te vullen.
http://www.enquetemaken.be/toonenquete.php?id=22473
Wij hopen dat wij u welkom mogen heten op 17 november in Alphen aan den Rijn.
Met vriendelijke groeten,
Marja van Nes
Johan Oostland
Geachte trainers van het WOC,
Wij zijn Johan Oostland en Marja van Nes en wij volgen de opleiding Voeding en Diëtetiek aan de Hanze Hogeschool in Groningen. Voor onze opleiding doen wij een specialisatieopdracht in opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum (WOC) in Alphen aan den Rijn. Op 18 november 2009 geven wij, in opdracht van het Waterpolo Opleidingscentrum, een voedingsvoorlichting over voeding in combinatie met sport. U bent van harte welkom om 16:30 in zwembad de Hoorn te Alphen aan den Rijn.
Hierbij mailen wij u een link van een enquête die wij hebben opgesteld. Deze enquête bevat enkele vragen over voeding en voeding in combinatie met (top)sport. Hiermee kunnen wij bepalen welke onderwerpen wij kunnen behandelen tijdens de presentatie. Deze enquête zal slecht 5 tot 10 minuten van uw tijd in beslag nemen. In de enquête kunt u aangeven of u wel of niet bij deze voedingsvoorlichtingsavond aanwezig wilt/kunt zijn. Wilt u de enquête voor 23-10-2009 invullen. Na deze datum is het niet meer mogelijk de enquête in te vullen.
http://www.enquetemaken.be/toonenquete.php?id=23267
Wij hopen dat wij u welkom mogen heten op 18 november in Alphen aan den Rijn.
Met vriendelijke groeten,
Marja van Nes
Johan Oostland
| Naam | Geboortedatum | Leeftijd | Gewicht | Kcal | Eiwit | Vetten | Verz. Vet | Chol. | Kh. | Vezel | Water | Natrium | Kalium |
|----------|---------------|----------|---------|-------|-------|--------|-----------|-------|-------|-------|-------|---------|--------|
| **Groep 1** | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Vrouw | 4-12-1997 | 12 | 41,2 | 2469 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 29-6-2001 | 8 | 31,4 | 1651 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 8-9-1999 | 10 | 44,3 | 1617 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Goed |
| Man | 13-4-1998 | 11 | 39,1 | 2310 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 18-12-1998 | 11 | 45,8 | 2133 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw | 17-7-1998 | 11 | 54,6 | 1243 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 18-12-1997 | 12 | 45,3 | 2729 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Veel |
| Man | 6-1-1998 | 11 | 64,2 | 1620 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 17-9-1999 | 10 | 41,3 | 2363 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| **Gemiddelde** | | 10,7 | 45,2 | 2015,0| Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap/Goed| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| **Groep 2** | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Vrouw | 24-9-1993 | 16 | 69 | 1677 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw | 19-5-1994 | 15 | 54,9 | 1616 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw | 4-10-1993 | 16 | 72,7 | 2887 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw | 15-9-1995 | 14 | 64 | 2364 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw | 21-5-1996 | 13 | 47,6 | 3066 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Veel |
| Vrouw | 31-5-1995 | 14 | 64,6 | 1157 | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| **Gemiddelde** | | 14,7 | 62,1 | 2127,8| Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| **Groep 3** | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Man | 4-5-1997 | 12 | 38,2 | 2590 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Kra/wein| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 5-6-1995 | 14 | 60,5 | 3687 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 18-11-1996 | 13 | 57,8 | 2250 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 6-5-1997 | 12 | 44,5 | 2760 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 20-12-1996 | 13 | 71,3 | 2189 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| **Gemiddelde** | | 12,8 | 54,5 | 2695,2| Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Kra/wein| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| **Groep 4** | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Man | 11-6-1994 | 15 | 71,4 | 3564 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 24-3-1996 | 13 | 80,7 | 2377 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 7-1-1994 | 15 | 79,8 | 2507 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Krap | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 13-5-1993 | 16 | 52,7 | 3977 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 11-8-1995 | 14 | 68,4 | 3629 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 18-1-1996 | 13 | 62,7 | 2557 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 8-4-1994 | 15 | 76,7 | 4095 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 27-6-1995 | 14 | 58 | 2522 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Goed | Krap |
| Man | 15-6-1994 | 15 | 87,1 | 2218 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 15-5-1995 | 14 | 58,7 | 2858 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 21-9-1994 | 15 | 79 | 2884 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 14-11-1994 | 15 | 64,8 | 3801 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Veel |
| Man | 28-11-1993 | 16 | 73,5 | 2924 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 6-10-1994 | 15 | 94,2 | 1788 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| **Gemiddelde** | | 14,6 | 72,0 | 2978,6| Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | goed/veel| Goed |
**Gemiddelde alle groepen:** 13,3099 2523,57 Goed Goed Goed Goed Krap Goed Goed Goed Goed Goed
| Naam | Geboortedatum | Leeftijd | Gewicht | Kcal | Eiwit | Vetten | Verz.Vet | Chol. | Kh. | Vezel | Water | Natrium | Kalium |
|----------|-----------------|----------|---------|-------|-------|--------|----------|-------|--------|-------|-------|---------|--------|
| Groep 1 | Vrouw | 4-12-1997| 12 | 1970 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Weinig | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Man | 29-6-2001| 8 | 1750 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| | Man | 8-9-1999 | 10 | 2180 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Krap | Goed | Krap | Veel | Goed |
| | Man | 13-4-1998| 11 | 1760 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Vrouw | 17-7-1998| 11 | 1375 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Krap |
| | Man | 18-12-1997| 12 | 2925 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed |
| | Man | 6-1-1998 | 11 | 1210 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Gemiddelde | | 10,7 | 1881,4| Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Groep 2 | Vrouw | 19-5-1994| 15 | 2120 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Weinig| Goed | Goed |
| | Vrouw | 4-10-1993| 16 | 1886 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Vrouw | 15-9-1995| 14 | 1606 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Vrouw | 21-5-1996| 13 | 2130 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| | Vrouw | 31-5-1995| 14 | 1456 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Gemiddelde | | 14,7 | 1839,6| Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Groep 3 | Man | 5-6-1995 | 14 | 3257 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Veel | Goed |
| | Man | 18-11-1996| 13 | 1625 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Krap |
| | Man | 6-5-1997 | 12 | 2893 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed |
| | Man | 20-12-1996| 13 | 2052 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Krap | Goed | Weinig| Veel | Goed |
| | Gemiddelde | | 12,8 | 2456,8| Goed | Goed | Goe/veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Groep 4 | Man | 11-6-1994| 15 | 5820 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Veel |
| | Man | 24-3-1996| 13 | 2233 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Man | 7-1-1994 | 15 | 2882 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| | Man | 18-1-1996| 13 | 2266 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Man | 15-6-1994| 15 | 2062 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| | Man | 21-9-1994| 15 | 2390 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| | Man | 28-11-1993| 16 | 2658 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| | Gemiddelde | | 14,6 | 2901,6| Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Veel | Goed |
Gemiddeld alle groepen: 13,3 2280,9 Goed Goed Veel Goed Goed Goed Goed Goed Goed Goed Goed Goed
| Naam | Voornaam | Voor | Na | Totaal gedronken | Vochtstatus |
|------|----------|------|----|-----------------|-------------|
| | | 200 | 75 | 125 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 800 | 800| 0 | Niets gedronken |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 600 | 200| 400 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 177,78 | 119,44 | 58,33 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 500 | 500| 0 | Niets gedronken |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 100 | 100| 0 | Niets gedronken |
| | | 600 | 300| 300 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 600 | 400| 200 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 500 | 300| 200 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 340 | 200| 140 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 500 | 500| 0 | Niets gedronken |
| | | 750 | 750| 0 | Niets gedronken |
| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Geen vocht |
| | | 600 | Onbekend | 0 | Geen nameting |
| | | 500 | 0 | 500 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 500 | Onbekend | 0 | Geen nameting |
| | | 800 | 0 | 800 | Voldoende gedronken |
| | | 600 | 400 | 200 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 875 | Onbekend | 0 | Geen nameting |
| | | 366,07 | 150,00 | 216,07 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
| | | 270,45 | 140,83 | 129,62 | Onvoldoende gedronken |
### Groep 1
| Vochtstatus | Aantal | Procent |
|-------------|--------|---------|
| Geen vocht | 6 | 67% |
| Niets gedronken | 1 | 11% |
| Onvoldoende gedronken | 2 | 22% |
| Voldoende gedronken | 0 | 0% |
| Geen nameting | 0 | 0% |
### Groep 2
| Vochtstatus | Aantal | Procent |
|-------------|--------|---------|
| Geen vocht | 4 | 67% |
| Niets gedronken | 1 | 17% |
| Onvoldoende gedronken | 0 | 0% |
| Voldoende gedronken | 0 | 0% |
| Geen nameting | 1 | 17% |
### Groep 3
| Vochtstatus | Aantal | Procent |
|-------------|--------|---------|
| Geen vocht | 2 | 40% |
| Niets gedronken | 0 | 0% |
| Onvoldoende gedronken | 3 | 60% |
| Voldoende gedronken | 0 | 0% |
| Geen nameting | 0 | 0% |
### Groep 4
| Vochtstatus | Aantal | Procent |
|-------------|--------|---------|
| Geen vocht | 6 | 43% |
| Niets gedronken | 2 | 14% |
| Onvoldoende gedronken | 2 | 14% |
| Voldoende gedronken | 1 | 7% |
| Geen nameting | 3 | 21% |
### Totaal
| Vochtstatus | Aantal | Procent |
|-------------|--------|---------|
| Geen vocht | 18 | 53% |
| Niets gedronken | 4 | 12% |
| Onvoldoende gedronken | 7 | 21% |
| Voldoende gedronken | 1 | 3% |
| Geen nameting | 4 | 12% |
| Naam | Geboortedatum | Leeftijd | kcal | Eiwit | Vetten | Verz. Vet | Chol. | Kh. | Vezel | Water | Natrium | Kalium |
|------|-----------------|----------|-------|-------|--------|-----------|-------|------|-------|-------|---------|--------|
| Vrouw| 20-2-1996 | 13 | 1540 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw| 17-11-1995 | 14 | 2260 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw| 11-5-1996 | 13 | 2140 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Krap | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 23-1-1996 | 13 | 2460 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw| 19-5-1996 | 13 | 1780 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw| 21-2-1996 | 13 | 1305 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 13-10-1996 | 13 | 1960 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 2-9-1996 | 13 | 1865 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 15-11-1995 | 14 | 3315 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 23-4-1996 | 13 | 2695 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 10-2-1996 | 13 | 2115 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 14-1-1996 | 13 | 2881 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Vrouw| 13-3-1996 | 13 | 1895 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 18-4-1995 | 14 | 2370 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Weinig| Veel | Goed |
| Man | 30-4-1996 | 13 | 2720 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed |
| Vrouw| 5-1-1996 | 13 | 1765 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 14-1-1995 | 14 | 2145 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 1-9-1995 | 14 | 2620 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Vrouw| 23-10-1996 | 13 | 1580 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Krap | Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 29-11-1995 | 14 | 3200 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Veel | Veel |
| Vrouw| 13-4-1996 | 13 | 1915 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 29-9-1995 | 14 | 2960 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Krap | Goed | Goed |
| Man | 29-3-1996 | 13 | 2798 | Goed | Goed | Veel | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Goed | Veel | Veel |
| Man | 22-2-1996 | 13 | 2820 | Goed | Goed | Goed | Goed | Krap | Krap | Krap | Veel | Goed |
| Man | 27-11-1995 | 14 | 2280 | Goed | Weinig | Goed | Goed | Goed | Weinig| Krap | Goed | Goed |
Gemiddelde: 13,32 2295,36 Goed Goed Veel Goed Goed Goed Weinig Krap Goed Goed
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2.6 Lokalanästhetika
2.6.1 Pharmakagruppen
* Lokalanästhetika vom Estertyp
* Lokalanästhetika vom Säureamidtyp
2.6.2 Allgemeine klinische Wirkung
* regionale Blockade von Nervenenden oder afferenten und efferenten Nervenbahnen durch Applikation spezieller Pharmaka, den sog. Lokalanästhetika (LA)
* Empfindungslosigkeit
* absolute Schmerzfreiheit
* bisweilen Immobilisation im Applikationsbereich
* Werden Analgetika (z. B. Morphin) eingesetzt, so spricht man von Lokalanalgesie.
* Muskelrelaxation
* intraoperative Schmerzausschaltung, in der Regel in Kombination mit Allgemeinanästhesie
2.6.3 Allgemeiner Wirkmechanismus
* Sie blockieren vollständig und reversibel die Entstehung und Fortleitung des Aktionspotenzials über Nervenfasern und verhindern dadurch die Schmerzempfindung ohne Ausschaltung des Bewusstseins. Dies bedeutet eine Reduktion von Allgemeinanästhetika.
−Dünne Nervenfasern werden früher ausgeschaltet als dicke.
* Empfindlichkeit der Nervenfasern:
−Sensible, schmerzleitende C-Fasern werden vor den motorischen A-Fasern ausgeschaltet.
* Reihenfolge der Ausschaltung ist abhängig von Intensität der Lokalanästhesie: Schmerz < Temperatur < Berührung < Druck
* verursachen nicht nur Analgesie, sondern auch Unempfindlichkeit für Sinnesqualitäten (Temperatur, Berührung, Druck)
* In saurem Gewebsmilieu (z. B. Entzündung) können LA nicht wirken.
Erhardt: Praxisleitfaden Anästhesie und Analgesie . ISBN: 978-3-7945-2944-5. © Schattauer GmbH
2.6.4 Nebenwirkungen
* sehr selten
ZNS:
* Erregungszustände, Angst, Tremor, tonisch-klonische Krämpfe
* ZNS-Symptome treten für gewöhnlich eher auf als Nebenwirkungen im HerzKreislauf-System.
* Wahrscheinlich werden einige der kardiovaskulären Effekte, v. a. des Bupivacain, durch deren Wirkungen am ZNS induziert.
Herz-Kreislauf-System:
* Tachykardie, Blutdrucksenkung, Extrasystolen und Kammerflimmern
* gravierende Nebenwirkungen durch direkte Beeinflussung der Funktion der kardialen und der peripheren Gefäße möglich
* Zwischenfälle können bisweilen durch Applikation von Benzodiazepinen, Thiobarbiturat oder auch Propofol positiv beeinflusst werden.
* Zwischenfälle sollten auch symptomatisch mit Elektrolytinfusionen, Sauerstoffsubstitution, Natriumbicarbonat, Dopamin oder Dobutamin behandelt werden.
Toxizität in Blut und Gewebe:
* Gewebetoxizität beruht meist auf einer Verletzung und Nekrose von Nervenund Muskelzellen. Vor allem hohe Konzentrationen wirken zytotoxisch.
* Allergische Reaktionen sind sehr selten. Sie scheinen eher durch den Estertyp der LA induziert zu werden als durch den Amidtyp.
* LA mit Zusatz eines Sperrkörpers in nekrosegefährdeten Gebieten (z. B. Akren, Kornea) kann zu schweren Gewebeschädigungen führen!
* Methämoglobinbildung
2.6.5 Kontraindikationen
* Tumor
* Infektion
* Entzündung
* Störung der Blutgerinnung
* noch nicht verknöcherte Endplatten der Wirbelkörper
Erhardt: Praxisleitfaden Anästhesie und Analgesie . ISBN: 978-3-7945-2944-5. © Schattauer GmbH
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Le 12 mai 2023
Abandon du catholicisme au Québec
Dire qu'on est croyant ou parler de nos croyances n'est pas un sujet très populaire de nos jours. Il existe plutôt une certaine tendance ou une tendance certaine de rejeter tout ce qui est religieux pour différentes raisons que je ne voudrais pas élaborer ici.
Cela ne nous empêche pas de nous questionner sur notre identité culturelle et notre vécu communautaire.
« L'identité culturelle est ce par quoi se reconnaît une communauté humaine (sociale, politique, régionale, nationale, ethnique, religieuse…) en termes de valeurs, de pensées et d'engagement, de langue et de lieu de vie, de pratiques, de traditions et de croyances, de vécu en commun et de mémoire historique. » (Mariette Théberge). N'est-ce pas cela qui enrichit un peuple et qui le distingue par rapport à un autre peuple?
Le désir de conserver l'identité est un réflexe naturel, vital et signe de fierté. Il est surprenant de constater la tendance actuelle au Québec à vouloir rejeter du revers de la main les racines et l'identité chrétienne de notre pays, alors que dans l'histoire universelle, aucun peuple n'a voulu remettre en cause son identité, mais a plutôt lutté pour la conserver, question de survie.
Je me questionne à savoir si on peut réellement comprendre une société sans comprendre son rapport au culte et au religieux. Qu'on soit religieux ou qu'on ne le soit pas, on ne peut déconstruire l'identité chrétienne de notre pays, car cela fait partie intégrante de son histoire.
« Chaque société a une culture dominante dont les racines sont généralement religieuses. La religion est un élément fondamental de la dignité humaine. Des études sociologiques ont démontré l'apport positif de l'appartenance religieuse pour le rendement scolaire, la vie de famille, le bien-être et la contribution à la vie communautaire. Les religions sont également le cadre des rites de passage marquant la naissance, le mariage et la mort ». (Janet Epp Buckingham)
Le peuple québécois a une histoire, des origines judéo-chrétiennes, une culture, un patrimoine qui a façonné le pays d'une façon éclatante, une langue, des moeurs, des coutumes et des traditions qui émanent d'une certaine croyance religieuse que nous avons reçue en héritage et de laquelle on ne peut se dissocier. Il ne faudrait surtout pas exclure les droits et les acquis existants de son propre pays et du peuple fondateur sous prétexte que certaines personnes n'y croient plus.
La culture canadienne-française et anglaise s'est développée grâce à des millions d'hommes et de femmes qui se sont battus au nom de principes et de valeurs. Et, c'est pour cela que plusieurs immigrants ont choisi le Canada pour y vivre librement et en paix.
On ne peut priver un peuple de ses repères, de ses valeurs, de son enracinement, de son vécu collectif et de ses pratiques communes pour quelques motifs que ce soit. Que nous soyons croyants ou pas, l'homme s'interrogera toujours à savoir d'où il vient et où il va ? Ce sont nos croyances qui alimentent notre vie personnelle et sociale et nos agissements. C'est l'environnement culturel formé de l'ensemble des éléments spirituels, matériels, intellectuels et émotionnels qui conditionnent notre existence et qui rythment nos calendriers.
Se défaire de cet ancrage historique et de cette empreinte qui nous habitent et qui est à l'origine de notre identité culturelle et historique, que ce soit par peur de passer pour raciste ou pour avoir une soi-disante paix est signe de faiblesse.
Par contre, le maintien des symboles religieux est signe de respect de son pays. Ces symboles rappelleront justement aux immigrants qu'ils ont bel et bien choisi d'habiter ce pays de liberté avec ses valeurs et qu'il a eu la générosité de les accueillir et de les aider à vivre convenablement.
Accéder aux demandes d'enlever tout nom ou signe religieux, ou monument existant à caractère religieux, culturel ou patrimonial au nom de la neutralité, de la laïcité et du multiculturalisme signifie que le Canada et le Québec sont prêts à se défaire petit à petit de leurs valeurs, mœurs, coutumes, et traditions et à faire table rase de leur histoire depuis des siècles pour le bon plaisir de quelques individus, groupes ou ethnies.
On peut toutefois se questionner à savoir si ce n'est pas intentionnel de vouloir redonner une autre image au pays et d'en reconstruire un autre sans identité, ni culture, mais ayant pour fondation toutes les pressions politiques, tous les rejets, les peurs, les plaintes, l'intimidation et le relativisme.
Pour ce qui est du multiculturalisme, il ne s'agit pas de s'auto-javeliser pour laisser la place à l'autre qui, par ironie du sort, tient souvent mordicus à son identité et ce malgré le fait d'avoir changé de pays et qui a plutôt tendance à vouloir intégrer sa propre identité et à l'imposer dans le pays d'accueil.
Il ne s'agit pas non plus de noyer les identités dans la grande soupe du multiculturalisme, ni de créer un modèle unique et un monde monolithique homogène, rigide et fermé à la discussion.
Le pays qui reçoit doit rester solide comme un arbre. Il peut changer ses feuilles, mais pas ses racines. « On peut changer nos opinions, mais pas nos principes ». ( Victor Hugo). Il ne faudrait pas avoir peur de dire non. Le respect commence par soi-même et son pays. On n'exclut pas les droits existants de son propre pays
et l'identité du peuple fondateur sous prétexte que cela dérange certaines personnes qui n'y croit plus.
La neutralité n'existe pas en soi, mais uniquement dans la pensée et dans les discours. C'est un parti pris qui n'est pas anodin. La preuve: au nom de la laïcité, l'État cherche à prendre ses distances de la religion et à faire de cette dernière une question personnelle, alors qu'il se veut être neutre.
Pour ce qui est de la "laïcité", qui est celle de la séparation de l'État des organisations religieuses, il ne faudrait pas la confondre avec le "laïcisme" qui prône l'exclusion de la religion de toutes les institutions publiques.
La vraie laïcité et la neutralité, ce n'est pas le rejet de tout ce qui est religieux, c'est au contraire le respect de la diversité des croyances des hommes et la nécessité de les unir pour assurer leur coexistence. C'est de permettre à chacun et à chacune de vivre ce qu'il croit, en conformité avec sa conscience.
C'est aussi de permettre aux options spirituelles de s'affirmer sans s'imposer, de voir à l'égalité des droits de tous en établissant une loi commune visant l'intérêt général et non pas d'adopter un laïcisme idéologique qui veut couper toutes les racines historiques.
Notre identité est fortement questionnée aujourd'hui, c'est à nous comme peuple de décider si on veut avoir une société avec des repères communs (traditions, moeurs, culture et langue) ou une société basée sur l'individualisme, l'arbitraire subjectif, le relativisme et fondée uniquement sur la primauté des désirs personnels plutôt que sur le collectif en laissant la société se balloter à tout vent.
Alexandre Khouzam
Avocat
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PRESSEMITTEILUNG:
HEATHER NOVA
Solo Acoustic Tour 2022
So 06.11.2022 Theater des Friedens | Rostock
Einlass: 19:00 Uhr / Beginn: 20:00 Uhr
Tickets gibt es an allen bekannten Vorverkaufsstellen und unter www.kulturbotschafter-events.de
Geboren als Tochter einer kanadischen Mutter und eines Vaters aus den Bermudas, benutzte Heather Frith bereits in ihrer frühsten Kindheit Gesang und Musik, um ihre Familie zu unterhalten. Die ersten 16 Jahre verbrachte die Familie auf einem Segelboot, mit dem sie um die Welt reiste. Unterrichtet wurden sie dabei fast ausschließlich von ihren Eltern. Ununterbrochen hörte sie Schallplatten von ihrer Mutter, die sie später im Alter von acht Jahren selbst auf Band aufnahm. Mit 14 lernte sie Gitarre spielen, ihre größte Bewunderung galt Künstlern wie Neil Young und Jimmy Cliff – der Weg zur Musikerin war seit damals geebnet.
Schon mit ihrem ersten Studioalbum „Oyster" aus dem Jahr 1994, das einen ganz eigenen Sound aus Indie, Pop und Singer Songwriter-Elementen kreierte, begann für Heather Nova der Erfolg, der sich seit mehr als zehn Alben sowie unzähligen Tourneen seither fortsetzt. Zuletzt erschien 2019 das Album „Pearl", das sowohl von Fans als auch Kritikern sehr wohlwollend aufgenommen wurde. Die anschließende Tour wurde ebenfalls frenetisch gefeiert und sorge vielerorts für ausverkaufte Häuser.
The Acoustic Tour 2022 wird präsentiert von laut.de
* weitere Infos & Download Pressefotos/-texte unter
www.kulturbotschafter-events.de
* Anfragen für Interviews oder Verlosungen bitte an: email@example.com
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2 ROOMS & HALL
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LIMITED TIME OFFER. Reg $124.95
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Choose what you want cleaned up to 1200 sq. ft.
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PBEM Director's Calendar: August 2019
Thu, Aug 1
Mon, Aug 5
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM RDPO Steering Committee Meeting
PBEM RDPO
Tue, Aug 6
Before 8:00 AM
Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
Timesheet Reminder!
Elliott, Daire
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM
Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 10:00 AM
Free
10:00 AM – 11:00 AM
Katy 1:1
Mike's office
Wolf, Katy
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
1:00 PM – 1:30 PM
Canceled: MEETING: BOEC/PBEM Director check-in
Bob's Office
Douthit, Dan
1:00 PM – 2:00 PM
August 17 Stakeholders Meeting
Central Roll Call Room
Schell, Martin
2:00 PM – 3:00 PM
Public Safety Budget Note, meeting #1
Pettygrove Room - City Hall
Rinehart, Tom
3:00 PM – 3:30 PM
Free
3:30 PM – 4:30 PM
Invitation: Mike Myers @ Tue Aug 6, 2019 3:30pm -
4:30pm (PDT) (email@example.com)
Wed, Aug 7
Before 8:00 AM
Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM
Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Strategic Planning Work Session
10:00 AM – 10:30 AM
August 2019 ECC Ops Checks
PBEM Main Em Coordination Center
Fox, Aaron
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
11:20 AM – 11:50 AM
EAS Nationwide Test
PBEM Executive Conf Rm
12:00 PM – 5:00 PM
Washington Park reservoir tour
Washington Park
Wolf, Katy
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM
Duty Officer Meetings
PBEM Executive Conf Rm
Wolf, Katy
1:30 PM – 2:00 PM Policy and Risk Bonding
Robert Taylors office
Myers, Mike
2:30 PM – 3:30 PM CEI Inspections
Fire Marshal Office
Myers, Mike
Thu, Aug 8
Fire Station 1 downtown
Fri, Aug 9
All Day
Canceled: Undoing Racism - Mike Myers
TBA
Elliott, Daire
7:30 AM – 10:00 AM
5th Annual Blueberry Picking Event
Klock Farm,
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
11:00 AM – 12:30 PM
LEPC
Portland Fire Training Center / 4800 NE 122nd Avenue
Papaefthimiou, Jonna
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
After 6:00 PM
Free
Mon, Aug 12
3:15 PM – 4:00 PM TRAVEL
Douthit, Dan
4:00 PM – 5:00 PM
EVENT: Chief Boone swearing-in ceremony
PCC Cascade Campus -
Tue, Aug 13
Before 8:00 AM
Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM
Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 11:00 AM
FW: CEI Hub work session
PSOB Conference Room 1C
Hall, Bev
10:00 AM – 10:30 AM
Somer's Check-In
Your Office Erickson, Somer
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
1:00 PM – 2:00 PM August 17 - Planning Meeting
Central Roll Call Room
Schell, Martin
2:00 PM – 2:30 PM
City Hall/Citywide Building Evacuations
Merlo, Carmen
2:30 PM – 3:00 PM
Free
3:00 PM – 3:30 PM
Katy 1:1
Mike's office
Wolf, Katy
Wed, Aug 14
Before 8:00 AM
Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM
Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Strategic Planning Work Session
10:00 AM – 11:00 AM
Press conference
Pioneer Square
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
2:00 PM – 3:00 PM
Mike/Carmen - emergency response plan
3:00 PM – 4:00 PM
Bull Run Bridge-Fire Response discussion
Phone Conversation
Myers, Mike
4:00 PM – 4:30 PM
Voya meeting
4:00 PM – 4:30 PM
Invitation: August 17 Protest update @ Wed Aug 14, 2019 4pm - 4:30pm (PDT) (firstname.lastname@example.org)
Thu, Aug 15
Before 8:00 AM Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 12:00 PM
Updated invitation: MCEM Catastrophic resource request discussion @ Thu Aug 15, 2019 9am - 12pm (PDT) (email@example.com)
11:00 AM – 12:00 PM Derek Call
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM Block
1:00 PM – 1:15 PM
CONFERENCE CALL: Bureau Directors re: Aug. 17th (Robert)
Wheeler, Ted
1:00 PM – 2:00 PM Mayor call in
1:00 PM – 4:00 PM
Port of Portland Tour+ Air National Guard
Mon, Aug 19
All Day CHSD - Travel
Monterey Cal
Tue, Aug 20
All Day
CHSD - Travel Monterey Cal
Wed, Aug 21
All Day
CHSD - Travel Monterey Cal
Thu, Aug 22
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office Douthit, Dan
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 11:00 AM
FW: Security Stakeholders Steering Committee Lovejoy Room, City Hall Second Floor Garfia, Francisca
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
1:15 PM – 2:00 PM
FW: Facilities/ECC meeting with PBEM & PWB
ECC Conference Room
Wells, Kristin
4:00 PM – 4:30 PM
ca
Fri, Aug 23
All Day CHSD - Travel
Monterey Cal
Sat, Aug 24
All Day CHSD - Travel
Monterey Cal
Sun, Aug 25
Start of Day – 6:30 AM
CHSD - Travel
Monterey Cal
After 6:30 AM
Free
Mon, Aug 26
Before 8:00 AM
Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM
Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 9:30 AM
Huddle
9:30 AM – 10:00 AM
MEETING: PBEM check-in
City Hall/Commissioner Hardesty's Office Douthit, Dan
10:00 AM – 11:00 AM
Free
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
1:00 PM – 2:30 PM
Free
2:30 PM – 3:00 PM
SEAR discussion and planning
Mike's office
3:00 PM – 3:30 PM
SEAR Ratings
3:30 PM – 4:30 PM
PGE + PBEM / Deane Funk re: solar plus battery
Director's Office,
4:30 PM – 5:00 PM
Right to Know - Brent Griffiths
Mike's phone
4:30 PM – 5:30 PM
Community right to know
After 5:30 PM
Free
Tue, Aug 27
Before 8:00 AM
Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM
Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 9:30 AM
Free
9:30 AM – 11:30 AM
Procurement Code Updates Council Work session
Council Chambers
Erickson, Somer
10:00 AM – 10:30 AM
Updated invitation: Excessive Heat Coordination Call @
Tue Aug 27, 2019 10am - 10:30am (PDT)
(firstname.lastname@example.org)
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
11:30 AM – 1:00 PM
Life Safety Plan
1:00 PM – 2:00 PM
Pay equity re-Class issue: Katy Wolf
Director Myers' office
2:00 PM – 3:00 PM
Free
3:00 PM – 3:30 PM Katy 1:1
Mike's office
Wolf, Katy
3:30 PM – 4:00 PM
Free
4:00 PM – 4:30 PM
Reminder of Employee Job Class Anniversary Dates
Mike's Office
Davis, Shane
4:30 PM – 5:00 PM
40000288 Coordinator II 2016.pdf
Mike's Office
Davis, Shane
After 5:00 PM
Free
Wed, Aug 28
Before 8:00 AM
Free
Thu, Aug 29
Before 8:00 AM
Free
8:00 AM – 8:15 AM
Canceled: MEETING: PBEM daily check-in
Director's Office
Douthit, Dan
8:15 AM – 8:30 AM Free
8:30 AM – 9:00 AM
Daily Briefing
Myers Office
Myers, Mike
9:00 AM – 11:00 AM
FW: City of Portland Fire Season Discussion /
Emergency Management Catch-up
9911 SE Bush Street Portland, OR 97266
John Plechinger
9:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Life Safety Plan
11:00 AM – 1:00 PM
Block
3:00 PM – 5:00 PM
Free
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Senator O'MARA BY:
Elyssa DeRosa upon the occasion of CONGRATULATING capturing the 2022 NYSPHSAA/NYS Federation Indoor Track Championship in the Weight Throw
Individual and team championships are highly sought after WHEREAS, in high school sports; this Legislative Body commends rare athletic achievements and pays special recognition to those who pursue such excellence and become examples for the youth of this great Empire State; and
Athletic competition helps to enhance both the moral and WHEREAS, physical development of young athletes, preparing them for the future by instilling in them the importance of teamwork, encouraging a standard of healthy living, and developing a sense of fair play and competition; and
This Legislative Body is justly proud to congratulate WHEREAS, Elyssa DeRosa upon the occasion of capturing the 2022 NYSPHSAA/NYS Federation Indoor Track Championship in the Weight Throw on Saturday, March 5, 2022, at the Ocean Breeze Athletic Complex in Staten Island, New York; and
To the praise and applause of her excited fans, WHEREAS, Corning-Painted Post High School senior Elyssa DeRosa won the 20lb Women's Varsity Weight Throw with an outstanding personal best record of 49' 09.00"; and
Elyssa DeRosa earned her ticket to this event by placing WHEREAS, first in the Section IV New York State Qualifiers, with a personal best and Corning-Painted Post High School record of 46' 10.75"; and
In addition to these monumental feats, Elyssa DeRosa placed WHEREAS, 15th at the New Balance Nationals Indoor Track and Field Championship on Saturday, March 12, 2022, at the Armory in New York, New York; and
A two-sport athlete, Elyssa DeRosa plans on playing WHEREAS, Division 1 softball at George Mason University in Virginia; and
In a sport such as weight throw, which demands strength, WHEREAS, coordination and determination, Head Coach Ray Lawson, Throw Coach, Kale Wilcox, and Assistant Coaches Tom Ketchum and Joe Melanson worked hard to hone the skills of this champion; teaching this outstanding athlete lessons which will prove invaluable both in and out of the circle; and
Proudly donning the school's colors of black and gold, her WHEREAS, family, friends, and the community at large loyally and enthusiastically supported Elyssa DeRosa throughout her journey as she ended her season with an impressive overall record; and
Sports competition instills the values of teamwork, pride WHEREAS, and accomplishment, and Elyssa DeRosa has clearly made a contribution to the spirit of excellence which is a tradition of her school; now, therefore, be it
That this Legislative Body pause in its deliberations to RESOLVED, congratulate Elyssa DeRosa upon the occasion of capturing the 2022 NYSPHSAA/NYS Federation Indoor Track Championship in the Weight Throw; and be it further
That copies of this Resolution, suitably engrossed, be RESOLVED, transmitted to Elyssa DeRosa, Head Coach Ray Lawson, Throw Coach, Kale Wilcox, and Assistant Coaches Tom Ketchum and Joe Melanson.
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VILLENEUVE-SUR-LOT
Règlement local de la publicité, des enseignes et des préenseignes
Règlement Local de Publicité
Vu le Code Général des Collectivités Territoriales,
Vu le Code de l'Environnement, parties législative et réglementaire,
Vu le Code la Route, Livre IV, Titre 1er, chapitre VIII,
Vu l'arrêté municipal du 29/07/1980 fixant les limites de l'agglomération, modifié par les arrêtés du 07/10/2004 et 26/08/2008,
Vu la délibération du Conseil Municipal de Villeneuve-sur-Lot en date du 13/07/2007 demandant la constitution d'un groupe de travail chargé de préparer un projet de création d'un Règlement Local de Publicité,
Vu l'arrêté préfectoral du 08/07/2008, constituant le groupe de ctravail chargé de préparer l'arrêté municipal portant création à Villeneuve-sur-Lot de zones de réglementation spéciale de la publicité, des enseignes et préenseignes,
Vu l'avis du 13/02/2009 dudit groupe de travail sur ce projet,
Vu la délibération du Conseil Municipal du 24/09/2009 adoptant le projet du Règlement Local de la Publicité, des enseignes et des préenseignes,
Vu l'avis favorable du 15 juin 2009 de la commission départementale des sites, perspectives et paysages réunie en formation publicité,
Préambule
La municipalité souhaitant que les publicités, enseignes et préenseignes implantées sur son territoire constituent un ensemble cohérent et de qualité, répondant à la fois à des objectifs de protection de l'environnement ainsi que d'efficacité et de qualité de l'information qu'elles diffusent, le maire de la commune de Villeneuve-sur-Lot arrête :
Une zone de publicité restreinte (ZPR) est instituée sur l'ensemble de l'agglomération telle que définie par les arrêtés municipaux. Cette zone de publicité restreinte comporte quatre secteurs dénommés ZPR 1, ZPR 2, ZPR 3 et ZPR 4.
La ZPR 2 correspond aux entrées de Villeneuve-sur-Lot ;
La ZPR 1 correspond à la Zone de Protection du Patrimoine Architectural, Urbain et Paysager (ZPPAUP) qui recouvre principalement le Centre Historique et l'avenue de Pujols ;
La ZPR 3 correspond aux secteurs d'activités ;
La ZPR 4 correspond au reste de l'agglomération, essentiellement composée de quartiers résidentiels.
Les règles communes à tous les secteurs sont décrites au Titre I (Chapitre A à G). Les règles spécifiques à chaque ZPR sont énoncées au titre II (Chapitre 1 à 4). Les dispositions finales sont énoncées au titre III.
Les dispositions des textes législatifs ou règlementaires en vigueur qui ne sont pas modifiées par le présent arrêté demeurent opposables aux tiers.
RAPPELS :
Les préenseignes sont soumises aux dispositions qui régissent la publicité (article L. 581-19 du Code de l'Environnement).
Indépendamment du Code de l'Environnement et des décrets pris pour son apllication, publicités et enseignes sont soumises à d'autres réglementations (Code de la Route, Code du Patrimoine...)
Toute publicité est interdite à moins de 100 mètres et dans le champ de visibilité des immeubles classés ou inscrits parmi les monuments historiques.
TITRE I : Règles générales, applicables à toutes les zones
Chapitre A : Protection de l'environnement
Article A.1 : Protection des paysages et des monuments
Toute publicité est interdite dans les espaces boisés classés et hors des zones urbaines figurant dans le plan d'urbanisme applicable à Villeneuve-sur-Lot.
Toute publicité est interdite à moins de 30 mètres du domaine public fluvial le long du Lot.
Les dispositifs scellés au sol (publicités,enseignes, préenseignes) d'un format supérieur à 2 m2 ne peuvent être implantés à moins de 50 mètres du bord extérieur (fil d'eau) de la chaussée d'un carrefour giratoire.
Toute publicité lisible de la rocade est interdite. Dans le cas de publicités ou de préenseignes implantées en agglomération, la distance de lisibilité est fixée à 100 mètres de la voie. Cette distance est mesurée depuis le bord extérieur de la chaussée (fil d'eau).
L'interdiction s'applique également aux carrefours giratoires situés sur la rocade.
Article A.2: Protection des végétaux
Il est interdit de procéder à l'abattage d'arbres ou d'arbustes et à des élagages, dans le but d'installer un dispositif publicitaire ou d'améliorer sa lisibilité.
Article A.3 : Protection de la vie privée
Les opérateurs de publicité extérieure sont responsables des nuisances sonores ou lumineuses causées par leurs dispositifs. Leurs matériels sont obligatoirement équipés d'une minuterie programmable.
En cas de plainte, la Ville peut exiger de l'exploitant qu'il interrompe le fonctionnement de son dispositif, à certaines heures.
En outre, les matériels lumineux ou éclairés (publicités, enseignes et préenseignes) présentant des images ou messages clignotants ou à effet cinétique sont interdits.
Toutefois, les pharmacies et les services d'urgence peuvent utiliser ces dispositifs pour se signaler aux heures d'ouverture. La délivrance de l'autorisation d'installer une enseigne ou une publicité lumineuse peut être accompagnée de prescriptions particulières, relatives aux caractéristiques techniques du dispositif et aux conditions de son.exploitation.
Article A.4 : Usage de l'espace public
Un mobilier .implanté sur un trottoir ne.doit pas nuire à la sécurité et l'usage normal de la voie publique. Il doit notamment respecter les prescriptions de la loi 2005-102 du 11 février 2005 relative à l'égalité des droits /.../ des personnes handicapées et·des décrets et arrêtés en portant application.
Chapitre B : Les matériels
Article B.1 : Pérennité
Les matérieIs destinés à recevoir des publicités, enseignes et préseignes sont choisis, instal!és et entretenus par leurs·exploitants afin de garantir la pérennité de leur aspect initial et la conservation, dans le temps, de leurs qualités techniques.
Tous les dispositifs résistent aux phénomènes météorologiques compris dans les limites des règles et normes en vigueur, garantissant la sécurité des personnes et des biens.
Article B.2 : Accessoires
Dans un souci d'esthétique et de préservation de l'environnement, les accessoires suivants sont interdits : jambes de forces, haubans, pieds-échelle, fondations (béton) dépassant le niveau du sol, gouttières à colle ainsi que tout élément rapporté ne figurant pas sur la demande d'autorisation ou la déclaration légale.
Lorsqu'elles sont visibles de la voie publique, les passerelles sont interdites. Toutefois, les passerelles intégralement repliables sont admises ; Elles demeurent pliées en l'absence des personnels chargés de les utiliser.
Article B.3 : Proportion des publicités
La hauteur des publicités d'un format inférieur ou égal à 2m² doit être supérieure à la largeur. Les dispositifs mesurant 1,5 m de largeur et 1 m de hauteur sont toutefois admis.
Chapitre C : Les publicités sur supports existants (murs, pignons, façades, palissades)
Article C.1 : Caractéristiques de publicités sur pignons et façades
C.1.1 - Les publicités sont admises sur les murs des bâtiments d'habitation lorsque ceux-ci ne comportent aucune ouverture ou une ouverture d'une surface inférieure à 0,50 m².
C.1.2 - Tout dispositif doit respecter une distance minimale de 0,50 m par rapport à toutes limites du support sur lequel il est apposé, par rapport aux ouvertures éventuelles et par rapport au niveau de l'égout du toit (niveau le plus proche).
C.1.3 - Une publicité ne peut s'élever à plus de 6 mètres du sol (limite supérieure mesurée par rapport au pied du mur).
Article C.2 : Nombre
Un support existant ne peut accueillir qu'une seule publicité.
Article C.3 : Toitures et terrasses
Les publicités y sont interdites.
Article C.4 : Clôtures
Les publicités sont interdites sur ces supports.
Article C.5 : Palissades de chantier
Sur ces supports, la pubicité se conforme aux règles de hauteur et de format applicables dans la ZPR où ils se trouvent.
Utilisant des matériels identiques, alignées en hauteur, ces publicités sont séparées par un intervalle minimum égal ou double de leur plus grande dimension.
Article C.6 :·micro-affichage
Les publicités installées sur les devantures des .commerces sont régies par les dispositions du présent règlement applicables à la publicité non lumineuse et aux préenseignes non lumineuses.
Elles sont interdites en ZPR1.
Lorsque les immeubles abritent un commerce en rez-de-chaussée, les façades commerciales ne peuvent pas recevoir, par commerce et lieu de vente, plus de deux dispositifs publicitaires identiques (micro affichage) dont la surface totale ne doit pas excéder 1m².
Ces dispositifs ne sont pas pris en compte dans les règles de densité des articles 2.4 et 3.4.
Chapitre D : Les publicités scellées au sol
Article D.1 : Caractéristiques
Un dispositif scellé au sol d'une surface utile supérieure à 2m² est obligatoirement de type «monopied». Ce pied est vertical, sa largeur n'excède pas un mètre de large.
Lorsque le dispositif est exploité recto-verso, les deux faces ne doivent pas présenter de séparation visible : la juxtaposition de plateaux, à« flancs ouverts» est interdite.
Lorsque le dispositif est simple face, son dos est carrossé.
Un dispositif scellé au sol est, en outre, installé parallèlement ou perpendiculairement à l'axe qu'il borde, avec une tolérance angulaire de 10 %.
Article D.2: Nombre
La juxtaposition ou l'assemblage de·plusieurs dispositifs ("doublons", "trièdres", dispositifs implantés en "V", etc.) est interdite.
Article D.3 : Hauteur
Une publicité ne peut s'élever à plus de 6 mètres du sol naturel.
Article D.4 : Mobilier urbain
La publicité est admise sur le mobilier urbain dans les conditions fixées par les articles R.581-26 à R.581-31 du Code de l'Environnement.
Chapitre E : Les publicités et préenseignes lumineuses
Elles sont soumises à autorisation qui est accordée ou refusée par le Maire selon la procédure énoncée aux articles R.581-32 à R.581-35 du Code de l'Environnement.
RAPPEL : « La publicité lumineuse est /a publicité à la réalisation de laquelle participe une source lumineuse spécialement prévue à cet effet.» (article R.581-14 du Code de l'Environnement)
Chapitre F : Les enseignes
RAPPEL : "Dans les zones de publicité restreinte, l'installation d'une enseigne est soumise à l'autorisation du maire"(Code·de l'Environnement, article L. 581-18).
Cette autorisation est accordée ou refusée par le Maire, après avis de l'Architecte des Bâtiments de France lorsque celui-ci est requis, conformément aux dispositions de l'article R.581-62 du Code de l'Environnement.
Article F.1 : Caractéristiques
L'autorisation d'installation d'enseignes peut être refusée ou assortie de prescriptions si l'enseigne, par ses dimensions, ses couleurs, ses matériaux ou son implantation porte atteinte à la composition ou à la qualité de la façade, aux lieux avoisinants, aux perspectives monumentales, aux paysages ou à l'environnement.
Les couleurs de fond et de lettrage doivent être harmonieuses avec l'ensemble de l'immeuble.
D'une manière générale, les couleurs vives sont à proscrire.
Article F.2 : Emplacements
Les enseignes sont interdites en toitures et terrasses, sur les balcons (ajourés ou non), ainsi que sur les clôtures.
Les enseignes fixées sur les arbres ou plantations sont interdites.
Les enseignes apposées à plat sur un mur ou parallèlement à un mur doivent être positionnées à une distance minimale de 0,50 mètre par rapport à toutes limites du support sur lequel elles sont apposées, et ne doivent pas constituer par rapport à lui une saillie de plus de 0,25 mètre.
Les enseignes perpendiculaires au mur qui les supporte ne doivent pas dépasser la limite supérieure de ce mur. En cas de saillie sur le domaine public, la distance minimale entre le bas de l'enseigne perpendiculaire et le sol est de 2,50 m et la saillie au dessus du domaine public est limitée à 0,80 mètre.
Article F.3 : Enseigne posée au sol
Une seule enseigne posée au sol (présentoirs, chevalets, etc.) peut être autorisée par établissement. Utilisable au recto seul ou recto-verso, chacune de ses faces présente une surface de 1m² au maximum et une largeur n'excédant pas 0,60 m. Ces enseignes sont placées au droit de l'établissement.
L'autorisation prévue par le Code de l'Environnement ne doit pas être confondue avec les autorisations de voirie ou de stationnement relevant du Code de la Voirie Routière.
Chapitre G : Les enseignes temporaires
Les enseignes temporaires peuvent être apposées au maximum 10 jours avant et retirées au maximum 3 jours après l'événement qu'elles annoncent.
L'emploi de banderoles, de calicots et autres fanions est admis pour l'annonce de manifestations exceptionne lles.
Une activité ne peut annoncer plus de 4 manifestations commerciales exceptionnelles par an.
Les enseignes temporaires immobilières sont admises à raison d'un dispositif scellé au sol ou mural, de format 8 m², par unité foncière.
RAPPEL : "Le terme d'unité foncière désigne l'ensemble continu de parcelles cadastrales constituant une même propriété. Toute division matérialisée : clôture, chemin, route, etc. interrompant la continuité du terrain est considérée comme sa limite." (circulaire Environnement N° 97-50 du 26 mai 1997)
Les autres enseignes temporaires suivent, selon leur nature et sans modification, le régime applicable aux enseignes durables.
Titre II : Règles des ZPR
Chapitre 1 : Dispositions applicables à la ZPR 1
Article 1.1 : Définition de la zone
Le premier secteur de la Zone de Publicité Restreinte (ZPR 1) recouvre la ZPPAUP ainsi que l'avenue de Pujols.
Sur cette avenue, la ZPR 1 s'étend sur une profondeur de 30 mètres de part et d'autre de la voie, mesurée depuis l'axe central de celle-ci.
Article 1.2 : Publicités sur support
Elles sont interdites.
Article 1.3 : Publicités scellées au sol
La publicité n'est admise que sur le mobilier urbain.
La surface utile des publicités ne peut excéder 2 m² par face. Si le dispositif comporte plusieurs flêches ou lattes, la surface cumulée de celle-ci ne peut dépasser le format maximum indiqué. La surface totale du dispositif, hors pied, ne peut excéder 3 m² par face .
Article 1.4 : Densité des publicités
Sans objet.
Article 1.5 : Enseignes à plat et perpendiculaires
Elles se conforment à l'article du règlement de la ZPPAUP reproduit ci-dessous :
Article 3-2-2 ENSEIGNES
Enseignes franchisées:
Elles ne seront pas autorisées si elles ne respectent pas les matériaux et dimensions définis ci-dessous.
Éléments des enseignes :
Seuls prennent figure sur les enseignes les éléments suivants : Motif décoratif (logo), raison sociale, indication de l'activité, nom de la ou des personnes exerçant cette activité.
Emplacement des enseignes :
Les enseignes ne doivent pas être placées plus haut que les allèges des baies du premier étage.
Il ne peut être admis d'enseignes apposées sur un balcon ajouré au devant des éléments architecturaux intéressants.
L'enseigne concernant une activité s'exerçant au rez-de-chaussée dans un magasin ne peut être apposée que, soit dans la ou les baies, soit à plat au dessus de la ou des baies ou sur l'un des montants de maçonnerie.
L'enseigne concernant une activité s'exerçant en fond de cour ou à un étage ne peut être apposée que, soit dans la ou les baies, soit à plat au-dessus de la ou des baies ou sur l'un des montants de maçonnerie.
Nombre d'enseignes :
L'enseigne concernant une activité s'exerçant en fond de cour ou à un étage ne peut être apposée que sur le montant ou dans le tableau de la porte y donnant accès, ou au dessus de la porte si celle-ci n'est pas susceptible de donner accès à une autre activité.
Le nombre est limité par établissement à une enseigne à plat dans chaque rue et éventuellement une enseigne perpendiculaire.
Toutefois dans le cas d'une architecture rythmée par des travées lisibles en rezde-chaussée, une enseigne à plat par travée est admise.
Enseignes perpendiculaires :
Matériaux autorisés pour les enseignes :
Surface maximum de la silhouette 0,4m² ; saillie maximum 0,80 m ; hauteur maximum 0,80 m.
Bois, fer acier, cuivre, verre, aluminium.
Les caissons plastiques standard, les enseignes clignotantes ou à effet cinétique sont interdits. Toutefois, l'utilisation de plaques d'altuglas, de Plexiglas ou de produits industriels similaires, est admise.
En outre :
- Les lettres et signes qui composent les enseignes doivent mesurer au maximum 0,30 mètre de haut.
- Les lettres et signes qui composent l'enseigne en bandeau (enseigne à plat installée en partie haute de la façade commerciale) doivent être alignés.
- Les enseignes ne doivent être placées plus haut que les allèges des baies du premier étages, ni s'élever à plus de 3,5 mètres du sol.
- Des lambrequins (bavolets) peuvent porter l'indication de la raison sociale en lettres de caractère graphique, proportionnées à la hauteur des lambrequins qui ne doit pas excéder 0,40 mètre.
- Conformément à l'article A-3, les pharmacies et les services d'urgence peuvent utiliser des enseignes à messages clignotants ou à effet cinétique pour se signaler aux heures d'ouvertures.
Article 1.6 : Enseignes scellées au sol
Elles sont interdites.
Chapitre 2 : Dispositions applicables à la ZPR 2
Article 2.1 : Définition de la zone
La zone de Publicité Restreinte 2 est constituée des entrées de ville suivantes :
* La rue Henri Barbusse, de la plaque marquant l'entrée de l'agglomération jusqu'à l'Avenue du Maréchal Leclerc ;
* L'avenue d'Agen, de la plaque marquant l'entrée de l'agglomération jusqu'à la limite de la ZPPAUP ;
* L'avenue Jacques Bordeneuve, de la plaque marquant l'entrée de l'agglomération jusqu'à la limite de la ZPPAUP ;
* L'avenue de Fumel, de la plaque marquant l'entrée de l'agglomération jusqu'à la hauteur de chemin de Velours ;
* L'avenue du général de Gaulle et son prolongement (route de Monflanquin), de la plaque marquant l'entrée de l'agglomération jusqu'à la limite de la ZPPAUP.
La ZPR 2 de Villeneuve-sur-Lot s'étend sur une profondeur de 30 mètres, de part et d'autre de chacune de ces voies, mesurée depuis l'axe central de chaque avenue.
Article 2.2 : Publicités sur support
La surface utile ne peut excéder 8 m² par face.
La surface totale du dispositif ne peut excéder 10 m² par face.
Article 2.3 : Publicités scellées au sol
La surface utile des publicités ne peut excéder 8 m² par face.
La surface totale du dispositif, hors pied, ne peut excéder 10 m².
Les dispositifs scellés au sol d'une surface supérieure à 2 m² sont interdits :
. sur l'avenue du Général de Gaulle et son prolongement (route de Monflanquin)
. sur la section de l'avenue d'Agen comprise entre l'entrée de l'agglomération et la rue Alphonse de Poitiers
Article 2.4 : Densité des publicités
2.4.1 – Dispositifs supérieurs à 2 m²
184.108.40.206 Installation : Un dispositif accueillant une publicité d'un format supérieur à 2 m² ne peut être installé à moins de 100 mètres d'un autre dispositif de format supérieur à 2 m², ni à moins de 50 mètres d'un dispositif de format inférieur ou égal à 2 m².
220.127.116.11 Modification ou remplacement : Il est interdit de modifier ou remplacer un dispositif non conforme au présent règlement implanté :
- à moins de 100 mètres d'un dispositif supérieur à 2 m² conforme au présent règlement.
- à moins de 50 mètres d'un dispositif inférieur ou égal à 2 m² conforme au présent règlement.
2.4.2 - Dispositifs inférieurs ou égaux à 2 m²
18.104.22.168 Modification ou remplacement : Il est interdit de modifier ou remplacer un dispositif non conforme au présent règlement implanté à moins de 50 mètres d'un dispositif conforme au présent règlement.
22.214.171.124 Installation : Un dispositif accueillant une publicité d'un format inférieur ou égal à 2 m² ne peut être installé à moins de 50 mètres d'un autre dispositif.
Les publicités apposées sur les abris-voyageurs ne sont pas concernées par ces règles.
Ces règles d'espacement ne s'appliquent qu'aux dispositifs covisibles.
Article 2.5 : Enseignes à plat et perpendiculaires
Chaque établissement peut recevoir 3 types d'enseignes apposées sur sa devanture.
Celles-ci ne doivent ni être placées plus haut que les allèges des baies du premier étage, ni s'élever à plus de 3,50 mètres du sol (sauf pour les bâtiments à vocation uniquement commerciale, artisanale ou de bureaux).
Une enseigne en bandeau est autorisée par façade de l'établissement. Toutefois, dans le cas d'une façade commerciale rythmée par des travées, une enseigne en bandeau poura être autorisée pour chaque travée, sans pouvoir dépasser 3 enseignes bandeau par façade, commerciale.
- Une enseigne en bandeau (enseigne parallèle installée en partie haute de la façade commerciale).
Les lettres et signes qui composent cette enseigne sont alignés. La hauteur de l'enseigne bandeau ou des lettres et signes découpés qui la constituent ne pourra excéder 1/10 ème de la hauteur de la façade commerciale concernée de l'établissement.
- Une enseigne en drapeau (enseigne "perpendiculaire" à la façade commerciale).
Une enseigne en drapeau est autorisée par façade de l'établissement.
Une enseigne en drapeau ne peut former une saillie supérieure à 1 mètre par rapport à la façade.
La surface maximale de sa silhouette est de 1 m².
- Une enseigne en applique (inscription sur vitrine ou sur mur autre que l'enseigne bandeau).
Une enseigne en applique est admise par façade de l'établissement, à condition de ne comporter ni caisson, ni cadre.
La hauteur du lettrage des enseignes en applique ne pourra excéder 1/12 ème de la hauteur de la façade commerciale concernée de l'établissement.
La surface totale des enseignes apposées par façade (à plat et perpendiculaire) ne doit pas excéder les valeurs suivantes, qui varient selon la longueur de la façade commerciale concernée de l'établissement.
Article 2.6 : Enseignes scellées au sol
Lorsque plusieurs activités sont implantées sur une même unité foncière, leurs messages doivent être regroupés sur un seul et unique dispositif le long de chaque voie bordant l'unité foncière.
Le long de la principale voie d'accès bordant l'unité foncière où est installée l'activité, une enseigne scellée au sol ou installée directement dans le sol est autorisée.
De forme libre, le dispositif s'inscrit obligatoirement dans un volume présentant les caractéristiques suivantes :
Hauteur maximum : 6 mètres
Largeur maximum : 1,4 mètre
Épaisseur maximum : 0,60 mètre
Chapitre 3 : Dispositions applicables à la ZPR 3
Article 3.1 : Définition de la zone
La zone de publicité restreinte 3 est constituée des secteurs d'activités suivants :
- Les parties des zones UX du Plan Local d'Urbanisme en vigueur au moment de la délivrance de l'autorisation, situées à l'intérieur de l'agglomération.
- La partie située à l'Ouest des rues de Tournemolle et Henri de Bournazel de la zone Uca du Plan Local d'Urbanisme approuvé le 13/07/2007 qui est située au lieu-dit Glady (avenue Jacques Bordeneuve).
-La zone Uca du Plan Local d'Urbanisme approuvé le 13/07/2007 qui est située au lieu-dit Radail (avenue d'Agen).
Lorsque la ZPR 2 et la ZPR 3 se superposent, les dispositions relatives à la ZPR 2 s'appliquent.
Article 3.2 : Publicités sur support
La surface utile ne peut excéder 4 m² par face.
La surface totale du dispositif ne peut excéder 6 m² par face.
Article 3.3 : Publicités scellées au sol
La surface utile ne peut excéder 2 m² par face.
La surface totale du dispositif, hors pied, ne peut excéder 3 m² par face. 9
Article 3.4 : Densité des publicités
Il est interdit de modifier un dispositif non conforme au présent règlement implanté à moins de 50 mètres d'un dispositif conforme.
Une publicité ne peut être implantée à moins de 50 mètres d'une autre. Cette règle s'applique uniquement en cas de covisibilité.
Les publicités apposées sur les abris-voyageurs ne sont pas concernées par ces règles.
Article 3.5 : Enseignes à plat et perpendiculaires
- Enseigne à plat :
La surface des enseignes apposées à plat ou parallèlement à une façade ne doit pas excéder les valeurs suivantes, qui varient selon la longueur de la façade commerciale concernée de l'établissement.
| Linéaires de façades (L en mètre) : | L < 15 m | 30 > L > 15 m | 60 m > L > 30 m |
|---|---|---|---|
| En façade principale : | 10 m² | 20 m² | 30 m² |
Elles peuvent être constituées d'enseignes en bandeau comportant, en lettres et signes alignés, le logo et le nom de l'établissement. La hauteur de l'enseigne bandeau ou des lettres et signes découpés qui la constituent ne peut excéder 1/6ème de la hauteur maximum de la façade commerciale concernée de l'établissement.
La hauteur du lettrage des autres enseignes à plat ne peut excéder 1/10ème de la hauteur de la façade commerciale concernée de l'établissement.
- Enseigne en drapeau (enseigne « perpendiculaire » à la façade commerciale) :
Une enseigne en drapeau est autorisée par façade de l 'établissement.
Une enseigne en drapeau ne peut former une saillie supérieure à 1,5 mètre par rapport à la façade.
La surface maximale de sa silhouette est de 3 m².
Article 3.6 : Enseigne scellées au sol
Lorsque plusieurs activités sont implantées sur une même unité foncière, leurs messages doivent être regroupés sur un seul et unique dispositif le long de chaque voie bordant l'unité foncière.
Le long de la principale voie d'accès bordant l'unité foncière où est installée l'activité, une enseigne scellée au sol ou installée directement dans le sol est autorisée.
De forme libre, le dispositif s'inscrit obligatoirement dans un volume présentant les caractéristiques suivantes :
Hauteur maximum : 6 mètres
Largeur maximum : 1,4 mètre
Épaisseur maximum : 0,60 mètre
Deux mâts par unité foncière peuvent également être installés pour y accrocher des fanions, drapeaux, calicots ou banderoles. La hauteur des dispositifs ne peut excéder 10 mètres et la surface totale des enseignes ne peut excéder 4 m² par mât.
Chapitre 4 : Dispositions applicables à la ZPR 4
Article 4.1 : Définition de la zone
Elle est constituée par les parties du territoire communal aggloméré qui ne sont comprises ni en ZPR 1 ni en ZPR 2 ni en ZPR 3.
Elle inclut la zone agglomérée de Saint-Radegonde.
Article 4.2 : Publicités sur support
La surface utile ne peut excéder 4 m².
La surface totale du dispositif ne peut excéder 6 m² par face.
Article 4.3 : Publicités scellées au sol
La surface utile des publicités ne peut excéder 2 m² par face.
La surface totale du dispositif, hors pied, ne peut excéder 3 m² par face.
Article 4.4 Densité des publicités
Il est interdit de modifier un dispositif non conforme au présent règlement implanté à moins de 50 mètres d'un dispositif conforme.
Une publicité ne peut être implantée à moins de 50 mètres d'une autre. Cette règle s'applique uniquement en cas de covisibilité.
Les publicités apposées sur les abris-voyageurs ne sont pas concernées par ces règles.
Article 4.5 : Enseignes à plat et perpendiculaires
Chaque établissement peut recevoir 3 types d'enseignes sur la devanture.
Celles-ci doivent ni être placées plus haut que les allèges des baies du premier étage, étage, ni s'élever à plus de 3,50 mètres du sol (sauf pour les bâtiments à vocation uniquement commerciale, artisanale ou de bureaux).
- Une enseigne en bandeau (enseigne parallèle installée en partie haute de la façade commerciale).
Une enseigne en bandeau est autorisée par façade de l'établissement. Toutefois dans le cas d'une façade commerciale rythmée par des travées, une enseigne en bandeau pourra être autorisée pour chaque travée.
- Une enseigne en drapeau (enseigne « perpendiculaire » à la façade commerciale).
Les lettres et signes qui composent cette enseigne sont alignés et mesurent au maximum 0,30 mètre de haut .
Une enseigne en drapeau est autorisée par façade de l'établissement.
La surface maximale de sa silhouette est de 0,40 mètre carré.
Une enseigne en drapeau ne peut former une saillie supérieure à 0,80 mètre par rapport à la façade.
- Enseigne en applique (inscription sur vitrine ou sur mur autre que l'enseigne en bandeau).
- Lettres et signes fixés directement sur la façade, sans fond. La hauteur de ces lettres et signes ne peut excéder 0,30 mètre.
Une enseigne en applique est admise par établissement, à condition de ne comporter ni caisson, ni cadre, ni « dispositif-support » et d'appartenir à l'un des trois types suivants :
- Inscription peinte directement sur la façade ou sur la vitrine.
- Enseigne peinte ou imprimée sur une toile « marouflée »(toile collée directement sur le support).
Article 4.6 : Enseignes scellées au sol
Le long de la principale voie d'accès bordant l'unité foncière où est installée l'activité, une enseigne scellée au sol ou installée directement dans le sol est autorisée.
Lorsque plusieurs activités sont implantées sur une même unité foncière, leurs messages doivent être regroupés sur un seul et unique totem le long de chaque voie bordant l'unité foncière.
De forme libre, elles s'inscrivent obligatoirement dans un volume présentant les caractéristiques suivantes :
Hauteur maximum : 4 mètres,
Largeur maximum : 1 mètre,
Épaisseur maximum : 0,50 mètre.
Titre III : Dispositions finales
Article H.1 : Publications légales
Le présent arrêté et le document graphique annexé seront tenus à la disposition du public à la mairie, ainsi qu'à la préfecture.
Il sera affiché en mairie, fera l'objet d'une mention en caractères apparents dans deux journaux régionaux ou locaux diffusés dans tout le département et sera publié au recueil des actes administratifs de la préfecture du Lot-et-Garonne.
Article H.2 : Recours contentieux
Le présent arrêté est susceptible de faire l'objet d'un recours en annulation devant le tribunal administratif de Bordeaux dans un délai de 2 mois à compter de l'accomplissement de la dernière des mesures de publicité visées au deuxième alinéa de l'article 91.
Article H.3 : Mise en conformité
Les publicités et préenseignes installées avant l'entrée en vigueur du présent arrêté et ne satisfaisant pas aux prescriptions nouvelles, devront faire l'objet d'une dépose ou de mise en conformité dans un délai de deux ans à compter de la dernière publication du présent arrêté.
Tout remplacement d'un dispositif soumis à autorisation, toute modification apportée, toute installation d'un dispositif nouveau entraînent l'obligation de se conformer au présent règlement.
Les enseignes installées avant l'entrée en vigueur du présent arrêté et ne satisfaisant pas aux prescriptions nouvelles peuvent, sous réserve de ne pas contrevenir à la réglementation antérieure, être maintenues pendant un délai de deux ans à compter de la décision de l'autorité administrative compétente en ordonnant la suppression ou la modification.
Article H.4 : Concurrence entre dispositifs
En cas de litige dans l'application des règles édictées au présent arrêté,
- Le dispositif ayant la plus grande surface sera maintenu.
Au cas où ce critère serait inopérant,
- Un dispositif sur support sera maintenu au détriment d'un dispositif scellé au sol.
Enfin, au cas où ces critères ne suffiraient pas à départager des dispositifs, sera maintenu le plus éloigné d'une limite séparative de propriété.
Article H.5 : Application de l'arrêté
- Monsieur le Directeur Régional de l'Environnement,
Le maire, ainsi que tous les agents de la force publique sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent arrêté, dont une copie sera adressée à :
- Monsieur le Chef du Service Départemental de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine,
- Monsieur le Directeur Départemental de l'équipement.
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NEUE GESETZE UND VERORDNUNGEN
EU-RECHT
EU-Verordnung zur Festlegung von Anforderungen an die umweltgerechte Gestaltung von Leuchtstofflampen ohne eingebautes Vorschaltgerät, Hochdruckentladungslampen sowie Vorschaltgeräte und Leuchten zu ihrem Betrieb
Verordnung (EG) Nr. 347/2010
(Mag. Dominik Maitz, DW 1241)
Die Verordnung regelt Effizienz- und Produktanforderungen, sowie Informationsverpflichtungen.
Nähere Details finden Sie im Anhang III der Verordnung, sowie unter:
http://wko.at/unternehmerservice/ce_kennzeichnung/rt_oekodesign.asp
EU-Verordnung über die Verbringung von Abfällen
Verordnung (EG) Nr. 413/2010
(Mag. Dr. Erich Rosenbach, DW 1493)
Die Anhänge III, IV und V der Abfallverbringungsverordnung werden gemäß dem Anhang der vorliegenden Verordnung geändert.
Änderung der 5. EU-Review-Verordnung (Biozide)
Verordnung (EG) Nr. 298/2010
(Ing. Mag. Maria Weiner, DW 1475)
Mit der Änderung der 5. Review-Verordnung werden bis zum Ende der verlängerten Reviewperiode aus Richtlinie 2009/107/EG, dem 14. Mai 2014, bestimmte Stoffe oder Erzeugnisse, die normalerweise von Menschen verzehrt oder an Tiere verfüttert werden und als Lockmittel oder Abwehrmittel (Produktart 19) auf dem Markt sind, aus dem Review-Programm entfernt.
Sie sollen zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt ausdrücklich aus dem Geltungsbereich der Richtlinie 98/8/EG (Biozid-Produkte Richtlinie) ausgenommen werden.
Änderung des Anhang XVII der REACH - Verordnung durch Verordnung (EG) Nr. 276/2010
Verordnung (EG) Nr. 276/2010
(Ing. Mag. Maria Weiner, DW 1475)
Die Änderungen betreffen Dichlormethan, Lampenöle und flüssige Grillanzünder sowie zinnorganische Verbindungen. Näheres auf wko.at/reach „Folder und Leitfäden“, REACH-Rechtstext.
Änderung der REACH-Verordnung als Angleichung an die CLP-Verordnung durch die Verordnung (EG) Nr. 453/2010
Verordnung (EG) Nr. 453/2010
(Ing. Mag. Maria Weiner, DW 1475)
Die Anforderungen an die Erstellung eines Sicherheitsdatenblatts wurden geändert und an die CLP Verordnung angepasst:
- Weitergabe der Registriernummer
- nicht unterstützte Verwendungen (Kap. 1)
- Weitergabe der „alten“ Einstufung (Kap. 2)
- Abverkaufsfristen
- 2 Anhänge - Anpassung an Stoff/Gemisch (SDB I und SDB II)
Mit 1. Dezember 2010 muss auch in das Einstufungs- und Kennzeichnungsverzeichnis gemeldet werden: Jeder Hersteller oder Importeur eines registrierungspflichtigen oder gefährlichen Stoffes muss dessen Einstufung kurz nach dem erstmaligen Inverkehrbringen an die ECHA melden. Das ist unabhängig von der hergestellten oder importierten Menge eines Stoffes. Auch Stoffe, die mit weniger als 1 t pro Jahr hergestellt oder importiert werden, müssen somit der Agentur mitgeteilt werden. Die Registrierung gilt automatisch als Meldung. Die Agentur nimmt die entsprechenden Informationen in das Verzeichnis auf.
Dieses wird in Form einer online Datenbank öffentlich zugänglich gemacht. Zweck des Verzeichnisses ist es, dass Hersteller oder Importeure eines bestimmten
Stoffes diesen in Zukunft bestmöglich einheitlich einstufen.
**ACHTUNG:** Ab 1. Dezember müssen Stoffe gemäß CLP eingestuft, gekennzeichnet und verpackt werden. Stoffe, die bereits in Verkehr sind (verpackt und gekennzeichnet im Lager oder Regal), können 2 Jahre lang mit der alten Einstufung, Kennzeichnung und Verpackung abverkauft werden.
Für Gemische gilt entsprechend als Umstellungstermin der 1. Juni 2015 mit ebenfalls einer Abverkaufsfrist von 2 Jahren.
Wer die Übergangsfristen nicht in Anspruch nehmen will, kann das neue Einstufungs- und Kennzeichnungssystem bereits jetzt anwenden.
**Verordnung über die an die Europäische Chemikalienagentur zu entrichtenden Gebühren gemäß der CLP Verordnung Verordnung (EG) Nr. 440/2010**
(Ing. Mag. Maria Weiner, DW 1475)
Die Gebühren sind abgestuft je nach Unternehmensgröße:
Vorschlag für harmonisierte Einstufung (Art. 37 (3) CLP):
**Gebühren:**
12.000,- (Standard); 8.400,- (Mittelunternehmen);
4.800,- (Kleinunternehmen); 1.200,- (Mikro)
Für die Verwendung einer alternativen chemischen Bezeichnung nach Art 24 (1) CLP:
**Gebühr pro Stoff:**
4.000,- (Standard); 2.800,- (Mittelunternehmen);
1.600,- (Kleinunternehmen); 400,- (Mikro)
**BUNDESRECHT**
**Bergbau-Abfallverordnung**
BGBl II Nr. 130/2010
(Mag. Dr. Erich Rosenbach, DW 1493)
Die neue Bergbau-Abfall-Verordnung legt Details zur Bewirtschaftung bergbaulicher Abfälle im Geltungsbereich des Mineralrohstoffgesetzes fest. Dazu enthält die Verordnung insbesondere nähere Festlegungen zum Abfallbewirtschaftungsplan, Anforderungen an Bau und Betrieb von bergbaulichen Abfallentsorgungsanlagen und an die Rückverfüllung von Abbauohlräumen.
Für bestimmte bergbauliche Abfallentsorgungsanlagen ("Kategorie A-Anlagen") ist ein Sicherheitsmanagement einzuführen, ein Notfallplan zu erstellen sowie die Öffentlichkeit über mögliche schwere Unfälle vorbeugend zu informieren. Auch zu diesen Themen enthält die neue Verordnung konkrete Vorgaben.
Die Bergbau-Abfall-Verordnung (BGBl. II Nr. 130/2010) dient der Umsetzung vom Gemeinschaftsrecht. Sie wurde am 30. April 2010 kundgemacht und ist am 1. Mai 2010 in Kraft getreten.
**Tiermaterialienverordnung**
BGBl. II Nr. 141/2010
(Mag. Dr. Erich Rosenbach, DW 1493)
Die Tiermaterialienverordnung regelt den Umgang mit tierischen Nebenprodukten. Darunter fallen u.a. auch Küchen- und Speiseabfälle.
Der Begriff „Gastronomiebetriebe“ umfasst laut geänderter Definition Lebensmittelunternehmen, bei deren Tätigkeit Küchen- und Speiseabfälle anfallen, wie Gasthäuser, Betriebsküchen, Einrichtungen der Gemeinschaftsverpflegung, Buschenschanken, Imbissbuden und andere Betriebe mit gastronomischer Tätigkeit.
Bezüglich des Umgangs mit Küchen- und Speiseabfällen bzw. ehemaligen Lebensmitteln gilt für kleine Gastronomiebetriebe: Betriebe mit nicht mehr als 8 Verabreichungsplätzen, in denen keine küchenbetriebsmäßige Zubereitung erfolgt, dürfen die geringen Mengen an Küchen- und Speiseabfälle zusammen mit dem Restmüll abgeben. Weiters sind noch die Vorgaben bzgl. Entleerung, Reinigung und Desinfektion der Sammelbehälter ergänzt worden.
**Altfahrzeugeverordnung**
BGBl. II 179/2010
(Mag. Dr. Erich Rosenbach, DW 1493)
In Zukunft wird es möglich sein, dass die Erstübernehmer bzw. die Behandler von Altfahrzeugen bestimmte Pflichten auf ein Sammel- und Verwertungssystem für Altfahrzeuge überbinden können (siehe §10 Abs.5 und §11 Abs.5).
Konkret geht es dabei um die folgenden Pflichten:
**Behandler:** Meldung der Gesamtmasse der sowohl einer Wiederverwendung als auch einer Verwertung zugeführten Abfallfraktionen, gegliedert nach den Abfallarten und Übernehmern. Es handelt sich dabei um eine jährliche Meldeverpflichtung.
**Erstübernehmer:** Meldung über die Erreichung der Wiederverwendungs- und Wiederverwertungsziele. Es handelt sich dabei um eine jährliche Meldeverpflichtung.
Zum Nachweis der Verwertungsquote haben Erstübernehmer einen Bericht über die Verwertungsbeiträge aus den Shredderbilanzen bzw. einen Bericht über die Verwertungsbeiträge aus den Postshredderfraktionen zu übermitteln.
Erstübernehmer müssen sicherstellen, dass sämtliche zurückgenommenen Altfahrzeuge bis zum Ende des auf die Rücknahme folgenden Kalenderjahres einer Behandlung in einer Shredderanlage zugeführt werden.
Als weitere Neuerung haben die Shredderbetriebe ihre Shredderbilanz nicht mehr (wie bisher) jährlich, sondern nur mehr alle drei Jahre zu erstellen.
Die Novelle ist mit 17. Juni 2010 in Kraft getreten.
Deponieverordnung 2008 - Novelle
BGBl. II 178/2010
(Ing. Mag. Maria Weiner, DW 1475)
Die Novelle ist mit 1. Juli 2010 in Kraft getreten. Gleichzeitig wurde vom Umweltministerium die Richtlinie zur Berechnung von finanziellen Sicherstellungen für Deponien übermittelt. Deponieinhaber bekommen mit dieser Novelle die Möglichkeit, die zu entrichtenden Sicherstellungen stufenweise entsprechend den abgelagerten Massen zu entrichten; dh. Ratenzahlung statt Einmalerlag der Sicherstellung. Der Einmalerlag würde Deponiebetreiber vor ein Finanzierungsproblem stellen.
Betroffen von der Novelle bzw. von den Vorgaben der Berechnungs-Richtlinie sind Deponieinhaber einer Bodenaushubdeponie größer 100.000 m³, Inertabfall-, Baustoffmassen-, Reststoff oder Massenabfalldeponie von bereits bestehenden Deponien und von zukünftig erst zu errichtenden Deponien. Die Höhe der Sicherstellung wird im Rahmen der Genehmigung bzw. Überprüfung als Einzelfallfestlegung berechnet und regelmäßig zur Wertsicherung (Baunindex) angepasst.
Düngemittelverordnung - Novelle
BGBl. II Nr. 162/2010
(Ing. Mag. Maria Weiner, DW 1475)
Die Novelle enthält eine Legaldefinition des Begriffs „Wirtschaftsdünger“. Außerdem wurde die Biogasgülle in den Anwendungsbereich aufgenommen und eine Neufassung der Probenahmebestimmungen vorgenommen. Die Änderung der Bestimmungen über den Ammoniumnitrat-N-Gehalts bei mineralischen Stickstoffdüngern, ausgenommen bei Abgabe an Landwirte und Gewerbetreibende, sowie die Festsetzung von Grenzwerten für hygienische Anforderungen sowie andere Schadstoffe und Rückstände runden die Novelle ab.
Verzeichnis der Harmonisierten Normen für die Sicherheit von Aufzügen und von Sicherheitsbauteilen für Aufzüge
BGBl. II Nr. 108/2010
Anlage
(Mag. Dominik Maitz, DW 1241)
Die harmonisierten Europäischen Normen und die entsprechenden österreichischen Normen für die Sicherheit von Aufzügen und von Sicherheitsbauteilen für Aufzüge werden in der als Anlage angeschlossenen Neufassung des Anhangs XVI der Aufzüge-Sicherheitsverordnung 2008 - ASV 2008 mit Stand 5. November 2009 aufgelistet.
Verzeichnis der harmonisierten Normen für die Sicherheit von Geräten und Schutzsystemen zur Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen
BGBl. II Nr. 159/2010
Anlage
(Mag. Dominik Maitz, DW 1241)
Die Neufassung des Verzeichnisses der harmonisierten Europäischen Normen für die Sicherheit von Geräten und Schutzsystemen zur Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen wird in der Anlage mit Stand 16. April 2010 geregelt.
Aktualisierung der Normenverzeichnisse der PSA-SV betreffend das Verzeichnis der harmonisierten Normen und der für die Sicherheit von Persönlichen Schutzausrüstungen
PSA Normen 2010 II 157
Anlage 1
Anlage 2
(Mag. Dominik Maitz, DW 1241)
Anlage 1 enthält das Verzeichnis der harmonisierten Europäischen Normen für die Sicherheit von Persönlichen Schutzausrüstungen und der entsprechenden österreichischen Normen, Anlage 2 das Verzeichnis der ÖNORMEN, die bis zum Vorliegen
harmonisierter Europäischer Normen weiter angewendet werden können.
**Medizinische Strahlenschutzverordnung-Novelle**
**BGBl. II Nr. 197/2010**
(Mag. Dr. Erich Rosenbach, DW 1493)
Die Verordnung beinhaltet Maßnahmen zum Schutz von Personen vor Schäden durch Anwendung ionisierender Strahlung im Bereich der Medizin. Neu geregelt wurde vor allem der Bereich der Teleradiologie.
**Artenhandel-Unerheblichkeitenverordnung**
**BGBl. II Nr. 113/2010**
(Mag. Dominik Maitz, DW 1241)
Die Verordnung enthält Regelungen über das Kriterium der Unerheblichkeit beim Handel mit Exemplaren von wildlebenden Tier- und Pflanzenarten.
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**WIENER LANDESRECHT**
**Änderung des Wr. Veranstaltungsgesetz**
**LGBl. Nr. 26/2010**
(Mag. Dominik Maitz, DW 1241)
Für bestimmte Veranstaltungen entfällt die Anmelde- und Bewilligungspflicht, wenn die Teilnehmerzahl 200 Personen nicht übersteigt und die Veranstaltung nicht im Freien stattfindet. Die bisherige Ausnahme zugunsten Gastgewerbetreibender, welche in ihren Räumlichkeiten unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen Veranstaltungen bis zu einer Teilnehmerzahl von 300 Personen anmelden- und konzessionsfrei abhalten dürfen, bleibt unberührt.
Weiter erfordert der Betrieb von Veranstaltungsstätten, die der Durchführung von Tanztraining dienen (ausgenommen Ballett, künstlerische Tänze, traditionelle österr. Volkstänze und Tätigkeiten iSd. Wr. Tanzschulgesetzes) keine Anmeldung oder Bewilligung mehr.
Außerdem entfällt künftig die Eignungsfeststellung der Veranstaltungsstätte für Schaussteller- und Varieteveranstaltungen und dafür verwendete mobile Einrichtungen, wenn letztere in einem anderen Bundesland bescheidmäßig bewilligt und die Schutzinteressen des Veranstaltungsgesetzes gutachterlich bestätigt wurden. Die Bestimmungen für zwingende Eignungsfeststellungen wurden im Allgemeinen gelockert. Das Gesetz tritt mit 1. August 2010 in Kraft.
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**VERANSTALTUNGEN**
**WIFI-Kurs „Einführung in das Umweltmanagement“**
Termine: 22.11.2010 bis 13.12.2010 oder 29.03.2011 bis 14.04.2011
**Ziel:**
Sie haben einen Überblick über europäisches und nationales Umweltrecht. Sie sind kompetente Partner beim Aufbau eines Umwelt-Management-Systems.
**Zielgruppe:**
Umwelt- und Qualitätsmanagementbeauftragte, Fachpersonal und Führungskräfte, die ein Umweltmanagementsystem betreuen oder in ihrem Unternehmen einführen möchten.
Die Teilnahmegebühr beträgt € 550,-. Weitere Informationen finden Sie im WIFI-Kursbuch unter www.wifiwien.at
**Workshop REACH und CLP**
„Vorbereitung auf die heiße Phase“
Wirtschaftskammer Wien, 28.7.2010 von 9:00 bis 16:30 Uhr. Anmeldungen bis 20.7.2010 unter email@example.com.
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**ANSPRECHPARTNER:**
Wirtschaftskammer Wien,
Energie- und Umweltreferat
Stubenring 8 - 10, 1010 Wien
☎ 514 50-1045, Fax 514 50-1480
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Internet: wko.at/wien/umwelt
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**Rechtliche Fragen betreffend Abfall, Altlasten, Betriebsanlagen, Energieanlagen,**
**Energietechnikrecht:**
Mag. Dr. Erich ROSENBACH DW 1493
Mag. Dominik MAITZ DW 1241
**Chemikalienrecht, ADR, Öko Business Plan Wien:**
Ing. Mag. Maria WEINER DW 1475
**Wasserrecht, CE-Kennzeichnung:**
Mag. Dominik MAITZ DW 1241
**Umweltmanagement, Nachhaltigkeit:**
DI Regina PLAS (vormittags) DW 1601
**Beschwerdemanagement, Energieabgabenvergütung, Energieausweis, Energietarife, Versorgerauswahl:**
Mag. Franziska AUJESKY (vormittags) DW 1306
**Energie- und Umweltförderungen**
DI Regina PLAS (vormittags) DW 1601
Mag. Franziska AUJESKY (vormittags) DW 1306
**Abfallbörse, Entsorgerdatenbank, Umweltnetzwerk, Sekretariat:**
Sanja SUBIN DW 1607
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Einen erholsamen Sommer wünscht Ihr Energie- und Umweltreferat!
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Academic Staff Senate Retreat
Date: __Monday, March 2, 2015
Start/End Time: __8:00am-10:00am
Location: ___YU 201
| AGENDA ITEM | WHO |
|---|---|
| Call Meeting to Order | Jen |
| Approve February minutes | Jen |
| New Business Budget – o How does AS Senate want to respond? AS Staff Development Grants o Timeline o Workshop or Large Group Development | Rob, Jen |
| 9:00am Administration Updates: Chancellor Provost | Renee Faith |
| 9:30am Faculty Exec Response to PP Concerns | Brent Notbohm |
| Governance Chairs Updates: AS Senate o Cabinet meeting updates CSS Faculty Senate Student Senate | Chair or President |
| AS Senate Committee Updates Group 1: Personnel Issues Group 2: Professional Development Group 3: Committees, Elections, By-Laws & Communication | |
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Position Paper on Cohesion Policy
15 March 2018
1 Executive Summary
EURADA represents economic development agencies. The importance of cohesion policy for our members and their societies, on which they have a positive and tangible impact, cannot be underestimated. For our members, cohesion policy is so much more than a policy which dictates the allocation of funds and that is why this paper will make suggestions for its future improvement.
This paper highlights:
* an introduction to the importance of cohesion policy (2)
.
* the evolving context in which cohesion policy is being made and the merits of continuity in post-2020 cohesion policy (3).
* EURADA's suggestions for a flexible and simplified policy orientated towards results and focused on the importance of SMEs (4.2 – 4.4).
* EURADA's position vis-à-vis prospective changes to cohesion policy's funding, i.e. a highly minimized reduction in the budget (4.1).
* EURADA's availability and willingness to assist in informing cohesion policy's development as far as it relates to any of the points raised in this paper (5).
2 Introduction
For European development agencies, Cohesion policy is:
* the constant improvement and development of the economy and Europe's social fabric.
* the reduction of disparities between regions and Member States for the benefit of the Single Market.
* a policy framework which makes possible interregional development.
* a bottom-up and tailor-made approach for development which is best suited to the needs of local/regional actors (evident in Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation).
* a driver of direct and indirect economic growth.
* and an effective changemaker in industrial structures and innovation eco-systems.
For all of the aforementioned reasons supporting cohesion policy and our suggestions for enhancing future cohesion policy, EURADA understands that EU polices do not operate in a vacuum. Following the recently published European Commission's communication on the future of Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) (which unveiled important, significant implications for cohesion policy after 2020), it is wise to consider that the status quo of MFF, which impacts the three main funds financing cohesion policy, is unlikely to continue and as such change should be expected. The prospective changes take place in a European context which is ever evolving and challenging. From the United Kingdom's forthcoming withdrawal from the European Union (EU) and its consequences for MFF, and the increasing interest of all Member States in the
deepening of EU Defence Cooperation to respond to security challenges, to ongoing societal issues most recently posed by migration flows, there is no doubt that our context is challenging. Yet it is precisely these European challenges which make cohesion policy so relevant today. As without or with less cohesion policy, economic growth and employment creation will be threatened.
3 An evolving Europe and the merits of cohesion policy
Post-2020 cohesion policy is not simply a technical issue dependent on the future of MFF. The future of cohesion policy is intrinsically linked to regional economic development, meaning that it plays a clear, forceful role in economic growth and prosperity, as well as employment in European regions. Cohesion policy affects all European actors and European citizens. Financed by multiple ESIFs (European Structural and Investment Funds), cohesion policy aims to advance socio-economic development, reduce disparities, make structural adjustments and facilitate industrial conversion. It is a policy which puts useful, thoughtful investment at the centre of its reasoning for Europe to reach its full economic and social potential. Cohesion policy is, however, not exclusively a policy based on financial investment; it underpins a policy framework for integrated regional development favouring and facilitating regions to enhance and develop their own regional, specific economic strengths. Initiatives such as TAIEX REGIO offer a good example of bringing together multi-regional actors. TAIEX offers peer to peer exchange, specifically for those who implement European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund (CF), by pairing regional actors to increase their capabilities and those of their governance structures together. Under the TAIEX programme, the pairing of one of our members, the Development Agency for North-East Romania (ADR), and with an experienced Managing Authority, Northern Netherlands Provinces Alliance (SNN), has allowed two regions with their own distinct profiles to find common solutions to social challenges that they face.
2 For EURADA's members, Europe's economic development practitioners, what is central to cohesion policy's implementation (as far as its assistance in developing the strengths of all European regions is concerned) is that its formation has received a significant input from those for whom cohesion policy matters most – regions and their stakeholders. It is therefore this tailor-made policy which favours the priorities and input from all actors, but most specifically the actors who implement the policy closest to the challenges that cohesion policy seeks to address. At a technical policy implementation level for funds management, those who oversee the distribution of funds remain near the beneficiaries. For regions which are the main beneficiaries, cohesion policy plays a significant and important role in economic growth and prosperity. According to macroeconomic models and their estimations provided by DG REGIO, for some EU countries there has been an increase in GDP by 4% due to cohesion policy's contribution, and with the
example of Poland, GDP is estimated to be 6% higher. The example of the Baltic States demonstrates that cohesion policy is working well with funds invested as part of cohesion policy under the 2014-2020 programming period having provided the necessary steps for a higher than expected annual growth in GDP of 2.5% until 2023. Such high levels of improvement are also significant for all regions due to ameliorated, new trade opportunities. At a micro-level, the impact of cohesion policy's implementation is strong and clear with its focus on business Research and Innovation which is facilitated by the adoption of new technologies across all EU regions. The previous programming period's impact was good with over 400 000 SMEs and 121 400 start-ups receiving financial assistance and 94 955 research projects receiving funding. Building on the previous programming period, for regional governance the pioneering initiatives of Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3) have been instrumental in tailoring support to regions' strengths and potential.
4 Technical considerations for the future
Despite its benefits, cohesion policy must readapt to be more effective to the new framework. For the post-2020 cohesion policy a common strategic framework is required to make possible an easier combination of funds, the reinforcement of bottom-up approaches, the redefinition of the partnership principle for greater multilevel governance and an overall orientation towards results which consider societal needs. Following on from several reforms of cohesion policy, the governance capacity level in EU public administration should allow those who implement cohesion policy to be ambitious post-2020. In the ongoing programming period, our members have demonstrated that it is possible to implement sophisticated policy instruments, for example smart specialisation strategies.
To increase the impact of the ongoing policy, we suggest EU cohesion policy should be reformulated considering the following observations and recommendations:
* a minimal reduction in the budget should be pursued because cohesion policy is an investment that pays back in economic growth.
* a flexible approach for future regulations, coupled with a simplified implementation, will ensure an improvement in stakeholder familiarity with legislation and enhance cohesion policy's impact.
* a policy which is even more results orientated, i.e. operative.
* a policy which puts SMEs at its core.
4.1 The overall budget and ESIF
At the centre of discussion on cohesion policy is the future budget and its impact. The favoured option is a minimized reduction to the budget considering that there will be less funds available after the departure of the United Kingdom, the increased needs of the EU security and defence policy and societal challenges that need to be addressed like migration. However, this reduction is not the sole change to which we seek to react, there are significant additional considerations which go beyond budgeting concerns and relate to Cohesion Policy and its implementation. A limited reduction in the budget used to implement Cohesion Policy is what we and our stakeholders seek. Understanding the political context in which Europe operates, we consider that ESIF supports effectively competitiveness and growth, making possible to upgrade the overall economic output of the EU. Cohesion policy should be a key pillar of public investment policy that pays back in terms of general, overall economic growth.
4.2 Flexibility and simplification
European development agencies welcome a smooth transition from the current programming period to the next one, with an evolution of the current regulation that will not imply major changes. The changes in the regulation of cohesion policy should aim to achieve greater simplicity and flexibility as far as regulations are concerned. This could be practically applied with a reduction of articles and a harmonization of funding sources to increase stakeholder familiarity with legislation. For successful implementation of simplification, an increased level of trust between levels of government and their stakeholders should be presumed. At a technical and operational level, where Cohesion Policy is implemented, simplification and harmonization would ensure that stakeholders who are working directly on Operational Programmes are afforded ample opportunity to improve and enhance their work. Additionally, to limit administrative burdens, simplification at an implementation level could affect mutual recognition of certified audits which would avoid the double-checking of the same projects for the final beneficiaries (e.g. innovative enterprises).
Flexibility in cohesion policy is important because it will enable the mobilisation of the resources and strengths of the whole policy. All stakeholders of cohesion policy should be involved in the design of management systems to easily re-programme operational programmes. This is important to guarantee the current tailor-made approaches of the programmes implemented and taking into consideration the specific circumstances of each territory. Flexibility will empower the role of the EU as whole because it will be possible to use the full power of cohesion policy to respond with tailored investments to challenges like environmental emergences (e.g. floods in
4
Germany and France in 2016), disasters (e.g. forest fires in Portugal in summer 2017), or humanitarian crises (e.g. the arrival of 857 000 refugees and migrants in 2015 in Greece). Additionally, flexibility is one of the requisites to align operational programmes and smart specialisation strategies. The RIS3 development requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of the priorities and as a result the possibility to change approved Operational Plans to address challenges identified by updated monitoring and evaluation systems will reduce and avoid the additional administrative burdens for managing authorities, intermediate bodies and beneficiaries.
4.3 A cohesion policy oriented to results
The new regulatory framework of the post-2020 cohesion policy should be more operative to emphasise the delivery of results and to satisfy the demands of each territory. The focus should be to transfer from the realisation of activities to the development of project pipelines. As it is indicated in 7th Cohesion Report, the ongoing systems for the project selection criteria, which will consider the objectives set at the programme level to ensure that projects are properly focused and deliver tangible results aligned with policy, should be continuted.
In the field of Research and Innovation, the Operational Programs should have their activities aligned with the already established smart specialisation strategies of each territory. After the development of the RIS3, the focus should be to capitalise on the this highly participatory governance system. It is important to go beyond the existence of the strategies and focus stakeholders' undertakings on establishing a good, prioritised project portfolio with a coherent policy mix, roadmaps and actions plans fully aligned with the Operational Programs to leverage all possible efforts to invest in the priorities already identified.
4.4 The importance of SMEs
Support to entrepreneurs should be the top priority of the next generation of ESIF. All the governance structures (e.g. managing authorities) should be client oriented. There needs to be measures which when implemented will improve the impact of funds. For example, including a single interlocutor for managing authorities that might be specifically oriented to answer the requirements of the enterprises (and accountable for the results of this activity of orientation to the users), the possibility of establishing global grants in a single operation that would combine internally funds like ERDF and European Social Fund (ESF) for a single beneficiary, the extension of the use of lump sums that would make easier reporting of the expenditures (just with the results).
SME support should be done with comprehensive mechanisms that would foster at the same time their innovation, internationalisation and competitiveness. For that purpose, the ecosystem approach of the Cohesion Policy has proven its value. It is not only about the amount of funds (accordingly with 7th Cohesion Report ERDF is the largest single EU source of financing for innovation and competitiveness), cohesion policy substantially supports the activity of intermediaries which create an ecosystem where entrepreneurs flourish with the creation and scaling up of private companies.
5 Conclusion
EURADA's considerations for the future:
* with an expected overall reduction to the budget, a minimized reduction to funds used for cohesion policy is sought.
* ESIF can continue to support effectively the competitiveness and growth of economic actors.
* Simplification of regulations would ensure a stable transition from the current programming period to the post-2020 programming period.
* A flexible policy which allows stakeholders of cohesion policy to fully participate in its formulation will strengthen the EU's ability to respond to emergency and non-emergency challenges alike with tailor made solutions. Additionally, following on from RIS3's development and its inherent flexibility, we seek increased flexibility in Operational Plans to respond to challenges without additional administrative burdens.
* The delivery of results matched to the needs of specific needs of regions should be prioritized.
* At a microlevel, ESIF should prioritize and favour support for entrepreneurs and SME with mechanisms which combine and enhance innovation, internationalisation and competitiveness.
Cohesion policy's merits do not exclusively lie in assisting regional development. Its merits are borne from much more than funding regions; it's true, principal merit lies in the fact that it is Europe's way of preparing for the future through investment. Cohesion policy invests in innovation, SMEs, climate change, social inclusion and integration which combat crosssectorial divisions in Europe, from economic and social disparities to those firmly resulting from regional and territorial specificities.
Despite its benefits, cohesion policy must readapt to be more effective to a new framework and policymaking context. Consequently, EURADA considers that the current post-crisis economic framework, the ongoing societal challenges, and the already developed smart specialisation strategies allow and make possible an ambitious post-2020 cohesion policy in line with the emerging budgetary re-prioritisations. European development agencies remain fully available and willing to develop the suggestions and recommendations for cohesion policy.
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The Genesee Community Charter School Board of Trustees Education Governance Council
FINAL Meeting Minutes | August 18, 2021
Cunningham House, RMSC Campus
Board Members Present: Michele Hannagan, Charlie Johnson (On Zoom), Nolica Murray-Fields, Ryan O'Malley, Elizabeth Pietrzykowski, Nathaniel Sheppard, Allison Shultes, Joshua Stapf, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess (On Zoom)
Board Members Absent:
Nolica Murray-Fields, Mark Schiesser, Traci Terrance
Educational Governance Council Members Present: Chris Dolgos (On Zoom), Shannon Hillman, Lisa O'Malley, Alexis Stubbe
Educational Governance Council Absent: Becki Mason
Guests: Robin Blew, Kemouy Bhalai, Christine Farrell
Legal Counsel Present: George DesMarteau
NOTE: Board Members listed in Bold are Non-Voting Members and Board Members listed in Italics are Board Members of the Flour City Campus.
1. Welcome, Call to Order, Agenda Overview:
Michele Hannagan called the meeting to order at 5:34 pm. A quorum is present. Special Welcome to Nate Sheppard, a new Community Representative to his first board meeting (unable to attend in July).
2. Greeting:
The greeting this evening is to introduce the two new Assistant School Leaders, Kemouy Bhalai and Christine Farrell! The group did a round robin of introductions as there were many new faces at the table. Kamouy and Christine introduced themselves to the Board and gave a brief overview of the experiences and first couple of weeks with GCCS. The Board members all introduced themselves and gave background on how we are connected to GCCS and our roles on the Board.
3. Teacher Presentation and/or Sabbatical Share:
None.
4. Review & Approve Monthly Minutes
Review and Approve July 14, 2021 Meeting Minutes
Motion 081821.1
Upon motion of Jess Wanner, and duly seconded by Tasha Stevens, RESOLVED, that the minutes of the July 14, 2021 River Campus meeting minutes of the Board be approved.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative:
None
Abstaining:
None
Motion 081821.1 passed:
7 to 0
Motion 081821.2
Upon motion of Ryan O'Malley, and duly seconded by Michele Hannagan, RESOLVED, that the minutes of the July 14, 2021 Flour Campus meeting minutes of the Board be approved.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative:
None
Abstaining: None
Review and Approve July 28, 2021 Executive Committee Meeting Minutes
Motion 081821.3
Upon motion of Allison Shultes, and duly seconded by Jess Wanner, RESOLVED, that the minutes of the July 28, 2021 Executive Committee Meeting of the Board be approved and all actions taken at the meeting be ratified.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative: None
Abstaining: None
Motion 081821.3 passed:
7 to 0
5. Financial Report -Robin, Kevin & Shannon
July 2021 Financial Review
Robin reported on the budget to actual review from June 2020 through June 30, 2021. The report tonight is an entire year in review.
* Revenue: Revenue is at $3.23 million right now.
- Per Pupil Revenue: A lot of movement this year due to COVID and students between districts. Budgeted 215, but ended the year with 212 students.
- Grants: ESSER and ESSER-2 grants (focused on COVID) were about $79K, has been spent.
■ Title I, II, & IV: $58K, has been spent.
- Food Service: Received $54K from federal and state governments, did not have as much due to COVID and hybrid scheduling.
- Field Study: Spent ~$24K this year, under budget due to COVID.
- Administration: Nothing to report.
- Instruction: Nothing to report.
- Supplies: Higher than budget due to technology purchases supporting remote learning due to COVID.
- COVID Technology/ESSER Cares: Nothing to report.
- Operations: Business services came in higher than budget, expected due to strategic development and planning for the board and other business services training.
- Capital and Facilities:
■ Furniture/Equipment Purchases: Robin explained to the board the threshold for capital purchases and outlined the impact of depreciation on those purchases. She also explained how those unexpected expenses due to COVID and other larger ticket items impact the budget.
- Expenditures: Nothing new to report.
- Marketing and Recruitment: Nothing new to report.
* Balance Sheet Review: Cash flow and cash on hand is strong. The balance sheet reports on the cumulative health of the school's finances--this year investments grew and noted that there are no past due bills or collections issues.
* Investments: Grew over the last year by $183,748.00. Does include a donation from earlier in the year that was recognized.
6. Committee Updates
a. Community Engagement: (Jessica Wanner)
None.
b. Discipline: (Nolica Murray-Fields)
None.
c. Nominating: Committee Positions & Assignments (Annemarie Wess & Michele Hannagan) Michele discussed Committee Positions and Assignments for the upcoming year. The Board reviewed a document outlining current Board members and the committees already assigned and asked members to update which committees they would like to continue with or add. Discussion was had about whether there should be a specific Flour City Committee, but it was decided that
Flour City will be embedded into the current committees for the time being. Michele gave an overview and description of each committee and their duties to the entire Board. Michele asked the Committee Chairs to take an action item and update the descriptions, missions, and purpose of their committees on the document in the Google Drive.
d. Personnel: New Hire Updates (Shannon)
Shannon gave updates on the latest new hires to join the school--the two new Assistant School Leaders Kamouy and Christine and a 1st grade teacher, Lyndsey Dryden who has experiences as a founding teacher of the Community Roots charter school in the NYC area. She originally applied for a future Flour City position but then applied for the current 1st grade opening. She has jumped right to her new position and is a natural fit with the rest of the team and culture of the school.
e. *Safety: Approve District Safety Plan (Shannon) District Safety Plan: The District Safety Plan was brought forth for public comment beginning at the July 14, 2021 meeting for a 30-day window for public comment.The Safety Committee met on August 13, 2021 to complete a final review of the document and edits were made to address COVID (communicable diseases).
Motion 081821.4
Upon motion of Allison Shultes, and duly seconded by Tasha Stevens, RESOLVED, that the District Safety Plan for the 2021-2022 school year be approved.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner
Voting in the negative:
None
Abstaining:
None
Motion 081821.4 passed: 6 to 0
*Diversity & Racial Equity
(Traci Terrance)
None.
7. School Leader Update: ARP Grant, Summer Professional Development, EL Education River Campus Agreement (revised)
Summer Professional Development: Currently in the second week of professional development. The first week's focus was on CREW and what that means to the school. The teachers explored the Genesee river on kayaks and teachers took on a lens of exploring as if they were students on Expeditions. Explored the meaning of CREW as students, teachers, and families. Teachers made scale models of boats for their classroom as a talking piece/teaching tool around the concepts of CREW and supportive justice. The second week's focus has been on Expedition Writing. Aleixs Stubbe gave a brief review of the work that the 6th grader team will do this year. In the fall, 6th graders will focus on identity (which has been a popular theme the last few years) and will continue focusing on building classroom community and culture. The students will be going on a leadership retreat in the Adirondacks. The special take on the identity theme that this year's 6th graders will focus on will be on artifacts for self and what objets, things, material items, connect to each student's identity. After exploring self identity through artifacts, the class will "zoom out" to focus on connecting artifacts to the classroom identity. Throughout their work the class will expand their scope further to explore local museums and the artifacts that those cultural institutions have, how they were selected, and what stories they tell. Hope to expand the conversation to explore perspectives and dig into the hard histories of communities, whose stories are being told through the artifacts and who gets to tell them. The final product for the fall is a classroom museum exhibit that tells the story of that class.
ARP Grant: The American Relief Plan grant is larger of the two COVID relief grants and Shannon has been working on outlining how to use the funds. An application is getting pulled together and will be submitted in the next couple weeks. Looking at funding to support improvements to the ventilation/HVAC in the basement, intervention support/personnel, after school programming, and a building substitute. The direction of funding will need to directly support learning loss and COVID related challenges that were faced by the school and students.
COVID Updates: The reopening task force met today in order to get ahead of the Delta variant. The staff is almost fully vaccinated. A teacher did test positive last week and a second tested positive since. They are both doing well and others have been tested and have come back negative. A parent pediatrician is on the task-force and shared some great information. The school has a plan and they will be back fully in person. Methods of prevention include:
* Required masking - there hasn't been pushback on this from families.
* Hand-washing protocol
* Social distancing - this will include dividing classes and cohorting students for art, breakfast, and lunch.
* Random COVID testing - mostly done on students and some staff weekly with consent, GCCS had approximately 60% consent last year. New consents will be sent out to families for this year.
Overnights and retreats will require:
* Random testing prior
* Social distancing
* Masking throughout the trip
* Busing will be on chartered buses with the windows down/open
* Trip requirements will be revisited for Spring trips
GCCS is planning for when students need to be out for the 10 days and are working with the intervention team to make sure they are ready to support those students. Emcor has assured the school that the HVAC systems are proper for ventilation and the windows are often kept open. The basement HVAC does need more effective ventilation. Cleaning will happen in common areas on the weekends for peace of mind, but this could be expanded. Pick up and drop off plans are still in the works, but the thought is to use the back-40 and staff would bring in the kids. There is no requirement for distancing on the bus, but teachers will have a conversation with students to set expectations and many families are electing not to do busing.
The teachers will see the plan on Friday and give feedback. The plan will then go out on Monday and will be a one-pager for families to review and reference.
EL Education River Campus Agreement (revised): When the EL Agreement was originally approved in the spring, GCCS had declined the opportunity to be a mentor school. In July, the Director of EL in the Rochester region renewed everyone as a mentor school. GCCS is mentoring Ammana West, a school in Atlanta that is in the same place of replication as we are. This mentorship will support learning together from that school and the mentorship school is a less expensive package which creates new training opportunities for staff and teachers.
Motion 081821.5
Upon motion of Michele Hannagan, and duly seconded by Ryan O'Malley, RESOLVED, that the superseding EL Education River Campus Agreement for the 2021-2022 school year in the amount of $28,200 be approved.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative: None
Abstaining: None
Motion 081821.5 passed:
7 to 0
8. Flour City Campus Update: CSP Grant, Facilities, EL Education Agreement for Flour City Planning Year, Merger Updates
EL Education Agreement for Flour City Campus Planning Year: EL Education has a designated plan for new schools that are contracting with EL. They worked with GCCS to cater the right kind of support they can provide for this planning year. The agreement will be fully funded through the CSP grant. As part of the agreement, the EL School Designer will meet with GCCS monthly, field trips to other schools, and will make recommendations for future years after this planning year. As part of the planning year, the EL School Designer that has been working with the River Campus will be shifting to work with the Flour City campus and a new EL School Designer will be assigned to the River Campus.
Motion 081821.6
Upon motion of Michele Hannagan, and duly seconded by Tasha Stevens, RESOLVED, that the EL Education Agreement for the Flour City Campus Planning Year in the amount of $36,800 be approved subject to the approval of the charter for The Flour City Campus and the receipt of the approved CSP Grant.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative: None
Abstaining: None
Motion 081821.6 passed:
7 to 0
Facilities Update: Exploring the options of both off-campus and on-campus options. Off-campus:
* Blessed Sacrament - a tour was completed for rental space with 7 classrooms.
* Memorial Art Gallery (MAG) - a tour was completed of classrooms on the ground floor in addition to reception areas. The MAG is interested in supporting a partnership with GCCS regardless of an agreement.
* Nathaniel Hawthorne School #25 - released by RCSD to the city, no tour has been completed yet, but there is a list of parties interested in the space.
* Urban Choice's former location on Humboldt Street - 2 facilities on the site available as a potential location.
On- campus:
* Cunningham House Studio is an option for office space, but not as classrooms due to lots of changes that would need to be made to bring it to code.
* Adding an addition onto the existing school option is continuing to be explored as well--working with Joe from LaBella to put a proposal together for just an addition (without Cunningham House). GCCS has also asked him to review the square footage of existing and new spaces.
Questions from the board included questions about total costs of the project either on campus or off campus--both options are very expensive. On campus a build out would be approximately $6 million and a build out with a renovation would be slightly less expensive. Off-campus options that take over an existing space or school would be the cheapest option, but would include both possible renovations and purchase price. Additional questions included what the pre-planning has happened to secure funding for starting a capital campaign project as the timeline is fairly tight with the goal of opening the new school next fall.
Merger Updates: Met with SUNY about the merger and they want us to merge under SUNY and are being proactive as possible. Have had cases in the past Board of Regents where they haven't approved the merger because it needs to be approved by both SUNY and the Board of Regents. Good graces with local regents and to build relationships so it doesn't get hung up. SUNY wants to have the merger all pulled together by July 1, 2022 so beginning the conversations with the Board of REgents and Chancellor needs to start soon.
Discussion continued in regards to the facilities and merger. Shannon brought to the Board that they have been working with LaBella Associates to help them think through the possibilities of an addition/build out of the current school building and asked for Board feedback and discussion around authorizing expenditures for LaBella to complete some advance work, specifically making architectural drawings. Nate suggested making sure the Board wants to move forward in exploring the build-out before approving the funds because of the risk of spending the money now and getting a quote before moving forward with the work. Other Board members expressed a need to know if this is feasible because we need to let the RMSC know about the GCCS plans, inquired about the possibility of asking for another year of planning because the timeline is tight but it's best to not do that unless we need to. It was also noted that the classroom spaces at the MAG could make for a good "swing space" for an in-between year or two if the addition/build-out of the current school is the desired route and it takes time. Board members made additional suggestions for spaces nearby that might work including looking at the building the American Red Cross moved out of and the building that housed the Diocese of Rochester for sale across from the Eastman Museum.
Motion 081821.7
Upon motion of Jess Wanner, and duly seconded by Ryan O'Malley, RESOLVED, that the board authorize an expenditure up to $5,000 to be spent on the completion of architectural drawings by LaBella Associates for the build-out of the Flour City Campus.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative: None
Abstaining: Allison Shultes
Motion 081821.7 passed:
7 to 0
Outstanding Business
9. Lease Agreement Approval:
The Lease Agreement with the Rochester Museum & Science Center has been shared with the Board in the Google Drive. Questions from the board included: Square footage differential between the basement and the rest of the building. The total square footage of the building including the basement is 18,159 which is based on the White Oaks assessment, which is proving to not be an accurate report. After the assessment by LaBella on the existing square footage adjustments will be made accordingly and a few additional revisions to the document will be made. The lease is a 1-year term with the right to renew for 4 years. New to the lease are that:
* RMSC Security is written in
* The shared playground space has been written in. It was decided that GCCS will handle new playground equipment purchases and RMSC will handle repairs and labor, fencing needs and mulch costs will be split evenly by both parties. Both parties made a commitment to ensuring that the playground is safe.
* Janitorial services that had been previously provided by RMSC have been pulled out and GCCS will be sourcing their own cleaning services.
* IT services have also been pulled out from the agreement
Motion 081821.8
Upon motion of Michele Hannagan, and duly seconded by Kevin Sutherland, RESOLVED, that the lease agreement with the Rochester Museum & Science Center be approved.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative: None
Abstaining: Allison Shultes
Motion 081821.8 passed: 6 to 0
New Business
10. Approve New Contracts (Janitorial)
Three bids were received and presented from janitorial services providers: Midnight Cleaners, Abe's Commercial Cleaning Services, and Greenland Cleaning, Inc. Midnight Cleaner's could not guarantee a contract beyond December, Abe's Commercial Cleaning did not have a current staff and wouldn't until the contract was signed and was the most expensive contract. Greenland Cleaning was recommended to the Board based on those reasons.
Motion 081821.8
Upon motion of Annemarie Wess, and duly seconded by Ryan O'Malley, RESOLVED, that the contract with Greenlend Cleaning Inc., for janitorial services be approved.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative:
None
Abstaining:
None
Motion 081821.8 passed:
7 to 0
11. Apple MacBook Lease Renewal Item was removed from the agenda.
12. Meeting Snacks Sign-Up Schedule
Quick discussion was had to update the Board and new members about the Sign-Up for Snacks schedule for light refreshments at the meetings. Two people per meeting can bring snacks per meeting. Action Item was taken for all members to sign-up on the document in the Google Drive.
Open Forum
13. Future Agenda Topics and/or Public Comment:
Michele Hannagan opened up the meeting to public comment at 7:51 pm. No public comments were made.
Future Agenda Topics:
* Bussing on every day of the year, in particular election day, November 2nd.
14. Executive Session
Executive Session was not called during this meeting.
Meeting Wrap-Up
15. Review Actions and Agreements (Allison Shultes)
Motion 081821.9
Upon the motion of Michele Hannagan, and duly seconded by Ryan O'Malley, RESOLVED, that the Board adjourn the August 18, 2021 meeting at 7:53pm.
Voting in the affirmative: Michele Hannagan, Ryan O'Malley, Allison Shultes, Tasha Stevens, Kevin Sutherland, Jessica Wanner, Annemarie Wess
Voting in the negative
: None
Abstaining:
None
Motion 081821.9 passed:
7 to 0
Respectfully Submitted,
Allison Shultes Secretary of GCCS- River Campus Board of Trustees GCCS-River Campus Board Minutes/ August 18, 2021
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Winter Accommodations 2021/2022
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Russland führt die Weltrangliste der Alphabetisierung an US- und EU-Führer und Medien rufen Foul!
„Während westliche Kleinkinder in Fertigkeiten des täglichen Lebens unterrichtet werden, wie z.B. der Bedienung eines iPhones und dem Hinterfragen des eigenen Geschlechts, werden russische Kinder gezwungen, das Alphabet zu lernen."
_von Rob Slane – Sonntag, 17. Dezember 2017
Die jüngste Nachricht, dass Russland die Progress in International Reading and Literacy Study (PIRLS) anführt, hat Schockwellen durch die zivilisierte Welt geschickt. Analysten glauben, dass dies ein weiterer Beweis für das infame Vorhaben des Kremls ist, unsere Werte und unsere Lebensweise zu zerstören.
Die Studie, die auf Tests basiert, die alle fünf Jahre durchgeführt werden, misst die Alphabetisierungsraten der 10-Jährigen auf der ganzen Welt, wobei rund 320.000 Kinder auf der ganzen Welt an den Tests teilnehmen. Nach den jüngsten Ergebnissen kamen russische Kinder auf den ersten Platz, während Kinder aus aufgeklärteren Ländern wie den USA, Großbritannien und Kanada viel weiter unten auf der Liste standen.
„Führt der Kreml eine staatlich geförderte Doppelkampagne durch, bei der die Ergebnisse der Lesetests manipuliert und verfälscht wurden, um russischen Kindern bessere Noten zu geben?"
Westliche Analysten sind sich einig, dass dies angesichts der enormen Geldmengen, die jedes Jahr in die Bildungssysteme dieser Länder gepumpt werden, einfach nicht der Fall sein kann.
Laut einem Sprecher des Bildungsministeriums der britischen Regierung liefern die Ergebnisse einen weiteren Beweis für russische Einmischung und Manipulation, diesmal mit unschuldigen Kindern als Spielfiguren in einem finsteren Spiel:
„Wie jeder weiß, hat Großbritannien ein Bildungssystem von Weltklasse, um das es von jeder Nation beneidet wird. Russland hingegen ist ein armes Land, in dem nichts funktioniert und in dem jeder gezwungenermaßen eine permanente Diät von KremlPropaganda erhält.
Da dies der Fall ist, lehnen wir es einfach ab zu glauben, dass russische Kinder bessere Leseergebnisse erzielen können als britische Kinder, und es liegt auf der Hand, dass die Erklärung für diese Ergebnisse eine wesentlich unheimlichere sein muss."
Eine Theorie besagt, dass der Kreml eine staatlich geförderte Doppelkampagne durchgeführt hat, bei der die Ergebnisse der Lesetests manipuliert und verfälscht wurden, um russischen Kindern bessere Noten zu geben als ihren westlichen Kollegen.
Die Theorie stammt von Dr. Georgy Rodzianko, der früher im russischen Bildungsministerium gearbeitet hat, bevor er nach seiner Verhaftung wegen Korruption aus dem Land floh – eine Anklage, die mit ziemlicher Sicherheit erfunden wurde.
Laut Dr. Rodzianko, der sich kürzlich einer Behandlung wegen psychischer Probleme unterziehen musste, ist genau das passiert, und auf der Grundlage seiner Zeugenaussage wurden Forderungen laut, Russland von künftigen PIRLS-Tests auszuschließen.
Eine andere Erklärung ist, dass die Ergebnisse tatsächlich real sind, aber dass sie nur als Ergebnis einer ruchlosen Verschwörung entstanden sind, die Kinder dazu bringen soll, ihre Sprache zu lernen und von klein auf ein Interesse am Lesen zu entwickeln.
Nach Ansicht einiger Analysten werden westliche Kleinkinder in Fertigkeiten des täglichen Lebens unterrichtet, wie z.B. der Bedienung eines iPhones und dem Hinterfragen des eigenen Geschlechts, während russische Kinder gezwungen werden, das Alphabet zu lernen. Nach einigen Berichten wird sogar vermutet, dass manche russische Eltern ihnen schon in jungen Jahren regelmäßig Bücher vorlesen.
Laut einer anonymen Quelle im US-Bildungsministerium ist dies ein systematischer Plan, um den Westen zu untergraben, indem man seine Bildungssysteme und Erziehungsmethoden schäbig aussehen lässt:
„Die PIRLS-Studie zeigt, dass Russland vor nichts zurückschreckt, um unsere Werte zu untergraben, auch wenn das bedeutet, dass es seine Kinder auf eine Art und Weise unterrichtet, die die moderne Welt schon vor langer Zeit hinter sich gelassen hat.
Das ist eine klare Bedrohung für unsere Lebensweise, und Sie können sicher sein, dass wir sie nicht damit davonkommen lassen werden."
Es ist ein Versuch, sich in unser demokratisches System einzumischen, indem man in den Köpfen der Menschen den Keim des Zweifels sät, dass die riesigen Summen, die wir für Bildung ausgeben, größtenteils verschwendet sein könnten.
Um diese Bedrohung zu untermauern, erwägen die Regierungen der USA, des Vereinigten Königreichs, Kanadas und der EU, weitere Sanktionen gegen Russland zu verhängen.
Dazu gehört auch das Verbot der Ausfuhr von Schulheften und Stiften in das Land. Es könnte auch ein Importverbot für Werke von Autoren wie Tolstoi und Dostojewski in westliche Länder geben, um die Verbreitung der Alphabetisierung zu verhindern.
Darüber hinaus wurde eine gemeinsame internationale Untersuchung eingeleitet, um der Bedrohung zu begegnen. Unter anderem wird sie der Behauptung nachgehen, dass KremlTrolle versucht haben, die Alphabetisierungsraten in westlichen Ländern zu untergraben, indem sie Werke russischer Autoren in sozialen Medien wie Facebook und Twitter bewerben.
___________________________________________________________________________
russia-insider.com/en/russia-tops-world-literacy-ranking-us-eu-leaders-and-media-call-foul/ ri21963
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Smaastykker
for
Pianoforte
componerede
af
Edvard Grieg.
Leipzig 1859.
Tilintetgjøres efter min død.
Må aldrig byttes!
EG
1859.
Smaastykker.
Allegro agitato.
No. 1.
loc. Allegro deciso.
No. 2.
Scherzo. Molto allegro vivace.
No 3.
Andante quasi allegretto.
Allegro assai.
Molto adagio.
Allegro con moto.
No 6.
Bergen Off. Bibliotek, Grieg-samlingen
Allegro assai
No. 8.
Andante.
No. 9.
8.
Andante con grazia.
No 10.
No 11.
a tempo.
Largo con alcune frasi.
Molto adagio.
Adagio cantabile.
Bergen Off. Bibliotek, Grieg-Samlingen
Allegretto con moto.
No. 14.
Poco a poco rubato.
A tempo.
2. Sonnig-Praeludium
con passion
M. 15.
sempre legato
M. 16.
Allegro deciso quasi Scherzo.
No. 17.
Allegro non troppo.
No. 18.
Allegretto.
1st. mal
2nd. mal
Andante moderato
No. 19.
No. 20. (1858)
Bergen Off. Bibliotek, Grieg-Samlingen
Andante moderato.
No. 21.
Legato
a tempo
Rose opna vidt ak fine.
No. 22.
Nicht zu schnell, ruhig.
No. 23.
Assai Allegro furioso.
Bergen Off. Bibliotek, Grieg-samlingen
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Comité Ejecutivo Nacional
QUEJA PER SALTUM, POR URGENCIA.
ACTOR
ENRIQUE MORALES PARDO.
EXPEDIENTE: CA/058/2020.
RESPONSABLE: COMITÉ EJECUTIVO
NACIONAL DE MORENA.
CÉDULA DE NOTIFICACIÓN Y FIJACIÓN EN ESTRADOS
En la Ciudad de México, siendo las trece horas del seis de noviembre del dos mil veinte, el suscrito LUIS ALBERTO REYES JUAREZ, en mi carácter de Encargado de Despacho de la Coordinación Jurídica del Comité Ejecutivo Nacional tal y como señala el ACUERDO DEL COMITÉ EJECUTIVO NACIONAL DE MORENA POR EL CUAL APRUEBA EL NOMBRAMIENTO DEL COORDINADOR JURÍDICO Y DE LA COORDINADORA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DEL COMITÉ EJECUTIVO NACIONAL; emitido en la sesión del Comité Ejecutivo Nacional del 5 de marzo del 2020 y de conformidad con el oficio CEN/P/369/2020 y con fundamento en lo dispuesto por los artículos 33 fracción II Ley Estatal de Medios de Impugnación en Materia Electoral del Estado de Quintana Roo la se hace constar que se fija en los estrados de este órgano la cédula que contiene el aviso de presentación del juicio para la protección de los derechos político-electorales, promovido por el ciudadano, ENRIQUE MORALES PARDO. en contra de la "El nombramiento del Comité Ejecutivo de Morena, en el que nombran a Jorge Gilberto Parra Moguel como secretario general en funciones de delegado del Comité Ejecutivo Estatal E Quintana Roo"; para tal efecto se pone a disposición de los interesados copia del expediente de mérito para que, quienes se consideren terceros interesados soliciten al correo email@example.com la remisión de la demanda presentada para que manifiesten lo que a su derecho convenga; la presente cédula se fijará por el lapso de 72 horas; siendo que el término para que hagan manifestaciones correrá a partir de las trece horas del diez de noviembre del dos mil veinte; plazo en el que, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículos fracción II Ley Estatal de Medios de Impugnación en Materia Electoral del Estado de Quintana Roo; podrán comparecer y presentar escritos y aportar pruebas los terceros interesados en el presente asunto, cumpliendo los requisitos del artículo previamente citado; ante el Comité Ejecutivo Nacional de Morena con sede en la Ciudad de México; en el correo electrónico firstname.lastname@example.org.
LUIS ALBERTO REYES JAUREZ
ENCARGADO DE DESPACHO DE LA COORDINACIÓN JURÍDICA
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BESLUTNINGSPROTOKOLL
Fra styremøte i Særforbundenes Fellesorganisasjon Tirsdag 6. februar 2018 kl. 17.00 – 19.30 Idrettens hus US, møterom 2011
Til stede: Marit Wiig
Erik Røste
Arild Mjøs Andersen (på telefon)
Erik Hansen
Rakel Rauntun
Forfall:
Eline Oftedal
Morten Søgård
Terje Jørgensen
1. Referat fra siste møte.
Referat fra styremøte 16. januar 2018 ble gjennomgått og godkjent.
2. IPD 2015-2019 og vedtak på Idrettstinget 2015
Denne saken ble utsatt til møtet 12. mars.
3. Møteplasser
Styret gjennomgikk møter i første halvår 2018.
a) Evaluering og debatt om status etter NIFs informasjonsmøte 24. januar
Det var bred enighet på informasjonsmøtet at situasjonen er alvorlig og at tillitten er svekket. Etter idrettsstyremøte 29 (2015-2019) 25.-26. januar 2018 opplyser NIF at idrettsstyret mener at det er til det beste for norsk idrett at styret fullfører arbeidet som er påbegynt og blir målt på resultatet av dette på Idrettstinget i 2019.
b) Særforbundsmøte 31. januar
Møtet var godt. SFF styret mener at de traff godt med temaet Den norske spillpolitikken. Timingen var god.
c) Hovedtema for særforbundsmøte 11. april.
SFFs styre samlet seg om opplegg for møtet (som innspill til NIF).
d) Opplegg og hovedtema for SFFs årsmøte 3. mai 2018 (i tillegg til det formelle årsmøtet).
1. Forberedelser til ledermøtet.
2. SFFs handlingsplan 2018-2020
3. Modernisering av norsk idrett
4. Orienteringssaker
a) Arbeidsgruppe SFFs handlingsplan 2018-2020. Marit og Arild orienterte.
b) Moderniseringsprogrammet. Marit og Erik R orienterte.
c) Særforbundsalliansen. Erik H orienterte
Idrettens hus, 0840 Oslo email@example.com
+ 47 90 61 05 64
Erik H opplyste at Norges Bandyforbund har meldt seg ut av Særforbundsalliansen.
Idrettsstyret inviterer nå særforbundene å komme med forslag til en anleggsplan i norsk idrett. Styret mener at dette er en spennende utfordring.
Moderniseringsprogrammet:
Styret diskuterte noen sentrale sider av moderniseringsprogrammet i norsk idrett.
Når det gjelder budsjett for moderniseringsprogrammet, opplyste Marit og Erik R at prosjektgruppen for programmet har vedtatt at det skal holdes igjen 3 mill. kr. på post 2 inntil det fastsettes et budsjett for programmet. SFFs styre mener at det bør legges opp til at særforbundene tar endelig stilling til bidrag til budsjett for moderniseringsprogrammet i særforbundsmøtet 11. april.
5. Eventuelt
Ingen saker
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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nob_Latn
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Наг 12 000 души гледаха XI издание на Международния фолклорен фестивал „Раховче” в Горна Оряховица
С пищен спектакъл и атрактивна зара приключи XI издание на Международния фолклорен фестивал „Раховче” в Горна Оряховица на фона на бъдещ НЧ „Врата Гранчароби – 2002”.
В пролога на пет фестивални вечери на открита сцена в градината на Горна Оряховица и на естрадата на Непиния театър се изпълна над 1200 изпълнители от XI Международния фестивал и от ХІІI Петровградски фолклорен фестивал „Раховче”. Участниките състават от 6 държави – Гърция, Перу, Черна гора, Грузия, Словакия и България. Гостоприемството формира 85% от участниците в ХІІI Национален Петровладовски сбор на народно-то творчество.
В Гала концерт по случай 145 години бяха посрещнати почетни грамоти за участие от кмета на Община Горна Оряховица шк. Добромир Добрев благодарността на участниците организаторите и публиката за споделената емоция през цялата нощ.
Естествен забранен по традиция бяха празничните танцови състави, които представиха народните танци на България Григорова – Ташев и заместник-кмета на Община Горна Оряховица Йорданка Кушева. В свободно по случай закриването на фестивала, шк. Добромир Добрев благодарността на участниците организаторите и публиката за споделената емоция през цялата нощ.
С Влака изва новото време
На 8 ноември 1899 г., точно в 10 ч. пред обяд, електрическият влак открива на жп гара Горна Оряховица-Калтичеве. Личният Фердинанд I превръща линията на нат-българската железопътна мрежа в България в 541-километрова линия София-Варна. Това е възходната врата на промишлене, което дава нов ход на икономическото и социално битие на малкия град през настъпващото двадесетилетие. Този съвременен транспорт ще бъде определен от Горна Оряховица, както и други търговски фирми, капитали и идеи. Организират се първите крупни съоръжения. Благодарение на кръстопътно разбиране на жп линията възра започват да функционират много гарски земи. В края с наредената година е възстановена 3000 г. в Горна Оряховица българската първото химико-техническо дружество в България, наречено по-късно „Опак – Горна Оряховица“. Това е първото в страната подобно спортно дружество в страната е не само физическото укрепване на мъжете, а и да бъдат легализирани за подпомагане на професионалните български военни командири. Две години по-късно в града са основани още две спортни организации – „Слава“ и „Слава“, а след това „Сокол“. Постепенно е началото и на държавно дружество в Горна Оряховица. Неберовци стават горнооряховските юнаци.
Работници от началото на 20 век.
“Съединение–1888” – Драганово за обичай, „Клишени на себе”
Над 4000 изпълнители от целия страна го посрещнаха за ХІІІ издание на Петровладовския събор. Формули се организират от Община Горна Оряховица и Горна Оряховица-Калтичеве. Съборът привлече да под патронажа на кметовете на трите общини. Тази година Петровладовският събор обяви открит от кмета на Община Горна Оряховица шк. Добромир Добрев. В пролога на пет дни на 2-те естради на събора се изпълниха над 200 състава с над 260 изпълнители. Международното участие на фолклорни групи от Гърция, Словакия, Черна гора и Грузия.
Четири състава от Община Горна Оряховица станаха лауреат от Петровладовския събор
Четири състава от Община Горна Оряховица бяха удостоени със звание „Лауреат” на ХІІІ Национален Петровладовски събор на народното творчество.
Възстановени „Народни хорове за обработен фолклор” звание получи Женски народен хор „Рос на кумка” при НЧ „Развигние-1884” – Поликлиници. Лауреат в категория „Култове за фолклорни танци” заслужили Ташев фолклорен клуб „Валканец” при НЧ „Натюръм-1884” – Горна Оряховица. В категория „Групи за избран фолклор – община” звание здоби Група за народни обичаи при НЧ „Звезда – 1905” – Прява. Лауреат в категория „Певчески групи за избран фолклор” заслужили Група за избран фолклор при НЧ „Пробура” – 1922 – Яково Натюръм-1884” – Горна Оряховица. Изпълнители на фолклорна песен от Гърция, Словакия, Черна гора и Грузия.
“Вестникът на Община Горна Оряховица” се издава от Община Горна Оряховица и се разпространява безплатно.
Г. Оряховица, пл. „Георги Извориев” № 5
тел. 0618 60501, факс 0618 60203
email: email@example.com; http://www.g-oryahovica.org
Община Горна Оряховица е единствена в Област Велико Търново, която ежегодно изпълнява Общинска програма за насърчаване на творческите заложби на децата с изявени дарби в областта на науката, изкуството, спортта, както осигурява средства от общински бюджет. От началото на мандата за програмата се определят по 10 000 лв. за изминалите 4 години над 300 деца от общината са стимулирани с финансови премии за постиженията си в различни области.
През 2015 г. Общината задели допълнителни средства за повишаване на стандарта за общинска поддръжка на детските градини с 5% спрямо предходната. От 482 лв. през 2012 г., тази година тя вече е 584 лв. т.е. увеличението е с 103 лв. Средствата се осигуряват от местни приходи.
Трудът на децата и техните успехи не остават незабележани от Общината.
Ремонтирам сградата на ЦДГ "Щастливо детство"
Смартна изпълнението на проект "Модернизация и възобновяване на мерки за енергийна ефективност на ЦДГ "Щастливо детство" в Горна Оряховица. Ремонтираните детски градини са изпълнени на покрития на фасадата, полнодолна на покрития и на покрития, подмяна на старите осветителни тела с нови енергоспестяващи. Ще бъде направена и подмяна на вътрешната обстановка, което включва подмяна на радиатори, компи и помпи. Ще се модернизират и 10 слънчеви колектори за подгряване на водата. Продължава се шоф и ремонт на кухненско-многообразие в детска градина. Изпълнител на обекта "Декра-строй" ЕООД - Русе. Стойността на проекта е 318 хил. лв., а финансирането е осъществено от Националния доброполен економик.
Обновяваме базата на градини и училища
4 детски градини през последната година специализират проекти пред МОН по Националната програма "Модернизация на материали бъдещи в училище" за подобряване на училищната среда. Това са СДГ "Детският възраст" в Горна Оряховица, ШПГ "Детска градина" в Поляна Оряховица, ШПГ "Детска градина" в Поликарпци и ШПГ "Асен Радев" в Драганово. През тази година бяха обработени мешанини кабинети детски градини населени места от Общината и база вариране на учебните специалисти. С помощта на спонсора основно бе ремонтиран кухненски блок в ШПГ "Димитър Генов" в Поликарпци. Подменена е лебодата база в друга група на ЦДГ "Асен Радев". Поставени се инсталират мебели и обработване в ОУ "Св. св. Кирил и Методий" и ОУ "Св. Пантелей Хилендарски" в Горна Оряховица, ОУ "Кащенец Осоговски" в Бързанско, ОУ "Св. св. Кирил и Методий" в Горна Оряховица, ОУ "Васил Левски" в Върбница, ПТСС "Борислав" в Крушево.
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Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Women's Bodybuilding
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Masters
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Grand Masters
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Ultra Masters
4/
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Masters -
Overall winner
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum:
09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Teen
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Junior - I.
(height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Junior - II.
(height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding Junior - Overall
winner
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - I. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum:
09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - II. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - III. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - IV. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - V. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - VI. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - VII. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Natural Bodybuilding - Overall winner
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Women's Fitness Figure
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Women's Fitness Figure Masters
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Women's Fitness Figure - Overall winner
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Women's Physique
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Classic Physique Junior
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Classic Physique - I. (height)
Wettbewerbsname: 6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
Ort: Potpourri, Bad Fallingbostel, Germany
Veranstalter: GNBF e.V.
Datum: 09.-10.10.2021
Kategorie: Men's Classic Physique - II. (height)
6. GNBF International Natural Bodybuilding German Championships
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<urn:uuid:37886db3-4c06-4c70-a02c-5367663c7d22>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 9,148
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RapidRun Multi-Format Digital to Analog Upgrade Kit
- Converts an HDMI Source device to run over RapidRun Multi-Format cabling to a VGA Display
- Compatible with all lengths of RapidRun Multi-Format Runner cable
- Available in 4 colors:
- Black
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- Aluminum
- Lifetime Warranty
## Specifications: RapidRun Multi-Format Digital to Analog Upgrade Kit
### Electrical Specifications:
| Specification | Value |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Voltage Rating | 30v |
| Resolution | 1080p |
| HDCP Compatibility | HDCP Compliant |
| Approvals | CE Compliant for RoHS2 |
### Physical Specifications:
| Specification | Value |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Minimum Bend Radius | 73mm |
| DC Plug | 5.5*2.5mm, Nickel Plated shell |
| Conductor Resistance | 20°C max 24AWG-930HMS/KM |
| Operating Temperature | 0°C to 50°C |
| Storage Temperature | -25°C to 70°C |
### Conductor (1 Pair):
| Specification | Value |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Conductor | 24AWG (7/0.203TC) |
| Insulation | FM-PE, ID: 1.55±0.05mm |
| Color | Brown, White |
| Drain | 24AWG (7/0.203TC) |
| Shield | AL Mylar |
| Coverage | 100% |
### Conductor (7 Conductors):
| Specification | Value |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Conductor | 24AWG (7/0.203TC) |
| Insulation | PP, ID: ø0.96±0.05mm |
| Color | Black, Yellow, Red, Brown, Orange, Green, Blue |
### Conductor (1 Conductors x3):
| Specification | Value |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Conductor | 28AWG (7/0.127TC) |
| Insulation | PP, ID: ø1.6±0.05mm |
| Color | Red, Blue, Green |
| Shield | Spiral, 42±2/0.12±0.008TC |
| Covering | ID: ø2.5±0.1 |
### Overall Cable
| Specification | Value |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Jacket | PVC |
| Shield | AL-Mylar |
| Coverage | 100% |
| Braid | (24/9/0.12TC) |
| OD | 7.3±0.2 |
---
**C2G**
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| Part Number | Description | Weight (lbs) |
|-------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|
| 41324 | RapidRun Multi-Format Digital to Analog Upgrade Kit—Aluminum Wall Plate | 0.350 |
| 41325 | RapidRun Multi-Format Digital to Analog Upgrade Kit—Black Wall Plate | 0.350 |
| 41326 | RapidRun Multi-Format Digital to Analog Upgrade Kit—White Wall Plate | 0.350 |
| 41327 | RapidRun Multi-Format Digital to Analog Upgrade Kit—Ivory Wall Plate | 0.350 |
|
<urn:uuid:9c77c740-6e48-4ef0-bc9e-8322a8021508>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 4,476
|
Enabling High Data Throughput Reinforcement Learning on GPUs: A Domain Agnostic Framework for Data-Driven Scientific Research
Tian Lan*, Huan Wang, Caiming Xiong and Silvio Savarese
Salesforce Research, USA
firstname.lastname@example.org
Abstract
We introduce WarpSci, a domain agnostic framework designed to overcome crucial system bottlenecks encountered in the application of reinforcement learning to intricate environments with vast datasets featuring high-dimensional observation or action spaces. Notably, our framework eliminates the need for data transfer between the CPU and GPU, enabling the concurrent execution of thousands of simulations on a single or multiple GPUs. This high data throughput architecture proves particularly advantageous for data-driven scientific research, where intricate environment models are commonly essential.
Keywords: throughput, reinforcement learning, gpu acceleration, data-driven science
1 Introduction
Reinforcement Learning (RL) stands out as a powerful algorithm for training AI agents, applicable in diverse domains such as strategy games (OpenAI, 2018; Vinyals et al., 2019), robotics (Gu et al., 2017; Ibarz et al., 2021), and large language models (Ouyang et al., 2022). Notably, there has been a recent surge in interest regarding the application of RL techniques in scientific research, encompassing diverse fields such as multi-agent\(^1\) modeling in economics, climatology, and epidemiology (Zheng et al., 2022; Trott et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2022); signal processing in astrophysics (Nousiainen, J. et al., 2022; Yatawatta, 2023); and investigating reaction paths in chemistry (Lan and An, 2021; Yoon et al., 2021). However, numerous engineering and scientific challenges persist in the adoption of RL in scientific investigations. The performance of RL implementations can decelerate significantly when simulations become data-intensive, particularly in scenarios involving numerous agents or high-dimensional state or action spaces, resulting in experiments that span weeks. The comparatively low data throughput of RL further contributes to the emergence of non-stationary and strongly correlated data sequences, while the finite-horizon roll-out in RL introduces bias over the value function estimation (Mnih et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2020; Lan and An, 2021). Regrettably, such complexity and challenges are commonplace in data-driven scientific modeling. For instance, in economic simulations, the construction of a realistic environment necessitates hundreds of agents and numerous actions (Zhang et al., 2022). Similarly, the study of catalytic reaction pathways involves navigating a chemical potential energy landscape that can easily exceed twenty dimensions with extreme noise (Lan and An, 2021). While distributed systems are employed to scale RL performance,
\(^1\)An agent is an actor in an environment. An environment is an instance of a simulation and may include many agents with complex interactions. An agent is neither an environment nor a policy model.
the associated costs of worker communication and data transfer can be very high (Espeholt et al., 2018, 2020; Hoffman et al., 2020; Pretorius et al., 2021), as detailed in Appendix A.
2 Contribution
The primary objective of this *Extended Abstract* is to bring attention to the challenge of RL in scientific research arising from the data throughput, and introduce our comprehensive solution, *WarpSci*. *WarpSci* is a computational framework specifically designed to achieve massively high-throughput and domain-agnostic RL simulation in the context of data-driven scientific research. The framework builds upon the foundation of WarpDrive (Lan et al., 2022) which is accessible at https://github.com/salesforce/warp-drive.
*WarpSci* performs the entire RL workflow on a single or multiple GPUs, utilizing a unified and in-place data store within GPUs for simulation roll-outs and training. This minimizes the data transfer between CPU and GPU or within GPU, reducing simulation and training time significantly. The framework also leverages GPU parallelization to concurrently run thousands of RL simulations, operating independently in the dedicated GPU blocks and concurrently producing exceptionally large batches of experience. *WarpSci* offers simple Python classes located on the CPU to streamline all relevant CPU-GPU communication and interactions essential for RL, and offer simple toolings for constructing custom RL environments connected to the CUDA back-end.
This high throughput yet cost-effective architecture proves particularly advantageous for data-driven scientific research, where enormous data consumption, complex agent interactions, and diverse environments are usually indispensable. More details of the design choice and the computational architecture are provided in Appendix B.
3 Examples
We present three examples: *gym* classic control (Brockman et al., 2016) for benchmarking, a multi-agent economic simulation (Trott et al., 2021), and generalizable catalytic reaction paths modeling (Lan and An, 2021; Lan et al., 2024). All experiments ran on a single Nvidia A100 GPU on the Google Cloud Platform. Due to space constraints, we provide a brief summary in this section, with more information in Appendix C.
**Throughput**: *WarpSci* achieves significantly higher (at least $10 - 100 \times$) throughput than the distributed systems at low cost (a single A100 GPU). For example, 8.6M environment steps/second for 10K concurrent cartpole environments, 0.12M for 1K concurrent economic simulations and 0.95M for catalytic reaction modeling with 2K concurrent environments\(^2\). Scaling almost linearly to thousands of environments or agents, *WarpSci* demonstrates near-perfect parallelism. It can also train across multiple GPUs for further throughput scaling. **Convergence**: Our study indicates that training with an increased data throughput generated by concurrent environments achieves faster and more stable global convergence. **Environments Agnostic**: *WarpSci* offers tools to develop custom environments for diverse scientific research topics, and supports actor-critic algorithms for both discrete and continuous actions.
---
2. In certain experiments, we employed a reduced level of concurrency to optimize the trainer’s capacity and memory space.
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Appendix A. Scalable Reinforcement Learning
Common scalable RL systems often employ a combination of distributed roll-out and trainer workers. Roll-out workers execute the environment to produce roll-outs, utilizing actions sampled from policy models on either roll-out workers or trainer workers. Typically, roll-out workers operate on CPU machines, occasionally utilizing GPU machines for richer environments (Pretorius et al., 2021; Hoffman et al., 2020; Espeholt et al., 2018). Trainer workers gather roll-out data asynchronously from roll-out workers and iteratively optimize policies on either CPU or GPU machines. While such a distributed design is scalable, worker communication and data transfer cost is expensive and individual machine utilization can be poor. To improve performance, GPU and TPU-based RL frameworks exist (Tang et al., 2022; Hessel et al., 2021), but have focused on single-agent and domain-specific environments, e.g., for Atari (Dalton et al., 2020), or learning robotic control in 3-D rigid-body simulations (Freeman et al., 2021; Makoviychuk et al., 2021). Consequently, building efficient RL pipelines for simulations with intricate agent interactions, substantial data consumption, and diverse environments, as usually seen in scientific research, remains a challenging endeavor.
Appendix B. Details of Architecture
Figure 1: A flow chart depicting WarpSci. Computations within this framework are organized into GPU blocks, each comprising multiple threads to facilitate concurrent environment roll-outs. Each thread is responsible for operating an agent that samples actions and computes rewards. These blocks have access to the global GPU memory, which houses the RL environment (depicted as a 3-D grid in a green-bordered box) with local variations, and deep policy models. Additionally, they store in-place roll-out data for training purposes. The dashed brown boxes represent references (not copies) of the policy model objects and data placeholders managed by blocks and hosted in the global memory. Users have the flexibility to compose and upload their custom environment setups to finalize the environment construction.
As shown in Fig. 1, WarpSci executes the entire RL workflow seamlessly on a single GPU or multiple GPUs, utilizing a unified data storage hosted within the GPU for simulation roll-outs, action inference, reset and training. This approach minimizes CPU-GPU data communication and eliminates the need for additional data transfer within the GPU, resulting in a substantial reduction in both simulation and training times. Furthermore, our framework achieves parallelization at low cost by concurrently running thousands of single-agent or multi-agent simulations, capitalizing on the inherent parallel processing capabilities of GPUs. Each environment instance operates independently within a dedicated GPU block. Within each block, individual agents run on unique GPU threads, enabling interactions across threads. Each instance maintains a reference (not a copy) to the environment with local variations or random configurations, significantly reducing the storage overhead associated with the environment setup.
WarpSci offers simple Python classes located on the CPU to streamline all relevant CPU-GPU communication and interactions essential for RL. These classes connect to the CUDA back-end and offer simple APIs for constructing high-level Python applications. Users only need supply the step function to finalize the custom environment definition. As a default environment composer, we employ Numba, a user-friendly, just-in-time compiler for Python. Finally, our framework automatically loads and integrates the environment step into the environment-agnostic CUDA backend for the RL simulation.
Appendix C. Example Details
All experiments ran on a single Nvidia A100 GPU, a2-highgpu-1g, on the Google Cloud Platform.
Classic Control. In the field of RL, classic control environments usually serve as fundamental benchmarks to evaluate the performance of various RL algorithms and systems. These environments typically involve simple physics-based systems, yet their challenges lie in achieving stable and optimal control. Iconic examples, such as CartPole and Acrobot in gym environment (Brockman et al., 2016), offer controlled scenarios with well-defined dynamics, making them ideal for benchmarking the throughput scalability and the learning capability of WarpSci.
Fig. 2(a) shows that WarpSci’s performance in classic control environments scales linearly to 10K of environments, yielding perfect parallelism. For example, WarpSci runs at 8.6 million environment steps per second with 10K Cartpole-v1 or Acrobot-v1 environments. Fig. 2(b) and (c) displays the convergence speed of WarpSci as a function of the number of environment replicas running in parallel. The data reveal that, under consistent fixed hyperparameters, the simulations operating with an increased number of concurrent environments attain global convergence faster and more stably. Particularly, simulations with 10K Cartpole and Acrobot environment replicas reach the global optimum within 30 and 5 minutes respectively, while 10 environment replicas can barely exhibit satisfactory convergence in such a short period.
Figure 2: Scalability, convergence and learning speed for WarpSci applied to gym classic control environments. (a) Roll-out and training throughput in Cartpole-v1 and Acrobot-v1 versus the number of parallel environments (log-log scale) to 10K concurrent environments with random local initialization: the throughput scales linearly. The average episodic reward (the accumulated total reward collected from the start to the terminal state) versus the training time (wall-clock minutes) for (b) Cartpole-v1 and (c) Acrobot-v1 running at various concurrency levels. The model was trained on a single Nvidia A100 GPU. For robustness, the depicted results are averaging over eight independent runs from scratch with different initialization seeds and the same hyperparameters. The shadow regions represent the error bar of eight independent runs.
Multi-Agent Economics. We demonstrate the scalability of WarpSci to more intricate environments through its evaluation in a COVID-19 simulation. This simulation, grounded in real-world data, models the interplay between health and economic dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, the simulation step is significantly more complex compared to the gym classic control problems, consuming a larger fraction of each iteration’s runtime.
The simulation involves 52 agents, with 51 representing governors for each U.S. state and Washington D.C., and an additional agent for the federal government of the USA. This constitutes a complex two-level multi-agent environment, where state agents determine the stringency level of the pandemic response, and the federal government provides subsidies to eligible individuals. The actions of each agent influence health and economic outcomes, such as deaths, unemployment, and GDP. Moreover, the federal government’s actions can alter the health-economic trade-off and optimization objective for the U.S. states, rendering it a complex and dynamic two-level RL problem. Interested readers seeking additional scientific background and technical details are encouraged to refer to Trott et al. (2021); Zheng et al. (2022).
For this study, WarpSci achieves 24 times higher throughput with 60 environment replicas, compared to a 16 CPU node, n1-standard-16, on the Google Cloud Platform. Across different timing categories as shown in Fig. 3, the performance gains comprise a 24 times speed-up during the environment roll-out, a zero data transfer time, and a 30 times speed-up for training the policy models. Moreover, WarpSci can scale almost linearly to 1K parallel COVID-19 environments, resulting in even higher throughput gains.
Catalytic Reactions. Comprehending catalytic reaction pathways is essential for advancing our understanding of chemical processes, refining conditions, and designing robust catalysts. These pathways offer insights into reaction mechanisms, facilitating the creation of more selective catalysts (Mattos et al., 2012; Shao et al., 2016). However, exploring these pathways presents significant challenges, including the complexity of multi-step reactions, short-lived intermediates, and experimental intricacies (Chen et al., 2021; Shi et al., 2021; Lan and An, 2021). RL shows promise in overcoming these challenges by providing an automated approach to navigating reaction networks. However, RL encounters scientific and engineering obstacles, primarily limited by simulation throughput. Consequently, current RL research in chemical reactions often concentrates on specific reactions, relying on model
simplifications with state vector encodings or heuristic rules. This approach limits generalizability and requires substantial empirical design. Exploration is also confined to predefined sets of reaction networks, hindering the discovery of unknown mechanisms (Yoon et al., 2021; Lan and An, 2021; Margraf et al., 2023). Therefore, the pursuit of a more versatile RL solution to explore undiscovered reaction mechanisms remains a significant challenge in the field.
In this study, we present a reaction-agnostic methodology facilitated by WarpSci. The RL environment is constructed solely based on the potential energy landscape derived from first principles. This approach intrinsically defines the chemical reaction environment as a function of atomic positions, eliminating the necessity for laborious empirical or semi-empirical design of reaction-specific representations in RL environments. The outstanding generalizability and training speed are supported by the remarkable high-throughput capacity enabled by our architecture.
We forecast the reaction pathway for the crucial hydrogenation step in the Haber-Bosch (H-B) process on the Fe(111) surface. The H-B process holds a pivotal role in Earth's nitrogen cycle and represents over 2 percent of global energy consumption, yielding 160 million tons of ammonia annually. Despite a century of concentrated research to improve the H-B process, progress has been slow (Chen et al., 2018). Our framework has the potential to significantly contribute to process optimization, potentially reducing production costs and CO$_2$ emissions while enabling the establishment of smaller and more widespread plants.
Figure 4 displays the convergence speed as WarpSci processes the Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction as a function of the number of environment replicas, running in parallel. The data reveal that, under consistent fixed hyperparameters, the simulations operating with an increased number of concurrent environments attain global convergence faster and more stably. The generalizable RL environment with the same hyperparameters is directly applicable to the study of Eley-Rideal reaction mechanism. The results highlight the critical role of massively high data throughput in RL for effectively exploring a broad range of reaction mechanisms through a generalizable RL environment representation built solely upon atomic positions.
Our findings reveal that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism shares the same transition state as the Eley-Rideal mechanism for H migration to NH$_2$, forming ammonia. Furthermore, the reaction path identified by our model exhibits a lower energy barrier compared to that through nudged elastic band calculation. In this Extended Abstract, we focus on presenting the generalizability, training speed and convergence stability facilitated by the high throughput of WarpSci. Interested readers seeking additional scientific background and technical details of this study are encouraged to refer to Lan and An (2021); Lan et al. (2024); Margraf et al. (2023).
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ac4fc2e0-72c4-4406-a335-20071f1e0fe7
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 26,655
|
Tess of the d’Urbervilles
By Thomas Hardy
Tess of the d’Urbervilles
By Thomas Hardy
Phase the First: The Maiden
On an evening in the latter part of May a middle-aged man was walking homeward from Shaston to the village of Marlott, in the adjoining Vale of Blakemore, or Blackmoor. The pair of legs that carried him were rickety, and there was a bias in his gait which inclined him somewhat to the left of a straight line. He occasionally gave a smart nod, as if in confirmation of some opinion, though he was not thinking of anything in particular. An empty egg-basket was slung upon his arm, the nap of his hat was ruffled, a patch being quite worn away at its brim where his thumb came in taking it off. Presently he was met by an elderly parson astride on a gray mare, who, as he rode, hummed a wandering tune.
‘Good night t’ee,’ said the man with the basket.
‘Good night, Sir John,’ said the parson.
The pedestrian, after another pace or two, halted, and turned round.
‘Now, sir, begging your pardon; we met last market-day on this road about this time, and I said ‘Good night,’ and you made reply ‘Good night, Sir John,’ as now.’ ‘I did,’ said the parson.
‘And once before that—near a month ago.’
‘I may have.’
‘Then what might your meaning be in calling me ‘Sir John’ these different times, when I be plain Jack Durbeyfield, the haggler?’
The parson rode a step or two nearer.
‘It was only my whim,’ he said; and, after a moment’s hesitation: ‘It was on account of a discovery I made some little time ago, whilst I was hunting up pedigrees for the new county history. I am Parson Tringham, the antiquary, of Stagfoot Lane. Don’t you really know, Durbeyfield, that you are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles, who derive their descent from Sir Pagan d’Urberville, that renowned knight who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror, as appears by Battle Abbey Roll?’
‘Never heard it before, sir!’
‘Well it’s true. Throw up your chin a moment, so that I may catch the profile of your face better. Yes, that’s the d’Urberville nose and chin—a little debased. Your ancestor was one of the twelve knights who assisted the Lord of Estremavilla in Normandy in his conquest of Glamorganshire. Branches of your family held manors over all this part of England; their names appear in the Pipe Rolls in the time of King Stephen. In the reign of King John one of them was rich enough to give a manor to the Knights Hospitallers; and in Edward the Second’s time your forefather Brian was summoned to Westminster to attend the great Council there. You declined a little in Oliver Cromwell’s time, but to no serious extent, and in
Charles the Second’s reign you were made Knights of the Royal Oak for your loyalty. Aye, there have been generations of Sir Johns among you, and if knighthood were hereditary, like a baronetcy, as it practically was in old times, when men were knighted from father to son, you would be Sir John now.’
‘Ye don’t say so!’
‘In short,’ concluded the parson, decisively smacking his leg with his switch, ‘there’s hardly such another family in England.’
‘Daze my eyes, and isn’t there?’ said Durbeyfield. ‘And here have I been knocking about, year after year, from pillar to post, as if I was no more than the commonest feller in the parish... And how long hev this news about me been knowed, Pa’son Tringham?’
The clergyman explained that, as far as he was aware, it had quite died out of knowledge, and could hardly be said to be known at all. His own investigations had begun on a day in the preceding spring when, having been engaged in tracing the vicissitudes of the d’Urberville family, he had observed Durbeyfield’s name on his waggon, and had thereupon been led to make inquiries about his father and grandfather till he had no doubt on the subject.
‘At first I resolved not to disturb you with such a useless piece of information,’ said he. ‘However, our impulses are too strong for our judgement sometimes. I thought you might perhaps know something of it all the while.’
‘Well, I have heard once or twice, ‘tis true, that my family had seen better days afore they came to Blackmoor. But I took no notice o’t, thinking it to mean that we had once kept two horses where we now keep only one. I’ve got a wold silver spoon, and a wold graven seal at home, too; but, Lord, what’s a spoon and seal? ... And to think that I and these noble d’Urbervilles were one flesh all the time. ‘Twas said that my gr’t-granfer had secrets, and didn’t care to talk of where he came from... And where do we raise our smoke, now, parson, if I may make so bold; I mean, where do we d’Urbervilles live?’
‘You don’t live anywhere. You are extinct—as a county family.’
‘That’s bad.’
‘Yes—what the mendacious family chronicles call extinct in the male line—that is, gone down—gone under.’
‘Then where do we lie?’
‘At Kingsbere-sub-Greenhill: rows and rows of you in your vaults, with your effigies under Purbeck-marble canopies.’
‘And where be our family mansions and estates?’
‘You haven’t any.’
‘Oh? No lands neither?’
‘None; though you once had ‘em in abundance, as I said, for you family consisted of numerous branches. In this county there was a seat of yours at Kingsbere, and another at Sherton, and another in Millpond, and another at Lullstead, and another at Wellbridge.’
‘And shall we ever come into our own again?’
‘Ah—that I can’t tell!’
‘And what had I better do about it, sir?’ asked Durbeyfield, after a pause.
‘Oh—nothing, nothing; except chasten yourself with the thought of “how are the mighty fallen.” It is a fact of some interest to the local historian and genealogist, nothing more. There are several families among the cottagers of this county of almost equal lustre. Good night.’
‘But you’ll turn back and have a quart of beer wi’ me on the strength o’t, Pa’son Tringham? There’s a very pretty brew in tap at The Pure Drop—though, to be sure, not so good as at Rolliver’s.’
‘No, thank you—not this evening, Durbeyfield. You’ve had enough already.’ Concluding thus, the parson rode on his way, with doubts as to his discretion in retailing this curious bit of lore.
When he was gone, Durbeyfield walked a few steps in a profound reverie, and then sat down upon the grassy bank by the roadside, depositing his basket before him. In a few minutes a youth appeared in the distance, walking in the same direction as that which had been pursued by Durbeyfield. The latter, on seeing him, held up his hand, and the lad quickened his pace and came near.
‘Boy, take up that basket! I want ‘ee to go on an errand for me.’
The lath-like stripling frowned. ‘Who be you, then, John Durbeyfield, to order me about and call me ‘boy’? You know my name as well as I know yours!’
‘Do you, do you? That’s the secret—that’s the secret! Now obey my orders, and take the message I’m going to charge ‘ee wi’... Well, Fred, I don’t mind telling you that the secret is that I’m one of a noble race—it has been just found out by me this present afternoon, P.M.’ And as he made the announcement, Durbeyfield, declining from his sitting position, luxuriously stretched himself out upon the bank among the daisies.
The lad stood before Durbeyfield, and contemplated his length from crown to toe.
‘Sir John d’Urberville—that’s who I am,’ continued the prostrate man. ‘That is if knights were baronets—which they be. ‘Tis recorded in history all about me. Dost know of such a place, lad, as Kingsbere-sub-Greenhill?’
‘Ees. I’ve been there to Greenhill Fair.’
‘Well, under the church of that city there lie—’
‘Tisn’t a city, the place I mean; leastwise ‘twaddn’ when I was there—‘twas a little one-eyed, blinking sort o’ place.’
‘Never you mind the place, boy, that’s not the question before us. Under the church of that there parish lie my ancestors—hundreds of ‘em—in coats of mail and jewels, in gr’t lead coffins weighing tons and tons. There’s not a man in the county o’ South-Wessex that’s got grander and nobler
skillentons in his family than I.’
‘Oh?’
‘Now take up that basket, and goo on to Marlott, and when you’ve come to The Pure Drop Inn, tell ‘em to send a horse and carriage to me immed’ately, to carry me hwome. And in the bottom o’ the carriage they be to put a noggin o’ rum in a small bottle, and chalk it up to my account. And when you’ve done that goo on to my house with the basket, and tell my wife to put away that washing, because she needn’t finish it, and wait till I come hwome, as I’ve news to tell her.’
As the lad stood in a dubious attitude, Durbeyfield put his hand in his pocket, and produced a shilling, one of the chronically few that he possessed.
‘Here’s for your labour, lad.’
This made a difference in the young man’s estimate of the position.
‘Yes, Sir John. Thank ‘ee. Anything else I can do for ‘ee, Sir John?’
‘Tell ‘em at hwome that I should like for supper,—well, lamb’s fry if they can get it; and if they can’t, black-pot; and if they can’t get that, well chitterlings will do.’
‘Yes, Sir John.’
The boy took up the basket, and as he set out the notes of a brass band were heard from the direction of the village.
‘What’s that?’ said Durbeyfield. ‘Not on account o’ I?’
'Tis the women's club-walking, Sir John. Why, your daughter is one o' the members.'
To be sure—I'd quite forgot it in my thoughts of greater things! Well, vamp on to Marlott, will ye, and order that carriage, and maybe I'll drive round and inspect the club.'
The lad departed, and Durbeyfield lay waiting on the grass and daisies in the evening sun. Not a soul passed that way for a long while, and the faint notes of the band were the only human sounds audible within the rim of blue hills.
II
The village of Marlott lay amid the north-eastern undulations of the beautiful Vale of Blakemore, or Blackmoor, aforesaid, an engirdled and secluded region, for the most part untrodden as yet by tourist or landscape-painter, though within a four hours' journey from London.
It is a vale whose acquaintance is best made by viewing it from the summits of the hills that surround it—except perhaps during the droughts of summer. An unguided ramble into its recesses in bad weather is apt to engender dissatisfaction with its narrow, tortuous, and miry ways.
This fertile and sheltered tract of country, in which the fields are never brown and the springs never dry, is bounded on the south by the bold chalk ridge that embraces the prominences of Hambledon Hill, Bulbarrow,
NettlecombeTout, Dogbury, High Stoy, and Bubb Down. The traveller from the coast, who, after plodding northward for a score of miles over calcareous downs and corn-lands, suddenly reaches the verge of one of these escarpments, is surprised and delighted to behold, extended like a map beneath him, a country differing absolutely from that which he has passed through. Behind him the hills are open, the sun blazes down upon fields so large as to give an unenclosed character to the landscape, the lanes are white, the hedges low and plashed, the atmosphere colourless. Here, in the valley, the world seems to be constructed upon a smaller and more delicate scale; the fields are mere paddocks, so reduced that from this height their hedgerows appear a network of dark green threads overspreading the paler green of the grass. The atmosphere beneath is languorous, and is so tinged with azure that what artists call the middle distance partakes also of that hue, while the horizon beyond is of the deepest ultramarine. Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the Vale of Blackmoor.
The district is of historic, no less than of topographical interest. The Vale was known in former times as the Forest of White Hart, from a curious legend of King Henry III’s reign, in which the killing by a certain Thomas de la Lynd of a beautiful white hart which the king had run down and spared, was made the occasion of a heavy fine. In those days, and till comparatively recent times, the country was
densely wooded. Even now, traces of its earlier condition are to be found in the old oak copses and irregular belts of timber that yet survive upon its slopes, and the hollowtrunked trees that shade so many of its pastures.
The forests have departed, but some old customs of their shades remain. Many, however, linger only in a metamorphosed or disguised form. The May-Day dance, for instance, was to be discerned on the afternoon under notice, in the guise of the club revel, or ‘club-walking,’ as it was there called.
It was an interesting event to the younger inhabitants of Marlott, though its real interest was not observed by the participators in the ceremony. Its singularity lay less in the retention of a custom of walking in procession and dancing on each anniversary than in the members being solely women. In men’s clubs such celebrations were, though expiring, less uncommon; but either the natural shyness of the softer sex, or a sarcastic attitude on the part of male relatives, had denuded such women’s clubs as remained (if any other did) or this their glory and consummation. The club of Marlott alone lived to uphold the local Cerealia. It had walked for hundreds of years, if not as benefit-club, as votive sisterhood of some sort; and it walked still.
The banded ones were all dressed in white gowns—a gay survival from Old Style days, when cheerfulness and Maytime were synonyms—days before the habit of taking long views had reduced emotions to a monotonous average. Their first exhibition of themselves was in a processional
march of two and two round the parish. Ideal and real clashed slightly as the sun lit up their figures against the green hedges and creeper-laced house-fronts; for, though the whole troop wore white garments, no two whites were alike among them. Some approached pure blanching; some had a bluish pallor; some worn by the older characters (which had possibly lain by folded for many a year) inclined to a cadaverous tint, and to a Georgian style.
In addition to the distinction of a white frock, every woman and girl carried in her right hand a peeled willow wand, and in her left a bunch of white flowers. The peeling of the former, and the selection of the latter, had been an operation of personal care.
There were a few middle-aged and even elderly women in the train, their silver-wiry hair and wrinkled faces, scourged by time and trouble, having almost a grotesque, certainly a pathetic, appearance in such a jaunty situation. In a true view, perhaps, there was more to be gathered and told of each anxious and experienced one, to whom the years were drawing nigh when she should say, ‘I have no pleasure in them,’ than of her juvenile comrades. But let the elder be passed over here for those under whose bodices the life throbbed quick and warm.
The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band, and their heads of luxuriant hair reflected in the sunshine every tone of gold, and black, and brown. Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. A difficulty
of arranging their lips in this crude exposure to public scrutiny, an inability to balance their heads, and to dissociate self-consciousness from their features, was apparent in them, and showed that they were genuine country girls, unaccustomed to many eyes.
And as each and all of them were warmed without by the sun, so each had a private little sun for her soul to bask in; some dream, some affection, some hobby, at least some remote and distant hope which, though perhaps starving to nothing, still lived on, as hopes will. They were all cheerful, and many of them merry.
They came round by The Pure Drop Inn, and were turning out of the high road to pass through a wicket-gate into the meadows, when one of the women said—
'The Load-a-Lord! Why, Tess Durbeyfield, if there isn’t thy father riding hwome in a carriage!'
A young member of the band turned her head at the exclamation. She was a fine and handsome girl—not handsomer than some others, possibly—but her mobile peony mouth and large innocent eyes added eloquence to colour and shape. She wore a red ribbon in her hair, and was the only one of the white company who could boast of such a pronounced adornment. As she looked round Durbeyfield was seen moving along the road in a chaise belonging to The Pure Drop, driven by a frizzle-headed brawny damsel with her gown-sleeves rolled above her elbows. This was the cheerful servant of that establishment, who, in her part of factotum, turned groom and ostler at
times. Durbeyfield, leaning back, and with his eyes closed luxuriously, was waving his hand above his head, and singing in a slow recitative—
'I've-got-a-gr't-family-vault-at-Kingsbere—and knighted-forefathers-in-lead-coffins-there!'
The clubbists tittered, except the girl called Tess—in whom a slow heat seemed to rise at the sense that her father was making himself foolish in their eyes.
'He's tired, that's all,' she said hastily, 'and he has got a lift home, because our own horse has to rest to-day.'
'Bless thy simplicity, Tess,' said her companions. 'He's got his market-nitch. Haw-haw!'
'Look here; I won't walk another inch with you, if you say any jokes about him!' Tess cried, and the colour upon her cheeks spread over her face and neck. In a moment her eyes grew moist, and her glance drooped to the ground. Perceiving that they had really pained her they said no more, and order again prevailed. Tess's pride would not allow her to turn her head again, to learn what her father's meaning was, if he had any; and thus she moved on with the whole body to the enclosure where there was to be dancing on the green. By the time the spot was reached she has recovered her equanimity, and tapped her neighbour with her wand and talked as usual.
Tess Durbeyfield at this time of her life was a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experience. The dialect was on her tongue to some extent, despite the village school: the characteristic intonation of that dialect for this
district being the voicing approximately rendered by the syllable UR, probably as rich an utterance as any to be found in human speech. The pouted-up deep red mouth to which this syllable was native had hardly as yet settled into its definite shape, and her lower lip had a way of thrusting the middle of her top one upward, when they closed together after a word.
Phases of her childhood lurked in her aspect still. As she walked along to-day, for all her bouncing handsome womanliness, you could sometimes see her twelfth year in her cheeks, or her ninth sparkling from her eyes; and even her fifth would flit over the curves of her mouth now and then.
Yet few knew, and still fewer considered this. A small minority, mainly strangers, would look long at her in casually passing by, and grow momentarily fascinated by her freshness, and wonder if they would ever see her again: but to almost everybody she was a fine and picturesque country girl, and no more.
Nothing was seen or heard further of Durbeyfield in his triumphal chariot under the conduct of the ostleress, and the club having entered the allotted space, dancing began. As there were no men in the company, the girls danced at first with each other, but when the hour for the close of labour drew on, the masculine inhabitants of the village, together with other idlers and pedestrians, gathered round the spot, and appeared inclined to negotiate for a partner.
Among these on-lookers were three young men of a superior class, carrying small knapsacks strapped to their shoulders, and stout sticks in their hands. Their general likeness to each other, and their consecutive ages, would almost have suggested that they might be, what in fact they were, brothers. The eldest wore the white tie, high waistcoat, and thin-brimmed hat of the regulation curate; the second was the normal undergraduate; the appearance of the third and youngest would hardly have been sufficient to characterize him; there was an uncribbed, uncabined aspect in his eyes and attire, implying that he had hardly as yet found the entrance to his professional groove. That he was a desultory tentative student of something and everything might only have been predicted of him.
These three brethren told casual acquaintance that they were spending their Whitsun holidays in a walking tour through the Vale of Blackmoor, their course being southwesterly from the town of Shaston on the north-east.
They leant over the gate by the highway, and inquired as to the meaning of the dance and the white-frocked maids. The two elder of the brothers were plainly not intending to linger more than a moment, but the spectacle of a bevy of girls dancing without male partners seemed to amuse the third, and make him in no hurry to move on. He unstrapped his knapsack, put it, with his stick, on the hedge-bank, and opened the gate.
‘What are you going to do, Angel?’ asked the eldest.
'I am inclined to go and have a fling with them. Why not all of us—just for a minute or two—it will not detain us long?'
'No—no; nonsense!' said the first. 'Dancing in public with a troop of country hoydens—suppose we should be seen! Come along, or it will be dark before we get to Stourcastle, and there's no place we can sleep at nearer than that; besides, we must get through another chapter of A Counterblast to Agnosticism before we turn in, now I have taken the trouble to bring the book.'
'All right—I'll overtake you and Cuthbert in five minutes; don't stop; I give my word that I will, Felix.'
The two elder reluctantly left him and walked on, taking their brother's knapsack to relieve him in following, and the youngest entered the field.
'This is a thousand pities,' he said gallantly, to two or three of the girls nearest him, as soon as there was a pause in the dance. 'Where are your partners, my dears?'
'They've not left off work yet,' answered one of the boldest. 'They'll be here by and by. Till then, will you be one, sir?'
'Certainly. But what's one among so many!'
'Better than none. 'Tis melancholy work facing and footing it to one of your own sort, and no clipsing and colling at all. Now, pick and choose.'
'Ssh—don't be so for'ard!' said a shyer girl.
The young man, thus invited, glanced them over, and attempted some discrimination; but, as the group were all
so new to him, he could not very well exercise it. He took almost the first that came to hand, which was not the speaker, as she had expected; nor did it happen to be Tess Durbeyfield. Pedigree, ancestral skeletons, monumental record, the d’Urberville lineaments, did not help Tess in her life’s battle as yet, even to the extent of attracting to her a dancing-partner over the heads of the commonest peasantry. So much for Norman blood unaided by Victorian lucre.
The name of the eclipsing girl, whatever it was, has not been handed down; but she was envied by all as the first who enjoyed the luxury of a masculine partner that evening. Yet such was the force of example that the village young men, who had not hastened to enter the gate while no intruder was in the way, now dropped in quickly, and soon the couples became leavened with rustic youth to a marked extent, till at length the plainest woman in the club was no longer compelled to foot it on the masculine side of the figure.
The church clock struck, when suddenly the student said that he must leave—he had been forgetting himself—he had to join his companions. As he fell out of the dance his eyes lighted on Tess Durbeyfield, whose own large orbs wore, to tell the truth, the faintest aspect of reproach that he had not chosen her. He, too, was sorry then that, owing to her backwardness, he had not observed her; and with that in his mind he left the pasture.
On account of his long delay he started in a flying-run down the lane westward, and had soon passed the hollow and mounted the next rise. He had not yet overtaken his brothers, but he paused to get breath, and looked back. He could see the white figures of the girls in the green enclosure whirling about as they had whirled when he was among them. They seemed to have quite forgotten him already.
All of them, except, perhaps, one. This white shape stood apart by the hedge alone. From her position he knew it to be the pretty maiden with whom he had not danced. Trifling as the matter was, he yet instinctively felt that she was hurt by his oversight. He wished that he had asked her; he wished that he had inquired her name. She was so modest, so expressive, she had looked so soft in her thin white gown that he felt he had acted stupidly.
However, it could not be helped, and turning, and bending himself to a rapid walk, he dismissed the subject from his mind.
III
As for Tess Durbeyfield, she did not so easily dislodge the incident from her consideration. She had no spirit to dance again for a long time, though she might have had plenty of partners; but ah! they did not speak so nicely as the strange
young man had done. It was not till the rays of the sun had absorbed the young stranger’s retreating figure on the hill that she shook off her temporary sadness and answered her would-be partner in the affirmative.
She remained with her comrades till dusk, and participated with a certain zest in the dancing; though, being heart-whole as yet, she enjoyed treading a measure purely for its own sake; little divining when she saw ‘the soft torments, the bitter sweets, the pleasing pains, and the agreeable distresses’ of those girls who had been wooed and won, what she herself was capable of in that kind. The struggles and wrangles of the lads for her hand in a jig were an amusement to her—no more; and when they became fierce she rebuked them.
She might have stayed even later, but the incident of her father’s odd appearance and manner returned upon the girl’s mind to make her anxious, and wondering what had become of him she dropped away from the dancers and bent her steps towards the end of the village at which the parental cottage lay.
While yet many score yards off, other rhythmic sounds than those she had quitted became audible to her; sounds that she knew well—so well. They were a regular series of thumpings from the interior of the house, occasioned by the violent rocking of a cradle upon a stone floor, to which movement a feminine voice kept time by singing, in a vigorous gallopade, the favourite ditty of ‘The Spotted Cow’—
I saw her lie do'-own in yon'-der green gro'-ove;
Come, love!' and I'll tell' you where!'
The cradle-rocking and the song would cease simultaneously for a moment, and an exclamation at highest vocal pitch would take the place of the melody.
'God bless thy diment eyes! And thy waxen cheeks!
And thy cherry mouth! And thy Cubit's thighs! And every bit o' thy blessed body!'
After this invocation the rocking and the singing would recommence, and the 'Spotted Cow' proceed as before. So matters stood when Tess opened the door and paused upon the mat within it, surveying the scene.
The interior, in spite of the melody, struck upon the girl's senses with an unspeakable dreariness. From the holiday gaieties of the field—the white gowns, the nosegays, the willow-wands, the whirling movements on the green, the flash of gentle sentiment towards the stranger—to the yellow melancholy of this one-candled spectacle, what a step! Besides the jar of contrast there came to her a chill self-reproach that she had not returned sooner, to help her mother in these domesticities, instead of indulging herself out-ofdoors.
There stood her mother amid the group of children, as Tess had left her, hanging over the Monday washing-tub, which had now, as always, lingered on to the end of the week. Out of that tub had come the day before—Tess felt it with a dreadful sting of remorse—the very white frock
upon her back which she had so carelessly greened about the skirt on the damping grass—which had been wrung up and ironed by her mother’s own hands.
As usual, Mrs Durbeyfield was balanced on one foot beside the tub, the other being engaged in the aforesaid business of rocking her youngest child. The cradle-rockers had done hard duty for so many years, under the weight of so many children, on that flagstone floor, that they were worn nearly flat, in consequence of which a huge jerk accompanied each swing of the cot, flinging the baby from side to side like a weaver’s shuttle, as Mrs Durbeyfield, excited by her song, trod the rocker with all the spring that was left in her after a long day’s seething in the suds.
Nick-knock, nick-knock, went the cradle; the candleflame stretched itself tall, and began jigging up and down; the water dribbled from the matron’s elbows, and the song galloped on to the end of the verse, Mrs Durbeyfield regarding her daughter the while. Even now, when burdened with a young family, Joan Durbeyfield was a passionate lover of tune. No ditty floated into Blackmoor Vale from the outer world but Tess’s mother caught up its notation in a week.
There still faintly beamed from the woman’s features something of the freshness, and even the prettiness, of her youth; rendering it probable that the personal charms which
Tess could boast of were in main part her mother’s gift, and therefore unknightly, unhistorical.
‘I’ll rock the cradle for ‘ee, mother,’ said the daughter gently. ‘Or I’ll take off my best frock and help you wring up? I thought you had finished long ago.’
Her mother bore Tess no ill-will for leaving the housework to her single-handed efforts for so long; indeed, Joan seldom upbraided her thereon at any time, feeling but slightly the lack of Tess’s assistance whilst her instinctive plan for relieving herself of her labours lay in postponing them. Tonight, however, she was even in a blither mood than usual. There was a dreaminess, a pre-occupation, an exaltation, in the maternal look which the girl could not understand.
‘Well, I’m glad you’ve come,’ her mother said, as soon as the last note had passed out of her. ‘I want to go and fetch your father; but what’s more’n that, I want to tell ‘ee what have happened. Y’ll be fess enough, my poppet, when th’st know!’ (Mrs Durbeyfield habitually spoke the dialect; her daughter, who had passed the Sixth Standard in the National School under a London-trained mistress, spoke two languages: the dialect at home, more or less; ordinary English abroad and to persons of quality.) ‘Since I’ve been away?’ Tess asked.
‘Ay!’
‘Had it anything to do with father’s making such a mommet of himself in thik carriage this afternoon? Why did ‘er? I felt inclined to sink into the ground with shame!’
‘That wer all a part of the larry! We’ve been found to be the greatest gentlefolk in the whole county—reaching all back long before Oliver Grumble’s time—to the days of the Pagan Turks—with monuments, and vaults, and crests, and ‘scutcheons, and the Lord knows what all. In Saint Charles’s days we was made Knights o’ the Royal Oak, our real name being d’Urberville! ... Don’t that make your bosom plim? ‘Twas on this account that your father rode home in the vlee; not because he’d been drinking, as people supposed.’
‘I’m glad of that. Will it do us any good, mother?’
‘O yes! ‘Tis thoughted that great things may come o’t. No doubt a mampus of volk of our own rank will be down here in their carriages as soon as ‘tis known. Your father learnt it on his way hwome from Shaston, and he has been telling me the whole pedigree of the matter.’
‘Where is father now?’ asked Tess suddenly.
Her mother gave irrelevant information by way of answer: ‘He called to see the doctor to-day in Shaston. It is not consumption at all, it seems. It is fat round his heart, ‘a says. There, it is like this.’ Joan Durbeyfield, as she spoke, curved a sodden thumb and forefinger to the shape of the letter C, and used the other forefinger as a pointer. “At the present moment,” he says to your father, ‘your heart is enclosed all round there, and all round there; this space is still open,’ ‘a says. ‘As soon as it do meet, so,””—Mrs Durbeyfield closed her fingers into a circle complete—“off you will go like a shadder, Mr Durbeyfield,” ‘a says. ‘You
mid last ten years; you mid go off in ten months, or ten days.’
Tess looked alarmed. Her father possibly to go behind the eternal cloud so soon, notwithstanding this sudden greatness!
‘But where IS father?’ she asked again.
Her mother put on a deprecating look. ‘Now don’t you be bursting out angry! The poor man—he felt so rafted after his uplifting by the pa’son’s news—that he went up to Rolliver’s half an hour ago. He do want to get up his strength for his journey to-morrow with that load of beehives, which must be delivered, family or no. He’ll have to start shortly after twelve to-night, as the distance is so long.’
‘Get up his strength!’ said Tess impetuously, the tears welling to her eyes. ‘O my God! Go to a public-house to get up his strength! And you as well agreed as he, mother!’
Her rebuke and her mood seemed to fill the whole room, and to impart a cowed look to the furniture, and candle, and children playing about, and to her mother’s face.
‘No,’ said the latter touchily, ‘I be not agreed. I have been waiting for ‘ee to bide and keep house while I go fetch him.’
‘I’ll go.’
‘O no, Tess. You see, it would be no use.’
Tess did not expostulate. She knew what her mother’s objection meant. Mrs Durbeyfield’s jacket and bonnet were already hanging slily upon a chair by her side, in readiness
for this contemplated jaunt, the reason for which the matron deplored more than its necessity.
‘And take the Compleat Fortune-Teller to the outhouse,’ Joan continued, rapidly wiping her hands, and donning the garments.
The Compleat Fortune-Teller was an old thick volume, which lay on a table at her elbow, so worn by pocketing that the margins had reached the edge of the type. Tess took it up, and her mother started.
This going to hunt up her shiftless husband at the inn was one of Mrs Durbeyfield’s still extant enjoyments in the muck and muddle of rearing children. To discover him at Rolliver’s, to sit there for an hour or two by his side and dismiss all thought and care of the children during the interval, made her happy. A sort of halo, an occidental glow, came over life then. Troubles and other realities took on themselves a metaphysical impalpability, sinking to mere mental phenomena for serene contemplation, and no longer stood as pressing concretions which chafed body and soul. The youngsters, not immediately within sight, seemed rather bright and desirable appurtenances than otherwise; the incidents of daily life were not without humorousness and jollity in their aspect there. She felt a little as she had used to feel when she sat by her now wedded husband in the same spot during his wooing, shutting her eyes to his defects of character, and regarding him only in his ideal presentation as lover.
Tess, being left alone with the younger children, went first to the outhouse with the fortune-telling book, and stuffed it into the thatch. A curious fetishistic fear of this grimy volume on the part of her mother prevented her ever allowing it to stay in the house all night, and hither it was brought back whenever it had been consulted. Between the mother, with her fast-perishing lumber of superstitions, folk-lore, dialect, and orally transmitted ballads, and the daughter, with her trained National teachings and Standard knowledge under an infinitely Revised Code, there was a gap of two hundred years as ordinarily understood. When they were together the Jacobean and the Victorian ages were juxtaposed.
Returning along the garden path Tess mused on what the mother could have wished to ascertain from the book on this particular day. She guessed the recent ancestral discovery to bear upon it, but did not divine that it solely concerned herself. Dismissing this, however, she busied herself with sprinkling the linen dried during the day-time, in company with her nine-year-old brother Abraham, and her sister Eliza-Louisa of twelve and a half, called “Liza-Lu,” the youngest ones being put to bed. There was an interval of four years and more between Tess and the next of the family, the two who had filled the gap having died in their infancy, and this lent her a deputy-maternal attitude when she was alone with her juniors. Next in juvenility to Abraham came two more girls, Hope and Modesty; then a
boy of three, and then the baby, who had just completed his first year.
All these young souls were passengers in the Durbeyfield ship—entirely dependent on the judgement of the two Durbeyfield adults for their pleasures, their necessities, their health, even their existence. If the heads of the Durbeyfield household chose to sail into difficulty, disaster, starvation, disease, degradation, death, thither were these half-dozen little captives under hatches compelled to sail with them—six helpless creatures, who had never been asked if they wished for life on any terms, much less if they wished for it on such hard conditions as were involved in being of the shiftless house of Durbeyfield. Some people would like to know whence the poet whose philosophy is in these days deemed as profound and trustworthy as his song is breezy and pure, gets his authority for speaking of ‘Nature’s holy plan.’
It grew later, and neither father nor mother reappeared. Tess looked out of the door, and took a mental journey through Marlott. The village was shutting its eyes. Candles and lamps were being put out everywhere: she could inwardly behold the extinguisher and the extended hand.
Her mother’s fetching simply meant one more to fetch. Tess began to perceive that a man in indifferent health, who proposed to start on a journey before one in the morning, ought not to be at an inn at this late hour celebrating his ancient blood.
‘Abraham,’ she said to her little brother, ‘do you put on your hat—you bain’t afraid?—and go up to Rolliver’s, and see what has gone wi’ father and mother.’
The boy jumped promptly from his seat, and opened the door, and the night swallowed him up. Half an hour passed yet again; neither man, woman, nor child returned. Abraham, like his parents, seemed to have been limed and caught by the ensnaring inn.
‘I must go myself,’ she said.
‘Liza-Lu then went to bed, and Tess, locking them all in, started on her way up the dark and crooked lane or street not made for hasty progress; a street laid out before inches of land had value, and when one-handed clocks sufficiently subdivided the day.
IV
Rolliver’s inn, the single alehouse at this end of the long and broken village, could only boast of an off-licence; hence, as nobody could legally drink on the premises, the amount of overt accommodation for consumers was strictly limited to a little board about six inches wide and two yards long, fixed to the garden palings by pieces of wire, so as to form a ledge. On this board thirsty strangers deposited their cups as they stood in the road and drank, and threw the
dregs on the dusty ground to the pattern of Polynesia, and wished they could have a restful seat inside.
Thus the strangers. But there were also local customers who felt the same wish; and where there’s a will there’s a way.
In a large bedroom upstairs, the window of which was thickly curtained with a great woollen shawl lately discarded by the landlady, Mrs Rolliver, were gathered on this evening nearly a dozen persons, all seeking beatitude; all old inhabitants of the nearer end of Marlott, and frequenters of this retreat. Not only did the distance to the The Pure Drop, the fully-licensed tavern at the further part of the dispersed village, render its accommodation practically unavailable for dwellers at this end; but the far more serious question, the quality of the liquor, confirmed the prevalent opinion that it was better to drink with Rolliver in a corner of the housetop than with the other landlord in a wide house.
A gaunt four-post bedstead which stood in the room afforded sitting-space for several persons gathered round three of its sides; a couple more men had elevated themselves on a chest of drawers; another rested on the oak-carved ‘cwoffer’; two on the wash-stand; another on the stool; and thus all were, somehow, seated at their ease. The stage of mental comfort to which they had arrived at this hour was one wherein their souls expanded beyond their skins, and spread their personalities warmly through the room. In this process the chamber and its furniture grew
more and more dignified and luxurious; the shawl hanging at the window took upon itself the richness of tapestry; the brass handles of the chest of drawers were as golden knockers; and the carved bedposts seemed to have some kinship with the magnificent pillars of Solomon’s temple.
Mrs Durbeyfield, having quickly walked hitherward after parting from Tess, opened the front door, crossed the downstairs room, which was in deep gloom, and then unfastened the stair-door like one whose fingers knew the tricks of the latches well. Her ascent of the crooked staircase was a slower process, and her face, as it rose into the light above the last stair, encountered the gaze of all the party assembled in the bedroom.
‘—Being a few private friends I’ve asked in to keep up club-walking at my own expense,’ the landlady exclaimed at the sound of footsteps, as glibly as a child repeating the Catechism, while she peered over the stairs. ‘Oh, ’tis you, Mrs Durbeyfield—Lard—how you frightened me!—I thought it might be some gaffer sent by Gover’ment.’
Mrs Durbeyfield was welcomed with glances and nods by the remainder of the conclave, and turned to where her husband sat. He was humming absently to himself, in a low tone: ‘I be as good as some folks here and there! I’ve got a great family vault at Kingsbere-sub-Greenhill, and finer skillentons than any man in Wessex!’
‘I’ve something to tell ’ee that’s come into my head about that—a grand projick!’ whispered his cheerful wife. ‘Here, John, don’t ’ee see me?’ She nudged him, while he,
looking through her as through a window-pane, went on with his recitative.
‘Hush! Don’t ‘ee sing so loud, my good man,’ said the landlady; ‘in case any member of the Gover’ment should be passing, and take away my licends.’
‘He’s told ‘ee what’s happened to us, I suppose?’ asked Mrs Durbeyfield.
‘Yes—in a way. D’ye think there’s any money hanging by it?’
‘Ah, that’s the secret,’ said Joan Durbeyfield sagely. ‘However, ‘tis well to be kin to a coach, even if you don’t ride in ‘en.’ She dropped her public voice, and continued in a low tone to her husband: ‘I’ve been thinking since you brought the news that there’s a great rich lady out by Trantridge, on the edge o’ The Chase, of the name of d’Urberville.’ ‘Hey—what’s that?’ said Sir John.
She repeated the information. ‘That lady must be our relation,’ she said. ‘And my projick is to send Tess to claim kin.’
‘There IS a lady of the name, now you mention it,’ said Durbeyfield. ‘Pa’son Tringham didn’t think of that. But she’s nothing beside we—a junior branch of us, no doubt, hailing long since King Norman’s day.’
While this question was being discussed neither of the pair noticed, in their preoccupation, that little Abraham had crept into the room, and was awaiting an opportunity of asking them to return.
‘She is rich, and she’d be sure to take notice o’ the maid,’ continued Mrs Durbeyfield; ‘and ‘twill be a very good thing. I don’t see why two branches o’ one family should not be on visiting terms.’
‘Yes; and we’ll all claim kin!’ said Abraham brightly from under the bedstead. ‘And we’ll all go and see her when Tess has gone to live with her; and we’ll ride in her coach and wear black clothes!’
‘How do you come here, child? What nonsense be ye talking! Go away, and play on the stairs till father and mother be ready! ... Well, Tess ought to go to this other member of our family. She’d be sure to win the lady—Tess would; and likely enough ‘twould lead to some noble gentleman marrying her. In short, I know it.’
‘How?’
‘I tried her fate in the Fortune-Teller, and it brought out that very thing! ... You should ha’ seen how pretty she looked to-day; her skin is as sumple as a duchess’.
‘What says the maid herself to going?’
‘I’ve not asked her. She don’t know there is any such ladyrelation yet. But it would certainly put her in the way of a grand marriage, and she won’t say nay to going.’
‘Tess is queer.’
‘But she’s tractable at bottom. Leave her to me.’
Though this conversation had been private, sufficient of its import reached the understandings of those around to suggest to them that the Durbeyfields had weightier concerns to talk of now than common folks had, and that
Tess, their pretty eldest daughter, had fine prospects in store.
‘Tess is a fine figure o’ fun, as I said to myself to-day when I zeed her vamping round parish with the rest,’ observed one of the elderly boozers in an undertone. ‘But Joan Durbeyfield must mind that she don’t get green malt in floor.’ It was a local phrase which had a peculiar meaning, and there was no reply.
The conversation became inclusive, and presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below.
‘—Being a few private friends asked in to-night to keep up club-walking at my own expense.’ The landlady had rapidly re-used the formula she kept on hand for intruders before she recognized that the newcomer was Tess.
Even to her mother’s gaze the girl’s young features looked sadly out of place amid the alcoholic vapours which floated here as no unsuitable medium for wrinkled middle-age; and hardly was a reproachful flash from Tess’s dark eyes needed to make her father and mother rise from their seats, hastily finish their ale, and descend the stairs behind her, Mrs Rolliver’s caution following their footsteps.
‘No noise, please, if ye’ll be so good, my dears; or I mid lose my licends, and be summons’d, and I don’t know what all! ‘Night t’yel’
They went home together, Tess holding one arm of her father, and Mrs Durbeyfield the other. He had, in truth, drunk very little—not a fourth of the quantity which a systematic tippler could carry to church on a Sunday
afternoon without a hitch in his eastings or genuflections; but the weakness of Sir John’s constitution made mountains of his petty sins in this kind. On reaching the fresh air he was sufficiently unsteady to incline the row of three at one moment as if they were marching to London, and at another as if they were marching to Bath—which produced a comical effect, frequent enough in families on nocturnal homegoings; and, like most comical effects, not quite so comic after all. The two women valiantly disguised these forced excursions and countermarches as well as they could from Durbeyfield, their cause, and from Abraham, and from themselves; and so they approached by degrees their own door, the head of the family bursting suddenly into his former refrain as he drew near, as if to fortify his soul at sight of the smallness of his present residence—
‘I’ve got a family vault at Kingsbere!’
‘Hush—don’t be so silly, Jacky,’ said his wife. ‘Yours is not the only family that was of ‘count in wold days. Look at the Anktells, and Horseys, and the Tringhamhs themselves—gone to seed a’most as much as you—though you was bigger folks than they, that’s true. Thank God, I was never of no family, and have nothing to be ashamed of in that way!’
‘Don’t you be so sure o’ that. From you nater ‘tis my belief you’ve disgraced yourselves more than any o’ us, and was kings and queens outright at one time.’
Tess turned the subject by saying what was far more prominent in her own mind at the moment than thoughts of
her ancestry—‘I am afraid father won’t be able to take the journey with the beehives to-morrow so early.’
‘I? I shall be all right in an hour or two,’ said Durbeyfield.
It was eleven o’clock before the family were all in bed, and two o’clock next morning was the latest hour for starting with the beehives if they were to be delivered to the retailers in Casterbridge before the Saturday market began, the way thither lying by bad roads over a distance of between twenty and thirty miles, and the horse and waggon being of the slowest. At half-past one Mrs Durbeyfield came into the large bedroom where Tess and all her little brothers and sisters slept.
‘The poor man can’t go,’ she said to her eldest daughter, whose great eyes had opened the moment her mother’s hand touched the door.
Tess sat up in bed, lost in a vague interspace between a dream and this information.
‘But somebody must go,’ she replied. ‘It is late for the hives already. Swarming will soon be over for the year; and it we put off taking ‘em till next week’s market the call for ‘em will be past, and they’ll be thrown on our hands.’ Mrs Durbeyfield looked unequal to the emergency. ‘Some young feller, perhaps, would go? One of them who were so much after dancing with ‘ee yesterday,’ she presently suggested.
‘O no—I wouldn’t have it for the world!’ declared Tess proudly. ‘And letting everybody know the reason—such a
thing to be ashamed of! I think I could go if Abraham could go with me to kip me company.'
Her mother at length agreed to this arrangement. Little Abraham was aroused from his deep sleep in a corner of the same apartment, and made to put on his clothes while still mentally in the other world. Meanwhile Tess had hastily dressed herself; and the twain, lighting a lantern, went out to the stable. The rickety little waggon was already laden, and the girl led out the horse, Prince, only a degree less rickety than the vehicle.
The poor creature looked wonderingly round at the night, at the lantern, at their two figures, as if he could not believe that at that hour, when every living thing was intended to be in shelter and at rest, he was called upon to go out and labour. They put a stock of candle-ends into the lantern, hung the latter to the off-side of the load, and directed the horse onward, walking at his shoulder at first during the uphill parts of the way, in order not to overload an animal of so little vigour. To cheer themselves as well as they could, they made an artificial morning with the lantern, some bread and butter, and their own conversation, the real morning being far from come. Abraham, as he more fully awoke (for he had moved in a sort of trance so far), began to talk of the strange shapes assumed by the various dark objects against the sky; of this tree that looked like a raging tiger springing from a lair; of that which resembled a giant's head.
When they had passed the little town of Stourcastle, dumbly somnolent under its thick brown thatch, they reached higher ground. Still higher, on their left, the elevation called Bulbarrow, or Bealbarrow, well-nigh the highest in South Wessex, swelled into the sky, engirdled by its earthen trenches. From hereabout the long road was fairly level for some distance onward. They mounted in front of the waggon, and Abraham grew reflective.
‘Tess!’ he said in a preparatory tone, after a silence.
‘Yes, Abraham.’
‘Bain’t you glad that we’ve become gentlefolk?’
‘Not particular glad.’
‘But you be glad that you ‘m going to marry a gentleman?’
‘What?’ said Tess, lifting her face.
‘That our great relation will help ‘ee to marry a gentleman.’
‘I? Our great relation? We have no such relation. What has put that into your head?’
‘I heard ‘em talking about it up at Rolliver’s when I went to find father. There’s a rich lady of our family out at Trantridge, and mother said that if you claimed kin with the lady, she’d put ‘ee in the way of marrying a gentleman.’
His sister became abruptly still, and lapsed into a pondering silence. Abraham talked on, rather for the pleasure of utterance than for audition, so that his sister’s abstraction was of no account. He leant back against the hives, and with upturned face made observations on the
stars, whose cold pulses were beating amid the black hollows above, in serene dissociation from these two wisps of human life.
He asked how far away those twinklers were, and whether God was on the other side of them. But ever and anon his childish prattle recurred to what impressed his imagination even more deeply than the wonders of creation. If Tess were made rich by marrying a gentleman, would she have money enough to buy a spyglass so large that it would draw the stars as near to her as Nettlecombe-Tout?
The renewed subject, which seemed to have impregnated the whole family, filled Tess with impatience. ‘Never mind that now!’ she exclaimed.
‘Did you say the stars were worlds, Tess?’
‘Yes.’
‘All like ours?’
‘I don’t know; but I think so. They sometimes seem to be like the apples on our stubbard-tree. Most of them splendid and sound—a few blighted.’
‘Which do we live on—a splendid one or a blighted one?’
‘A blighted one.’
‘Tis very unlucky that we didn’t pitch on a sound one, when there were so many more of ‘em!’
‘Yes.’
‘Is it like that REALLY, Tess?’ said Abraham, turning to her much impressed, on reconsideration of this rare information. ‘How would it have been if we had pitched on a sound one?’
‘Well, father wouldn’t have coughed and creped about as he does, and wouldn’t have got too tipsy to go on this journey; and mother wouldn’t have been always washing, and never getting finished.’
‘And you would have been a rich lady ready-made, and not have had to be made rich by marrying a gentleman?’
‘O Aby, don’t—don’t talk of that any more!’
Left to his reflections Abraham soon grew drowsy. Tess was not skilful in the management of a horse, but she thought that she could take upon herself the entire conduct of the load for the present and allow Abraham to go to sleep if he wished to do so. She made him a sort of nest in front of the hives, in such a manner that he could not fall, and, taking the reins into her own hands, jogged on as before.
Prince required but slight attention, lacking energy for superfluous movements of any sort. With no longer a companion to distract her, Tess fell more deeply into reverie than ever, her back leaning against the hives. The mute procession past her shoulders of trees and hedges became attached to fantastic scenes outside reality, and the occasional heave of the wind became the sigh of some immense sad soul, conterminous with the universe in space, and with history in time.
Then, examining the mesh of events in her own life, she seemed to see the vanity of her father’s pride; the gentlemanly suitor awaiting herself in her mother’s fancy; to see him as a grimacing personage, laughing at her poverty and her shrouded knightly ancestry. Everything grew more and more extravagant, and she no longer knew how time passed. A sudden jerk shook her in her seat, and Tess awoke from the sleep into which she, too, had fallen.
They were a long way further on than when she had lost consciousness, and the waggon had stopped. A hollow groan, unlike anything she had ever heard in her life, came from the front, followed by a shout of ‘Hoi there!’
The lantern hanging at her waggon had gone out, but another was shining in her face—much brighter than her own had been. Something terrible had happened. The harness was entangled with an object which blocked the way.
In consternation Tess jumped down, and discovered the dreadful truth. The groan had proceeded from her father’s poor horse Prince. The morning mail-cart, with its two noiseless wheels, speeding along these lanes like an arrow, as it always did, had driven into her slow and unlighted equipage. The pointed shaft of the cart had entered the breast of the unhappy Prince like a sword, and from the wound his life’s blood was spouting in a stream, and falling with a hiss into the road.
In her despair Tess sprang forward and put her hand upon the hole, with the only result that she became
splashed from face to skirt with the crimson drops. Then she stood helplessly looking on. Prince also stood firm and motionless as long as he could; till he suddenly sank down in a heap.
By this time the mail-cart man had joined her, and began dragging and unharnessing the hot form of Prince. But he was already dead, and, seeing that nothing more could be done immediately, the mail-cart man returned to his own animal, which was uninjured.
‘You was on the wrong side,’ he said. ‘I am bound to go on with the mail-bags, so that the best thing for you to do is bide here with your load. I’ll send somebody to help you as soon as I can. It is getting daylight, and you have nothing to fear.’
He mounted and sped on his way; while Tess stood and waited. The atmosphere turned pale, the birds shook themselves in the hedges, arose, and twittered; the lane showed all its white features, and Tess showed hers, still whiter. The huge pool of blood in front of her was already assuming the iridescence of coagulation; and when the sun rose a hundred prismatic hues were reflected from it. Prince lay alongside, still and stark; his eyes half open, the hole in his chest looking scarcely large enough to have let out all that had animated him.
‘Tis all my doing—all mine!’ the girl cried, gazing at the spectacle. ‘No excuse for me—none. What will mother and father live on now? Aby, Aby!’ She shook the child,
who had slept soundly through the whole disaster. ‘We can’t go on with our load—Prince is killed!’
When Abraham realized all, the furrows of fifty years were extemporized on his young face.
‘Why, I danced and laughed only yesterday!’ she went on to herself. ‘To think that I was such a fool!’
‘Tis because we be on a blighted star, and not a sound one, isn’t it, Tess?’ murmured Abraham through his tears.
In silence they waited through an interval which seemed endless. At length a sound, and an approaching object, proved to them that the driver of the mail-car had been as good as his word. A farmer’s man from near Stourcastle came up, leading a strong cob. He was harnessed to the waggon of beehives in the place of Prince, and the load taken on towards Casterbridge.
The evening of the same day saw the empty waggon reach again the spot of the accident. Prince had lain there in the ditch since the morning; but the place of the blood-pool was still visible in the middle of the road, though scratched and scraped over by passing vehicles. All that was left of Prince was now hoisted into the waggon he had formerly hauled, and with his hoofs in the air, and his shoes shining in the setting sunlight, he retraced the eight or nine miles to Marlott.
Tess had gone back earlier. How to break the news was more than she could think. It was a relief to her tongue to find from the faces of her parents that they already knew of their loss, though this did not lessen the self-reproach
which she continued to heap upon herself for her negligence.
But the very shiftlessness of the household rendered the misfortune a less terrifying one to them than it would have been to a thriving family, though in the present case it meant ruin, and in the other it would only have meant inconvenience. In the Durbeyfield countenances there was nothing of the red wrath that would have burnt upon the girl from parents more ambitious for her welfare. Nobody blamed Tess as she blamed herself.
When it was discovered that the knacker and tanner would give only a very few shillings for Prince’s carcase because of his decrepitude, Durbeyfield rose to the occasion.
‘No,’ said he stoically, ‘I won’t sell his old body. When we d’Urbervilles was knights in the land, we didn’t sell our chargers for cat’s meat. Let ’em keep their shillings! He’ve served me well in his lifetime, and I won’t part from him now.’
He worked harder the next day in digging a grave for Prince in the garden than he had worked for months to grow a crop for his family. When the hole was ready, Durbeyfield and his wife tied a rope round the horse and dragged him up the path towards it, the children following in funeral train. Abraham and ‘Liza-Lu sobbed, Hope and Modesty discharged their griefs in loud blares which echoed from the walls; and when Prince was tumbled in
they gathered round the grave. The bread-winner had been taken away from them; what would they do?
‘Is he gone to heaven?’ asked Abraham, between the sobs.
Then Durbeyfield began to shovel in the earth, and the children cried anew. All except Tess. Her face was dry and pale, as though she regarded herself in the light of a murderess.
V
The haggling business, which had mainly depended on the horse, became disorganized forthwith. Distress, if not penury, loomed in the distance. Durbeyfield was what was locally called a slack-twisted fellow; he had good strength to work at times; but the times could not be relied on to coincide with the hours of requirement; and, having been unaccustomed to the regular toil of the day-labourer, he was not particularly persistent when they did so coincide.
Tess, meanwhile, as the one who had dragged her parents into this quagmire, was silently wondering what she could do to help them out of it; and then her mother broached her scheme.
‘We must take the ups wi’ the downs, Tess,’ said she; ‘and never could your high blood have been found out at a more called-for moment. You must try your friends. Do ye
know that there is a very rich Mrs d’Urberville living on the outskirts o’ The Chase, who must be our relation? You must go to her and claim kin, and ask for some help in our trouble.’
‘I shouldn’t care to do that,’ says Tess. ‘If there is such a lady, ’twould be enough for us if she were friendly—not to expect her to give us help.’
‘You could win her round to do anything, my dear. Besides, perhaps there’s more in it than you know of. I’ve heard what I’ve heard, good-now.’
The oppressive sense of the harm she had done led Tess to be more deferential than she might otherwise have been to the maternal wish; but she could not understand why her mother should find such satisfaction in contemplating an enterprise of, to her, such doubtful profit. Her mother might have made inquiries, and have discovered that this Mrs d’Urberville was a lady of unequalled virtues and charity. But Tess’s pride made the part of poor relation one of particular distaste to her.
‘I’d rather try to get work,’ she murmured.
‘Durbeyfield, you can settle it,’ said his wife, turning to where he sat in the background. ‘If you say she ought to go, she will go.’
‘I don’t like my children going and making themselves beholden to strange kin,’ murmured he. ‘I’m the head of the noblest branch o’ the family, and I ought to live up to it.’
His reasons for staying away were worse to Tess than her own objections to going. ‘Well, as I killed the horse, mother,’ she said mournfully, ‘I suppose I ought to do something. I don’t mind going and seeing her, but you must leave it to me about asking for help. And don’t go thinking about her making a match for me—it is silly.’
‘Very well said, Tess!’ observed her father sententiously. ‘Who said I had such a thought?’ asked Joan.
‘I fancy it is in your mind, mother. But I’ll go.’
Rising early next day she walked to the hill-town called Shaston, and there took advantage of a van which twice in the week ran from Shaston eastward to Chaseborough, passing near Trantridge, the parish in which the vague and mysterious Mrs d’Urberville had her residence.
Tess Durbeyfield’s route on this memorable morning lay amid the north-eastern undulations of the Vale in which she had been born, and in which her life had unfolded. The Vale of Blackmoor was to her the world, and its inhabitants the races thereof. From the gates and stiles of Marlott she had looked down its length in the wondering days of infancy, and what had been mystery to her then was not much less than mystery to her now. She had seen daily from her chamber-window towers, villages, faint white mansions; above all, the town of Shaston standing majestically on its height; its windows shining like lamps in the evening sun. She had hardly ever visited the place, only a small tract even of the Vale and its environs being known
to her by close inspection. Much less had she been far outside the valley. Every contour of the surrounding hills was as personal to her as that of her relatives’ faces; but for what lay beyond, her judgment was dependent on the teaching of the village school, where she had held a leading place at the time of her leaving, a year or two before this date.
In those early days she had been much loved by others of her own sex and age, and had used to be seen about the village as one of three—all nearly of the same year—walking home from school side by side; Tess the middle one—in a pink print pinafore, of a finely reticulated pattern, worn over a stuff frock that had lost its original colour for a nondescript tertiary—marching on upon long stalky legs, in tight stockings which had little ladder-like holes at the knees, torn by kneeling in the roads and banks in search of vegetable and mineral treasures; her then earth-coloured hair hanging like pot-hooks; the arms of the two outside girls resting round the waist of Tess; her arms on the shoulders of the two supporters.
As Tess grew older, and began to see how matters stood, she felt quite a Malthusian towards her mother for thoughtlessly giving her so many little sisters and brothers, when it was such a trouble to nurse and provide for them. Her mother’s intelligence was that of a happy child: Joan Durbeyfield was simply an additional one, and that not the eldest, to her own long family of waiters on Providence.
However, Tess became humanely beneficent towards the small ones, and to help them as much as possible she used, as soon as she left school, to lend a hand at haymaking or harvesting on neighbouring farms; or, by preference, at milking or butter-making processes, which she had learnt when her father had owned cows; and being deft-fingered it was a kind of work in which she excelled.
Every day seemed to throw upon her young shoulders more of the family burdens, and that Tess should be the representative of the Durbeyfields at the d’Urberville mansion came as a thing of course. In this instance it must be admitted that the Durbeyfields were putting their fairest side outward.
She alighted from the van at Trantridge Cross, and ascended on foot a hill in the direction of the district known as The Chase, on the borders of which, as she had been informed, Mrs d’Urberville’s seat, The Slopes, would be found. It was not a manorial home in the ordinary sense, with fields, and pastures, and a grumbling farmer, out of whom the owner had to squeeze an income for himself and his family by hook or by crook. It was more, far more; a country-house built for enjoyment pure and simple, with not an acre of troublesome land attached to it beyond what was required for residential purposes, and for a little fancy farm kept in hand by the owner, and tended by a bailiff.
The crimson brick lodge came first in sight, up to its eaves in dense evergreens. Tess thought this was the mansion itself till, passing through the side wicket with
some trepidation, and onward to a point at which the drive took a turn, the house proper stood in full view. It was of recent erection—indeed almost new—and of the same rich red colour that formed such a contrast with the evergreens of the lodge. Far behind the corner of the house—which rose like a geranium bloom against the subdued colours around—stretched the soft azure landscape of The Chase—a truly venerable tract of forest land, one of the few remaining woodlands in England of undoubted primaeval date, wherein Druidical mistletoe was still found on aged oaks, and where enormous yew-trees, not planted by the hand of man grew as they had grown when they were pollarded for bows. All this sylvan antiquity, however, though visible from The Slopes, was outside the immediate boundaries of the estate.
Everything on this snug property was bright, thriving, and well kept; acres of glass-houses stretched down the inclines to the copses at their feet. Everything looked like money—like the last coin issued from the Mint. The stables, partly screened by Austrian pines and evergreen oaks, and fitted with every late appliance, were as dignified as Chapels-of-Ease. On the extensive lawn stood an ornamental tent, its door being towards her.
Simple Tess Durbeyfield stood at gaze, in a half-alarmed attitude, on the edge of the gravel sweep. Her feet had brought her onward to this point before she had quite realized where she was; and now all was contrary to her expectation.
'I thought we were an old family; but this is all new!' she said, in her artlessness. She wished that she had not fallen in so readily with her mother's plans for 'claiming kin,' and had endeavoured to gain assistance nearer home.
The d'Urbervilles—or Stoke-d'Urbervilles, as they at first called themselves—who owned all this, were a somewhat unusual family to find in such an old-fashioned part of the country. Parson Tringham had spoken truly when he said that our shambling John Durbeyfield was the only really lineal representative of the old d'Urberville family existing in the county, or near it; he might have added, what he knew very well, that the Stoke-d'Urbervilles were no more d'Urbervilles of the true tree then he was himself. Yet it must be admitted that this family formed a very good stock whereon to regraft a name which sadly wanted such renovation.
When old Mr Simon Stoke, latterly deceased, had made his fortune as an honest merchant (some said money-lender) in the North, he decided to settle as a county man in the South of England, out of hail of his business district; and in doing this he felt the necessity of recommencing with a name that would not too readily identify him with the smart tradesman of the past, and that would be less commonplace than the original bald, stark words. Conning for an hour in the British Museum the pages of works devoted to extinct, half-extinct, obscured, and ruined families appertaining to the quarter of England in which he proposed to settle, he considered that d'Urberville looked
and sounded as well as any of them: and d’Urberville accordingly was annexed to his own name for himself and his heirs eternally. Yet he was not an extravagant-minded man in this, and in constructing his family tree on the new basis was duly reasonable in framing his inter-marriages and aristocratic links, never inserting a single title above a rank of strict moderation.
Of this work of imagination poor Tess and her parents were naturally in ignorance—much to their discomfiture; indeed, the very possibility of such annexations was unknown to them; who supposed that, though to be well-favoured might be the gift of fortune, a family name came by nature.
Tess still stood hesitating like a bather about to make his plunge, hardly knowing whether to retreat or to persevere, when a figure came forth from the dark triangular door of the tent. It was that of a tall young man, smoking.
He had an almost swarthy complexion, with full lips, badly moulded, though red and smooth, above which was a well-groomed black moustache with curled points, though his age could not be more than three or four-and-twenty. Despite the touches of barbarism in his contours, there was a singular force in the gentleman’s face, and in his bold rolling eye.
‘Well, my Beauty, what can I do for you?’ said he, coming forward. And perceiving that she stood quite confounded: ‘Never mind me. I am Mr d’Urberville. Have you come to see me or my mother?’
This embodiment of a d’Urberville and a namesake differed even more from what Tess had expected than the house and grounds had differed. She had dreamed of an aged and dignified face, the sublimation of all the d’Urberville lineaments, furrowed with incarnate memories representing in hieroglyphic the centuries of her family’s and England’s history. But she screwed herself up to the work in hand, since she could not get out of it, and answered—‘I came to see your mother, sir.’
‘I am afraid you cannot see her—she is an invalid,’ replied the present representative of the spurious house; for this was Mr Alec, the only son of the lately deceased gentleman. ‘Cannot I answer your purpose? What is the business you wish to see her about?’
‘It isn’t business—it is—I can hardly say what!’
‘Pleasure?’
‘Oh no. Why, sir, if I tell you, it will seem—’
Tess’s sense of a certain ludicrousness in her errand was now so strong that, notwithstanding her awe of him, and her general discomfort at being here, her rosy lips curved towards a smile, much to the attraction of the swarthy Alexander.
‘It is so very foolish,’ she stammered; ‘I fear can’t tell you!’
‘Never mind; I like foolish things. Try again, my dear,’ said he kindly.
‘Mother asked me to come,’ Tess continued; ‘and, indeed, I was in the mind to do so myself likewise. But I
did not think it would be like this. I came, sir, to tell you that we are of the same family as you.’
‘Ho! Poor relations?’
‘Yes.’
‘Stokes?’
‘No; d’Urbervilles.’
‘Ay, ay; I mean d’Urbervilles.’
‘Our names are worn away to Durbeyfield; but we have several proofs that we are d’Urbervilles. Antiquarians hold we are,—and—and we have an old seal, marked with a ramping lion on a shield, and a castle over him. And we have a very old silver spoon, round in the bowl like a little ladle, and marked with the same castle. But it is so worn that mother uses it to stir the pea-soup.’
‘A castle argent is certainly my crest,’ said he blandly. ‘And my arms a lion rampant.’
‘And so mother said we ought to make ourselves beknown to you—as we’ve lost our horse by a bad accident, and are the oldest branch o’ the family.’
‘Very kind of your mother, I’m sure. And I, for one, don’t regret her step.’ Alec looked at Tess as he spoke, in a way that made her blush a little. ‘And so, my pretty girl, you’ve come on a friendly visit to us, as relations?’
‘I suppose I have,’ faltered Tess, looking uncomfortable again.
‘Well—there’s no harm in it. Where do you live? What are you?’
She gave him brief particulars; and responding to further inquiries told him that she was intending to go back by the same carrier who had brought her.
‘It is a long while before he returns past Trantridge Cross. Supposing we walk round the grounds to pass the time, my pretty Coz?’
Tess wished to abridge her visit as much as possible; but the young man was pressing, and she consented to accompany him. He conducted her about the lawns, and flower-beds, and conservatories; and thence to the fruit-garden and greenhouses, where he asked her if she liked strawberries.
‘Yes,’ said Tess, ‘when they come.’
‘They are already here.’ D’Urberville began gathering specimens of the fruit for her, handing them back to her as he stooped; and, presently, selecting a specially fine product of the ‘British Queen’ variety, he stood up and held it by the stem to her mouth.
‘No—no!’ she said quickly, putting her fingers between his hand and her lips. ‘I would rather take it in my own hand.’
‘Nonsense!’ he insisted; and in a slight distress she parted her lips and took it in.
They had spent some time wandering desultorily thus, Tess eating in a half-pleased, half-reluctant state whatever d’Urberville offered her. When she could consume no more of the strawberries he filled her little basket with them; and then the two passed round to the rose-trees, whence he
gathered blossoms and gave her to put in her bosom. She obeyed like one in a dream, and when she could affix no more he himself tucked a bud or two into her hat, and heaped her basket with others in the prodigality of his bounty. At last, looking at his watch, he said, ‘Now, by the time you have had something to eat, it will be time for you to leave, if you want to catch the carrier to Shaston. Come here, and I’ll see what grub I can find.’
Stoke d’Urberville took her back to the lawn and into the tent, where he left her, soon reappearing with a basket of light luncheon, which he put before her himself. It was evidently the gentleman’s wish not to be disturbed in this pleasant tête-à-tête by the servantry.
‘Do you mind my smoking?’ he asked.
‘Oh, not at all, sir.’
He watched her pretty and unconscious munching through the skeins of smoke that pervaded the tent, and Tess Durbeyfield did not divine, as she innocently looked down at the roses in her bosom, that there behind the blue narcotic haze was potentially the ‘tragic mischief’ of her drama—one who stood fair to be the blood-red ray in the spectrum of her young life. She had an attribute which amounted to a disadvantage just now; and it was this that caused Alec d’Urberville’s eyes to rivet themselves upon her. It was a luxuriance of aspect, a fulness of growth, which made her appear more of a woman than she really was. She had inherited the feature from her mother without the quality it denoted. It had troubled her mind
occasionally, till her companions had said that it was a fault which time would cure.
She soon had finished her lunch. 'Now I am going home, sir,' she said, rising.
'And what do they call you?' he asked, as he accompanied her along the drive till they were out of sight of the house.
'Tess Durbeyfield, down at Marlott.'
'And you say your people have lost their horse?'
'I—killed him!' she answered, her eyes filling with tears as she gave particulars of Prince's death. 'And I don't know what to do for father on account of it!'
'I must think if I cannot do something. My mother must find a berth for you. But, Tess, no nonsense about 'd'Urberville';—'Durbeyfield' only, you know—quite another name.'
'I wish for no better, sir,' said she with something of dignity.
For a moment—only for a moment—when they were in the turning of the drive, between the tall rhododendrons and conifers, before the lodge became visible, he inclined his face towards her as if—but, no: he thought better of it, and let her go.
Thus the thing began. Had she perceived this meeting's import she might have asked why she was doomed to be seen and coveted that day by the wrong man, and not by some other man, the right and desired one in all respects—as nearly as humanity can supply the right and desired; yet
to him who amongst her acquaintance might have approximated to this kind, she was but a transient impression, half forgotten.
In the ill-judged execution of the well-judged plan of things the call seldom produces the comer, the man to love rarely coincides with the hour for loving. Nature does not often say ‘See!’ to her poor creature at a time when seeing can lead to happy doing; or reply ‘Here!’ to a body’s cry of ‘Where?’ till the hide-and-seek has become an irksome, outworn game. We may wonder whether at the acme and summit of the human progress these anachronisms will be corrected by a finer intuition, a closer interaction of the social machinery than that which now jolts us round and along; but such completeness is not to be prophesied, or even conceived as possible. Enough that in the present case, as in millions, it was not the two halves of a perfect whole that confronted each other at the perfect moment; a missing counterpart wandered independently about the earth waiting in crass obtuseness till the late time came.
Out of which maladroit delay sprang anxieties, disappointments, shocks, catastrophes, and passing-strange destinies.
When d’Urberville got back to the tent he sat down astride on a chair, reflecting, with a pleased gleam in his face. Then he broke into a loud laugh.
‘Well, I’m damned! What a funny thing! Ha-ha-ha! And what a crumby girl!’
Tess went down the hill to Trantridge Cross, and inattentively waited to take her seat in the van returning from Chaseborough to Shaston. She did not know what the other occupants said to her as she entered, though she answered them; and when they had started anew she rode along with an inward and not an outward eye.
One among her fellow-travellers addressed her more pointedly than any had spoken before: ‘Why, you be quite a posy! And such roses in early June!’
Then she became aware of the spectacle she presented to their surprised vision: roses at her breasts; roses in her hat; roses and strawberries in her basket to the brim. She blushed, and said confusedly that the flowers had been given to her. When the passengers were not looking she stealthily removed the more prominent blooms from her hat and placed them in the basket, where she covered them with her handkerchief. Then she fell to reflecting again, and in looking downwards a thorn of the rose remaining in her breast accidentally pricked her chin. Like all the cottagers in Blackmoor Vale, Tess was steeped in fancies and prefigurative superstitions; she thought this an ill omen—the first she had noticed that day.
The van travelled only so far as Shaston, and there were several miles of pedestrian descent from that mountaintown into the vale to Marlott. Her mother had advised her to stay here for the night, at the house of a cottage-woman they knew, if she should feel too tired to come on; and this Tess did, not descending to her home till the following afternoon.
When she entered the house she perceived in a moment from her mother’s triumphant manner that something had occurred in the interim.
‘Oh yes; I know all about it! I told ‘ee it would be all right, and now ‘tis proved!’
‘Since I’ve been away? What has?’ said Tess rather wearily.
Her mother surveyed the girl up and down with arch approval, and went on banteringly: ‘So you’ve brought ‘em round!’
‘How do you know, mother?’
‘I’ve had a letter.’
Tess then remembered that there would have been time for this.
‘They say—Mrs d’Urberville says—that she wants you to look after a little fowl-farm which is her hobby. But this is only her artful way of getting ‘ee there without raising your hopes. She’s going to own ‘ee as kin—that’s the meaning o’t.’
‘But I didn’t see her.’
‘You zid somebody, I suppose?’
‘I saw her son.’
‘And did he own ‘ee?’
‘Well—he called me Coz.’
‘An’ I knew it! Jacky—he called her Coz!’ cried Joan to her husband. ‘Well, he spoke to his mother, of course, and she do want ‘ee there.’
‘But I don’t know that I am apt at tending fowls,’ said the dubious Tess.
‘Then I don’t know who is apt. You’ve be’n born in the business, and brought up in it. They that be born in a business always know more about it than any ‘prentice. Besides, that’s only just a show of something for you to do, that you midn’t feel beholden.’
‘I don’t altogether think I ought to go,’ said Tess thoughtfully. ‘Who wrote the letter? Will you let me look at it?’
‘Mrs d’Urberville wrote it. Here it is.’
The letter was in the third person, and briefly informed Mrs Durbeyfield that her daughter’s services would be useful to that lady in the management of her poultry-farm, that a comfortable room would be provided for her if she could come, and that the wages would be on a liberal scale if they liked her.
‘Oh—that’s all!’ said Tess.
‘You couldn’t expect her to throw her arms round ‘ee, an’ to kiss and to coll ‘ee all at once.’
Tess looked out of the window.
'I would rather stay here with father and you,' she said.
'But why?'
'I'd rather not tell you why, mother; indeed, I don't quite know why.'
A week afterwards she came in one evening from an unavailing search for some light occupation in the immediate neighbourhood. Her idea had been to get together sufficient money during the summer to purchase another horse. Hardly had she crossed the threshold before one of the children danced across the room, saying, 'The gentleman's been here!'
Her mother hastened to explain, smiles breaking from every inch of her person. Mrs d'Urberville's son had called on horseback, having been riding by chance in the direction of Marlott. He had wished to know, finally, in the name of his mother, if Tess could really come to manage the old lady's fowl-farm or not; the lad who had hitherto superintended the birds having proved untrustworthy. 'Mr d'Urberville says you must be a good girl if you are at all as you appear; he knows you must be worth your weight in gold. He is very much interested in 'ee—truth to tell.'
Tess seemed for the moment really pleased to hear that she had won such high opinion from a stranger when, in her own esteem, she had sunk so low.
'It is very good of him to think that,' she murmured; 'and if I was quite sure how it would be living there, I would go any-when.'
‘He is a mighty handsome man!’
‘I don’t think so,’ said Tess coldly.
‘Well, there’s your chance, whether or no; and I’m sure he wears a beautiful diamond ring!’
‘Yes,’ said little Abraham, brightly, from the windowbench; ‘and I seed it! and it did twinkle when he put his hand up to his mistarshers. Mother, why did our grand relation keep on putting his hand up to his mistarshers?’
‘Hark at that child!’ cried Mrs Durbeyfield, with parenthetic admiration.
‘Perhaps to show his diamond ring,’ murmured Sir John, dreamily, from his chair.
‘I’ll think it over,’ said Tess, leaving the room.
‘Well, she’s made a conquest o’ the younger branch of us, straight off,’ continued the matron to her husband, ‘and she’s a fool if she don’t follow it up.’
‘I don’t quite like my children going away from home,’ said the haggler. ‘As the head of the family, the rest ought to come to me.’
‘But do let her go, Jacky,’ coaxed his poor witless wife. ‘He’s struck wi’ her—you can see that. He called her Coz! He’ll marry her, most likely, and make a lady of her; and then she’ll be what her forefathers was.’
John Durbeyfield had more conceit than energy or health, and this supposition was pleasant to him.
‘Well, perhaps that’s what young Mr d’Urberville means,’ he admitted; ‘and sure enough he mid have serious thoughts about improving his blood by linking on to the old line. Tess, the little rogue! And have she really paid ‘em a visit to such an end as this?’
Meanwhile Tess was walking thoughtfully among the gooseberry-bushes in the garden, and over Prince’s grave. When she came in her mother pursued her advantage.
‘Well, what be you going to do?’ she asked.
‘I wish I had seen Mrs d’Urberville,’ said Tess.
‘I think you mid as well settle it. Then you’ll see her soon enough.’
Her father coughed in his chair.
‘I don’t know what to say!’ answered the girl restlessly. ‘It is for you to decide. I killed the old horse, and I suppose I ought to do something to get ye a new one. But—but—I don’t quite like Mr d’Urberville being there!’
The children, who had made use of this idea of Tess being taken up by their wealthy kinsfolk (which they imagined the other family to be) as a species of dolorifuge after the death of the horse, began to cry at Tess’s reluctance, and teased and reproached her for hesitating.
‘Tess won’t go-o-o and be made a la-a-dy of!—no, she says she wo-o-on’t!’ they wailed, with square mouths. ‘And we shan’t have a nice new horse, and lots o’ golden money to buy fairlings! And Tess won’t look pretty in her best cloze no mo-o-ore!’
Her mother chimed in to the same tune: a certain way she had of making her labours in the house seem heavier than they were by prolonging them indefinitely, also weighed in the argument. Her father alone preserved an attitude of neutrality.
‘I will go,’ said Tess at last.
Her mother could not repress her consciousness of the nuptial vision conjured up by the girl’s consent.
‘That’s right! For such a pretty maid as ‘tis, this is a fine chance!’
Tess smiled crossly.
‘I hope it is a chance for earning money. It is no other kind of chance. You had better say nothing of that silly sort about parish.’
Mrs Durbeyfield did not promise. She was not quite sure that she did not feel proud enough, after the visitor’s remarks, to say a good deal.
Thus it was arranged; and the young girl wrote, agreeing to be ready to set out on any day on which she might be required. She was duly informed that Mrs d’Urberville was glad of her decision, and that a spring-cart should be sent to meet her and her luggage at the top of the Vale on the day after the morrow, when she must hold herself prepared to start. Mrs d’Urberville’s handwriting seemed rather masculine.
‘A cart?’ murmured Joan Durbeyfield doubtingly. ‘It might have been a carriage for her own kin!’
Having at last taken her course Tess was less restless and abstracted, going about her business with some self-assurance in the thought of acquiring another horse for her father by an occupation which would not be onerous. She had hoped to be a teacher at the school, but the fates seemed to decide otherwise. Being mentally older than her mother she did not regard Mrs Durbeyfield’s matrimonial hopes for her in a serious aspect for a moment. The light-minded woman had been discovering good matches for her daughter almost from the year of her birth.
VII
On the morning appointed for her departure Tess was awake before dawn—at the marginal minute of the dark when the grove is still mute, save for one prophetic bird who sings with a clear-voiced conviction that he at least knows the correct time of day, the rest preserving silence as if equally convinced that he is mistaken. She remained upstairs packing till breakfast-time, and then came down in her ordinary week-day clothes, her Sunday apparel being carefully folded in her box.
Her mother expostulated. ‘You will never set out to see your folks without dressing up more the dand than that?’ ‘But I am going to work!’ said Tess.
‘Well, yes,’ said Mrs Durbeyfield; and in a private tone, ‘at first there mid be a little pretence o’t ... But I think it will be wiser of ‘ee to put your best side outward,’ she added.
‘Very well; I suppose you know best,’ replied Tess with calm abandonment.
And to please her parent the girl put herself quite in Joan’s hands, saying serenely—‘Do what you like with me, mother.’
Mrs Durbeyfield was only too delighted at this tractability. First she fetched a great basin, and washed Tess’s hair with such thoroughness that when dried and brushed it looked twice as much as at other times. She tied it with a broader pink ribbon than usual. Then she put upon her the white frock that Tess had worn at the club-walking, the airy fulness of which, supplementing her enlarged coiffure, imparted to her developing figure an amplitude which belied her age, and might cause her to be estimated as a woman when she was not much more than a child.
‘I declare there’s a hole in my stocking-heel!’ said Tess.
‘Never mind holes in your stockings—they don’t speak! When I was a maid, so long as I had a pretty bonnet the devil might ha’ found me in heels.’
Her mother’s pride in the girl’s appearance led her to step back, like a painter from his easel, and survey her work as a whole.
‘You must zee yourself!’ she cried. ‘It is much better than you was t’other day.’
As the looking-glass was only large enough to reflect a very small portion of Tess’s person at one time, Mrs Durbeyfield hung a black cloak outside the casement, and so made a large reflector of the panes, as it is the wont of bedecking cottagers to do. After this she went downstairs to her husband, who was sitting in the lower room.
‘I’ll tell ‘ee what ‘tis, Durbeyfield,’ said she exultingly; ‘he’ll never have the heart not to love her. But whatever you do, don’t zay too much to Tess of his fancy for her, and this chance she has got. She is such an odd maid that it mid zet her against him, or against going there, even now. If all goes well, I shall certainly be for making some return to pa’son at Stagfoot Lane for telling us—dear, good man!’
However, as the moment for the girl’s setting out drew nigh, when the first excitement of the dressing had passed off, a slight misgiving found place in Joan Durbeyfield’s mind. It prompted the matron to say that she would walk a little way—as far as to the point where the acclivity from the valley began its first steep ascent to the outer world. At the top Tess was going to be met with the spring-cart sent by the Stoke-d’Urbervilles, and her box had already been wheeled ahead towards this summit by a lad with trucks, to be in readiness.
Seeing their mother put on her bonnet, the younger children clamoured to go with her.
'I do want to walk a little-ways wi' Sissy, now she's going to marry our gentleman-cousin, and wear fine cloze!'
'Now,' said Tess, flushing and turning quickly, 'I'll hear no more o' that! Mother, how could you ever put such stuff into their heads?'
'Going to work, my dears, for our rich relation, and help get enough money for a new horse,' said Mrs Durbeyfield pacifically.
'Goodbye, father,' said Tess, with a lumpy throat.
'Goodbye, my maid,' said Sir John, raising his head from his breast as he suspended his nap, induced by a slight excess this morning in honour of the occasion. 'Well, I hope my young friend will like such a comely sample of his own blood. And tell'n, Tess, that being sunk, quite, from our former grandeur, I'll sell him the title—yes, sell it—and at no onreasonable figure.'
'Not for less than a thousand pound!' cried Lady Durbeyfield.
'Tell'n—I'll take a thousand pound. Well, I'll take less, when I come to think o't. He'll adorn it better than a poor lammicken feller like myself can. Tell'n he shall hae it for a hundred. But I won't stand upon trifles—tell'n he shall hae it for fifty—for twenty pound! Yes, twenty pound—that's the lowest. Dammy, family honour is family honour, and I won't take a penny less!'
Tess's eyes were too full and her voice too choked to utter the sentiments that were in her. She turned quickly, and went out.
So the girls and their mother all walked together, a child on each side of Tess, holding her hand and looking at her meditatively from time to time, as at one who was about to do great things; her mother just behind with the smallest; the group forming a picture of honest beauty flanked by innocence, and backed by simple-souled vanity. They followed the way till they reached the beginning of the ascent, on the crest of which the vehicle from Trantridge was to receive her, this limit having been fixed to save the horse the labour of the last slope. Far away behind the first hills the cliff-like dwellings of Shaston broke the line of the ridge. Nobody was visible in the elevated road which skirted the ascent save the lad whom they had sent on before them, sitting on the handle of the barrow that contained all Tess’s worldly possessions.
‘Bide here a bit, and the cart will soon come, no doubt,’ said Mrs Durbeyfield. ‘Yes, I see it yonder!’
It had come—appearing suddenly from behind the forehead of the nearest upland, and stopping beside the boy with the barrow. Her mother and the children thereupon decided to go no farther, and bidding them a hasty goodbye, Tess bent her steps up the hill.
They saw her white shape draw near to the spring-cart, on which her box was already placed. But before she had quite reached it another vehicle shot out from a clump of trees on the summit, came round the bend of the road there, passed the luggage-cart, and halted beside Tess, who looked up as if in great surprise.
Her mother perceived, for the first time, that the second vehicle was not a humble conveyance like the first, but a spick-and-span gig or dog-cart, highly varnished and equipped. The driver was a young man of three or four and twenty, with a cigar between his teeth; wearing a dandy cap, drab jacket, breeches of the same hue, white neckcloth, stick-up collar, and brown driving-gloves—in short, he was the handsome, horsey young buck who had visited Joan a week or two before to get her answer about Tess.
Mrs Durbeystield clapped her hands like a child. Then she looked down, then stared again. Could she be deceived as to the meaning of this?
‘Is dat the gentleman-kinsman who’ll make Sissy a lady?’ asked the youngest child.
Meanwhile the muslined form of Tess could be seen standing still, undecided, beside this turn-out, whose owner was talking to her. Her seeming indecision was, in fact, more than indecision: it was misgiving. She would have preferred the humble cart. The young man dismounted, and appeared to urge her to ascend. She turned her face down the hill to her relatives, and regarded the little group. Something seemed to quicken her to a determination; possibly the thought that she had killed Prince. She suddenly stepped up; he mounted beside her, and immediately whipped on the horse. In a moment they had passed the slow cart with the box, and disappeared behind the shoulder of the hill.
Directly Tess was out of sight, and the interest of the matter as a drama was at an end, the little ones’ eyes filled with tears. The youngest child said, ‘I wish poor, poor Tess wasn’t gone away to be a lady!’ and, lowering the corners of his lips, burst out crying. The new point of view was infectious, and the next child did likewise, and then the next, till the whole three of them wailed loud.
There were tears also in Joan Durbeyfield’s eyes as she turned to go home. But by the time she had got back to the village she was passively trusting to the favour of accident. However, in bed that night she sighed, and her husband asked her what was the matter.
‘Oh, I don’t know exactly,’ she said. ‘I was thinking that perhaps it would ha’ been better if Tess had not gone.’
‘Oughtn’t ye to have thought of that before?’
‘Well, ’tis a chance for the maid—Still, if ’twere the doing again, I wouldn’t let her go till I had found out whether the gentleman is really a good-hearted young man and choice over her as his kinswoman.’
‘Yes, you ought, perhaps, to ha’ done that,’ snored Sir John.
Joan Durbeyfield always managed to find consolation somewhere: ‘Well, as one of the genuine stock, she ought to make her way with ’en, if she plays her trump card aright. And if he don’t marry her afore he will after. For that he’s all afire wi’ love for her any eye can see.’
‘What’s her trump card? Her d’Urberville blood, you mean?’
‘No, stupid; her face—as ‘twas mine.’
Having mounted beside her, Alec d’Urberville drove rapidly along the crest of the first hill, chatting compliments to Tess as they went, the cart with her box being left far behind. Rising still, an immense landscape stretched around them on every side; behind, the green valley of her birth, before, a gray country of which she knew nothing except from her first brief visit to Trantridge. Thus they reached the verge of an incline down which the road stretched in a long straight descent of nearly a mile.
Ever since the accident with her father’s horse Tess Durbeyfield, courageous as she naturally was, had been exceedingly timid on wheels; the least irregularity of motion startled her. She began to get uneasy at a certain recklessness in her conductor’s driving.
‘You will go down slow, sir, I suppose?’ she said with attempted unconcern.
D’Urberville looked round upon her, nipped his cigar with the tips of his large white centre-teeth, and allowed his lips to smile slowly of themselves.
‘Why, Tess,’ he answered, after another whiff or two, ‘it isn’t a brave bouncing girl like you who asks that? Why, I always go down at full gallop. There’s nothing like it for raising your spirits.’
‘But perhaps you need not now?’
‘Ah,’ he said, shaking his head, ‘there are two to be reckoned with. It is not me alone. Tib has to be considered, and she has a very queer temper.’
‘Who?’
‘Why, this mare. I fancy she looked round at me in a very grim way just then. Didn’t you notice it?’
‘Don’t try to frighten me, sir,’ said Tess stiffly.
‘Well, I don’t. If any living man can manage this horse I can: I won’t say any living man can do it—but if such has the power, I am he.’
‘Why do you have such a horse?’
‘Ah, well may you ask it! It was my fate, I suppose. Tib has killed one chap; and just after I bought her she nearly killed me. And then, take my word for it, I nearly killed her. But she’s touchy still, very touchy; and one’s life is hardly safe behind her sometimes.’
They were just beginning to descend; and it was evident that the horse, whether of her own will or of his (the latter being the more likely), knew so well the reckless performance expected of her that she hardly required a hint from behind.
Down, down, they sped, the wheels humming like a top, the dog-cart rocking right and left, its axis acquiring a slightly oblique set in relation to the line of progress; the figure of the horse rising and falling in undulations before them. Sometimes a wheel was off the ground, it seemed, for many yards; sometimes a stone was sent spinning over
the hedge, and flinty sparks from the horse’s hoofs outshone the daylight. The aspect of the straight road enlarged with their advance, the two banks dividing like a splitting stick; one rushing past at each shoulder.
The wind blew through Tess’s white muslin to her very skin, and her washed hair flew out behind. She was determined to show no open fear, but she clutched d’Urberville’s rein-arm.
‘Don’t touch my arm! We shall be thrown out if you do! Hold on round my waist!’
She grasped his waist, and so they reached the bottom.
‘Safe, thank God, in spite of your fooling!’ said she, her face on fire.
‘Tess—fie! that’s temper!’ said d’Urberville.
‘Tis truth.’
‘Well, you need not let go your hold of me so thanklessly the moment you feel yourself our of danger.’
She had not considered what she had been doing; whether he were man or woman, stick or stone, in her involuntary hold on him. Recovering her reserve, she sat without replying, and thus they reached the summit of another declivity.
‘Now then, again!’ said d’Urberville.
‘No, no!’ said Tess. ‘Show more sense, do, please.’
‘But when people find themselves on one of the highest points in the county, they must get down again,’ he retorted.
He loosened rein, and away they went a second time. D’Urberville turned his face to her as they rocked, and said, in playful raillery: ‘Now then, put your arms round my waist again, as you did before, my Beauty.’
‘Never!’ said Tess independently, holding on as well as she could without touching him.
‘Let me put one little kiss on those holmberry lips, Tess, or even on that warmed cheek, and I’ll stop—on my honour, I will!’
Tess, surprised beyond measure, slid farther back still on her seat, at which he urged the horse anew, and rocked her the more.
‘Will nothing else do?’ she cried at length, in desperation, her large eyes staring at him like those of a wild animal. This dressing her up so prettily by her mother had apparently been to lamentable purpose.
‘Nothing, dear Tess,’ he replied.
‘Oh, I don’t know—very well; I don’t mind!’ she panted miserably.
He drew rein, and as they slowed he was on the point of imprinting the desired salute, when, as if hardly yet aware of her own modesty, she dodged aside. His arms being occupied with the reins there was left him no power to prevent her manoeuvre.
‘Now, damn it—I’ll break both our necks!’ swore her capriciously passionate companion. ‘So you can go from your word like that, you young witch, can you?’
‘Very well,’ said Tess, ‘I’ll not move since you be so determined! But I—thought you would be kind to me, and protect me, as my kinsman!’
‘Kinsman be hanged! Now!’
‘But I don’t want anybody to kiss me, sir!’ she implored, a big tear beginning to roll down her face, and the corners of her mouth trembling in her attempts not to cry. ‘And I wouldn’t ha’ come if I had known!’
He was inexorable, and she sat still, and d’Urberville gave her the kiss of mastery. No sooner had he done so than she flushed with shame, took out her handkerchief, and wiped the spot on her cheek that had been touched by his lips. His ardour was nettled at the sight, for the act on her part had been unconsciously done.
‘You are mighty sensitive for a cottage girl!’ said the young man.
Tess made no reply to this remark, of which, indeed, she did not quite comprehend the drift, unheeding the snub she had administered by her instinctive rub upon her cheek. She had, in fact, undone the kiss, as far as such a thing was physically possible. With a dim sense that he was vexed she looked steadily ahead as they trotted on near Melbury Down and Wingreen, till she saw, to her consternation, that there was yet another descent to be undergone.
‘You shall be made sorry for that!’ he resumed, his injured tone still remaining, as he flourished the whip anew. ‘Unless, that is, you agree willingly to let me do it again, and no handkerchief.’
She sighed. ‘Very well, sir!’ she said. ‘Oh—let me get my hat!’
At the moment of speaking her hat had blown off into the road, their present speed on the upland being by no means slow. D’Urberville pulled up, and said he would get it for her, but Tess was down on the other side.
She turned back and picked up the article.
‘You look prettier with it off, upon my soul, if that’s possible,’ he said, contemplating her over the back of the vehicle. ‘Now then, up again! What’s the matter?’
The hat was in place and tied, but Tess had not stepped forward.
‘No, sir,’ she said, revealing the red and ivory of her mouth as her eye lit in defiant triumph; ‘not again, if I know it!’
‘What—you won’t get up beside me?’
‘No; I shall walk.’
‘Tis five or six miles yet to Trantridge.’
‘I don’t care if ’tis dozens. Besides, the cart is behind.’
‘You artful hussy! Now, tell me—didn’t you make that hat blow off on purpose? I’ll swear you did!’
Her strategic silence confirmed his suspicion.
Then d’Urberville cursed and swore at her, and called her everything he could think of for the trick. Turning the horse suddenly he tried to drive back upon her, and so hem her in between the gig and the hedge. But he could not do this short of injuring her.
‘You ought to be ashamed of yourself for using such wicked words!’ cried Tess with spirit, from the top of the hedge into which she had scrambled. ‘I don’t like ‘ee at all! I hate and detest you! I’ll go back to mother, I will!’
D’Urberville’s bad temper cleared up at sight of hers; and he laughed heartily.
‘Well, I like you all the better,’ he said. ‘Come, let there be peace. I’ll never do it any more against your will. My life upon it now!’
Still Tess could not be induced to remount. She did not, however, object to his keeping his gig alongside her; and in this manner, at a slow pace, they advanced towards the village of Trantridge. From time to time d’Urberville exhibited a sort of fierce distress at the sight of the tramping he had driven her to undertake by his misdemeanour. She might in truth have safely trusted him now; but he had forfeited her confidence for the time, and she kept on the ground progressing thoughtfully, as if wondering whether it would be wiser to return home. Her resolve, however, had been taken, and it seemed vacillating even to childishness to abandon it now, unless for graver reasons. How could she face her parents, get back her box, and disconcert the whole scheme for the rehabilitation of her family on such sentimental grounds?
A few minutes later the chimneys of The Slopes appeared in view, and in a snug nook to the right the poultry-farm and cottage of Tess’ destination.
The community of fowls to which Tess had been appointed as supervisor, purveyor, nurse, surgeon, and friend made its headquarters in an old thatched cottage standing in an enclosure that had once been a garden, but was now a trampled and sanded square. The house was overrun with ivy, its chimney being enlarged by the boughs of the parasite to the aspect of a ruined tower. The lower rooms were entirely given over to the birds, who walked about them with a proprietary air, as though the place had been built by themselves, and not by certain dusty copyholders who now lay east and west in the churchyard. The descendants of these bygone owners felt it almost as a slight to their family when the house which had so much of their affection, had cost so much of their forefathers’ money, and had been in their possession for several generations before the d’Urbervilles came and built here, was indifferently turned into a fowlhouse by Mrs Stoke-d’Urberville as soon as the property fell into hand according to law. “‘Twas good enough for Christians in grandfather’s time,’ they said.
The rooms wherein dozens of infants had wailed at their nursing now resounded with the tapping of nascent chicks. Distracted hens in coops occupied spots where formerly
stood chairs supporting sedate agriculturists. The chimney-corner and once-blazing hearth was now filled with inverted beehives, in which the hens laid their eggs; while out of doors the plots that each succeeding householder had carefully shaped with his spade were torn by the cocks in wildest fashion.
The garden in which the cottage stood was surrounded by a wall, and could only be entered through a door.
When Tess had occupied herself about an hour the next morning in altering and improving the arrangements, according to her skilled ideas as the daughter of a professed poulterer, the door in the wall opened and a servant in white cap and apron entered. She had come from the manor-house.
‘Mrs d’Urberville wants the fowls as usual,’ she said; but perceiving that Tess did not quite understand, she explained, ‘Mis’ess is a old lady, and blind.’ ‘Blind!’ said Tess.
Almost before her misgiving at the news could find time to shape itself she took, under her companion’s direction, two of the most beautiful of the Hamburghs in her arms, and followed the maid-servant, who had likewise taken two, to the adjacent mansion, which, though ornate and imposing, showed traces everywhere on this side that some occupant of its chambers could bend to the love of dumb creatures—feathers floating within view of the front, and hen-coops standing on the grass.
In a sitting-room on the ground-floor, ensconced in an armchair with her back to the light, was the owner and mistress of the estate, a white-haired woman of not more than sixty, or even less, wearing a large cap. She had the mobile face frequent in those whose sight has decayed by stages, has been laboriously striven after, and reluctantly let go, rather than the stagnant mien apparent in persons long sightless or born blind. Tess walked up to this lady with her feathered charges—one sitting on each arm.
‘Ah, you are the young woman come to look after my birds?’ said Mrs d’Urberville, recognizing a new footstep. ‘I hope you will be kind to them. My bailiff tells me you are quite the proper person. Well, where are they? Ah, this is Strut! But he is hardly so lively to-day, is he? He is alarmed at being handled by a stranger, I suppose. And Phena too—yes, they are a little frightened—are’n’t you, dears? But they will soon get used to you.’
While the old lady had been speaking Tess and the other maid, in obedience to her gestures, had placed the fowls severally in her lap, and she had felt them over from head to tail, examining their beaks, their combs, the manes of the cocks, their wings, and their claws. Her touch enabled her to recognize them in a moment, and to discover if a single feather were crippled or draggled. She handled their crops, and knew what they had eaten, and if too little or too much; her face enacting a vivid pantomime of the criticisms passing in her mind.
The birds that the two girls had brought in were duly returned to the yard, and the process was repeated till all the pet cocks and hens had been submitted to the old woman—Hamburgs, Bantams, Cochins, Brahmas, Dorkings, and such other sorts as were in fashion just then—her perception of each visitor being seldom at fault as she received the bird upon her knees.
It reminded Tess of a Confirmation, in which Mrs d’Urberville was the bishop, the fowls the young people presented, and herself and the maid-servant the parson and curate of the parish bringing them up. At the end of the ceremony Mrs d’Urberville abruptly asked Tess, wrinkling and twitching her face into undulations, ‘Can you whistle?’
‘Whistle, Ma’am?’
‘Yes, whistle tunes.’
Tess could whistle like most other country-girls, though the accomplishment was one which she did not care to profess in genteel company. However, she blandly admitted that such was the fact.
‘Then you will have to practise it every day. I had a lad who did it very well, but he has left. I want you to whistle to my bullfinches; as I cannot see them, I like to hear them, and we teach ’em airs that way. Tell her where the cages are, Elizabeth. You must begin to-morrow, or they will go back in their piping. They have been neglected these several days.’
‘Mr d’Urberville whistled to ’em this morning, ma’am,’ said Elizabeth.
‘He! Pooh!’
The old lady’s face creased into furrows of repugnance, and she made no further reply.
Thus the reception of Tess by her fancied kinswoman terminated, and the birds were taken back to their quarters. The girl’s surprise at Mrs d’Urberville’s manner was not great; for since seeing the size of the house she had expected no more. But she was far from being aware that the old lady had never heard a word of the so-called kinship. She gathered that no great affection flowed between the blind woman and her son. But in that, too, she was mistaken. Mrs d’Urberville was not the first mother compelled to love her offspring resentfully, and to be bitterly fond.
In spite of the unpleasant initiation of the day before, Tess inclined to the freedom and novelty of her new position in the morning when the sun shone, now that she was once installed there; and she was curious to test her powers in the unexpected direction asked of her, so as to ascertain her chance of retaining her post. As soon as she was alone within the walled garden she sat herself down on a coop, and seriously screwed up her mouth for the long-neglected practice. She found her former ability to have degenerated to the production of a hollow rush of wind through the lips, and no clear note at all.
She remained fruitlessly blowing and blowing, wondering how she could have so grown out of the art which had come by nature, till she became aware of a
movement among the ivy-boughs which cloaked the garden-wall no less than the cottage. Looking that way she beheld a form springing from the coping to the plot. It was Alec d’Urberville, whom she had not set eyes on since he had conducted her the day before to the door of the gardener’s cottage where she had lodgings.
‘Upon my honour!’ cried he, ‘there was never before such a beautiful thing in Nature or Art as you look, ‘Cousin’ Tess (‘Cousin’ had a faint ring of mockery). I have been watching you from over the wall—sitting like IM-patience on a monument, and pouting up that pretty red mouth to whistling shape, and whooing and whooing, and privately swearing, and never being able to produce a note. Why, you are quite cross because you can’t do it.’
‘I may be cross, but I didn’t swear.’
‘Ah! I understand why you are trying—those bullies! My mother wants you to carry on their musical education. How selfish of her! As if attending to these curst cocks and hens here were not enough work for any girl. I would flatly refuse, if I were you.’
‘But she wants me particularly to do it, and to be ready by to-morrow morning.’
‘Does she? Well then—I’ll give you a lesson or two.’
‘Oh no, you won’t!’ said Tess, withdrawing towards the door.
‘Nonsense; I don’t want to touch you. See—I’ll stand on this side of the wire-netting, and you can keep on the other;
so you may feel quite safe. Now, look here; you screw up your lips too harshly. There 'tis—so.'
He suited the action to the word, and whistled a line of 'Take, O take those lips away.' But the allusion was lost upon Tess.
'Now try,' said d'Urberville.
She attempted to look reserved; her face put on a sculptural severity. But he persisted in his demand, and at last, to get rid of him, she did put up her lips as directed for producing a clear note; laughing distressfully, however, and then blushing with vexation that she had laughed.
He encouraged her with 'Try again!'
Tess was quite serious, painfully serious by this time; and she tried—ultimately and unexpectedly emitting a real round sound. The momentary pleasure of success got the better of her; her eyes enlarged, and she involuntarily smiled in his face.
'That's it! Now I have started you—you'll go on beautifully. There—I said I would not come near you; and, in spite of such temptation as never before fell to mortal man, I'll keep my word... Tess, do you think my mother a queer old soul?'
'I don't know much of her yet, sir.'
'You'll find her so; she must be, to make you learn to whistle to her bullfinches. I am rather out of her books just now, but you will be quite in favour if you treat her livestock well. Good morning. If you meet with any
difficulties and want help here, don’t go to the bailiff, come to me.’
It was in the economy of this régime that Tess Durbeyfield had undertaken to fill a place. Her first day’s experiences were fairly typical of those which followed through many succeeding days. A familiarity with Alec d’Urberville’s presence—which that young man carefully cultivated in her by playful dialogue, and by jestingly calling her his cousin when they were alone—removed much of her original shyness of him, without, however, implanting any feeling which could engender shyness of a new and tenderer kind. But she was more pliable under his hands than a mere companionship would have made her, owing to her unavoidable dependence upon his mother, and, through that lady’s comparative helplessness, upon him.
She soon found that whistling to the bullfinches in Mrs d’Urberville’s room was no such onerous business when she had regained the art, for she had caught from her musical mother numerous airs that suited those songsters admirably. A far more satisfactory time than when she practised in the garden was this whistling by the cages each morning. Unrestrained by the young man’s presence she threw up her mouth, put her lips near the bars, and piped away in easeful grace to the attentive listeners.
Mrs d’Urberville slept in a large four-post bedstead hung with heavy damask curtains, and the bullfinches occupied the same apartment, where they flitted about freely at
certain hours, and made little white spots on the furniture and upholstery. Once while Tess was at the window where the cages were ranged, giving her lesson as usual, she thought she heard a rustling behind the bed. The old lady was not present, and turning round the girl had an impression that the toes of a pair of boots were visible below the fringe of the curtains. Thereupon her whistling became so disjointed that the listener, if such there were, must have discovered her suspicion of his presence. She searched the curtains every morning after that, but never found anybody within them. Alec d’Urberville had evidently thought better of his freak to terrify her by an ambush of that kind.
X
Every village has its idiosyncrasy, its constitution, often its own code of morality. The levity of some of the younger women in and about Trantridge was marked, and was perhaps symptomatic of the choice spirit who ruled The Slopes in that vicinity. The place had also a more abiding defect; it drank hard. The staple conversation on the farms around was on the uselessness of saving money; and smock-frocked arithmeticians, leaning on their ploughs or hoes, would enter into calculations of great nicety to prove that parish relief was a fuller provision for a man in his old
age than any which could result from savings out of their wages during a whole lifetime.
The chief pleasure of these philosophers lay in going every Saturday night, when work was done, to Chaseborough, a decayed market-town two or three miles distant; and, returning in the small hours of the next morning, to spend Sunday in sleeping off the dyspeptic effects of the curious compounds sold to them as beer by the monopolizers of the once-independent inns.
For a long time Tess did not join in the weekly pilgrimages. But under pressure from matrons not much older than herself—for a field-man’s wages being as high at twenty-one as at forty, marriage was early here—Tess at length consented to go. Her first experience of the journey afforded her more enjoyment than she had expected, the hilariousness of the others being quite contagious after her monotonous attention to the poultry-farm all the week. She went again and again. Being graceful and interesting, standing moreover on the momentary threshold of womanhood, her appearance drew down upon her some sly regards from loungers in the streets of Chaseborough; hence, though sometimes her journey to the town was made independently, she always searched for her fellows at nightfall, to have the protection of their companionship homeward.
This had gone on for a month or two when there came a Saturday in September, on which a fair and a market coincided; and the pilgrims from Trantridge sought double
delights at the inns on that account. Tess’s occupations made her late in setting out, so that her comrades reached the town long before her. It was a fine September evening, just before sunset, when yellow lights struggle with blue shades in hairlike lines, and the atmosphere itself forms a prospect without aid from more solid objects, except the innumerable winged insects that dance in it. Through this low-lit mistiness Tess walked leisurely along.
She did not discover the coincidence of the market with the fair till she had reached the place, by which time it was close upon dusk. Her limited marketing was soon completed; and then as usual she began to look about for some of the Trantridge cottagers.
At first she could not find them, and she was informed that most of them had gone to what they called a private little jig at the house of a hay-trusser and peat-dealer who had transactions with their farm. He lived in an out-of-the-way nook of the townlet, and in trying to find her course thither her eyes fell upon Mr d’Urberville standing at a street corner.
‘What—my Beauty? You here so late?’ he said.
She told him that she was simply waiting for company homeward.
‘I’ll see you again,’ said he over her shoulder as she went on down the back lane.
Approaching the hay-trussers, she could hear the fiddled notes of a reel proceeding from some building in the rear; but no sound of dancing was audible—an exceptional state
of things for these parts, where as a rule the stamping drowned the music. The front door being open she could see straight through the house into the garden at the back as far as the shades of night would allow; and nobody appearing to her knock, she traversed the dwelling and went up the path to the outhouse whence the sound had attracted her.
It was a windowless erection used for storage, and from the open door there floated into the obscurity a mist of yellow radiance, which at first Tess thought to be illuminated smoke. But on drawing nearer she perceived that it was a cloud of dust, lit by candles within the outhouse, whose beams upon the haze carried forward the outline of the doorway into the wide night of the garden.
When she came close and looked in she beheld indistinct forms racing up and down to the figure of the dance, the silence of their footfalls arising from their being overshoe in ‘scroff’—that is to say, the powdery residuum from the storage of peat and other products, the stirring of which by their turbulent feet created the nebulosity that involved the scene. Through this floating, fusty debris of peat and hay, mixed with the perspirations and warmth of the dancers, and forming together a sort of vegeto-human pollen, the muted fiddles feebly pushed their notes, in marked contrast to the spirit with which the measure was trodden out. They coughed as they danced, and laughed as they coughed. Of the rushing couples there could barely be discerned more than the high lights—the indistinctness shaping them to
satyrs clasping nymphs—a multiplicity of Pans whirling a multiplicity of Syrinxes; Lotis attempting to elude Priapus, and always failing.
At intervals a couple would approach the doorway for air, and the haze no longer veiling their features, the demigods resolved themselves into the homely personalities of her own next-door neighbours. Could Trantridge in two or three short hours have metamorphosed itself thus madly!
Some Sileni of the throng sat on benches and hay-trusses by the wall; and one of them recognized her.
‘The maids don’t think it respectable to dance at The Flower-de-Luce,’ he explained. ‘They don’t like to let everybody see which be their fancy-men. Besides, the house sometimes shuts up just when their jints begin to get greased. So we come here and send out for liquor.’
‘But when be any of you going home?’ asked Tess with some anxiety.
‘Now—a’most directly. This is all but the last jig.’
She waited. The reel drew to a close, and some of the party were in the mind of starting. But others would not, and another dance was formed. This surely would end it, thought Tess. But it merged in yet another. She became restless and uneasy; yet, having waited so long, it was necessary to wait longer; on account of the fair the roads were dotted with roving characters of possibly ill intent; and, though not fearful of measurable dangers, she feared
the unknown. Had she been near Marlott she would have had less dread.
‘Don’t ye be nervous, my dear good soul,’ expostulated, between his coughs, a young man with a wet face and his straw hat so far back upon his head that the brim encircled it like the nimbus of a saint. ‘What’s yer hurry? To-morrow is Sunday, thank God, and we can sleep it off in churchtime. Now, have a turn with me?’
She did not abhor dancing, but she was not going to dance here. The movement grew more passionate: the fiddlers behind the luminous pillar of cloud now and then varied the air by playing on the wrong side of the bridge or with the back of the bow. But it did not matter; the panting shapes spun onwards.
They did not vary their partners if their inclination were to stick to previous ones. Changing partners simply meant that a satisfactory choice had not as yet been arrived at by one or other of the pair, and by this time every couple had been suitably matched. It was then that the ecstasy and the dream began, in which emotion was the matter of the universe, and matter but an adventitious intrusion likely to hinder you from spinning where you wanted to spin.
Suddenly there was a dull thump on the ground: a couple had fallen, and lay in a mixed heap. The next couple, unable to check its progress, came toppling over the obstacle. An inner cloud of dust rose around the prostrate figures amid the general one of the room, in which a twitching entanglement of arms and legs was discernible.
‘You shall catch it for this, my gentleman, when you get home!’ burst in female accents from the human heap—those of the unhappy partner of the man whose clumsiness had caused the mishap; she happened also to be his recently married wife, in which assortment there was nothing unusual at Trantridge as long as any affection remained between wedded couples; and, indeed, it was not uncustomary in their later lives, to avoid making odd lots of the single people between whom there might be a warm understanding.
A loud laugh from behind Tess’s back, in the shade of the garden, united with the titter within the room. She looked round, and saw the red coal of a cigar: Alec d’Urberville was standing there alone. He beckoned to her, and she reluctantly retreated towards him.
‘Well, my Beauty, what are you doing here?’
She was so tired after her long day and her walk that she confided her trouble to him—that she had been waiting ever since he saw her to have their company home, because the road at night was strange to her. ‘But it seems they will never leave off, and I really think I will wait no longer.’
‘Certainly do not. I have only a saddle-horse here today; but come to The Flower-de-Luce, and I’ll hire a trap, and drive you home with me.’
Tess, though flattered, had never quite got over her original mistrust of him, and, despite their tardiness, she preferred to walk home with the work-folk. So she answered that she was much obliged to him, but would not
trouble him. ‘I have said that I will wait for ‘em, and they will expect me to now.’
‘Very well, Miss Independence. Please yourself... Then I shall not hurry... My good Lord, what a kick-up they are having there!’
He had not put himself forward into the light, but some of them had perceived him, and his presence led to a slight pause and a consideration of how the time was flying. As soon as he had re-lit a cigar and walked away the Trantridge people began to collect themselves from amid those who had come in from other farms, and prepared to leave in a body. Their bundles and baskets were gathered up, and half an hour later, when the clock-chime sounded a quarter past eleven, they were straggling along the lane which led up the hill towards their homes.
It was a three-mile walk, along a dry white road, made whiter to-night by the light of the moon.
Tess soon perceived as she walked in the flock, sometimes with this one, sometimes with that, that the fresh night air was producing staggerings and serpentine courses among the men who had partaken too freely; some of the more careless women also were wandering in their gait—to wit, a dark virago, Car Darch, dubbed Queen of Spades, till lately a favourite of d’Urberville’s; Nancy, her sister, nicknamed the Queen of Diamonds; and the young married woman who had already tumbled down. Yet however terrestrial and lumpy their appearance just now to the mean unglamoured eye, to themselves the case was different.
They followed the road with a sensation that they were soaring along in a supporting medium, possessed of original and profound thoughts, themselves and surrounding nature forming an organism of which all the parts harmoniously and joyously interpenetrated each other. They were as sublime as the moon and stars above them, and the moon and stars were as ardent as they.
Tess, however, had undergone such painful experiences of this kind in her father’s house that the discovery of their condition spoilt the pleasure she was beginning to feel in the moonlight journey. Yet she stuck to the party, for reasons above given.
In the open highway they had progressed in scattered order; but now their route was through a field-gate, and the foremost finding a difficulty in opening it, they closed up together.
This leading pedestrian was Car the Queen of Spades, who carried a wicker-basket containing her mother’s groceries, her own draperies, and other purchases for the week. The basket being large and heavy, Car had placed it for convenience of porterage on the top of her head, where it rode on in jeopardized balance as she walked with arms akimbo.
‘Well—whatever is that a-creeping down thy back, Car Darch?’ said one of the group suddenly.
All looked at Car. Her gown was a light cotton print, and from the back of her head a kind of rope could be seen
descending to some distance below her waist, like a Chinaman’s queue.
‘Tis her hair falling down,’ said another.
No; it was not her hair: it was a black stream of something oozing from her basket, and it glistened like a slimy snake in the cold still rays of the moon.
‘Tis treacle,’ said an observant matron.
Treacle it was. Car’s poor old grandmother had a weakness for the sweet stuff. Honey she had in plenty out of her own hives, but treacle was what her soul desired, and Car had been about to give her a treat of surprise. Hastily lowering the basket the dark girl found that the vessel containing the syrup had been smashed within.
By this time there had arisen a shout of laughter at the extraordinary appearance of Car’s back, which irritated the dark queen into getting rid of the disfigurement by the first sudden means available, and independently of the help of the scoffers. She rushed excitedly into the field they were about to cross, and flinging herself flat on her back upon the grass, began to wipe her gown as well as she could by spinning horizontally on the herbage and dragging herself over it upon her elbows.
The laughter rang louder; they clung to the gate, to the posts, rested on their staves, in the weakness engendered by their convulsions at the spectacle of Car. Our heroine, who had hitherto held her peace, at this wild moment could not help joining in with the rest.
It was a misfortune—in more ways than one. No sooner did the dark queen hear the soberer richer note of Tess among those of the other work-people than a long-smouldering sense of rivalry inflamed her to madness. She sprang to her feet and closely faced the object of her dislike.
‘How darest th’ laugh at me, hussy!’ she cried.
‘I couldn’t really help it when t’others did,’ apologized Tess, still tittering.
‘Ah, th’st think th’ beest everybody, dostn’t, because th’ beest first favourite with He just now! But stop a bit, my lady, stop a bit! I’m as good as two of such! Look here—here’s at ‘ee!’
To Tess’s horror the dark queen began stripping off the bodice of her gown—which for the added reason of its ridiculed condition she was only too glad to be free of—till she had bared her plump neck, shoulders, and arms to the moonshine, under which they looked as luminous and beautiful as some Praxitelean creation, in their possession of the faultless rotundities of a lusty country-girl. She closed her fists and squared up at Tess.
‘Indeed, then, I shall not fight!’ said the latter majestically; ‘and if I had know you was of that sort, I wouldn’t have so let myself down as to come with such a whorage as this is!’
The rather too inclusive speech brought down a torrent of vituperation from other quarters upon fair Tess’s unlucky head, particularly from the Queen of Diamonds, who having stood in the relations to d’Urberville that Car
had also been suspected of, united with the latter against the common enemy. Several other women also chimed in, with an animus which none of them would have been so fatuous as to show but for the rollicking evening they had passed. Thereupon, finding Tess unfairly browbeaten, the husbands and lovers tried to make peace by defending her; but the result of that attempt was directly to increase the war.
Tess was indignant and ashamed. She no longer minded the loneliness of the way and the lateness of the hour; her one object was to get away from the whole crew as soon as possible. She knew well enough that the better among them would repent of their passion next day. They were all now inside the field, and she was edging back to rush off alone when a horseman emerged almost silently from the corner of the hedge that screened the road, and Alec d’Urberville looked round upon them.
‘What the devil is all this row about, work-folk?’ he asked.
The explanation was not readily forthcoming; and, in truth, he did not require any. Having heard their voices while yet some way off he had ridden creepingly forward, and learnt enough to satisfy himself.
Tess was standing apart from the rest, near the gate. He bent over towards her. ‘Jump up behind me,’ he whispered, ‘and we’ll get shot of the screaming cats in a jiffy!’
She felt almost ready to faint, so vivid was her sense of the crisis. At almost any other moment of her life she
would have refused such proffered aid and company, as she had refused them several times before; and now the loneliness would not of itself have forced her to do otherwise. But coming as the invitation did at the particular juncture when fear and indignation at these adversaries could be transformed by a spring of the foot into a triumph over them, she abandoned herself to her impulse, climbed the gate, put her toe upon his instep, and scrambled into the saddle behind him. The pair were speeding away into the distant gray by the time that the contentious revellers became aware of what had happened.
The Queen of Spades forgot the stain on her bodice, and stood beside the Queen of Diamonds and the new-married, staggering young woman—all with a gaze of fixity in the direction in which the horse’s tramp was diminishing into silence on the road.
‘What be ye looking at?’ asked a man who had not observed the incident.
‘Ho-ho-ho!’ laughed dark Car.
‘Hee-hee-hee!’ laughed the tippling bride, as she steadied herself on the arm of her fond husband.
‘Heu-heu-heu!’ laughed dark Car’s mother, stroking her moustache as she explained laconically: ‘Out of the fryingpan into the fire!’
Then these children of the open air, whom even excess of alcohol could scarce injure permanently, betook themselves to the field-path; and as they went there moved onward with them, around the shadow of each one’s head,
a circle of opalized light, formed by the moon’s rays upon the glistening sheet of dew. Each pedestrian could see no halo but his or her own, which never deserted the head-shadow, whatever its vulgar unsteadiness might be; but adhered to it, and persistently beautified it; till the erratic motions seemed an inherent part of the irradiation, and the fumes of their breathing a component of the night’s mist; and the spirit of the scene, and of the moonlight, and of Nature, seemed harmoniously to mingle with the spirit of wine.
The twain cantered along for some time without speech, Tess as she clung to him still panting in her triumph, yet in other respects dubious. She had perceived that the horse was not the spirited one he sometimes rose, and felt no alarm on that score, though her seat was precarious enough despite her tight hold of him. She begged him to slow the animal to a walk, which Alec accordingly did.
‘Neatly done, was it not, dear Tess?’ he said by and by.
‘Yes!’ said she. ‘I am sure I ought to be much obliged to you.’
‘And are you?’
She did not reply.
‘Tess, why do you always dislike my kissing you?’
‘I suppose—because I don’t love you.’
‘You are quite sure?’
‘I am angry with you sometimes!’
‘Ah, I half feared as much.’ Nevertheless, Alec did not object to that confession. He knew that anything was better than frigidity. ‘Why haven’t you told me when I have made you angry?’
‘You know very well why. Because I cannot help myself here.’
‘I haven’t offended you often by love-making?’
‘You have sometimes.’
‘How many times?’
‘You know as well as I—too many times.’
‘Every time I have tried?’
She was silent, and the horse ambled along for a considerable distance, till a faint luminous fog, which had hung in the hollows all the evening, became general and enveloped them. It seemed to hold the moonlight in suspension, rendering it more pervasive than in clear air. Whether on this account, or from absent-mindedness, or from sleepiness, she did not perceive that they had long ago passed the point at which the lane to Trantridge branched from the highway, and that her conductor had not taken the Trantridge track.
She was inexpressibly weary. She had risen at five o’clock every morning of that week, had been on foot the whole of each day, and on this evening had in addition walked the three miles to Chaseborough, waited three hours for her neighbours without eating or drinking, her impatience to start them preventing either; she had then walked a mile of the way home, and had undergone the excitement of the quarrel, till, with the slow progress of their steed, it was now nearly one o’clock. Only once, however, was she overcome by actual drowsiness. In that moment of oblivion her head sank gently against him.
D’Urberville stopped the horse, withdrew his feet from the stirrups, turned sideways on the saddle, and enclosed her waist with his arm to support her.
This immediately put her on the defensive, and with one of those sudden impulses of reprisal to which she was liable she gave him a little push from her. In his ticklish position he nearly lost his balance and only just avoided rolling over into the road, the horse, though a powerful one, being fortunately the quietest he rode.
‘That is devilish unkind!’ he said. ‘I mean no harm—only to keep you from falling.’
She pondered suspiciously, till, thinking that this might after all be true, she relented, and said quite humbly, ‘I beg your pardon, sir.’
‘I won’t pardon you unless you show some confidence in me. Good God!’ he burst out, ‘what am I, to be repulsed so by a mere chit like you? For near three mortal months have you trifled with my feelings, eluded me, and snubbed me; and I won’t stand it!’
‘I’ll leave you to-morrow, sir.’
‘No, you will not leave me to-morrow! Will you, I ask once more, show your belief in me by letting me clasp you with my arm? Come, between us two and nobody else, now. We know each other well; and you know that I love you, and think you the prettiest girl in the world, which you are. Mayn’t I treat you as a lover?’
She drew a quick pettish breath of objection, writhing uneasily on her seat, looked far ahead, and murmured, ‘I don’t know—I wish—how can I say yes or no when—’
He settled the matter by clasping his arm round her as he desired, and Tess expressed no further negative. Thus they
sidled slowly onward till it struck her they had been advancing for an unconscionable time—far longer than was usually occupied by the short journey from Chaseborough, even at this walking pace, and that they were no longer on hard road, but in a mere trackway.
‘Why, where be we?’ she exclaimed.
‘Passing by a wood.’
‘A wood—what wood? Surely we are quite out of the road?’
‘A bit of The Chase—the oldest wood in England. It is a lovely night, and why should we not prolong our ride a little?’
‘How could you be so treacherous!’ said Tess, between archness and real dismay, and getting rid of his arm by pulling open his fingers one by one, though at the risk of slipping off herself. ‘Just when I’ve been putting such trust in you, and obliging you to please you, because I thought I had wronged you by that push! Please set me down, and let me walk home.’
‘You cannot walk home, darling, even if the air were clear. We are miles away from Trantridge, if I must tell you, and in this growing fog you might wander for hours among these trees.’
‘Never mind that,’ she coaxed. ‘Put me down, I beg you. I don’t mind where it is; only let me get down, sir, please!’
‘Very well, then, I will—on one condition. Having brought you here to this out-of-the-way place, I feel myself responsible for your safe-conduct home, whatever you may
yourself feel about it. As to your getting to Trantridge without assistance, it is quite impossible; for, to tell the truth, dear, owing to this fog, which so disguises everything, I don’t quite know where we are myself. Now, if you will promise to wait beside the horse while I walk through the bushes till I come to some road or house, and ascertain exactly our whereabouts, I’ll deposit you here willingly. When I come back I’ll give you full directions, and if you insist upon walking you may; or you may ride—at your pleasure.’
She accepted these terms, and slid off on the near side, though not till he had stolen a cursory kiss. He sprang down on the other side.
‘I suppose I must hold the horse?’ said she.
‘Oh no; it’s not necessary,’ replied Alec, patting the panting creature. ‘He’s had enough of it for to-night.’
He turned the horse’s head into the bushes, hitched him on to a bough, and made a sort of couch or nest for her in the deep mass of dead leaves.
‘Now, you sit there,’ he said. ‘The leaves have not got damp as yet. Just give an eye to the horse—it will be quite sufficient.’
He took a few steps away from her, but, returning, said, ‘By the bye, Tess, your father has a new cob to-day. Somebody gave it to him.’ ‘Somebody? You!’
D’Urberville nodded.
‘O how very good of you that is!’ she exclaimed, with a painful sense of the awkwardness of having to thank him just then.
‘And the children have some toys.’
‘I didn’t know—you ever sent them anything!’ she murmured, much moved. ‘I almost wish you had not—yes, I almost wish it!’
‘Why, dear?’
‘It—hampers me so.’
‘Tessy—don’t you love me ever so little now?’
‘I’m grateful,’ she reluctantly admitted. ‘But I fear I do not—’ The sudden vision of his passion for herself as a factor in this result so distressed her that, beginning with one slow tear, and then following with another, she wept outright.
‘Don’t cry, dear, dear one! Now sit down here, and wait till I come.’ She passively sat down amid the leaves he had heaped, and shivered slightly. ‘Are you cold?’ he asked.
‘Not very—a little.’
He touched her with his fingers, which sank into her as into down. ‘You have only that puffy muslin dress on—how’s that?’
‘It’s my best summer one. ’Twas very warm when I started, and I didn’t know I was going to ride, and that it would be night.’
‘Nights grow chilly in September. Let me see.’ He pulled off a light overcoat that he had worn, and put it round her tenderly. ‘That’s it—now you’ll feel warmer,’ he
continued. ‘Now, my pretty, rest there; I shall soon be back again.’
Having buttoned the overcoat round her shoulders he plunged into the webs of vapour which by this time formed veils between the trees. She could hear the rustling of the branches as he ascended the adjoining slope, till his movements were no louder than the hopping of a bird, and finally died away. With the setting of the moon the pale light lessened, and Tess became invisible as she fell into reverie upon the leaves where he had left her.
In the meantime Alec d’Urberville had pushed on up the slope to clear his genuine doubt as to the quarter of The Chase they were in. He had, in fact, ridden quite at random for over an hour, taking any turning that came to hand in order to prolong companionship with her, and giving far more attention to Tess’s moonlit person than to any wayside object. A little rest for the jaded animal being desirable, he did not hasten his search for landmarks. A clamber over the hill into the adjoining vale brought him to the fence of a highway whose contours he recognized, which settled the question of their whereabouts. D’Urberville thereupon turned back; but by this time the moon had quite gone down, and partly on account of the fog The Chase was wrapped in thick darkness, although morning was not far off. He was obliged to advance with outstretched hands to avoid contact with the boughs, and discovered that to hit the exact spot from which he had started was at first entirely beyond him. Roaming up and
down, round and round, he at length heard a slight movement of the horse close at hand; and the sleeve of his overcoat unexpectedly caught his foot.
‘Tess!’ said d’Urberville.
There was no answer. The obscurity was now so great that he could see absolutely nothing but a pale nebulousness at his feet, which represented the white muslin figure he had left upon the dead leaves. Everything else was blackness alike. D’Urberville stooped; and heard a gentle regular breathing. He knelt and bent lower, till her breath warmed his face, and in a moment his cheek was in contact with hers. She was sleeping soundly, and upon her eyelashes there lingered tears.
Darkness and silence ruled everywhere around. Above them rose the primeval yews and oaks of The Chase, in which there poised gentle roosting birds in their last nap; and about them stole the hopping rabbits and hares. But, might some say, where was Tess’s guardian angel? where was the providence of her simple faith? Perhaps, like that other god of whom the ironical Tishbite spoke, he was talking, or he was pursuing, or he was in a journey, or he was sleeping and not to be awaked.
Why it was that upon this beautiful feminine tissue, sensitive as gossamer, and practically blank as snow as yet, there should have been traced such a coarse pattern as it was doomed to receive; why so often the coarse appropriates the finer thus, the wrong man the woman, the wrong woman the man, many thousand years of analytical
philosophy have failed to explain to our sense of order. One may, indeed, admit the possibility of a retribution lurking in the present catastrophe. Doubtless some of Tess d’Urberville’s mailed ancestors rollicking home from a fray had dealt the same measure even more ruthlessly towards peasant girls of their time. But though to visit the sins of the fathers upon the children may be a morality good enough for divinities, it is scorned by average human nature; and it therefore does not mend the matter.
As Tess’s own people down in those retreats are never tired of saying among each other in their fatalistic way: ‘It was to be.’ There lay the pity of it. An immeasurable social chasm was to divide our heroine’s personality thereafter from that previous self of hers who stepped from her mother’s door to try her fortune at Trantridge poultry-farm.
END OF PHASE THE FIRST
Phase the Second:
Maiden No More
The basket was heavy and the bundle was large, but she lugged them along like a person who did not find her especial burden in material things. Occasionally she stopped to rest in a mechanical way by some gate or post; and then, giving the baggage another hitch upon her full round arm, went steadily on again.
It was a Sunday morning in late October, about four months after Tess Durbeyfield’s arrival at Trantridge, and some few weeks subsequent to the night ride in The Chase. The time was not long past daybreak, and the yellow luminosity upon the horizon behind her back lighted the ridge towards which her face was set—the barrier of the vale wherein she had of late been a stranger—which she would have to climb over to reach her birthplace. The ascent was gradual on this side, and the soil and scenery differed much from those within Blakemore Vale. Even the character and accent of the two peoples had shades of difference, despite the amalgamating effects of a roundabout railway; so that, though less than twenty miles from the place of her sojourn at Trantridge, her native village had seemed a far-away spot. The field-folk shut in there traded northward and westward, travelled, courted, and married northward and westward, thought northward
and westward; those on this side mainly directed their energies and attention to the east and south.
The incline was the same down which d’Urberville had driven her so wildly on that day in June. Tess went up the remainder of its length without stopping, and on reaching the edge of the escarpment gazed over the familiar green world beyond, now half-veiled in mist. It was always beautiful from here; it was terribly beautiful to Tess to-day, for since her eyes last fell upon it she had learnt that the serpent hisses where the sweet birds sing, and her views of life had been totally changed for her by the lesson. Verily another girl than the simple one she had been at home was she who, bowed by thought, stood still here, and turned to look behind her. She could not bear to look forward into the Vale.
Ascending by the long white road that Tess herself had just laboured up, she saw a two-wheeled vehicle, beside which walked a man, who held up his hand to attract her attention.
She obeyed the signal to wait for him with unspeculative repose, and in a few minutes man and horse stopped beside her.
‘Why did you slip away by stealth like this?’ said d’Urberville, with upbraiding breathlessness; ‘on a Sunday morning, too, when people were all in bed! I only discovered it by accident, and I have been driving like the deuce to overtake you. Just look at the mare. Why go off like this? You know that nobody wished to hinder your
going. And how unnecessary it has been for you to toil along on foot, and encumber yourself with this heavy load! I have followed like a madman, simply to drive you the rest of the distance, if you won’t come back.’
‘I shan’t come back,’ said she.
‘I thought you wouldn’t—I said so! Well, then, put up your basket, and let me help you on.’
She listlessly placed her basket and bundle within the dog-cart, and stepped up, and they sat side by side. She had no fear of him now, and in the cause of her confidence her sorrow lay.
D’Urberville mechanically lit a cigar, and the journey was continued with broken unemotional conversation on the commonplace objects by the wayside. He had quite forgotten his struggle to kiss her when, in the early summer, they had driven in the opposite direction along the same road. But she had not, and she sat now, like a puppet, replying to his remarks in monosyllables. After some miles they came in view of the clump of trees beyond which the village of Marlott stood. It was only then that her still face showed the least emotion, a tear or two beginning to trickle down.
‘What are you crying for?’ he coldly asked.
‘I was only thinking that I was born over there,’ murmured Tess.
‘Well—we must all be born somewhere.’
‘I wish I had never been born—there or anywhere else!’
‘Pooh! Well, if you didn’t wish to come to Trantridge why did you come?’
She did not reply.
‘You didn’t come for love of me, that I’ll swear.’
‘Tis quite true. If I had gone for love o’ you, if I had ever sincerely loved you, if I loved you still, I should not so loathe and hate myself for my weakness as I do now! ... My eyes were dazed by you for a little, and that was all.’
He shrugged his shoulders. She resumed—
‘I didn’t understand your meaning till it was too late.’
‘That’s what every woman says.’
‘How can you dare to use such words!’ she cried, turning impetuously upon him, her eyes flashing as the latent spirit (of which he was to see more some day) awoke in her. ‘My God! I could knock you out of the gig! Did it never strike your mind that what every woman says some women may feel?’
‘Very well,’ he said, laughing; ‘I am sorry to wound you. I did wrong—I admit it.’ He dropped into some little bitterness as he continued: ‘Only you needn’t be so everlastingly flinging it in my face. I am ready to pay to the uttermost farthing. You know you need not work in the fields or the dairies again. You know you may clothe yourself with the best, instead of in the bald plain way you have lately affected, as if you couldn’t get a ribbon more than you earn.’
Her lip lifted slightly, though there was little scorn, as a rule, in her large and impulsive nature.
‘I have said I will not take anything more from you, and I will not—I cannot! I SHOULD be your creature to go on doing that, and I won’t!’
‘One would think you were a princess from your manner, in addition to a true and original d’Urberville—ha! ha! Well, Tess, dear, I can say no more. I suppose I am a bad fellow—a damn bad fellow. I was born bad, and I have lived bad, and I shall die bad in all probability. But, upon my lost soul, I won’t be bad towards you again, Tess. And if certain circumstances should arise—you understand—in which you are in the least need, the least difficulty, send me one line, and you shall have by return whatever you require. I may not be at Trantridge—I am going to London for a time—I can’t stand the old woman. But all letters will be forwarded.’
She said that she did not wish him to drive her further, and they stopped just under the clump of trees. D’Urberville alighted, and lifted her down bodily in his arms, afterwards placing her articles on the ground beside her. She bowed to him slightly, her eye just lingering in his; and then she turned to take the parcels for departure.
Alec d’Urberville removed his cigar, bent towards her, and said—
‘You are not going to turn away like that, dear! Come!’
‘If you wish,’ she answered indifferently. ‘See how you’ve mastered me!’
She thereupon turned round and lifted her face to his, and remained like a marble term while he imprinted a kiss
upon her cheek—half perfunctorily, half as if zest had not yet quite died out. Her eyes vaguely rested upon the remotest trees in the lane while the kiss was given, as though she were nearly unconscious of what he did.
‘Now the other side, for old acquaintance’ sake.’
She turned her head in the same passive way, as one might turn at the request of a sketcher or hairdresser, and he kissed the other side, his lips touching cheeks that were damp and smoothly chill as the skin of the mushrooms in the fields around.
‘You don’t give me your mouth and kiss me back. You never willingly do that—you’ll never love me, I fear.’
‘I have said so, often. It is true. I have never really and truly loved you, and I think I never can.’ She added mournfully, ‘Perhaps, of all things, a lie on this thing would do the most good to me now; but I have honour enough left, little as ’tis, not to tell that lie. If I did love you, I may have the best o’ causes for letting you know it. But I don’t.’
He emitted a laboured breath, as if the scene were getting rather oppressive to his heart, or to his conscience, or to his gentility.
‘Well, you are absurdly melancholy, Tess. I have no reason for flattering you now, and I can say plainly that you need not be so sad. You can hold your own for beauty against any woman of these parts, gentle or simple; I say it to you as a practical man and well-wisher. If you are wise you will show it to the world more than you do before it
fades... And yet, Tess, will you come back to me! Upon my soul, I don’t like to let you go like this!
‘Never, never! I made up my mind as soon as I saw—what I ought to have seen sooner; and I won’t come.’
‘Then good morning, my four months’ cousin—goodbye!’
He leapt up lightly, arranged the reins, and was gone between the tall red-berried hedges.
Tess did not look after him, but slowly wound along the crooked lane. It was still early, and though the sun’s lower limb was just free of the hill, his rays, ungenial and peering, addressed the eye rather than the touch as yet. There was not a human soul near. Sad October and her sadder self seemed the only two existences haunting that lane.
As she walked, however, some footsteps approached behind her, the footsteps of a man; and owing to the briskness of his advance he was close at her heels and had said ‘Good morning’ before she had been long aware of his propinquity. He appeared to be an artisan of some sort, and carried a tin pot of red paint in his hand. He asked in a business-like manner if he should take her basket, which she permitted him to do, walking beside him.
‘It is early to be astir this Sabbath morn!’ he said cheerfully.
‘Yes,’ said Tess.
‘When most people are at rest from their week’s work.’
She also assented to this.
'Though I do more real work to-day than all the week besides.'
'Do you?'
'All the week I work for the glory of man, and on Sunday for the glory of God. That's more real than the other—hey? I have a little to do here at this stile.' The man turned, as he spoke, to an opening at the roadside leading into a pasture. 'If you'll wait a moment,' he added, 'I shall not be long.'
As he had her basket she could not well do otherwise; and she waited, observing him. He set down her basket and the tin pot, and stirring the paint with the brush that was in it began painting large square letters on the middle board of the three composing the stile, placing a comma after each word, as if to give pause while that word was driven well home to the reader's heart—
THY, DAMNATION, SLUMBERETH, NOT.
2 Pet. ii. 3.
Against the peaceful landscape, the pale, decaying tints of the copses, the blue air of the horizon, and the lichened stile-boards, these staring vermilion words shone forth. They seemed to shout themselves out and make the atmosphere ring. Some people might have cried 'Alas, poor Theology!' at the hideous defacement—the last grotesque phase of a creed which had served mankind well in its time. But the words entered Tess with accusatory horror. It was
as if this man had known her recent history; yet he was a total stranger.
Having finished his text he picked up her basket, and she mechanically resumed her walk beside him.
‘Do you believe what you paint?’ she asked in low tones.
‘Believe that tex? Do I believe in my own existence!’
‘But,’ said she tremulously, ‘suppose your sin was not of your own seeking?’
He shook his head.
‘I cannot split hairs on that burning query,’ he said. ‘I have walked hundreds of miles this past summer, painting these texes on every wall, gate, and stile the length and breadth of this district. I leave their application to the hearts of the people who read ‘em.’
‘I think they are horrible,’ said Tess. ‘Crushing! Killing!’
‘That’s what they are meant to be!’ he replied in a trade voice. ‘But you should read my hottest ones—them I kips for slums and seaports. They’d make ye wriggle! Not but what this is a very good tex for rural districts. ... Ah—there’s a nice bit of blank wall up by that barn standing to waste. I must put one there—one that it will be good for dangerous young females like yerself to heed. Will ye wait, missy?’
‘No,’ said she; and taking her basket Tess trudged on. A little way forward she turned her head. The old gray wall began to advertise a similar fiery lettering to the first, with
a strange and unwonted mien, as if distressed at duties it had never before been called upon to perform. It was with a sudden flush that she read and realized what was to be the inscription he was now halfway through—
THOU, SHALT, NOT, COMMIT—
Her cheerful friend saw her looking, stopped his brush, and shouted—
‘If you want to ask for edification on these things of moment, there’s a very earnest good man going to preach a charity-sermon to-day in the parish you are going to—Mr Clare of Emminster. I’m not of his persuasion now, but he’s a good man, and he’ll expound as well as any parson I know. ‘Twas he began the work in me.’
But Tess did not answer; she throbbingly resumed her walk, her eyes fixed on the ground. ‘Pooh—I don’t believe God said such things!’ she murmured contemptuously when her flush had died away.
A plume of smoke soared up suddenly from her father’s chimney, the sight of which made her heart ache. The aspect of the interior, when she reached it, made her heart ache more. Her mother, who had just come down stairs, turned to greet her from the fireplace, where she was kindling barked-oak twigs under the breakfast kettle. The young children were still above, as was also her father, it being Sunday morning, when he felt justified in lying an additional half-hour.
‘Well!—my dear Tess!’ exclaimed her surprised mother, jumping up and kissing the girl. ‘How be ye? I didn’t see you till you was in upon me! Have you come home to be married?’
‘No, I have not come for that, mother.’
‘Then for a holiday?’
‘Yes—for a holiday; for a long holiday,’ said Tess.
‘What, isn’t your cousin going to do the handsome thing?’
‘He’s not my cousin, and he’s not going to marry me.’
Her mother eyed her narrowly.
‘Come, you have not told me all,’ she said.
Then Tess went up to her mother, put her face upon Joan’s neck, and told.
‘And yet th’st not got him to marry ‘ee!’ reiterated her mother. ‘Any woman would have done it but you, after that!’
‘Perhaps any woman would except me.’
‘It would have been something like a story to come back with, if you had!’ continued Mrs Durbeyfield, ready to burst into tears of vexation. ‘After all the talk about you and him which has reached us here, who would have expected it to end like this! Why didn’t ye think of doing some good for your family instead o’ thinking only of yourself? See how I’ve got to teave and slave, and your poor weak father with his heart clogged like a dripping-pan. I did hope for something to come out o’ this! To see
what a pretty pair you and he made that day when you drove away together four months ago! See what he has given us—all, as we thought, because we were his kin. But if he’s not, it must have been done because of his love for ‘ee. And yet you’ve not got him to marry!
Get Alec d’Urberville in the mind to marry her! He marry HER! On matrimony he had never once said a word. And what if he had? How a convulsive snatching at social salvation might have impelled her to answer him she could not say. But her poor foolish mother little knew her present feeling towards this man. Perhaps it was unusual in the circumstances, unlucky, unaccountable; but there it was; and this, as she had said, was what made her detest herself. She had never wholly cared for him; she did not at all care for him now. She had dreaded him, winced before him, succumbed to adroit advantages he took of her helplessness; then, temporarily blinded by his ardent manners, had been stirred to confused surrender awhile: had suddenly despised and disliked him, and had run away. That was all. Hate him she did not quite; but he was dust and ashes to her, and even for her name’s sake she scarcely wished to marry him.
‘You ought to have been more careful if you didn’t mean to get him to make you his wife!’
‘O mother, my mother!’ cried the agonized girl, turning passionately upon her parent as if her poor heart would break. ‘How could I be expected to know? I was a child when I left this house four months ago. Why didn’t you tell
me there was danger in men-folk? Why didn’t you warn me? Ladies know what to fend hands against, because they read novels that tell them of these tricks; but I never had the chance o’ learning in that way, and you did not help me!’ Her mother was subdued.
‘I thought if I spoke of his fond feelings and what they might lead to, you would be hontish wi’ him and lose your chance,’ she murmured, wiping her eyes with her apron. ‘Well, we must make the best of it, I suppose. ’Tis nater, after all, and what do please God!’
The event of Tess Durbeyfield’s return from the manor of her bogus kinsfolk was rumoured abroad, if rumour be not too large a word for a space of a square mile. In the afternoon several young girls of Marlott, former schoolfellows and acquaintances of Tess, called to see her, arriving dressed in their best starched and ironed, as became visitors to a person who had made a transcendent conquest (as they supposed), and sat round the room looking at her with great curiosity. For the fact that it was this said thirty-first cousin, Mr d’Urberville, who had fallen in love with her, a gentleman not altogether local, whose reputation as a reckless gallant and heartbreaker was beginning to spread beyond the immediate boundaries of Trantridge, lent Tess’s supposed position, by its fearsomeness, a far higher fascination that it would have exercised if unhazardous.
Their interest was so deep that the younger ones whispered when her back was turned—
‘How pretty she is; and how that best frock do set her off! I believe it cost an immense deal, and that it was a gift from him.’
Tess, who was reaching up to get the tea-things from the corner-cupboard, did not hear these commentaries. If she
had heard them, she might soon have set her friends right on the matter. But her mother heard, and Joan’s simple vanity, having been denied the hope of a dashing marriage, fed itself as well as it could upon the sensation of a dashing flirtation. Upon the whole she felt gratified, even though such a limited and evanescent triumph should involve her daughter’s reputation; it might end in marriage yet, and in the warmth of her responsiveness to their admiration she invited her visitors to stay to tea.
Their chatter, their laughter, their good-humoured innuendoes, above all, their flashes and flickerings of envy, revived Tess’s spirits also; and, as the evening wore on, she caught the infection of their excitement, and grew almost gay. The marble hardness left her face, she moved with something of her old bounding step, and flushed in all her young beauty.
At moments, in spite of thought, she would reply to their inquiries with a manner of superiority, as if recognizing that her experiences in the field of courtship had, indeed, been slightly enviable. But so far was she from being, in the words of Robert South, ‘in love with her own ruin,’ that the illusion was transient as lightning; cold reason came back to mock her spasmodic weakness; the ghastliness of her momentary pride would convict her, and recall her to reserved listlessness again.
And the despondency of the next morning’s dawn, when it was no longer Sunday, but Monday; and no best clothes; and the laughing visitors were gone, and she awoke alone
in her old bed, the innocent younger children breathing softly around her. In place of the excitement of her return, and the interest it had inspired, she saw before her a long and stony highway which she had to tread, without aid, and with little sympathy. Her depression was then terrible, and she could have hidden herself in a tomb.
In the course of a few weeks Tess revived sufficiently to show herself so far as was necessary to get to church one Sunday morning. She liked to hear the chanting—such as it was—and the old Psalms, and to join in the Morning Hymn. That innate love of melody, which she had inherited from her ballad-singing mother, gave the simplest music a power over her which could well-nigh drag her heart out of her bosom at times.
To be as much out of observation as possible for reasons of her own, and to escape the gallantries of the young men, she set out before the chiming began, and took a back seat under the gallery, close to the lumber, where only old men and women came, and where the bier stood on end among the churchyard tools.
Parishioners dropped in by twos and threes, deposited themselves in rows before her, rested three-quarters of a minute on their foreheads as if they were praying, though they were not; then sat up, and looked around. When the chants came on, one of her favourites happened to be chosen among the rest—the old double chant ‘Langdon’—but she did not know what it was called, though she would much have liked to know. She thought, without exactly
wording the thought, how strange and god-like was a composer’s power, who from the grave could lead through sequences of emotion, which he alone had felt at first, a girl like her who had never heard of his name, and never would have a clue to his personality.
The people who had turned their heads turned them again as the service proceeded; and at last observing her, they whispered to each other. She knew what their whispers were about, grew sick at heart, and felt that she could come to church no more.
The bedroom which she shared with some of the children formed her retreat more continually than ever. Here, under her few square yards of thatch, she watched winds, and snows, and rains, gorgeous sunsets, and successive moons at their full. So close kept she that at length almost everybody thought she had gone away.
The only exercise that Tess took at this time was after dark; and it was then, when out in the woods, that she seemed least solitary. She knew how to hit to a hair’s breadth that moment of evening when the light and the darkness are so evenly balanced that the constraint of day and the suspense of night neutralize each other, leaving absolute mental liberty. It is then that the plight of being alive becomes attenuated to its least possible dimensions. She had no fear of the shadows; her sole idea seemed to be to shun mankind—or rather that cold accretion called the world, which, so terrible in the mass, is so unformidable, even pitiable, in its units.
On these lonely hills and dales her quiescent glide was of a piece with the element she moved in. Her flexuous and stealthy figure became an integral part of the scene. At times her whimsical fancy would intensify natural processes around her till they seemed a part of her own story. Rather they became a part of it; for the world is only a psychological phenomenon, and what they seemed they were. The midnight airs and gusts, moaning amongst the tightlywrapped buds and bark of the winter twigs, were formulae of bitter reproach. A wet day was the expression of irremediable grief at her weakness in the mind of some vague ethical being whom she could not class definitely as the God of her childhood, and could not comprehend as any other.
But this encompassment of her own characterization, based on shreds of convention, peopled by phantoms and voices antipathetic to her, was a sorry and mistaken creation of Tess’s fancy—a cloud of moral hobgoblins by which she was terrified without reason. It was they that were out of harmony with the actual world, not she. Walking among the sleeping birds in the hedges, watching the skipping rabbits on a moonlit warren, or standing under a pheasantladen bough, she looked upon herself as a figure of Guilt intruding into the haunts of Innocence. But all the while she was making a distinction where there was no difference. Feeling herself in antagonism, she was quite in accord. She had been made to break an accepted social law,
but no law known to the environment in which she fancied herself such an anomaly.
XIV
It was a hazy sunrise in August. The denser nocturnal vapours, attacked by the warm beams, were dividing and shrinking into isolated fleeces within hollows and coverts, where they waited till they should be dried away to nothing.
The sun, on account of the mist, had a curious sentient, personal look, demanding the masculine pronoun for its adequate expression. His present aspect, coupled with the lack of all human forms in the scene, explained the old-time heliolatries in a moment. One could feel that a saner religion had never prevailed under the sky. The luminary was a golden-haired, beaming, mild-eyed, God-like creature, gazing down in the vigour and intentness of youth upon an earth that was brimming with interest for him.
His light, a little later, broke though chinks of cottage shutters, throwing stripes like red-hot pokers upon cupboards, chests of drawers, and other furniture within; and awakening harvesters who were not already astir.
But of all ruddy things that morning the brightest were two broad arms of painted wood, which rose from the margin of yellow cornfield hard by Marlott village. They,
with two others below, formed the revolving Maltese cross of the reaping-machine, which had been brought to the field on the previous evening to be ready for operations this day. The paint with which they were smeared, intensified in hue by the sunlight, imparted to them a look of having been dipped in liquid fire.
The field had already been ‘opened’; that is to say, a lane a few feet wide had been hand-cut through the wheat along the whole circumference of the field for the first passage of the horses and machine.
Two groups, one of men and lads, the other of women, had come down the lane just at the hour when the shadows of the eastern hedge-top struck the west hedge midway, so that the heads of the groups were enjoying sunrise while their feet were still in the dawn. They disappeared from the lane between the two stone posts which flanked the nearest field-gate.
Presently there arose from within a ticking like the lovemaking of the grasshopper. The machine had begun, and a moving concatenation of three horses and the aforesaid long rickety machine was visible over the gate, a driver sitting upon one of the hauling horses, and an attendant on the seat of the implement. Along one side of the field the whole wain went, the arms of the mechanical reaper revolving slowly, till it passed down the hill quite out of sight. In a minute it came up on the other side of the field at the same equable pace; the glistening brass star in the forehead of the fore horse first catching the eye as it
rose into view over the stubble, then the bright arms, and then the whole machine.
The narrow lane of stubble encompassing the field grew wider with each circuit, and the standing corn was reduced to a smaller area as the morning wore on. Rabbits, hares, snakes, rats, mice, retreated inwards as into a fastness, unaware of the ephemeral nature of their refuge, and of the doom that awaited them later in the day when, their covert shrinking to a more and more horrible narrowness, they were huddled together, friends and foes, till the last few yards of upright wheat fell also under the teeth of the unerring reaper, and they were every one put to death by the sticks and stones of the harvesters.
The reaping-machine left the fallen corn behind it in little heaps, each heap being of the quantity for a sheaf; and upon these the active binders in the rear laid their hands—mainly women, but some of them men in print shirts, and trousers supported round their waists by leather straps, rendering useless the two buttons behind, which twinkled and bristled with sunbeams at every movement of each wearer, as if they were a pair of eyes in the small of his back.
But those of the other sex were the most interesting of this company of binders, by reason of the charm which is acquired by woman when she becomes part and parcel of outdoor nature, and is not merely an object set down therein as at ordinary times. A field-man is a personality afield; a field-woman is a portion of the field; she had
somehow lost her own margin, imbibed the essence of her surrounding, and assimilated herself with it.
The women—or rather girls, for they were mostly young—wore drawn cotton bonnets with great flapping curtains to keep off the sun, and gloves to prevent their hands being wounded by the stubble. There was one wearing a pale pink jacket, another in a cream-coloured tight-sleeved gown, another in a petticoat as red as the arms of the reaping-machine; and others, older, in the brown-rough ‘wropper’ or over-all—the old-established and most appropriate dress of the field-woman, which the young ones were abandoning. This morning the eye returns involuntarily to the girl in the pink cotton jacket, she being the most flexuous and finelydrawn figure of them all. But her bonnet is pulled so far over her brow that none of her face is disclosed while she binds, though her complexion may be guessed from a stray twine or two of dark brown hair which extends below the curtain of her bonnet. Perhaps one reason why she seduces casual attention is that she never courts it, though the other women often gaze around them.
Her binding proceeds with clock-like monotony. From the sheaf last finished she draws a handful of ears, patting their tips with her left palm to bring them even. Then, stooping low, she moves forward, gathering the corn with both hands against her knees, and pushing her left gloved hand under the bundle to meet the right on the other side, holding the corn in an embrace like that of a lover. She
brings the ends of the bond together, and kneels on the sheaf while she ties it, beating back her skirts now and then when lifted by the breeze. A bit of her naked arm is visible between the buff leather of the gauntlet and the sleeve of her gown; and as the day wears on its feminine smoothness becomes scarified by the stubble and bleeds.
At intervals she stands up to rest, and to retie her disarranged apron, or to pull her bonnet straight. Then one can see the oval face of a handsome young woman with deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses, which seem to clasp in a beseeching way anything they fall against. The cheeks are paler, the teeth more regular, the red lips thinner than is usual in a country-bred girl.
It is Tess Durbeyfield, otherwise d’Urberville, somewhat changed—the same, but not the same; at the present stage of her existence living as a stranger and an alien here, though it was no strange land that she was in. After a long seclusion she had come to a resolve to undertake outdoor work in her native village, the busiest season of the year in the agricultural world having arrived, and nothing that she could do within the house being so remunerative for the time as harvesting in the fields.
The movements of the other women were more or less similar to Tess’s, the whole bevy of them drawing together like dancers in a quadrille at the completion of a sheaf by each, every one placing her sheaf on end against those of the rest, till a shock, or ‘stitch’ as it was here called, of ten or a dozen was formed.
They went to breakfast, and came again, and the work proceeded as before. As the hour of eleven drew near a person watching her might have noticed that every now and then Tess’s glance flitted wistfully to the brow of the hill, though she did not pause in her sheafing. On the verge of the hour the heads of a group of children, of ages ranging from six to fourteen, rose over the stubbly convexity of the hill.
The face of Tess flushed slightly, but still she did not pause.
The eldest of the comers, a girl who wore a triangular shawl, its corner dragging on the stubble, carried in her arms what at first sight seemed to be a doll, but proved to be an infant in long clothes. Another brought some lunch. The harvesters ceased working, took their provisions, and sat down against one of the shocks. Here they fell to, the men plying a stone jar freely, and passing round a cup.
Tess Durbeyfield had been one of the last to suspend her labours. She sat down at the end of the shock, her face turned somewhat away from her companions. When she had deposited herself a man in a rabbit-skin cap, and with a red handkerchief tucked into his belt, held the cup of ale over the top of the shock for her to drink. But she did not accept his offer. As soon as her lunch was spread she called up the big girl, her sister, and took the baby of her, who, glad to be relieved of the burden, went away to the next shock and joined the other children playing there. Tess, with a curiously stealthy yet courageous movement, and
with a still rising colour, unfastened her frock and began suckling the child.
The men who sat nearest considerately turned their faces towards the other end of the field, some of them beginning to smoke; one, with absent-minded fondness, regretfully stroking the jar that would no longer yield a stream. All the women but Tess fell into animated talk, and adjusted the disarranged knots of their hair.
When the infant had taken its fill, the young mother sat it upright in her lap, and looking into the far distance, dandled it with a gloomy indifference that was almost dislike; then all of a sudden she fell to violently kissing it some dozens of times, as if she could never leave off, the child crying at the vehemence of an onset which strangely combined passionateness with contempt.
‘She’s fond of that there child, though she mid pretend to hate en, and say she wishes the baby and her too were in the churchyard,’ observed the woman in the red petticoat.
‘She’ll soon leave off saying that,’ replied the one in buff. ‘Lord, ’tis wonderful what a body can get used to o’ that sort in time!’
‘A little more than persuading had to do wi’ the coming o’t, I reckon. There were they that heard a sobbing one night last year in The Chase; and it mid ha’ gone hard wi’ a certain party if folks had come along.’
‘Well, a little more, or a little less, ’twas a thousand pities that it should have happened to she, of all others. But ’tis always the comeliest! The plain ones be as safe as
churches—hey, Jenny?” The speaker turned to one of the group who certainly was not ill-defined as plain.
It was a thousand pities, indeed; it was impossible for even an enemy to feel otherwise on looking at Tess as she sat there, with her flower-like mouth and large tender eyes, neither black nor blue nor grey nor violet; rather all those shades together, and a hundred others, which could be seen if one looked into their irises—shade behind shade—tint beyond tint—around pupils that had no bottom; an almost standard woman, but for the slight incautiousness of character inherited from her race.
A resolution which had surprised herself had brought her into the fields this week for the first time during many months. After wearing and wasting her palpitating heart with every engine of regret that lonely inexperience could devise, common sense had illuminated her. She felt that she would do well to be useful again—to taste anew sweet independence at any price. The past was past; whatever it had been, it was no more at hand. Whatever its consequences, time would close over them; they would all in a few years be as if they had never been, and she herself grassed down and forgotten. Meanwhile the trees were just as green as before; the birds sang and the sun shone as clearly now as ever. The familiar surroundings had not darkened because of her grief, nor sickened because of her pain.
She might have seen that what had bowed her head so profoundly—the thought of the world’s concern at her
situation—was founded on an illusion. She was not an existence, an experience, a passion, a structure of sensations, to anybody but herself. To all humankind besides, Tess was only a passing thought. Even to friends she was no more than a frequently passing thought. If she made herself miserable the livelong night and day it was only this much to them—‘Ah, she makes herself unhappy.’ If she tried to be cheerful, to dismiss all care, to take pleasure in the daylight, the flowers, the baby, she could only be this idea to them—‘Ah, she bears it very well.’ Moreover, alone in a desert island would she have been wretched at what had happened to her? Not greatly. If she could have been but just created, to discover herself as a spouseless mother, with no experience of life except as the parent of a nameless child, would the position have caused her to despair? No, she would have taken it calmly, and found pleasure therein. Most of the misery had been generated by her conventional aspect, and not by her innate sensations.
Whatever Tess’s reasoning, some spirit had induced her to dress herself up neatly as she had formerly done, and come out into the fields, harvest-hands being greatly in demand just then. This was why she had borne herself with dignity, and had looked people calmly in the face at times, even when holding the baby in her arms.
The harvest-men rose from the shock of corn, and stretched their limbs, and extinguished their pipes. The horses, which had been unharnessed and fed, were again
attached to the scarlet machine. Tess, having quickly eaten her own meal, beckoned to her eldest sister to come and take away the baby, fastened her dress, put on the buff gloves again, and stooped anew to draw a bond from the last completed sheaf for the tying of the next.
In the afternoon and evening the proceedings of the morning were continued, Tess staying on till dusk with the body of harvesters. Then they all rode home in one of the largest wagons, in the company of a broad tarnished moon that had risen from the ground to the eastwards, its face resembling the outworn gold-leaf halo of some worm-eaten Tuscan saint. Tess’s female companions sang songs, and showed themselves very sympathetic and glad at her reappearance out of doors, though they could not refrain from mischievously throwing in a few verses of the ballad about the maid who went to the merry green wood and came back a changed state. There are counterpoises and compensations in life; and the event which had made of her a social warning had also for the moment made her the most interesting personage in the village to many. Their friendliness won her still farther away from herself, their lively spirits were contagious, and she became almost gay.
But now that her moral sorrows were passing away a fresh one arose on the natural side of her which knew no social law. When she reached home it was to learn to her grief that the baby had been suddenly taken ill since the afternoon. Some such collapse had been probable, so tender
and puny was its frame; but the event came as a shock nevertheless.
The baby’s offence against society in coming into the world was forgotten by the girl-mother; her soul’s desire was to continue that offence by preserving the life of the child. However, it soon grew clear that the hour of emancipation for that little prisoner of the flesh was to arrive earlier than her worst misgiving had conjectured. And when she had discovered this she was plunged into a misery which transcended that of the child’s simple loss. Her baby had not been baptized.
Tess had drifted into a frame of mind which accepted passively the consideration that if she should have to burn for what she had done, burn she must, and there was an end of it. Like all village girls, she was well grounded in the Holy Scriptures, and had dutifully studied the histories of Aholah and Aholibah, and knew the inferences to be drawn therefrom. But when the same question arose with regard to the baby, it had a very different colour. Her darling was about to die, and no salvation.
It was nearly bedtime, but she rushed downstairs and asked if she might send for the parson. The moment happened to be one at which her father’s sense of the antique nobility of his family was highest, and his sensitiveness to the smudge which Tess had set upon that nobility most pronounced, for he had just returned from his weekly booze at Rolliver’s Inn. No parson should come inside his door, he declared, prying into his affairs, just
then, when, by her shame, it had become more necessary than ever to hide them. He locked the door and put the key in his pocket.
The household went to bed, and, distressed beyond measure, Tess retired also. She was continually waking as she lay, and in the middle of the night found that the baby was still worse. It was obviously dying—quietly and painlessly, but none the less surely.
In her misery she rocked herself upon the bed. The clock struck the solemn hour of one, that hour when fancy stalks outside reason, and malignant possibilities stand rock-firm as facts. She thought of the child consigned to the nethermost corner of hell, as its double doom for lack of baptism and lack of legitimacy; saw the arch-fiend tossing it with his three-pronged fork, like the one they used for heating the oven on baking days; to which picture she added many other quaint and curious details of torment sometimes taught the young in this Christian country. The lurid presentation so powerfully affected her imagination in the silence of the sleeping house that her nightgown became damp with perspiration, and the bedstead shook with each throb of her heart.
The infant’s breathing grew more difficult, and the mother’s mental tension increased. It was useless to devour the little thing with kisses; she could stay in bed no longer, and walked feverishly about the room.
'O merciful God, have pity; have pity upon my poor baby!' she cried. 'Heap as much anger as you want to upon me, and welcome; but pity the child!'
She leant against the chest of drawers, and murmured incoherent supplications for a long while, till she suddenly started up.
'Ah! perhaps baby can be saved! Perhaps it will be just the same!'
She spoke so brightly that it seemed as though her face might have shone in the gloom surrounding her. She lit a candle, and went to a second and a third bed under the wall, where she awoke her young sisters and brothers, all of whom occupied the same room. Pulling out the washing-stand so that she could get behind it, she poured some water from a jug, and made them kneel around, putting their hands together with fingers exactly vertical. While the children, scarcely awake, awe-stricken at her manner, their eyes growing larger and larger, remained in this position, she took the baby from her bed—a child's child—so immature as scarce to seem a sufficient personality to endow its producer with the maternal title. Tess then stood erect with the infant on her arm beside the basin; the next sister held the Prayer-Book open before her, as the clerk at church held it before the parson; and thus the girl set about baptizing her child.
Her figure looked singularly tall and imposing as she stood in her long white nightgown, a thick cable of twisted dark hair hanging straight down her back to her waist. The
kindly dimness of the weak candle abstracted from her form and features the little blemishes which sunlight might have revealed—the stubble scratches upon her wrists, and the weariness of her eyes—her high enthusiasm having a transfiguring effect upon the face which had been her undoing, showing it as a thing of immaculate beauty, with a touch of dignity which was almost regal. The little ones kneeling round, their sleepy eyes blinking and red, awaited her preparations full of a suspended wonder which their physical heaviness at that hour would not allow to become active.
The most impressed of them said:
‘Be you really going to christen him, Tess?’
The girl-mother replied in a grave affirmative.
‘What’s his name going to be?’
She had not thought of that, but a name suggested by a phrase in the book of Genesis came into her head as she proceeded with the baptismal service, and now she pronounced it:
‘SORROW, I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.’
She sprinkled the water, and there was silence.
‘Say ‘Amen,’ children.’
The tiny voices piped in obedient response, ‘Amen!’
Tess went on:
‘We receive this child’—and so forth—‘and do sign him with the sign of the Cross.’
Here she dipped her hand into the basin, and fervently drew an immense cross upon the baby with her forefinger, continuing with the customary sentences as to his manfully fighting against sin, the world, and the devil, and being a faithful soldier and servant unto his life’s end. She duly went on with the Lord’s Prayer, the children lisping it after her in a thin gnat-like wail, till, at the conclusion, raising their voices to clerk’s pitch, they again piped into silence, ‘Amen!’
Then their sister, with much augmented confidence in the efficacy of the sacrament, poured forth from the bottom of her heart the thanksgiving that follows, uttering it boldly and triumphantly in the stopt-diapason note which her voice acquired when her heart was in her speech, and which will never be forgotten by those who knew her. The ecstasy of faith almost apotheosized her; it set upon her face a glowing irradiation, and brought a red spot into the middle of each cheek; while the miniature candle-flame inverted in her eye-pupils shone like a diamond. The children gazed up at her with more and more reverence, and no longer had a will for questioning. She did not look like Sissy to them now, but as a being large, towering, and awful—a divine personage with whom they had nothing in common.
Poor Sorrow’s campaign against sin, the world, and the devil was doomed to be of limited brilliancy—luckily perhaps for himself, considering his beginnings. In the blue of the morning that fragile soldier and servant breathed his
last, and when the other children awoke they cried bitterly, and begged Sissy to have another pretty baby.
The calmness which had possessed Tess since the christening remained with her in the infant’s loss. In the daylight, indeed, she felt her terrors about his soul to have been somewhat exaggerated; whether well founded or not, she had no uneasiness now, reasoning that if Providence would not ratify such an act of approximation she, for one, did not value the kind of heaven lost by the irregularity—either for herself or for her child.
So passed away Sorrow the Undesired—that intrusive creature, that bastard gift of shameless Nature, who respects not the social law; a waif to whom eternal Time had been a matter of days merely, who knew not that such things as years and centuries ever were; to whom the cottage interior was the universe, the week’s weather climate, new-born babyhood human existence, and the instinct to suck human knowledge.
Tess, who mused on the christening a good deal, wondered if it were doctrinally sufficient to secure a Christian burial for the child. Nobody could tell this but the parson of the parish, and he was a new-comer, and did not know her. She went to his house after dusk, and stood by the gate, but could not summon courage to go in. The enterprise would have been abandoned if she had not by accident met him coming homeward as she turned away. In the gloom she did not mind speaking freely.
‘I should like to ask you something, sir.’
He expressed his willingness to listen, and she told the story of the baby’s illness and the extemporized ordinance. ‘And now, sir,’ she added earnestly, ‘can you tell me this—will it be just the same for him as if you had baptized him?’
Having the natural feelings of a tradesman at finding that a job he should have been called in for had been unskilfully botched by his customers among themselves, he was disposed to say no. Yet the dignity of the girl, the strange tenderness in her voice, combined to affect his nobler impulses—or rather those that he had left in him after ten years of endeavour to graft technical belief on actual scepticism. The man and the ecclesiastic fought within him, and the victory fell to the man.
‘My dear girl,’ he said, ‘it will be just the same.’
‘Then will you give him a Christian burial?’ she asked quickly.
The Vicar felt himself cornered. Hearing of the baby’s illness, he had conscientiously gone to the house after nightfall to perform the rite, and, unaware that the refusal to admit him had come from Tess’s father and not from Tess, he could not allow the plea of necessity for its irregular administration.
‘Ah—that’s another matter,’ he said.
‘Another matter—why?’ asked Tess, rather warmly.
‘Well—I would willingly do so if only we two were concerned. But I must not—for certain reasons.’
‘Just for once, sir!’
‘Really I must not.’
'O sir!' She seized his hand as she spoke.
He withdrew it, shaking his head.
'Then I don’t like you!' she burst out, 'and I’ll never come to your church no more!'
'Don’t talk so rashly.'
'Perhaps it will be just the same to him if you don’t? ... Will it be just the same? Don’t for God’s sake speak as saint to sinner, but as you yourself to me myself—poor me!'
How the Vicar reconciled his answer with the strict notions he supposed himself to hold on these subjects it is beyond a layman’s power to tell, though not to excuse. Somewhat moved, he said in this case also—
'It will be just the same.'
So the baby was carried in a small deal box, under an ancient woman’s shawl, to the churchyard that night, and buried by lantern-light, at the cost of a shilling and a pint of beer to the sexton, in that shabby corner of God’s allotment where He lets the nettles grow, and where all unbaptized infants, notorious drunkards, suicides, and others of the conjecturally damned are laid. In spite of the untoward surroundings, however, Tess bravely made a little cross of two laths and a piece of string, and having bound it with flowers, she stuck it up at the head of the grave one evening when she could enter the churchyard without being seen, putting at the foot also a bunch of the same flowers in a little jar of water to keep them alive. What matter was it that on the outside of the jar the eye of mere observation
noted the words ‘Keelwell’s Marmalade’? The eye of maternal affection did not see them in its vision of higher things.
‘By experience,’ says Roger Ascham, ‘we find out a short way by a long wandering.’ Not seldom that long wandering unfits us for further travel, and of what use is our experience to us then? Tess Durbeyfield’s experience was of this incapacitating kind. At last she had learned what to do; but who would now accept her doing?
If before going to the d’Urbervilles’ she had vigorously moved under the guidance of sundry gnomic texts and phrases known to her and to the world in general, no doubt she would never have been imposed on. But it had not been in Tess’s power—nor is it in anybody’s power—to feel the whole truth of golden opinions while it is possible to profit by them. She—and how many more—might have ironically said to God with Saint Augustine: ‘Thou hast counselled a better course than Thou hast permitted.’
She remained at her father’s house during the winter months, plucking fowls, or cramming turkeys and geese, or making clothes for her sisters and brothers out of some finery which d’Urberville had given her, and she had put by with contempt. Apply to him she would not. But she would
often clasp her hands behind her head and muse when she was supposed to be working hard.
She philosophically noted dates as they came past in the revolution of the year; the disastrous night of her undoing at Trantridge with its dark background of The Chase; also the dates of the baby’s birth and death; also her own birthday; and every other day individualized by incidents in which she had taken some share. She suddenly thought one afternoon, when looking in the glass at her fairness, that there was yet another date, of greater importance to her than those; that of her own death, when all these charms would have disappeared; a day which lay sly and unseen among all the other days of the year, giving no sign or sound when she annually passed over it; but not the less surely there. When was it? Why did she not feel the chill of each yearly encounter with such a cold relation? She had Jeremy Taylor’s thought that some time in the future those who had known her would say: ‘It is the ——th, the day that poor Tess Durbeyfield died”; and there would be nothing singular to their minds in the statement. Of that day, doomed to be her terminus in time through all the ages, she did not know the place in month, week, season or year.
Almost at a leap Tess thus changed from simple girl to complex woman. Symbols of reflectiveness passed into her face, and a note of tragedy at times into her voice. Her eyes grew larger and more eloquent. She became what would have been called a fine creature; her aspect was fair and
arresting; her soul that of a woman whom the turbulent experiences of the last year or two had quite failed to demoralize. But for the world’s opinion those experiences would have been simply a liberal education.
She had held so aloof of late that her trouble, never generally known, was nearly forgotten in Marlott. But it became evident to her that she could never be really comfortable again in a place which had seen the collapse of her family’s attempt to ‘claim kin’—and, through her, even closer union—with the rich d’Urbervilles. At least she could not be comfortable there till long years should have obliterated her keen consciousness of it. Yet even now Tess felt the pulse of hopeful life still warm within her; she might be happy in some nook which had no memories. To escape the past and all that appertained thereto was to annihilate it, and to do that she would have to get away.
Was once lost always lost really true of chastity? she would ask herself. She might prove it false if she could veil bygones. The recuperative power which pervaded organic nature was surely not denied to maidenhood alone.
She waited a long time without finding opportunity for a new departure. A particularly fine spring came round, and the stir of germination was almost audible in the buds; it moved her, as it moved the wild animals, and made her passionate to go. At last, one day in early May, a letter reached her from a former friend of her mother’s, to whom she had addressed inquiries long before—a person whom she had never seen—that a skilful milkmaid was required at
a dairyhouse many miles to the southward, and that the dairyman would be glad to have her for the summer months.
It was not quite so far off as could have been wished; but it was probably far enough, her radius of movement and repute having been so small. To persons of limited spheres, miles are as geographical degrees, parishes as counties, counties as provinces and kingdoms.
On one point she was resolved: there should be no more d’Urberville air-castles in the dreams and deeds of her new life. She would be the dairymaid Tess, and nothing more. Her mother knew Tess’s feeling on this point so well, though no words had passed between them on the subject, that she never alluded to the knightly ancestry now.
Yet such is human inconsistency that one of the interests of the new place to her was the accidental virtues of its lying near her forefathers’ country (for they were not Blakemore men, though her mother was Blakemore to the bone). The dairy called Talbothays, for which she was bound, stood not remotely from some of the former estates of the d’Urbervilles, near the great family vaults of her granddames and their powerful husbands. She would be able to look at them, and think not only that d’Urberville, like Babylon, had fallen, but that the individual innocence of a humble descendant could lapse as silently. All the while she wondered if any strange good thing might come of her being in her ancestral land; and some spirit within her rose automatically as the sap in the twigs. It was
unexpected youth, surging up anew after its temporary check, and bringing with it hope, and the invincible instinct towards self-delight.
END OF PHASE THE SECOND
Phase the Third: The Rally
On a thyme-scented, bird-hatching morning in May, between two and three years after the return from Trantridge—silent, reconstructive years for Tess Durbeyfield—she left her home for the second time.
Having packed up her luggage so that it could be sent to her later, she started in a hired trap for the little town of Stourcastle, through which it was necessary to pass on her journey, now in a direction almost opposite to that of her first adventuring. On the curve of the nearest hill she looked back regretfully at Marlott and her father’s house, although she had been so anxious to get away.
Her kindred dwelling there would probably continue their daily lives as heretofore, with no great diminution of pleasure in their consciousness, although she would be far off, and they deprived of her smile. In a few days the children would engage in their games as merrily as ever, without the sense of any gap left by her departure. This leaving of the younger children she had decided to be for the best; were she to remain they would probably gain less good by her precepts than harm by her example.
She went through Stourcastle without pausing and onward to a junction of highways, where she could await a carrier’s van that ran to the south-west; for the railways
which engirdled this interior tract of country had never yet struck across it. While waiting, however, there came along a farmer in his spring cart, driving approximately in the direction that she wished to pursue. Though he was a stranger to her she accepted his offer of a seat beside him, ignoring that its motive was a mere tribute to her countenance. He was going to Weatherbury, and by accompanying him thither she could walk the remainder of the distance instead of travelling in the van by way of Casterbridge.
Tess did not stop at Weatherbury, after this long drive, further than to make a slight nondescript meal at noon at a cottage to which the farmer recommended her. Thence she started on foot, basket in hand, to reach the wide upland of heath dividing this district from the low-lying meads of a further valley in which the dairy stood that was the aim and end of her day’s pilgrimage.
Tess had never before visited this part of the country, and yet she felt akin to the landscape. Not so very far to the left of her she could discern a dark patch in the scenery, which inquiry confirmed her in supposing to be trees marking the environs of Kingsbere—in the church of which parish the bones of her ancestors—her useless ancestors—lay entombed.
She had no admiration for them now; she almost hated them for the dance they had led her; not a thing of all that had been theirs did she retain but the old seal and spoon. ‘Pooh—I have as much of mother as father in me!’ she
said. ‘All my prettiness comes from her, and she was only a dairymaid.’
The journey over the intervening uplands and lowlands of Egdon, when she reached them, was a more troublesome walk than she had anticipated, the distance being actually but a few miles. It was two hours, owing to sundry wrong turnings, ere she found herself on a summit commanding the long-sought-for vale, the Valley of the Great Dairies, the valley in which milk and butter grew to rankness, and were produced more profusely, if less delicately, than at her home—the verdant plain so well watered by the river Var or Froom.
It was intrinsically different from the Vale of Little Dairies, Blackmoor Vale, which, save during her disastrous sojourn at Trantridge, she had exclusively known till now. The world was drawn to a larger pattern here. The enclosures numbered fifty acres instead of ten, the farmsteads were more extended, the groups of cattle formed tribes hereabout; there only families. These myriads of cows stretching under her eyes from the far east to the far west outnumbered any she had ever seen at one glance before. The green lea was speckled as thickly with them as a canvas by Van Alsloot or Sallaert with burghers. The ripe hue of the red and dun kine absorbed the evening sunlight, which the white-coated animals returned to the eye in rays almost dazzling, even at the distant elevation on which she stood.
The bird’s-eye perspective before her was not so luxuriantly beautiful, perhaps, as that other one which she knew so well; yet it was more cheering. It lacked the intensely blue atmosphere of the rival vale, and its heavy soils and scents; the new air was clear, bracing, ethereal. The river itself, which nourished the grass and cows of these renowned dairies, flowed not like the streams in Blackmoor. Those were slow, silent, often turbid; flowing over beds of mud into which the incautious wader might sink and vanish unawares. The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of Life shown to the Evangelist, rapid as the shadow of a cloud, with pebbly shallows that prattled to the sky all day long. There the water-flower was the lily; the crow-foot here.
Either the change in the quality of the air from heavy to light, or the sense of being amid new scenes where there were no invidious eyes upon her, sent up her spirits wonderfully. Her hopes mingled with the sunshine in an ideal photosphere which surrounded her as she bounded along against the soft south wind. She heard a pleasant voice in every breeze, and in every bird’s note seemed to lurk a joy.
Her face had latterly changed with changing states of mind, continually fluctuating between beauty and ordinariness, according as the thoughts were gay or grave. One day she was pink and flawless; another pale and tragical. When she was pink she was feeling less than when pale; her more perfect beauty accorded with her less
elevated mood; her more intense mood with her less perfect beauty. It was her best face physically that was now set against the south wind.
The irresistible, universal, automatic tendency to find sweet pleasure somewhere, which pervades all life, from the meanest to the highest, had at length mastered Tess. Being even now only a young woman of twenty, one who mentally and sentimentally had not finished growing, it was impossible that any event should have left upon her an impression that was not in time capable of transmutation.
And thus her spirits, and her thankfulness, and her hopes, rose higher and higher. She tried several ballads, but found them inadequate; till, recollecting the psalter that her eyes had so often wandered over of a Sunday morning before she had eaten of the tree of knowledge, she chanted: ‘O ye Sun and Moon ... O ye Stars ... ye Green Things upon the Earth ... ye Fowls of the Air ... Beasts and Cattle ... Children of Men ... bless ye the Lord, praise Him and magnify Him for ever!’
She suddenly stopped and murmured: ‘But perhaps I don’t quite know the Lord as yet.’
And probably the half-unconscious rhapsody was a Fetishistic utterance in a Monotheistic setting; women whose chief companions are the forms and forces of outdoor Nature retain in their souls far more of the Pagan fantasy of their remote forefathers than of the systematized religion taught their race at later date. However, Tess found at least approximate expression for her feelings in the old
Benedicite that she had lisped from infancy; and it was enough. Such high contentment with such a slight initial performance as that of having started towards a means of independent living was a part of the Durbeyfield temperament. Tess really wished to walk uprightly, while her father did nothing of the kind; but she resembled him in being content with immediate and small achievements, and in having no mind for laborious effort towards such petty social advancement as could alone be effected by a family so heavily handicapped as the once powerful d’Urbervilles were now.
There was, it might be said, the energy of her mother’s unexpended family, as well as the natural energy of Tess’s years, rekindled after the experience which had so overwhelmed her for the time. Let the truth be told—women do as a rule live through such humiliations, and regain their spirits, and again look about them with an interested eye. While there’s life there’s hope is a conviction not so entirely unknown to the ‘betrayed’ as some amiable theorists would have us believe.
Tess Durbeyfield, then, in good heart, and full of zest for life, descended the Egdon slopes lower and lower towards the dairy of her pilgrimage.
The marked difference, in the final particular, between the rival vales now showed itself. The secret of Blackmoor was best discovered from the heights around; to read aright the valley before her it was necessary to descend into its midst. When Tess had accomplished this feat she found
herself to be standing on a carpeted level, which stretched to the east and west as far as the eye could reach.
The river had stolen from the higher tracts and brought in particles to the vale all this horizontal land; and now, exhausted, aged, and attenuated, lay serpentine along through the midst of its former spoils.
Not quite sure of her direction, Tess stood still upon the hemmed expanse of verdant flatness, like a fly on a billiardtable of indefinite length, and of no more consequence to the surroundings than that fly. The sole effect of her presence upon the placid valley so far had been to excite the mind of a solitary heron, which, after descending to the ground not far from her path, stood with neck erect, looking at her.
Suddenly there arose from all parts of the lowland a prolonged and repeated call—'Waow! waow! waow!'
From the furthest east to the furthest west the cries spread as if by contagion, accompanied in some cases by the barking of a dog. It was not the expression of the valley’s consciousness that beautiful Tess had arrived, but the ordinary announcement of milking-time—half-past four o’clock, when the dairymen set about getting in the cows.
The red and white herd nearest at hand, which had been phlegmatically waiting for the call, now trooped towards the steading in the background, their great bags of milk swinging under them as they walked. Tess followed slowly in their rear, and entered the barton by the open gate through which they had entered before her. Long thatched
sheds stretched round the enclosure, their slopes encrusted with vivid green moss, and their eaves supported by wooden posts rubbed to a glossy smoothness by the flanks of infinite cows and calves of bygone years, now passed to an oblivion almost inconceivable in its profundity. Between the post were ranged the milchers, each exhibiting herself at the present moment to a whimsical eye in the rear as a circle on two stalks, down the centre of which a switch moved pendulum-wise; while the sun, lowering itself behind this patient row, threw their shadows accurately inwards upon the wall. Thus it threw shadows of these obscure and homely figures every evening with as much care over each contour as if it had been the profile of a court beauty on a palace wall; copied them as diligently as it had copied Olympian shapes on marble façades long ago, or the outline of Alexander, Caesar, and the Pharaohs.
They were the less restful cows that were stalled. Those that would stand still of their own will were milked in the middle of the yard, where many of such better behaved ones stood waiting now—all prime milchers, such as were seldom seen out of this valley, and not always within it; nourished by the succulent feed which the water-meads supplied at this prime season of the year. Those of them that were spotted with white reflected the sunshine in dazzling brilliancy, and the polished brass knobs of their horns glittered with something of military display. Their large-veined udders hung ponderous as sandbags, the teats sticking out like the legs of a gipsy’s crock; and as each
animal lingered for her turn to arrive the milk oozed forth and fell in drops to the ground.
XVII
The dairymaids and men had flocked down from their cottages and out of the dairy-house with the arrival of the cows from the meads; the maids walking in pattens, not on account of the weather, but to keep their shoes above the mulch of the barton. Each girl sat down on her three-legged stool, her face sideways, her right cheek resting against the cow, and looked musingly along the animal’s flank at Tess as she approached. The male milkers, with hat-brims turned down, resting flat on their foreheads and gazing on the ground, did not observe her.
One of these was a sturdy middle-aged man—whose long white ‘pinner’ was somewhat finer and cleaner than the wraps of the others, and whose jacket underneath had a presentable marketing aspect—the master-dairyman, of whom she was in quest, his double character as a working milker and butter maker here during six days, and on the seventh as a man in shining broad-cloth in his family pew at church, being so marked as to have inspired a rhyme:
Dairyman Dick
All the week:—
Seeing Tess standing at gaze he went across to her.
The majority of dairymen have a cross manner at milking time, but it happened that Mr Crick was glad to get a new hand—for the days were busy ones now—and he received her warmly; inquiring for her mother and the rest of the family—(though this as a matter of form merely, for in reality he had not been aware of Mrs Durbeyfield’s existence till apprised of the fact by a brief business-letter about Tess).
‘Oh—ay, as a lad I knowed your part o’ the country very well,’ he said terminatively. ‘Though I’ve never been there since. And a aged woman of ninety that use to live nigh here, but is dead and gone long ago, told me that a family of some such name as yours in Blackmoor Vale came originally from these parts, and that ’twere a old ancient race that had all but perished off the earth—though the new generations didn’t know it. But, Lord, I took no notice of the old woman’s ramblings, not I.’ ‘Oh no—it is nothing,’ said Tess.
Then the talk was of business only.
‘You can milk ’em clean, my maidy? I don’t want my cows going azew at this time o’ year.’
She reassured him on that point, and he surveyed her up and down. She had been staying indoors a good deal, and her complexion had grown delicate.
'Quite sure you can stand it? 'Tis comfortable enough here for rough folk; but we don't live in a cowcumber frame.'
She declared that she could stand it, and her zest and willingness seemed to win him over.
'Well, I suppose you'll want a dish o' tay, or victuals of some sort, hey? Not yet? Well, do as ye like about it. But faith, if 'twas I, I should be as dry as a kex wi' travelling so far.'
'I'll begin milking now, to get my hand in,' said Tess.
She drank a little milk as temporary refreshment—to the surprise—indeed, slight contempt—of Dairyman Crick, to whose mind it had apparently never occurred that milk was good as a beverage.
'Oh, if ye can swaller that, be it so,' he said indifferently, while holding up the pail that she sipped from. "'Tis what I hain't touched for years—not I. Rot the stuff; it would lie in my innerds like lead. You can try your hand upon she,' he pursued, nodding to the nearest cow. 'Not but what she do milk rather hard. We've hard ones and we've easy ones, like other folks. However, you'll find out that soon enough.'
When Tess had changed her bonnet for a hood, and was really on her stool under the cow, and the milk was squirting from her fists into the pail, she appeared to feel that she really had laid a new foundation for her future. The conviction bred serenity, her pulse slowed, and she was able to look about her.
The milkers formed quite a little battalion of men and maids, the men operating on the hard-teated animals, the maids on the kindlier natures. It was a large dairy. There were nearly a hundred milchers under Crick’s management, all told; and of the herd the master-dairyman milked six or eight with his own hands, unless away from home. These were the cows that milked hardest of all; for his journeymilkmen being more or less casually hired, he would not entrust this half-dozen to their treatment, lest, from indifference, they should not milk them fully; nor to the maids, lest they should fail in the same way for lack of finger-grip; with the result that in course of time the cows would ‘go azew’—that is, dry up. It was not the loss for the moment that made slack milking so serious, but that with the decline of demand there came decline, and ultimately cessation, of supply.
After Tess had settled down to her cow there was for a time no talk in the barton, and not a sound interfered with the purr of the milk-jets into the numerous pails, except a momentary exclamation to one or other of the beasts requesting her to turn round or stand still. The only movements were those of the milkers’ hands up and down, and the swing of the cows’ tails. Thus they all worked on, encompassed by the vast flat mead which extended to either slope of the valley—a level landscape compounded of old landscapes long forgotten, and, no doubt, differing in character very greatly from the landscape they composed now.
‘To my thinking,’ said the dairyman, rising suddenly from a cow he had just finished off, snatching up his threelegged stool in one hand and the pail in the other, and moving on to the next hard-yielder in his vicinity, ‘to my thinking, the cows don’t gie down their milk to-day as usual. Upon my life, if Winker do begin keeping back like this, she’ll not be worth going under by midsummer.’
‘Tis because there’s a new hand come among us,’ said Jonathan Kail. ‘I’ve noticed such things afore.’
‘To be sure. It may be so. I didn’t think o’t.’
‘I’ve been told that it goes up into their horns at such times,’ said a dairymaid.
‘Well, as to going up into their horns,’ replied Dairyman Crick dubiously, as though even witchcraft might be limited by anatomical possibilities, ‘I couldn’t say; I certainly could not. But as nott cows will keep it back as well as the horned ones, I don’t quite agree to it. Do ye know that riddle about the nott cows, Jonathan? Why do nott cows give less milk in a year than horned?’
‘I don’t!’ interposed the milkmaid, ‘Why do they?’
‘Because there bain’t so many of ‘em,’ said the dairyman. ‘Howsomewer, these gam’sters do certainly keep back their milk to-day. Folks, we must lift up a stave or two—that’s the only cure for’t.’
Songs were often resorted to in dairies hereabout as an enticement to the cows when they showed signs of withholding their usual yield; and the band of milkers at
this request burst into melody—in purely business-like tones, it is true, and with no great spontaneity; the result, according to their own belief, being a decided improvement during the song’s continuance. When they had gone through fourteen or fifteen verses of a cheerful ballad about a murderer who was afraid to go to bed in the dark because he saw certain brimstone flames around him, one of the male milkers said—
‘I wish singing on the stoop didn’t use up so much of a man’s wind! You should get your harp, sir; not but what a fiddle is best.’
Tess, who had given ear to this, thought the words were addressed to the dairyman, but she was wrong. A reply, in the shape of ‘Why?’ came as it were out of the belly of a dun cow in the stalls; it had been spoken by a milker behind the animal, whom she had not hitherto perceived.
‘Oh yes; there’s nothing like a fiddle,’ said the dairyman. ‘Though I do think that bulls are more moved by a tune than cows—at least that’s my experience. Once there was an old aged man over at Mellstock—William Dewy by name—one of the family that used to do a good deal of business as tranters over there—Jonathan, do ye mind?—I knewed the man by sight as well as I know my own brother, in a manner of speaking. Well, this man was a coming home along from a wedding, where he had been playing his fiddle, one fine moonlight night, and for shortness’ sake he took a cut across Forty-acres, a field lying that way, where a bull was out to grass. The bull seed
William, and took after him, horns aground, begad; and though William runned his best, and hadn’t MUCH drink in him (considering ‘twas a wedding, and the folks well off), he found he’d never reach the fence and get over in time to save himself. Well, as a last thought, he pulled out his fiddle as he runned, and struck up a jig, turning to the bull, and backing towards the corner. The bull softened down, and stood still, looking hard at William Dewy, who fiddled on and on; till a sort of a smile stole over the bull’s face. But no sooner did William stop his playing and turn to get over hedge than the bull would stop his smiling and lower his horns towards the seat of William’s breeches. Well, William had to turn about and play on, willy-nilly; and ‘twas only three o’clock in the world, and ‘a knewed that nobody would come that way for hours, and he so leery and tired that ‘a didn’t know what to do. When he had scraped till about four o’clock he felt that he verily would have to give over soon, and he said to himself, ‘There’s only this last tune between me and eternal welfare! Heaven save me, or I’m a done man.’ Well, then he called to mind how he’d seen the cattle kneel o’ Christmas Eves in the dead o’ night. It was not Christmas Eve then, but it came into his head to play a trick upon the bull. So he broke into the ‘Tivity Hymm, just as at Christmas carol-singing; when, lo and behold, down went the bull on his bended knees, in his ignorance, just as if ‘twere the true ‘Tivity night and hour. As soon as his horned friend were down, William turned, clinked off like a long-dog, and jumped
safe over hedge, before the praying bull had got on his feet again to take after him. William used to say that he’d seen a man look a fool a good many times, but never such a fool as that bull looked when he found his pious feelings had been played upon, and ‘twas not Christmas Eve. ... Yes, William Dewy, that was the man’s name; and I can tell you to a foot where’s he a-lying in Mellstock Churchyard at this very moment—just between the second yew-tree and the north aisle.’
‘It’s a curious story; it carries us back to medieval times, when faith was a living thing!’
The remark, singular for a dairy-yard, was murmured by the voice behind the dun cow; but as nobody understood the reference, no notice was taken, except that the narrator seemed to think it might imply scepticism as to his tale.
‘Well, ’tis quite true, sir, whether or no. I knowed the man well.’
‘Oh yes; I have no doubt of it,’ said the person behind the dun cow.
Tess’s attention was thus attracted to the dairyman’s interlocutor, of whom she could see but the merest patch, owing to his burying his head so persistently in the flank of the milcher. She could not understand why he should be addressed as ‘sir’ even by the dairyman himself. But no explanation was discernible; he remained under the cow long enough to have milked three, uttering a private ejaculation now and then, as if he could not get on.
'Take it gentle, sir; take it gentle,' said the dairyman. 'Tis knack, not strength, that does it.'
'So I find,' said the other, standing up at last and stretching his arms. 'I think I have finished her, however, though she made my fingers ache.'
Tess could then see him at full length. He wore the ordinary white pinner and leather leggings of a dairy-farmer when milking, and his boots were clogged with the mulch of the yard; but this was all his local livery. Beneath it was something educated, reserved, subtle, sad, differing.
But the details of his aspect were temporarily thrust aside by the discovery that he was one whom she had seen before. Such vicissitudes had Tess passed through since that time that for a moment she could not remember where she had met him; and then it flashed upon her that he was the pedestrian who had joined in the club-dance at Marlott—the passing stranger who had come she knew not whence, had danced with others but not with her, and slightly left her, and gone on his way with his friends.
The flood of memories brought back by this revival of an incident anterior to her troubles produced a momentary dismay lest, recognizing her also, he should by some means discover her story. But it passed away when she found no sign of remembrance in him. She saw by degrees that since their first and only encounter his mobile face had grown more thoughtful, and had acquired a young man's shapely moustache and beard—the latter of the palest straw colour where it began upon his cheeks, and deepening to a warm
brown farther from its root. Under his linen milking-pinner he wore a dark velveteen jacket, cord breeches and gaiters, and a starched white shirt. Without the milking-gear nobody could have guessed what he was. He might with equal probability have been an eccentric landowner or a gentlemanly ploughman. That he was but a novice at dairy work she had realized in a moment, from the time he had spent upon the milking of one cow.
Meanwhile many of the milkmaids had said to one another of the newcomer, ‘How pretty she is!’ with something of real generosity and admiration, though with a half hope that the auditors would qualify the assertion—which, strictly speaking, they might have done, prettiness being an inexact definition of what struck the eye in Tess. When the milking was finished for the evening they straggled indoors, where Mrs Crick, the dairyman’s wife—who was too respectable to go out milking herself, and wore a hot stuff gown in warm weather because the dairymaids wore prints—was giving an eye to the leads and things.
Only two or three of the maids, Tess learnt, slept in the dairy-house besides herself, most of the helpers going to their homes. She saw nothing at supper-time of the superior milker who had commented on the story, and asked no questions about him, the remainder of the evening being occupied in arranging her place in the bed-chamber. It was a large room over the milk-house, some thirty feet long; the sleeping-cots of the other three indoor milkmaids being in
the same apartment. They were blooming young women, and, except one, rather older than herself. By bedtime Tess was thoroughly tired, and fell asleep immediately.
But one of the girls, who occupied an adjoining bed, was more wakeful than Tess, and would insist upon relating to the latter various particulars of the homestead into which she had just entered. The girl’s whispered words mingled with the shades, and, to Tess’s drowsy mind, they seemed to be generated by the darkness in which they floated.
‘Mr Angel Clare—he that is learning milking, and that plays the harp—never says much to us. He is a pa’son’s son, and is too much taken up wi’ his own thoughts to notice girls. He is the dairyman’s pupil—learning farming in all its branches. He has learnt sheep-farming at another place, and he’s now mastering dairy-work.... Yes, he is quite the gentleman-born. His father is the Reverent Mr Clare at Emminster—a good many miles from here.’
‘Oh—I have heard of him,’ said her companion, now awake. ‘A very earnest clergyman, is he not?’
‘Yes—that he is—the earnestest man in all Wessex, they say—the last of the old Low Church sort, they tell me—for all about here be what they call High. All his sons, except our Mr Clare, be made pa’sons too.’
Tess had not at this hour the curiosity to ask why the present Mr Clare was not made a parson like his brethren, and gradually fell asleep again, the words of her informant coming to her along with the smell of the cheeses in the
adjoining cheeseloft, and the measured dripping of the whey from the wrings downstairs.
Angel Clare rises out of the past not altogether as a distinct figure, but as an appreciative voice, a long regard of fixed, abstracted eyes, and a mobility of mouth somewhat too small and delicately lined for a man’s, though with an unexpectedly firm close of the lower lip now and then; enough to do away with any inference of indecision. Nevertheless, something nebulous, preoccupied, vague, in his bearing and regard, marked him as one who probably had no very definite aim or concern about his material future. Yet as a lad people had said of him that he was one who might do anything if he tried.
He was the youngest son of his father, a poor parson at the other end of the county, and had arrived at Talbothays Dairy as a six months’ pupil, after going the round of some other farms, his object being to acquire a practical skill in the various processes of farming, with a view either to the Colonies or the tenure of a home-farm, as circumstances might decide.
His entry into the ranks of the agriculturists and breeders was a step in the young man’s career which had been anticipated neither by himself nor by others.
Mr Clare the elder, whose first wife had died and left him a daughter, married a second late in life. This lady had
somewhat unexpectedly brought him three sons, so that between Angel, the youngest, and his father the Vicar there seemed to be almost a missing generation. Of these boys the aforesaid Angel, the child of his old age, was the only son who had not taken a University degree, though he was the single one of them whose early promise might have done full justice to an academical training.
Some two or three years before Angel’s appearance at the Marlott dance, on a day when he had left school and was pursuing his studies at home, a parcel came to the Vicarage from the local bookseller’s, directed to the Reverend James Clare. The Vicar having opened it and found it to contain a book, read a few pages; whereupon he jumped up from his seat and went straight to the shop with the book under his arm.
‘Why has this been sent to my house?’ he asked peremptorily, holding up the volume.
‘It was ordered, sir.’
‘Not by me, or any one belonging to me, I am happy to say.’
The shopkeeper looked into his order-book.
‘Oh, it has been misdirected, sir,’ he said. ‘It was ordered by Mr Angel Clare, and should have been sent to him.’
Mr Clare winced as if he had been struck. He went home pale and dejected, and called Angel into his study.
‘Look into this book, my boy,’ he said. ‘What do you know about it?’
'I ordered it,' said Angel simply.
'What for?'
'To read.'
'How can you think of reading it?'
'How can I? Why—it is a system of philosophy. There is no more moral, or even religious, work published.'
'Yes—moral enough; I don’t deny that. But religious!—and for YOU, who intend to be a minister of the Gospel!'
'Since you have alluded to the matter, father,' said the son, with anxious thought upon his face, 'I should like to say, once for all, that I should prefer not to take Orders. I fear I could not conscientiously do so. I love the Church as one loves a parent. I shall always have the warmest affection for her. There is no institution for whose history I have a deeper admiration; but I cannot honestly be ordained her minister, as my brothers are, while she refuses to liberate her mind from an untenable redemptive theolatry.'
It had never occurred to the straightforward and simple-minded Vicar that one of his own flesh and blood could come to this! He was stultified, shocked, paralysed. And if Angel were not going to enter the Church, what was the use of sending him to Cambridge? The University as a step to anything but ordination seemed, to this man of fixed ideas, a preface without a volume. He was a man not merely religious, but devout; a firm believer—not as the phrase is now elusively construed by theological thimble-riggers in the Church and out of it, but in the old and ardent sense of the
Indeed opine
That the Eternal and Divine
Did, eighteen centuries ago
In very truth...
Angel’s father tried argument, persuasion, entreaty.
‘No, father; I cannot underwrite Article Four (leave alone the rest), taking it ‘in the literal and grammatical sense’ as required by the Declaration; and, therefore, I can’t be a parson in the present state of affairs,’ said Angel. ‘My whole instinct in matters of religion is towards reconstruction; to quote your favorite Epistle to the Hebrews, ‘the removing of those things that are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things which cannot be shaken may remain.’”
His father grieved so deeply that it made Angel quite ill to see him.
‘What is the good of your mother and me economizing and stinting ourselves to give you a University education, if it is not to be used for the honour and glory of God?’ his father repeated.
‘Why, that it may be used for the honour and glory of man, father.’
Perhaps if Angel had persevered he might have gone to Cambridge like his brothers. But the Vicar’s view of that seat of learning as a stepping-stone to Orders alone was
quite a family tradition; and so rooted was the idea in his mind that perseverance began to appear to the sensitive son akin to an intent to misappropriate a trust, and wrong the pious heads of the household, who had been and were, as his father had hinted, compelled to exercise much thrift to carry out this uniform plan of education for the three young men.
'I will do without Cambridge,' said Angel at last. 'I feel that I have no right to go there in the circumstances.'
The effects of this decisive debate were not long in showing themselves. He spent years and years in desultory studies, undertakings, and meditations; he began to evince considerable indifference to social forms and observances. The material distinctions of rank and wealth he increasingly despised. Even the 'good old family' (to use a favourite phrase of a late local worthy) had no aroma for him unless there were good new resolutions in its representatives. As a balance to these austerities, when he went to live in London to see what the world was like, and with a view to practising a profession or business there, he was carried off his head, and nearly entrapped by a woman much older than himself, though luckily he escaped not greatly the worse for the experience.
Early association with country solitudes had bred in him an unconquerable, and almost unreasonable, aversion to modern town life, and shut him out from such success as he might have aspired to by following a mundane calling in the impracticability of the spiritual one. But something had
to be done; he had wasted many valuable years; and having an acquaintance who was starting on a thriving life as a Colonial farmer, it occurred to Angel that this might be a lead in the right direction. Farming, either in the Colonies, America, or at home—farming, at any rate, after becoming well qualified for the business by a careful apprenticeship—that was a vocation which would probably afford an independence without the sacrifice of what he valued even more than a competency—intellectual liberty.
So we find Angel Clare at six-and-twenty here at Talbothays as a student of kine, and, as there were no houses near at hand in which he could get a comfortable lodging, a boarder at the dairyman’s.
His room was an immense attic which ran the whole length of the dairy-house. It could only be reached by a ladder from the cheese-loft, and had been closed up for a long time till he arrived and selected it as his retreat. Here Clare had plenty of space, and could often be heard by the dairyfolk pacing up and down when the household had gone to rest. A portion was divided off at one end by a curtain, behind which was his bed, the outer part being furnished as a homely sitting-room.
At first he lived up above entirely, reading a good deal, and strumming upon an old harp which he had bought at a sale, saying when in a bitter humour that he might have to get his living by it in the streets some day. But he soon preferred to read human nature by taking his meals downstairs in the general dining-kitchen, with the dairyman
and his wife, and the maids and men, who all together formed a lively assembly; for though but few milking hands slept in the house, several joined the family at meals. The longer Clare resided here the less objection had he to his company, and the more did he like to share quarters with them in common.
Much to his surprise he took, indeed, a real delight in their companionship. The conventional farm-folk of his imagination—personified in the newspaper-press by the pitiable dummy known as Hodge—were obliterated after a few days’ residence. At close quarters no Hodge was to be seen. At first, it is true, when Clare’s intelligence was fresh from a contrasting society, these friends with whom he now hobnobbed seemed a little strange. Sitting down as a level member of the dairyman’s household seemed at the outset an undignified proceeding. The ideas, the modes, the surroundings, appeared retrogressive and unmeaning. But with living on there, day after day, the acute sojourner became conscious of a new aspect in the spectacle. Without any objective change whatever, variety had taken the place of monotonousness. His host and his host’s household, his men and his maids, as they became intimately known to Clare, began to differentiate themselves as in a chemical process. The thought of Pascal’s was brought home to him: ‘A mesure qu’on a plus d’esprit, on trouve qu’il y a plus d’hommes originaux. Les gens du commun ne trouvent pas de différence entre les hommes.’ The typical and unvarying Hodge ceased to exist. He had been disintegrated into a
number of varied fellow-creatures—beings of many minds, beings infinite in difference; some happy, many serene, a few depressed, one here and there bright even to genius, some stupid, others wanton, others austere; some mutely Miltonic, some potentially Cromwellian—into men who had private views of each other, as he had of his friends; who could applaud or condemn each other, amuse or sadden themselves by the contemplation of each other’s foibles or vices; men every one of whom walked in his own individual way the road to dusty death.
Unexpectedly he began to like the outdoor life for its own sake, and for what it brought, apart from its bearing on his own proposed career. Considering his position he became wonderfully free from the chronic melancholy which is taking hold of the civilized races with the decline of belief in a beneficent Power. For the first time of late years he could read as his musings inclined him, without any eye to cramming for a profession, since the few farming handbooks which he deemed it desirable to master occupied him but little time.
He grew away from old associations, and saw something new in life and humanity. Secondarily, he made close acquaintance with phenomena which he had before known but darkly—the seasons in their moods, morning and evening, night and noon, winds in their different tempers, trees, waters and mists, shades and silences, and the voices of inanimate things.
The early mornings were still sufficiently cool to render a fire acceptable in the large room wherein they breakfasted; and, by Mrs Crick’s orders, who held that he was too genteel to mess at their table, it was Angel Clare’s custom to sit in the yawning chimney-corner during the meal, his cup and saucer and plate being placed on a hinged flap at his elbow. The light from the long, wide, mullioned window opposite shone in upon his nook, and, assisted by a secondary light of cold blue quality which shone down the chimney, enabled him to read there easily whenever disposed to do so. Between Clare and the window was the table at which his companions sat, their munching profiles rising sharp against the panes; while to the side was the milk-house door, through which were visible the rectangular leads in rows, full to the brim with the morning’s milk. At the further end the great churn could be seen revolving, and its slip-slopping heard—the moving power being discernible through the window in the form of a spiritless horse walking in a circle and driven by a boy.
For several days after Tess’s arrival Clare, sitting abstractedly reading from some book, periodical, or piece of music just come by post, hardly noticed that she was present at table. She talked so little, and the other maids talked so much, that the babble did not strike him as possessing a new note, and he was ever in the habit of neglecting the particulars of an outward scene for the general impression. One day, however, when he had been conning one of his music-scores, and by force of
imagination was hearing the tune in his head, he lapsed into listlessness, and the music-sheet rolled to the hearth. He looked at the fire of logs, with its one flame pirouetting on the top in a dying dance after the breakfast-cooking and boiling, and it seemed to jig to his inward tune; also at the two chimney crooks dangling down from the cotterel, or cross-bar, plumed with soot, which quivered to the same melody; also at the halfempty kettle whining an accompaniment. The conversation at the table mixed in with his phantasmal orchestra till he thought: ‘What a fluty voice one of those milkmaids has! I suppose it is the new one.’
Clare looked round upon her, seated with the others.
She was not looking towards him. Indeed, owing to his long silence, his presence in the room was almost forgotten.
‘I don’t know about ghosts,’ she was saying; ‘but I do know that our souls can be made to go outside our bodies when we are alive.’
The dairyman turned to her with his mouth full, his eyes charged with serious inquiry, and his great knife and fork (breakfasts were breakfasts here) planted erect on the table, like the beginning of a gallows.
‘What—really now? And is it so, maidy?’ he said.
‘A very easy way to feel ‘em go,’ continued Tess, ‘is to lie on the grass at night and look straight up at some big bright star; and, by fixing your mind upon it, you will soon find that you are hundreds and hundreds o’ miles away from your body, which you don’t seem to want at all.’
The dairyman removed his hard gaze from Tess, and fixed it on his wife.
'Now that's a rum thing, Christianer—hey? To think o' the miles I've vamped o' starlight nights these last thirty year, courting, or trading, or for doctor, or for nurse, and yet never had the least notion o' that till now, or feeled my soul rise so much as an inch above my shirt-collar.'
The general attention being drawn to her, including that of the dairyman's pupil, Tess flushed, and remarking evasively that it was only a fancy, resumed her breakfast.
Clare continued to observe her. She soon finished her eating, and having a consciousness that Clare was regarding her, began to trace imaginary patterns on the tablecloth with her forefinger with the constraint of a domestic animal that perceives itself to be watched.
'What a fresh and virginal daughter of Nature that milkmaid is!' he said to himself.
And then he seemed to discern in her something that was familiar, something which carried him back into a joyous and unforeseeing past, before the necessity of taking thought had made the heavens gray. He concluded that he had beheld her before; where he could not tell. A casual encounter during some country ramble it certainly had been, and he was not greatly curious about it. But the circumstance was sufficient to lead him to select Tess in preference to the other pretty milkmaids when he wished to contemplate contiguous womankind.
In general the cows were milked as they presented themselves, without fancy or choice. But certain cows will show a fondness for a particular pair of hands, sometimes carrying this predilection so far as to refuse to stand at all except to their favourite, the pail of a stranger being unceremoniously kicked over.
It was Dairyman Crick’s rule to insist on breaking down these partialities and aversions by constant interchange, since otherwise, in the event of a milkman or maid going away from the dairy, he was placed in a difficulty. The maids’ private aims, however, were the reverse of the dairyman’s rule, the daily selection by each damsel of the eight or ten cows to which she had grown accustomed rendering the operation on their willing udders surprisingly easy and effortless.
Tess, like her compeers, soon discovered which of the cows had a preference for her style of manipulation, and her fingers having become delicate from the long domiciliary imprisonments to which she had subjected herself at intervals during the last two or three years, she would have been glad to meet the milchers’ views in this respect. Out of the whole ninety-five there were eight in particular—Dumpling, Fancy, Lofty, Mist, Old Pretty,
Young Pretty, Tidy, and Loud—who, though the teats of one or two were as hard as carrots, gave down to her with a readiness that made her work on them a mere touch of the fingers. Knowing, however, the dairyman’s wish, she endeavoured conscientiously to take the animals just as they came, expecting the very hard yielders which she could not yet manage.
But she soon found a curious correspondence between the ostensibly chance position of the cows and her wishes in this matter, till she felt that their order could not be the result of accident. The dairyman’s pupil had lent a hand in getting the cows together of late, and at the fifth or sixth time she turned her eyes, as she rested against the cow, full of sly inquiry upon him.
‘Mr Clare, you have ranged the cows!’ she said, blushing; and in making the accusation, symptoms of a smile gently lifted her upper lip in spite of her, so as to show the tips of her teeth, the lower lip remaining severely still.
‘Well, it makes no difference,’ said he. ‘You will always be here to milk them.’
‘Do you think so? I HOPE I shall! But I don’t KNOW.’
She was angry with herself afterwards, thinking that he, unaware of her grave reasons for liking this seclusion, might have mistaken her meaning. She had spoken so earnestly to him, as if his presence were somehow a factor in her wish. Her misgiving was such that at dusk, when the
milking was over, she walked in the garden alone, to continue her regrets that she had disclosed to him her discovery of his considerateness.
It was a typical summer evening in June, the atmosphere being in such delicate equilibrium and so transmissive that inanimate objects seemed endowed with two or three senses, if not five. There was no distinction between the near and the far, and an auditor felt close to everything within the horizon. The soundlessness impressed her as a positive entity rather than as the mere negation of noise. It was broken by the strumming of strings.
Tess had heard those notes in the attic above her head. Dim, flattened, constrained by their confinement, they had never appealed to her as now, when they wandered in the still air with a stark quality like that of nudity. To speak absolutely, both instrument and execution were poor; but the relative is all, and as she listened Tess, like a fascinated bird, could not leave the spot. Far from leaving she drew up towards the performer, keeping behind the hedge that he might not guess her presence.
The outskirt of the garden in which Tess found herself had been left uncultivated for some years, and was now damp and rank with juicy grass which sent up mists of pollen at a touch; and with tall blooming weeds emitting offensive smells—weeds whose red and yellow and purple hues formed a polychrome as dazzling as that of cultivated flowers. She went stealthily as a cat through this profusion of growth, gathering cuckoo-spittle on her skirts, cracking
snails that were underfoot, staining her hands with thistlemilk and slug-slime, and rubbing off upon her naked arms sticky blights which, though snow-white on the apple-tree trunks, made madder stains on her skin; thus she drew quite near to Clare, still unobserved of him.
Tess was conscious of neither time nor space. The exaltation which she had described as being producible at will by gazing at a star came now without any determination of hers; she undulated upon the thin notes of the second-hand harp, and their harmonies passed like breezes through her, bringing tears into her eyes. The floating pollen seemed to be his notes made visible, and the dampness of the garden the weeping of the garden’s sensibility. Though near nightfall, the rank-smelling weed-flowers glowed as if they would not close for intentness, and the waves of colour mixed with the waves of sound.
The light which still shone was derived mainly from a large hole in the western bank of cloud; it was like a piece of day left behind by accident, dusk having closed in elsewhere. He concluded his plaintive melody, a very simple performance, demanding no great skill; and she waited, thinking another might be begun. But, tired of playing, he had desultorily come round the fence, and was rambling up behind her. Tess, her cheeks on fire, moved away furtively, as if hardly moving at all.
Angel, however, saw her light summer gown, and he spoke; his low tones reaching her, though he was some distance off.
‘What makes you draw off in that way, Tess?’ said he. ‘Are you afraid?’
‘Oh no, sir—not of outdoor things; especially just now when the apple-blooth is falling, and everything is so green.’
‘But you have your indoor fears—eh?’
‘Well—yes, sir.’
‘What of?’
‘I couldn’t quite say.’
‘The milk turning sour?’
‘No.’
‘Life in general?’
‘Yes, sir.’
‘Ah—so have I, very often. This hobble of being alive is rather serious, don’t you think so?’
‘It is—now you put it that way.’
‘All the same, I shouldn’t have expected a young girl like you to see it so just yet. How is it you do?’ She maintained a hesitating silence.
‘Come, Tess, tell me in confidence.’
She thought that he meant what were the aspects of things to her, and replied shyly—
‘The trees have inquisitive eyes, haven’t they?—that is, seem as if they had. And the river says,—“Why do ye trouble me with your looks?” And you seem to see numbers of to-morrows just all in a line, the first of them the biggest and clearest, the others getting smaller and smaller as they
stand farther away; but they all seem very fierce and cruel and as if they said, ‘I’m coming! Beware of me! Beware of me!’ ... But YOU, sir, can raise up dreams with your music, and drive all such horrid fancies away!
He was surprised to find this young woman—who though but a milkmaid had just that touch of rarity about her which might make her the envied of her housemates—shaping such sad imaginings. She was expressing in her own native phrases—assisted a little by her Sixth Standard training—feelings which might almost have been called those of the age—the ache of modernism. The perception arrested him less when he reflected that what are called advanced ideas are really in great part but the latest fashion in definition—a more accurate expression, by words in logy and ism, of sensations which men and women have vaguely grasped for centuries.
Still, it was strange that they should have come to her while yet so young; more than strange; it was impressive, interesting, pathetic. Not guessing the cause, there was nothing to remind him that experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration. Tess’s passing corporeal blight had been her mental harvest.
Tess, on her part, could not understand why a man of clerical family and good education, and above physical want, should look upon it as a mishap to be alive. For the unhappy pilgrim herself there was very good reason. But how could this admirable and poetic man ever have descended into the Valley of Humiliation, have felt with
the man of Uz—as she herself had felt two or three years ago—‘My soul chooseth strangling and death rather than my life. I loathe it; I would not live alway.’
It was true that he was at present out of his class. But she knew that was only because, like Peter the Great in a shipwright’s yard, he was studying what he wanted to know. He did not milk cows because he was obliged to milk cows, but because he was learning to be a rich and prosperous dairyman, landowner, agriculturist, and breeder of cattle. He would become an American or Australian Abraham, commanding like a monarch his flocks and his herds, his spotted and his ring-straked, his men-servants and his maids. At times, nevertheless, it did seem unaccountable to her that a decidedly bookish, musical, thinking young man should have chosen deliberately to be a farmer, and not a clergyman, like his father and brothers.
Thus, neither having the clue to the other’s secret, they were respectively puzzled at what each revealed, and awaited new knowledge of each other’s character and mood without attempting to pry into each other’s history.
Every day, every hour, brought to him one more little stroke of her nature, and to her one more of his. Tess was trying to lead a repressed life, but she little divined the strength of her own vitality.
At first Tess seemed to regard Angel Clare as an intelligence rather than as a man. As such she compared him with herself; and at every discovery of the abundance of his illuminations, of the distance between her own
modest mental standpoint and the unmeasurable, Andean altitude of his, she became quite dejected, disheartened from all further effort on her own part whatever.
He observed her dejection one day, when he had casually mentioned something to her about pastoral life in ancient Greece. She was gathering the buds called ‘lords and ladies’ from the bank while he spoke.
‘Why do you look so woebegone all of a sudden?’ he asked.
‘Oh, ’tis only—about my own self,’ she said, with a frail laugh of sadness, fitfully beginning to peel ‘a lady’ meanwhile. ‘Just a sense of what might have been with me! My life looks as if it had been wasted for want of chances! When I see what you know, what you have read, and seen, and thought, I feel what a nothing I am! I’m like the poor Queen of Sheba who lived in the Bible. There is no more spirit in me.’
‘Bless my soul, don’t go troubling about that! Why,’ he said with some enthusiasm, ‘I should be only too glad, my dear Tess, to help you to anything in the way of history, or any line of reading you would like to take up—’
‘It is a lady again,’ interrupted she, holding out the bud she had peeled.
‘What?’
‘I meant that there are always more ladies than lords when you come to peel them.’
‘Never mind about the lords and ladies. Would you like to take up any course of study—history, for example?’
‘Sometimes I feel I don’t want to know anything more about it than I know already.’
‘Why not?’
‘Because what’s the use of learning that I am one of a long row only—finding out that there is set down in some old book somebody just like me, and to know that I shall only act her part; making me sad, that’s all. The best is not to remember that your nature and your past doings have been just like thousands’ and thousands’, and that your coming life and doings ‘ll be like thousands’s and thousands’s.’
‘What, really, then, you don’t want to learn anything?’
‘I shouldn’t mind learning why—why the sun do shine on the just and the unjust alike,’ she answered, with a slight quaver in her voice. ‘But that’s what books will not tell me.’
‘Tess, fie for such bitterness!’ Of course he spoke with a conventional sense of duty only, for that sort of wondering had not been unknown to himself in bygone days. And as he looked at the unpracticed mouth and lips, he thought that such a daughter of the soil could only have caught up the sentiment by rote. She went on peeling the lords and ladies till Clare, regarding for a moment the wave-like curl of her lashes as they dropped with her bent gaze on her soft cheek, lingeringly went away. When he was gone she stood awhile, thoughtfully peeling the last bud; and then, awakening from her reverie, flung it and all the crowd of floral nobility impatiently on the ground, in an ebullition of
displeasure with herself for her niaiserie, and with a quickening warmth in her heart of hearts.
How stupid he must think her! In an access of hunger for his good opinion she bethought herself of what she had latterly endeavoured to forget, so unpleasant had been its issues—the identity of her family with that of the knightly d’Urbervilles. Barren attribute as it was, disastrous as its discovery had been in many ways to her, perhaps Mr Clare, as a gentleman and a student of history, would respect her sufficiently to forget her childish conduct with the lords and ladies if he knew that those Purbeck-marble and alabaster people in Kingsbere Church really represented her own lineal forefathers; that she was no spurious d’Urberville, compounded of money and ambition like those at Trantridge, but true d’Urberville to the bone.
But, before venturing to make the revelation, dubious Tess indirectly sounded the dairyman as to its possible effect upon Mr Clare, by asking the former if Mr Clare had any great respect for old county families when they had lost all their money and land.
‘Mr Clare,’ said the dairyman emphatically, ‘is one of the most rebellest rozums you ever knowed—not a bit like the rest of his family; and if there’s one thing that he do hate more than another ’tis the notion of what’s called a’ old family. He says that it stands to reason that old families have done their spurt of work in past days, and can’t have anything left in ‘em now. There’s the Billets and the Drenkhards and the Greys and the St Quintins and the
Hardys and the Goulds, who used to own the lands for miles down this valley; you could buy ‘em all up now for an old song a’most. Why, our little Retty Priddle here, you know, is one of the Paridelles—the old family that used to own lots o’ the lands out by King’s Hintock, now owned by the Earl o’ Wessex, afore even he or his was heard of. Well, Mr Clare found this out, and spoke quite scornful to the poor girl for days. ‘Ah!’ he says to her, ‘you’ll never make a good dairymaid! All your skill was used up ages ago in Palestine, and you must lie fallow for a thousand years to git strength for more deeds!’ A boy came here t’other day asking for a job, and said his name was Matt, and when we asked him his surname he said he’d never heard that ‘a had any surname, and when we asked why, he said he supposed his folks hadn’t been ‘stablished long enough. ‘Ah! you’re the very boy I want!’ says Mr Clare, jumping up and shaking hands wi’en; ‘I’ve great hopes of you;’ and gave him half-a-crown. O no! he can’t stomach old families!
After hearing this caricature of Clare’s opinion poor Tess was glad that she had not said a word in a weak moment about her family—even though it was so unusually old almost to have gone round the circle and become a new one. Besides, another diary-girl was as good as she, it seemed, in that respect. She held her tongue about the d’Urberville vault and the Knight of the Conqueror whose name she bore. The insight afforded into Clare’s character
suggested to her that it was largely owing to her supposed untraditional newness that she had won interest in his eyes.
The season developed and matured. Another year’s instalment of flowers, leaves, nightingales, thrushes, finches, and such ephemeral creatures, took up their positions where only a year ago others had stood in their place when these were nothing more than germs and inorganic particles. Rays from the sunrise drew forth the buds and stretched them into long stalks, lifted up sap in noiseless streams, opened petals, and sucked out scents in invisible jets and breathings.
Dairyman Crick’s household of maids and men lived on comfortably, placidly, even merrily. Their position was perhaps the happiest of all positions in the social scale, being above the line at which neediness ends, and below the line at which the convenances begin to cramp natural feelings, and the stress of threadbare modishness makes too little of enough.
Thus passed the leafy time when arborescence seems to be the one thing aimed at out of doors. Tess and Clare unconsciously studied each other, ever balanced on the edge of a passion, yet apparently keeping out of it. All the while they were converging, under an irresistible law, as surely as two streams in one vale.
Tess had never in her recent life been so happy as she was now, possibly never would be so happy again. She was, for one thing, physically and mentally suited among these new surroundings. The sapling which had rooted down to a poisonous stratum on the spot of its sowing had been transplanted to a deeper soil. Moreover she, and Clare also, stood as yet on the debatable land between predilection and love; where no profundities have been reached; no reflections have set in, awkwardly inquiring, ‘Whither does this new current tend to carry me? What does it mean to my future? How does it stand towards my past?’
Tess was the merest stray phenomenon to Angel Clare as yet—a rosy, warming apparition which had only just acquired the attribute of persistence in his consciousness. So he allowed his mind to be occupied with her, deeming his preoccupation to be no more than a philosopher’s regard of an exceedingly novel, fresh, and interesting specimen of womankind.
They met continually; they could not help it. They met daily in that strange and solemn interval, the twilight of the morning, in the violet or pink dawn; for it was necessary to rise early, so very early, here. Milking was done betimes; and before the milking came the skimming, which began at a little past three. It usually fell to the lot of some one or other of them to wake the rest, the first being aroused by an alarm-clock; and, as Tess was the latest arrival, and they soon discovered that she could be depended upon not to
sleep though the alarm as others did, this task was thrust most frequently upon her. No sooner had the hour of three struck and whizzed, than she left her room and ran to the dairyman’s door; then up the ladder to Angel’s, calling him in a loud whisper; then woke her fellow-milkmaids. By the time that Tess was dressed Clare was downstairs and out in the humid air. The remaining maids and the dairyman usually gave themselves another turn on the pillow, and did not appear till a quarter of an hour later.
The gray half-tones of daybreak are not the gray halftones of the day’s close, though the degree of their shade may be the same. In the twilight of the morning, light seems active, darkness passive; in the twilight of evening it is the darkness which is active and crescent, and the light which is the drowsy reverse.
Being so often—possibly not always by chance—the first two persons to get up at the dairy-house, they seemed to themselves the first persons up of all the world. In these early days of her residence here Tess did not skim, but went out of doors at once after rising, where he was generally awaiting her. The spectral, half-compounded, aqueous light which pervaded the open mead impressed them with a feeling of isolation, as if they were Adam and Eve. At this dim inceptive stage of the day Tess seemed to Clare to exhibit a dignified largeness both of disposition and physique, an almost regnant power, possibly because he knew that at that preternatural time hardly any woman so well endowed in person as she was likely to be walking
in the open air within the boundaries of his horizon; very few in all England. Fair women are usually asleep at midsummer dawns. She was close at hand, and the rest were nowhere.
The mixed, singular, luminous gloom in which they walked along together to the spot where the cows lay often made him think of the Resurrection hour. He little thought that the Magdalen might be at his side. Whilst all the landscape was in neutral shade his companion’s face, which was the focus of his eyes, rising above the mist stratum, seemed to have a sort of phosphorescence upon it. She looked ghostly, as if she were merely a soul at large. In reality her face, without appearing to do so, had caught the cold gleam of day from the north-east; his own face, though he did not think of it, wore the same aspect to her.
It was then, as has been said, that she impressed him most deeply. She was no longer the milkmaid, but a visionary essence of woman—a whole sex condensed into one typical form. He called her Artemis, Demeter, and other fanciful names half teasingly, which she did not like because she did not understand them.
‘Call me Tess,’ she would say askance; and he did.
Then it would grow lighter, and her features would become simply feminine; they had changed from those of a divinity who could confer bliss to those of a being who craved it.
At these non-human hours they could get quite close to the waterfowl. Herons came, with a great bold noise as of
opening doors and shutters, out of the boughs of a plantation which they frequented at the side of the mead; or, if already on the spot, hardly maintained their standing in the water as the pair walked by, watching them by moving their heads round in a slow, horizontal, passionless wheel, like the turn of puppets by clockwork.
They could then see the faint summer fogs in layers, woolly, level, and apparently no thicker than counterpanes, spread about the meadows in detached remnants of small extent. On the gray moisture of the grass were marks where the cows had lain through the night—dark-green islands of dry herbage the size of their carcasses, in the general sea of dew. From each island proceeded a serpentine trail, by which the cow had rambled away to feed after getting up, at the end of which trail they found her; the snoring puff from her nostrils, when she recognized them, making an intenser little fog of her own amid the prevailing one. Then they drove the animals back to the barton, or sat down to milk them on the spot, as the case might require.
Or perhaps the summer fog was more general, and the meadows lay like a white sea, out of which the scattered trees rose like dangerous rocks. Birds would soar through it into the upper radiance, and hang on the wing sunning themselves, or alight on the wet rails subdividing the mead, which now shone like glass rods. Minute diamonds of moisture from the mist hung, too, upon Tess’s eyelashes, and drops upon her hair, like seed pearls. When the day grew quite strong and commonplace these dried off her;
moreover, Tess then lost her strange and ethereal beauty; her teeth, lips, and eyes scintillated in the sunbeams and she was again the dazzlingly fair dairymaid only, who had to hold her own against the other women of the world.
About this time they would hear Dairyman Crick’s voice, lecturing the non-resident milkers for arriving late, and speaking sharply to old Deborah Fyander for not washing her hands.
‘For Heaven’s sake, pop thy hands under the pump, Deb! Upon my soul, if the London folk only knowed of thee and thy slovenly ways, they’d swaller their milk and butter more mincing than they do a’ready; and that’s saying a good deal.’
The milking progressed, till towards the end Tess and Clare, in common with the rest, could hear the heavy breakfast table dragged out from the wall in the kitchen by Mrs Crick, this being the invariable preliminary to each meal; the same horrible scrape accompanying its return journey when the table had been cleared.
There was a great stir in the milk-house just after breakfast. The churn revolved as usual, but the butter would not come. Whenever this happened the dairy was paralyzed. Squish, squash echoed the milk in the great cylinder, but never arose the sound they waited for.
Dairyman Crick and his wife, the milkmaids Tess, Marian, Retty Priddle, Izz Huett, and the married ones from the cottages; also Mr Clare, Jonathan Kail, old Deborah, and the rest, stood gazing hopelessly at the churn; and the boy who kept the horse going outside put on moon-like eyes to show his sense of the situation. Even the melancholy horse himself seemed to look in at the window in inquiring despair at each walk round.
'Tis years since I went to Conjuror Trendle’s son in Egdon—years!' said the dairyman bitterly. 'And he was nothing to what his father had been. I have said fifty times, if I have said once, that I DON’T believe in en; though ‘a do cast folks’ waters very true. But I shall have to go to ‘n if he’s alive. O yes, I shall have to go to ‘n, if this sort of thing continnys!'
Even Mr Clare began to feel tragical at the dairyman’s desperation.
‘Conjuror Fall, t’other side of Casterbridge, that they used to call ‘Wide-O’, was a very good man when I was a boy,’ said Jonathan Kail. ‘But he’s rotten as touchwood by now.’
‘My grandfather used to go to Conjuror Mynterne, out at Owlscombe, and a clever man a’ were, so I’ve heard grandf’er say,’ continued Mr Crick. ‘But there’s no such genuine folk about nowadays!’
Mrs Crick’s mind kept nearer to the matter in hand.
‘Perhaps somebody in the house is in love,’ she said tentatively. ‘I’ve heard tell in my younger days that that will cause it. Why, Crick—that maid we had years ago, do ye mind, and how the butter didn’t come then—’
‘Ah yes, yes!—but that isn’t the rights o’t. It had nothing to do with the love-making. I can mind all about it—‘twas the damage to the churn.’ He turned to Clare.
‘Jack Dollop, a ‘hore’s-bird of a fellow we had here as milker at one time, sir, courted a young woman over at Mellstock, and deceived her as he had deceived many afore. But he had another sort o’ woman to reckon wi’ this time, and it was not the girl herself. One Holy Thursday of all days in the almanack, we was here as we mid be now, only there was no churning in hand, when we zid the girl’s mother coming up to the door, wi’ a great brass-mounted umbrella in her hand that would ha’ felled an ox, and saying ‘Do Jack Dollop work here?—because I want him! I have a big bone to pick with he, I can assure ‘n!’ And some way behind her mother walked Jack’s young woman,
crying bitterly into her handkercher. ‘O Lard, here’s a time!’ said Jack, looking out o’ winder at ‘em. ‘She’ll murder me! Where shall I get—where shall I—? Don’t tell her where I be!’ And with that he scrambled into the churn through the trap-door, and shut himself inside, just as the young woman’s mother busted into the milk-house. ‘The villain—where is he?’ says she. ‘I’ll claw his face for’n, let me only catch him!’ Well, she hunted about everywhere, ballyragging Jack by side and by seam, Jack lying a’most stifled inside the churn, and the poor maid—or young woman rather—standing at the door crying her eyes out. I shall never forget it, never! ‘Twould have melted a marble stone! But she couldn’t find him nowhere at all.’
The dairyman paused, and one or two words of comment came from the listeners.
Dairyman Crick’s stories often seemed to be ended when they were not really so, and strangers were betrayed into premature interjections of finality; though old friends knew better. The narrator went on—
‘Well, how the old woman should have had the wit to guess it I could never tell, but she found out that he was inside that there churn. Without saying a word she took hold of the winch (it was turned by handpower then), and round she swung him, and Jack began to flop about inside. ‘O Lard! stop the churn! let me out!’ says he, popping out his head. ‘I shall be churned into a pummy!’ (He was a cowardly chap in his heart, as such men mostly be). ‘Not
till ye make amends for ravaging her virgin innocence!’ says the old woman. ‘Stop the churn you old witch!’ screams he. ‘You call me old witch, do ye, you deceiver!’ says she, ‘when ye ought to ha’ been calling me mother-law these last five months!’ And on went the churn, and Jack’s bones rattled round again. Well, none of us ventured to interfere; and at last ‘a promised to make it right wi’ her. ‘Yes—I’ll be as good as my word!’ he said. And so it ended that day.’
While the listeners were smiling their comments there was a quick movement behind their backs, and they looked round. Tess, pale-faced, had gone to the door.
‘How warm ’tis to-day!’ she said, almost inaudibly.
It was warm, and none of them connected her withdrawal with the reminiscences of the dairyman. He went forward and opened the door for her, saying with tender raillery—
‘Why, maidy’ (he frequently, with unconscious irony, gave her this pet name), ‘the prettiest milker I’ve got in my dairy; you mustn’t get so fagged as this at the first breath of summer weather, or we shall be finely put to for want of ‘ee by dog-days, shan’t we, Mr Clare?’
‘I was faint—and—I think I am better out o’ doors,’ she said mechanically; and disappeared outside.
Fortunately for her the milk in the revolving churn at that moment changed its squashing for a decided flick-flack.
'Tis coming!' cried Mrs Crick, and the attention of all was called off from Tess.
That fair sufferer soon recovered herself externally; but she remained much depressed all the afternoon. When the evening milking was done she did not care to be with the rest of them, and went out of doors, wandering along she knew not whither. She was wretched—O so wretched—at the perception that to her companions the dairyman’s story had been rather a humorous narration than otherwise; none of them but herself seemed to see the sorrow of it; to a certainty, not one knew how cruelly it touched the tender place in her experience. The evening sun was now ugly to her, like a great inflamed wound in the sky. Only a solitary cracked-voice reed-sparrow greeted her from the bushes by the river, in a sad, machine-made tone, resembling that of a past friend whose friendship she had outworn.
In these long June days the milkmaids, and, indeed, most of the household, went to bed at sunset or sooner, the morning work before milking being so early and heavy at a time of full pails. Tess usually accompanied her fellows upstairs. To-night, however, she was the first to go to their common chamber; and she had dozed when the other girls came in. She saw them undressing in the orange light of the vanished sun, which flushed their forms with its colour; she dozed again, but she was reawakened by their voices, and quietly turned her eyes towards them.
Neither of her three chamber-companions had got into bed. They were standing in a group, in their nightgowns,
barefooted, at the window, the last red rays of the west still warming their faces and necks and the walls around them. All were watching somebody in the garden with deep interest, their three faces close together: a jovial and round one, a pale one with dark hair, and a fair one whose tresses were auburn.
‘Don’t push! You can see as well as I,’ said Retty, the auburn-haired and youngest girl, without removing her eyes from the window.
‘Tis no use for you to be in love with him any more than me, Retty Priddle,’ said jolly-faced Marian, the eldest, slily. ‘His thoughts be of other cheeks than thine!’
Retty Priddle still looked, and the others looked again.
‘There he is again!’ cried Izz Huett, the pale girl with dark damp hair and keenly cut lips.
‘You needn’t say anything, Izz,’ answered Retty. ‘For I zid you kissing his shade.’
‘WHAT did you see her doing?’ asked Marian.
‘Why—he was standing over the whey-tub to let off the whey, and the shade of his face came upon the wall behind, close to Izz, who was standing there filling a vat. She put her mouth against the wall and kissed the shade of his mouth; I zid her, though he didn’t.’
‘O Izz Huett!’ said Marian.
A rosy spot came into the middle of Izz Huett’s cheek.
‘Well, there was no harm in it,’ she declared, with attempted coolness. ‘And if I be in love wi’en, so is Retty, too; and so be you, Marian, come to that.’
Marian’s full face could not blush past its chronic pinkness.
‘I!’ she said. ‘What a tale! Ah, there he is again! Dear eyes—dear face—dear Mr Clare!’
‘There—you’ve owned it!’
‘So have you—so have we all,’ said Marian, with the dry frankness of complete indifference to opinion. ‘It is silly to pretend otherwise amongst ourselves, though we need not own it to other folks. I would just marry ‘n tomorrow!’ ‘So would I—and more,’ murmured Izz Huett.
‘And I too,’ whispered the more timid Retty.
The listener grew warm.
‘We can’t all marry him,’ said Izz.
‘We shan’t, either of us; which is worse still,’ said the eldest. ‘There he is again!’
They all three blew him a silent kiss.
‘Why?’ asked Retty quickly.
‘Because he likes Tess Durbeyfield best,’ said Marian, lowering her voice. ‘I have watched him every day, and have found it out.’
There was a reflective silence.
‘But she don’t care anything for ‘n?’ at length breathed Retty.
‘Well—I sometimes think that too.’
‘But how silly all this is!’ said Izz Huett impatiently. ‘Of course he won’t marry any one of us, or Tess either—a gentleman’s son, who’s going to be a great landowner and farmer abroad! More likely to ask us to come wi’en as farmhands at so much a year!’
One sighed, and another sighed, and Marian’s plump figure sighed biggest of all. Somebody in bed hard by sighed too. Tears came into the eyes of Retty Priddle, the pretty red-haired youngest—the last bud of the Paridelles, so important in the county annals. They watched silently a little longer, their three faces still close together as before, and the triple hues of their hair mingling. But the unconscious Mr Clare had gone indoors, and they saw him no more; and, the shades beginning to deepen, they crept into their beds. In a few minutes they heard him ascend the ladder to his own room. Marian was soon snoring, but Izz did not drop into forgetfulness for a long time. Retty Priddle cried herself to sleep.
The deeper-passioned Tess was very far from sleeping even then. This conversation was another of the bitter pills she had been obliged to swallow that day. Scarce the least feeling of jealousy arose in her breast. For that matter she knew herself to have the preference. Being more finely formed, better educated, and, though the youngest except Retty, more woman than either, she perceived that only the slightest ordinary care was necessary for holding her own in Angel Clare’s heart against these her candid friends. But the grave question was, ought she to do this? There was, to
be sure, hardly a ghost of a chance for either of them, in a serious sense; but there was, or had been, a chance of one or the other inspiring him with a passing fancy for her, and enjoying the pleasure of his attentions while he stayed here. Such unequal attachments had led to marriage; and she had heard from Mrs Crick that Mr Clare had one day asked, in a laughing way, what would be the use of his marrying a fine lady, and all the while ten thousand acres of Colonial pasture to feed, and cattle to rear, and corn to reap. A farmwoman would be the only sensible kind of wife for him. But whether Mr Clare had spoken seriously or not, why should she, who could never conscientiously allow any man to marry her now, and who had religiously determined that she never would be tempted to do so, draw off Mr Clare’s attention from other women, for the brief happiness of sunning herself in his eyes while he remained at Talbothays?
XXII
They came downstairs yawning next morning; but skimming and milking were proceeded with as usual, and they went indoors to breakfast. Dairyman Crick was discovered stamping about the house. He had received a letter, in which a customer had complained that the butter had a twang.
‘And begad, so ‘t have!’ said the dairyman, who held in his left hand a wooden slice on which a lump of butter was stuck. ‘Yes—taste for yourself!’
Several of them gathered round him; and Mr Clare tasted, Tess tasted, also the other indoor milkmaids, one or two of the milking-men, and last of all Mrs Crick, who came out from the waiting breakfast-table. There certainly was a twang.
The dairyman, who had thrown himself into abstraction to better realize the taste, and so divine the particular species of noxious weed to which it appertained, suddenly exclaimed—
‘Tis garlic! and I thought there wasn’t a blade left in that mead!’
Then all the old hands remembered that a certain dry mead, into which a few of the cows had been admitted of late, had, in years gone by, spoilt the butter in the same way. The dairyman had not recognized the taste at that time, and thought the butter bewitched.
‘We must overhaul that mead,’ he resumed; ‘this mustn’t continny!’
All having armed themselves with old pointed knives, they went out together. As the inimical plant could only be present in very microscopic dimensions to have escaped ordinary observation, to find it seemed rather a hopeless attempt in the stretch of rich grass before them. However, they formed themselves into line, all assisting, owing to the importance of the search; the dairyman at the upper end
with Mr Clare, who had volunteered to help; then Tess, Marian, Izz Huett, and Retty; then Bill Lewell, Jonathan, and the married dairywomen—Beck Knibbs, with her wooly black hair and rolling eyes; and flaxen Frances, consumptive from the winter damps of the water-meads—who lived in their respective cottages.
With eyes fixed upon the ground they crept slowly across a strip of the field, returning a little further down in such a manner that, when they should have finished, not a single inch of the pasture but would have fallen under the eye of some one of them. It was a most tedious business, not more than half a dozen shoots of garlic being discoverable in the whole field; yet such was the herb’s pungency that probably one bite of it by one cow had been sufficient to season the whole dairy’s produce for the day.
Differing one from another in natures and moods so greatly as they did, they yet formed, bending, a curiously uniform row—automatic, noiseless; and an alien observer passing down the neighbouring lane might well have been excused for massing them as ‘Hodge’. As they crept along, stooping low to discern the plant, a soft yellow gleam was reflected from the buttercups into their shaded faces, giving them an elfish, moonlit aspect, though the sun was pouring upon their backs in all the strength of noon.
Angel Clare, who communistically stuck to his rule of taking part with the rest in everything, glanced up now and then. It was not, of course, by accident that he walked next to Tess.
‘Well, how are you?’ he murmured.
‘Very well, thank you, sir,’ she replied demurely.
As they had been discussing a score of personal matters only half-an-hour before, the introductory style seemed a little superfluous. But they got no further in speech just then. They crept and crept, the hem of her petticoat just touching his gaiter, and his elbow sometimes brushing hers. At last the dairyman, who came next, could stand it no longer.
‘Upon my soul and body, this here stooping do fairly make my back open and shut!’ he exclaimed, straightening himself slowly with an excruciated look till quite upright. ‘And you, maidy Tess, you wasn’t well a day or two ago—this will make your head ache finely! Don’t do any more, if you feel fainty; leave the rest to finish it.’
Dairyman Crick withdrew, and Tess dropped behind. Mr Clare also stepped out of line, and began privateering about for the weed. When she found him near her, her very tension at what she had heard the night before made her the first to speak.
‘Don’t they look pretty?’ she said.
‘Who?’
‘Izzy Huett and Retty.’
Tess had moodily decided that either of these maidens would make a good farmer’s wife, and that she ought to recommend them, and obscure her own wretched charms.
‘Pretty? Well, yes—they are pretty girls—fresh looking. I have often thought so.’
'Though, poor dears, prettiness won't last long!'
'O no, unfortunately.'
'They are excellent dairywomen.'
'Yes: though not better than you.'
'They skim better than I.'
'Do they?'
Clare remained observing them—not without their observing him.
'She is colouring up,' continued Tess heroically.
'Who?'
'Retty Priddle.'
'Oh! Why it that?'
'Because you are looking at her.'
Self-sacrificing as her mood might be, Tess could not well go further and cry, 'Marry one of them, if you really do want a dairywoman and not a lady; and don't think of marrying me!' She followed Dairyman Crick, and had the mournful satisfaction of seeing that Clare remained behind.
From this day she forced herself to take pains to avoid him—never allowing herself, as formerly, to remain long in his company, even if their juxtaposition were purely accidental. She gave the other three every chance.
Tess was woman enough to realize from their avowals to herself that Angel Clare had the honour of all the dairymaids in his keeping, and her perception of his care to avoid compromising the happiness of either in the least degree bred a tender respect in Tess for what she deemed,
rightly or wrongly, the self-controlling sense of duty shown by him, a quality which she had never expected to find in one of the opposite sex, and in the absence of which more than one of the simple hearts who were his house-mates might have gone weeping on her pilgrimage.
The hot weather of July had crept upon them unawares, and the atmosphere of the flat vale hung heavy as an opiate over the dairy-folk, the cows, and the trees. Hot steaming rains fell frequently, making the grass where the cows fed yet more rank, and hindering the late hay-making in the other meads.
It was Sunday morning; the milking was done; the outdoor milkers had gone home. Tess and the other three were dressing themselves rapidly, the whole bevy having agreed to go together to Mellstock Church, which lay some three or four miles distant from the dairy-house. She had now been two months at Talbothays, and this was her first excursion.
All the preceding afternoon and night heavy thunderstorms had hissed down upon the meads, and washed some of the hay into the river; but this morning the sun shone out all the more brilliantly for the deluge, and the air was balmy and clear.
The crooked lane leading from their own parish to Mellstock ran along the lowest levels in a portion of its length, and when the girls reached the most depressed spot they found that the result of the rain had been to flood the lane over-shoe to a distance of some fifty yards. This would
have been no serious hindrance on a week-day; they would have clicked through it in their high patterns and boots quite unconcerned; but on this day of vanity, this Sun’s-day, when flesh went forth to coquet with flesh while hypocritically affecting business with spiritual things; on this occasion for wearing their white stockings and thin shoes, and their pink, white, and lilac gowns, on which every mud spot would be visible, the pool was an awkward impediment. They could hear the church-bell calling—as yet nearly a mile off.
‘Who would have expected such a rise in the river in summer-time!’ said Marian, from the top of the roadside bank on which they had climbed, and were maintaining a precarious footing in the hope of creeping along its slope till they were past the pool.
‘We can’t get there anyhow, without walking right through it, or else going round the Turnpike way; and that would make us so very late!’ said Retty, pausing hopelessly.
‘And I do colour up so hot, walking into church late, and all the people staring round,’ said Marian, ‘that I hardly cool down again till we get into the That-it-may-please-Thees.’
While they stood clinging to the bank they heard a splashing round the bend of the road, and presently appeared Angel Clare, advancing along the lane towards them through the water.
Four hearts gave a big throb simultaneously.
His aspect was probably as un-Sabbatarian a one as a dogmatic parson’s son often presented; his attire being his dairy clothes, long wading boots, a cabbage-leaf inside his hat to keep his head cool, with a thistle-spud to finish him off. ‘He’s not going to church,’ said Marian.
‘No—I wish he was!’ murmured Tess.
Angel, in fact, rightly or wrongly (to adopt the safe phrase of evasive controversialists), preferred sermons in stones to sermons in churches and chapels on fine summer days. This morning, moreover, he had gone out to see if the damage to the hay by the flood was considerable or not. On his walk he observed the girls from a long distance, though they had been so occupied with their difficulties of passage as not to notice him. He knew that the water had risen at that spot, and that it would quite check their progress. So he had hastened on, with a dim idea of how he could help them—one of them in particular.
The rosy-cheeked, bright-eyed quartet looked so charming in their light summer attire, clinging to the roadside bank like pigeons on a roof-slope, that he stopped a moment to regard them before coming close. Their gauzy skirts had brushed up from the grass innumerable flies and butterflies which, unable to escape, remained caged in the transparent tissue as in an aviary. Angel’s eye at last fell upon Tess, the hindmost of the four; she, being full of suppressed laughter at their dilemma, could not help meeting his glance radiantly.
He came beneath them in the water, which did not rise over his long boots; and stood looking at the entrapped flies and butterflies.
‘Are you trying to get to church?’ he said to Marian, who was in front, including the next two in his remark, but avoiding Tess.
‘Yes, sir; and ‘tis getting late; and my colour do come up so—’
‘I’ll carry you through the pool—every Jill of you.’
The whole four flushed as if one heart beat through them.
‘I think you can’t, sir,’ said Marian.
‘It is the only way for you to get past. Stand still. Nonsense—you are not too heavy! I’d carry you all four together. Now, Marian, attend,’ he continued, ‘and put your arms round my shoulders, so. Now! Hold on. That’s well done.’
Marian had lowered herself upon his arm and shoulder as directed, and Angel strode off with her, his slim figure, as viewed from behind, looking like the mere stem to the great nosegay suggested by hers. They disappeared round the curve of the road, and only his sousing footsteps and the top ribbon of Marian’s bonnet told where they were. In a few minutes he reappeared. Izz Huett was the next in order upon the bank.
‘Here he comes,’ she murmured, and they could hear that her lips were dry with emotion. ‘And I have to put my
arms round his neck and look into his face as Marian did.’
‘There’s nothing in that,’ said Tess quickly.
‘There’s a time for everything,’ continued Izz, unheeding. ‘A time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing; the first is now going to be mine.’
‘Fie—it is Scripture, Izz!’
‘Yes,’ said Izz, ‘I’ve always a’ ear at church for pretty verses.’
Angel Clare, to whom three-quarters of this performance was a commonplace act of kindness, now approached Izz. She quietly and dreamily lowered herself into his arms, and Angel methodically marched off with her. When he was heard returning for the third time Retty’s throbbing heart could be almost seen to shake her. He went up to the redhaired girl, and while he was seizing her he glanced at Tess. His lips could not have pronounced more plainly, ‘It will soon be you and I.’ Her comprehension appeared in her face; she could not help it. There was an understanding between them.
Poor little Retty, though by far the lightest weight, was the most troublesome of Clare’s burdens. Marian had been like a sack of meal, a dead weight of plumpness under which he has literally staggered. Izz had ridden sensibly and calmly. Retty was a bunch of hysterics.
However, he got through with the disquieted creature, deposited her, and returned. Tess could see over the hedge the distant three in a group, standing as he had placed them on the next rising ground. It was now her turn. She was
embarrassed to discover that excitement at the proximity of Mr Clare’s breath and eyes, which she had condemned in her companions, was intensified in herself; and as if fearful of betraying her secret, she paltered with him at the last moment.
‘I may be able to clim’ along the bank perhaps—I can clim’ better than they. You must be so tired, Mr Clare!’
‘No, no, Tess,’ said he quickly. And almost before she was aware, she was seated in his arms and resting against his shoulder.
‘Three Leahs to get one Rachel,’ he whispered.
‘They are better women than I,’ she replied, magnanimously sticking to her resolve.
‘Not to me,’ said Angel.
He saw her grow warm at this; and they went some steps in silence.
‘I hope I am not too heavy?’ she said timidly.
‘O no. You should lift Marian! Such a lump. You are like an undulating billow warmed by the sun. And all this fluff of muslin about you is the froth.’
‘It is very pretty—if I seem like that to you.’
‘Do you know that I have undergone three-quarters of this labour entirely for the sake of the fourth quarter?’
‘No.’
‘I did not expect such an event to-day.’
‘Nor I… The water came up so sudden.’
That the rise in the water was what she understood him to refer to, the state of breathing belied. Clare stood still and inclined his face towards hers.
‘O Tessy!’ he exclaimed.
The girl’s cheeks burned to the breeze, and she could not look into his eyes for her emotion. It reminded Angel that he was somewhat unfairly taking advantage of an accidental position; and he went no further with it. No definite words of love had crossed their lips as yet, and suspension at this point was desirable now. However, he walked slowly, to make the remainder of the distance as long as possible; but at last they came to the bend, and the rest of their progress was in full view of the other three. The dry land was reached, and he set her down.
Her friends were looking with round thoughtful eyes at her and him, and she could see that they had been talking of her. He hastily bade them farewell, and splashed back along the stretch of submerged road.
The four moved on together as before, till Marian broke the silence by saying—
‘No—in all truth; we have no chance against her!’ She looked joylessly at Tess.
‘What do you mean?’ asked the latter.
‘He likes ‘ee best—the very best! We could see it as he brought ‘ee. He would have kissed ‘ee, if you had encouraged him to do it, ever so little.’ ‘No, no,’ said she.
The gaiety with which they had set out had somehow vanished; and yet there was no enmity or malice between
them. They were generous young souls; they had been reared in the lonely country nooks where fatalism is a strong sentiment, and they did not blame her. Such supplanting was to be.
Tess’s heart ached. There was no concealing from herself the fact that she loved Angel Clare, perhaps all the more passionately from knowing that the others had also lost their hearts to him. There is contagion in this sentiment, especially among women. And yet that same hungry nature had fought against this, but too feebly, and the natural result had followed.
‘I will never stand in your way, nor in the way of either of you!’ she declared to Retty that night in the bedroom (her tears running down). ‘I can’t help this, my dear! I don’t think marrying is in his mind at all; but if he were ever to ask me I should refuse him, as I should refuse any man.’ ‘Oh! would you? Why?’ said wondering Retty.
‘It cannot be! But I will be plain. Putting myself quite on one side, I don’t think he will choose either of you.’
‘I have never expected it—thought of it!’ moaned Retty. ‘But O! I wish I was dead!’
The poor child, torn by a feeling which she hardly understood, turned to the other two girls who came upstairs just then.
‘We be friends with her again,’ she said to them. ‘She thinks no more of his choosing her than we do.’
So the reserve went off, and they were confiding and warm.
'I don’t seem to care what I do now,' said Marian, whose mood was turned to its lowest bass. 'I was going to marry a dairyman at Stickleford, who’s asked me twice; but—my soul—I would put an end to myself rather’n be his wife now! Why don’t ye speak, Izz?'
'To confess, then,' murmured Izz, 'I made sure to-day that he was going to kiss me as he held me; and I lay still against his breast, hoping and hoping, and never moved at all. But he did not. I don’t like biding here at Talbothays any longer! I shall go hwome.'
The air of the sleeping-chamber seemed to palpitate with the hopeless passion of the girls. They writhed feverishly under the oppressiveness of an emotion thrust on them by cruel Nature’s law—an emotion which they had neither expected nor desired. The incident of the day had fanned the flame that was burning the inside of their hearts out, and the torture was almost more than they could endure. The differences which distinguished them as individuals were abstracted by this passion, and each was but portion of one organism called sex. There was so much frankness and so little jealousy because there was no hope. Each one was a girl of fair common sense, and she did not delude herself with any vain conceits, or deny her love, or give herself airs, in the idea of outshining the others. The full recognition of the futility of their infatuation, from a social point of view; its purposeless beginning; its self-bounded outlook; its lack of everything to justify its existence in the eye of civilization (while lacking nothing in the eye of
Nature); the one fact that it did exist, ecstasizing them to a killing joy—all this imparted to them a resignation, a dignity, which a practical and sordid expectation of winning him as a husband would have destroyed.
They tossed and turned on their little beds, and the cheese-wring dripped monotonously downstairs.
'B' you awake, Tess?' whispered one, half-an-hour later.
It was Izz Huett’s voice.
Tess replied in the affirmative, whereupon also Retty and Marian suddenly flung the bedclothes off them, and sighed—
'So be we!'
'I wonder what she is like—the lady they say his family have looked out for him!' 'I wonder,' said Izz.
'Some lady looked out for him?' gasped Tess, starting. 'I have never heard o’ that!'
'O yes—'tis whispered; a young lady of his own rank, chosen by his family; a Doctor of Divinity’s daughter near his father’s parish of Emminster; he don’t much care for her, they say. But he is sure to marry her.'
They had heard so very little of this; yet it was enough to build up wretched dolorous dreams upon, there in the shade of the night. They pictured all the details of his being won round to consent, of the wedding preparations, of the bride’s happiness, of her dress and veil, of her blissful home with him, when oblivion would have fallen upon themselves as far as he and their love were concerned. Thus
they talked, and ached, and wept till sleep charmed their sorrow away.
After this disclosure Tess nourished no further foolish thought that there lurked any grave and deliberate import in Clare’s attentions to her. It was a passing summer love of her face, for love’s own temporary sake—nothing more. And the thorny crown of this sad conception was that she whom he really did prefer in a cursory way to the rest, she who knew herself to be more impassioned in nature, cleverer, more beautiful than they, was in the eyes of propriety far less worthy of him than the homelier ones whom he ignored.
XXIV
Amid the oozing fatness and warm ferments of the Froom Vale, at a season when the rush of juices could almost be heard below the hiss of fertilization, it was impossible that the most fanciful love should not grow passionate. The ready bosoms existing there were impregnated by their surroundings.
July passed over their heads, and the Thermidorean weather which came in its wake seemed an effort on the part of Nature to match the state of hearts at Talbothays Dairy. The air of the place, so fresh in the spring and early summer, was stagnant and enervating now. Its heavy scents
weighed upon them, and at mid-day the landscape seemed lying in a swoon. Ethiopic scorchings browned the upper slopes of the pastures, but there was still bright green herbage here where the watercourses purled. And as Clare was oppressed by the outward heats, so was he burdened inwardly by waxing fervour of passion for the soft and silent Tess.
The rains having passed, the uplands were dry. The wheels of the dairyman’s spring-cart, as he sped home from market, licked up the pulverized surface of the highway, and were followed by white ribands of dust, as if they had set a thin powder-train on fire. The cows jumped wildly over the five-barred barton-gate, maddened by the gad-fly; Dairyman Crick kept his shirt-sleeves permanently rolled up from Monday to Saturday; open windows had no effect in ventilation without open doors, and in the dairy-garden the blackbirds and thrushes crept about under the currantbushes, rather in the manner of quadrupeds than of winged creatures. The flies in the kitchen were lazy, teasing, and familiar, crawling about in the unwonted places, on the floors, into drawers, and over the backs of the milkmaids’ hands. Conversations were concerning sunstroke; while buttermaking, and still more butter-keeping, was a despair.
They milked entirely in the meads for coolness and convenience, without driving in the cows. During the day the animals obsequiously followed the shadow of the smallest tree as it moved round the stem with the diurnal
roll; and when the milkers came they could hardly stand still for the flies.
On one of these afternoons four or five unmilked cows chanced to stand apart from the general herd, behind the corner of a hedge, among them being Dumpling and Old Pretty, who loved Tess’s hands above those of any other maid. When she rose from her stool under a finished cow, Angel Clare, who had been observing her for some time, asked her if she would take the aforesaid creatures next. She silently assented, and with her stool at arm’s length, and the pail against her knee, went round to where they stood. Soon the sound of Old Pretty’s milk fizzing into the pail came through the hedge, and then Angel felt inclined to go round the corner also, to finish off a hard-yielding milcher who had strayed there, he being now as capable of this as the dairyman himself.
All the men, and some of the women, when milking, dug their foreheads into the cows and gazed into the pail. But a few—mainly the younger ones—rested their heads sideways. This was Tess Durbeyfield’s habit, her temple pressing the milcher’s flank, her eyes fixed on the far end of the meadow with the quiet of one lost in meditation. She was milking Old Pretty thus, and the sun chancing to be on the milking-side, it shone flat upon her pink-gowned form and her white curtain-bonnet, and upon her profile, rendering it keen as a cameo cut from the dun background of the cow.
She did not know that Clare had followed her round, and that he sat under his cow watching her. The stillness of her head and features was remarkable: she might have been in a trance, her eyes open, yet unseeing. Nothing in the picture moved but Old Pretty’s tail and Tess’s pink hands, the latter so gently as to be a rhythmic pulsation only, as if they were obeying a reflex stimulus, like a beating heart.
How very lovable her face was to him. Yet there was nothing ethereal about it; all was real vitality, real warmth, real incarnation. And it was in her mouth that this culminated. Eyes almost as deep and speaking he had seen before, and cheeks perhaps as fair; brows as arched, a chin and throat almost as shapely; her mouth he had seen nothing to equal on the face of the earth. To a young man with the least fire in him that little upward lift in the middle of her red top lip was distracting, infatuating, maddening. He had never before seen a woman’s lips and teeth which forced upon his mind with such persistent iteration the old Elizabethan simile of roses filled with snow. Perfect, he, as a lover, might have called them off-hand. But no—they were not perfect. And it was the touch of the imperfect upon the would-be perfect that gave the sweetness, because it was that which gave the humanity.
Clare had studied the curves of those lips so many times that he could reproduce them mentally with ease: and now, as they again confronted him, clothed with colour and life, they sent an aura over his flesh, a breeze through his nerves, which well nigh produced a qualm; and actually
produced, by some mysterious physiological process, a prosaic sneeze.
She then became conscious that he was observing her; but she would not show it by any change of position, though the curious dream-like fixity disappeared, and a close eye might easily have discerned that the rosiness of her face deepened, and then faded till only a tinge of it was left.
The influence that had passed into Clare like an excitation from the sky did not die down. Resolutions, reticences, prudences, fears, fell back like a defeated battalion. He jumped up from his seat, and, leaving his pail to be kicked over if the milcher had such a mind, went quickly towards the desire of his eyes, and, kneeling down beside her, clasped her in his arms.
Tess was taken completely by surprise, and she yielded to his embrace with unreflecting inevitableness. Having seen that it was really her lover who had advanced, and no one else, her lips parted, and she sank upon him in her momentary joy, with something very like an ecstatic cry.
He had been on the point of kissing that too tempting mouth, but he checked himself, for tender conscience’ sake.
‘Forgive me, Tess dear!’ he whispered. ‘I ought to have asked. I—did not know what I was doing. I do not mean it as a liberty. I am devoted to you, Tessy, dearest, in all sincerity!’
Old Pretty by this time had looked round, puzzled; and seeing two people crouching under her where, by
immemorial custom, there should have been only one, lifted her hind leg crossly.
‘She is angry—she doesn’t know what we mean—she’ll kick over the milk!’ exclaimed Tess, gently striving to free herself, her eyes concerned with the quadruped’s actions, her heart more deeply concerned with herself and Clare.
She slipped up from her seat, and they stood together, his arm still encircling her. Tess’s eyes, fixed on distance, began to fill.
‘Why do you cry, my darling?’ he said.
‘O—I don’t know!’ she murmured.
As she saw and felt more clearly the position she was in she became agitated and tried to withdraw.
‘Well, I have betrayed my feeling, Tess, at last,’ said he, with a curious sigh of desperation, signifying unconsciously that his heart had outrun his judgement. ‘That I—love you dearly and truly I need not say. But I—it shall go no further now—it distresses you—I am as surprised as you are. You will not think I have presumed upon your defencelessness—been too quick and unreflecting, will you?’
‘N’—I can’t tell.’
He had allowed her to free herself; and in a minute or two the milking of each was resumed. Nobody had beheld the gravitation of the two into one; and when the dairyman came round by that screened nook a few minutes later, there was not a sign to reveal that the markedly sundered pair were more to each other than mere acquaintance. Yet
in the interval since Crick’s last view of them something had occurred which changed the pivot of the universe for their two natures; something which, had he known its quality, the dairyman would have despised, as a practical man; yet which was based upon a more stubborn and resistless tendency than a whole heap of so-called practicalities. A veil had been whisked aside; the tract of each one’s outlook was to have a new horizon thenceforward—for a short time or for a long.
END OF PHASE THE THIRD
Phase the Fourth: The Consequence
Clare, restless, went out into the dusk when evening drew on, she who had won him having retired to her chamber.
The night was as sultry as the day. There was no coolness after dark unless on the grass. Roads, garden-paths, the house-fronts, the barton-walls were warm as hearths, and reflected the noontime temperature into the noctambulist’s face.
He sat on the east gate of the dairy-yard, and knew not what to think of himself. Feeling had indeed smothered judgement that day.
Since the sudden embrace, three hours before, the twain had kept apart. She seemed stilled, almost alarmed, at what had occurred, while the novelty, unpremeditation, mastery of circumstance disquieted him—palpitating, contemplative being that he was. He could hardly realize their true relations to each other as yet, and what their mutual bearing should be before third parties thenceforward.
Angel had come as pupil to this dairy in the idea that his temporary existence here was to be the merest episode in his life, soon passed through and early forgotten; he had come as to a place from which as from a screened alcove he could calmly view the absorbing world without, and, apostrophizing it with Walt WhitmanCrowds of men and women attired in the usual costumes, How curious you are to me!— resolve upon a plan for plunging into that world anew. But behold, the absorbing scene had been imported hither. What had been the engrossing world had dissolved into an uninteresting outer dumb-show; while here, in this apparently dim and unimpassioned place, novelty had volcanically started up, as it had never, for him, started up elsewhere.
Every window of the house being open, Clare could hear across the yard each trivial sound of the retiring household. The dairy-house, so humble, so insignificant, so purely to him a place of constrained sojourn that he had never hitherto deemed it of sufficient importance to be reconnoitred as an object of any quality whatever in the landscape; what was it now? The aged and lichened brick gables breathed forth ‘Stay!’ The windows smiled, the door coaxed and beckoned, the creeper blushed confederacy. A personality within it was so far-reaching in her influence as to spread into and make the bricks, mortar, and whole overhanging sky throb with a burning sensibility. Whose was this mighty personality? A milkmaid’s.
It was amazing, indeed, to find how great a matter the life of the obscure dairy had become to him. And though new love was to be held partly responsible for this, it was not solely so. Many besides Angel have learnt that the magnitude of lives is not as to their external displacements, but as to their subjective experiences. The impressionable peasant leads a larger, fuller, more dramatic life than the
pachydermatous king. Looking at it thus, he found that life was to be seen of the same magnitude here as elsewhere.
Despite his heterodoxy, faults, and weaknesses, Clare was a man with a conscience. Tess was no insignificant creature to toy with and dismiss; but a woman living her precious life—a life which, to herself who endured or enjoyed it, possessed as great a dimension as the life of the mightiest to himself. Upon her sensations the whole world depended to Tess; through her existence all her fellow-creatures existed, to her. The universe itself only came into being for Tess on the particular day in the particular year in which she was born.
This consciousness upon which he had intruded was the single opportunity of existence ever vouchsafed to Tess by an unsympathetic First Cause—her all; her every and only chance. How then should he look upon her as of less consequence than himself; as a pretty trifle to caress and grow weary of; and not deal in the greatest seriousness with the affection which he knew that he had awakened in her—so fervid and so impressionable as she was under her reserve—in order that it might not agonize and wreck her?
To encounter her daily in the accustomed manner would be to develop what had begun. Living in such close relations, to meet meant to fall into endearment; flesh and blood could not resist it; and, having arrived at no conclusion as to the issue of such a tendency, he decided to hold aloof for the present from occupations in which they
would be mutually engaged. As yet the harm done was small.
But it was not easy to carry out the resolution never to approach her. He was driven towards her by every heave of his pulse.
He thought he would go and see his friends. It might be possible to sound them upon this. In less than five months his term here would have ended, and after a few additional months spent upon other farms he would be fully equipped in agricultural knowledge and in a position to start on his own account. Would not a farmer want a wife, and should a farmer’s wife be a drawing-room wax-figure, or a woman who understood farming? Notwithstanding the pleasing answer returned to him by the silence, he resolved to go his journey.
One morning when they sat down to breakfast at Talbothays Dairy some maid observed that she had not seen anything of Mr Clare that day.
‘O no,’ said Dairyman Crick. ‘Mr Clare has gone hwome to Emminster to spend a few days wi’ his kinsfolk.’
For four impassioned ones around that table the sunshine of the morning went out at a stroke, and the birds muffled their song. But neither girl by word or gesture revealed her blankness. ‘He’s getting on towards the end of his time wi’ me,’ added the dairyman, with a phlegm which unconsciously was brutal; ‘and so I suppose he is beginning to see about his plans elsewhere.’
‘How much longer is he to bide here?’ asked Izz Huett, the only one of the gloom-stricken bevy who could trust her voice with the question.
The others waited for the dairyman’s answer as if their lives hung upon it; Retty, with parted lips, gazing on the tablecloth, Marian with heat added to her redness, Tess throbbing and looking out at the meads.
‘Well, I can’t mind the exact day without looking at my memorandum-book,’ replied Crick, with the same intolerable unconcern. ‘And even that may be altered a bit. He’ll bide to get a little practice in the calving out at the strawyard, for certain. He’ll hang on till the end of the year I should say.’
Four months or so of torturing ecstasy in his society—of ‘pleasure girdled about with pain’. After that the blackness of unutterable night.
At this moment of the morning Angel Clare was riding along a narrow lane ten miles distant from the breakfasters, in the direction of his father’s Vicarage at Emminster, carrying, as well as he could, a little basket which contained some black-puddings and a bottle of mead, sent by Mrs Crick, with her kind respects, to his parents. The white lane stretched before him, and his eyes were upon it; but they were staring into next year, and not at the lane. He loved her; ought he to marry her? Dared he to marry her? What would his mother and his brothers say? What would he himself say a couple of years after the event? That would depend upon whether the germs of staunch
comradeship underlay the temporary emotion, or whether it were a sensuous joy in her form only, with no substratum of everlastingness.
His father’s hill-surrounded little town, the Tudor church-tower of red stone, the clump of trees near the Vicarage, came at last into view beneath him, and he rode down towards the well-known gate. Casting a glance in the direction of the church before entering his home, he beheld standing by the vestry-door a group of girls, of ages between twelve and sixteen, apparently awaiting the arrival of some other one, who in a moment became visible; a figure somewhat older than the school-girls, wearing a broad-brimmed hat and highly-starched cambric morning-gown, with a couple of books in her hand.
Clare knew her well. He could not be sure that she observed him; he hoped she did not, so as to render it unnecessary that he should go and speak to her, blameless creature that she was. An overpowering reluctance to greet her made him decide that she had not seen him. The young lady was Miss Mercy Chant, the only daughter of his father’s neighbour and friend, whom it was his parents’ quiet hope that he might wed some day. She was great at Antinomianism and Bible-classes, and was plainly going to hold a class now. Clare’s mind flew to the impassioned, summer-steeped heathens in the Var Vale, their rosy faces court-patched with cow-droppings; and to one the most impassioned of them all.
It was on the impulse of the moment that he had resolved to trot over to Emminster, and hence had not written to apprise his mother and father, aiming, however, to arrive about the breakfast hour, before they should have gone out to their parish duties. He was a little late, and they had already sat down to the morning meal. The group at the table jumped up to welcome him as soon as he entered. They were his father and mother, his brother the Reverend Felix—curate at a town in the adjoining county, home for the inside of a fortnight—and his other brother, the Reverend Cuthbert, the classical scholar, and Fellow and Dean of his College, down from Cambridge for the long vacation. His mother appeared in a cap and silver spectacles, and his father looked what in fact he was—an earnest, God-fearing man, somewhat gaunt, in years about sixty-five, his pale face lined with thought and purpose. Over their heads hung the picture of Angel’s sister, the eldest of the family, sixteen years his senior, who had married a missionary and gone out to Africa.
Old Mr Clare was a clergyman of a type which, within the last twenty years, has well nigh dropped out of contemporary life. A spiritual descendant in the direct line from Wycliff, Huss, Luther, Calvin; an Evangelical of the Evangelicals, a Conversionist, a man of Apostolic simplicity in life and thought, he had in his raw youth made up his mind once for all in the deeper questions of existence, and admitted no further reasoning on them thenceforward. He was regarded even by those of his own
date and school of thinking as extreme; while, on the other hand, those totally opposed to him were unwillingly won to admiration for his thoroughness, and for the remarkable power he showed in dismissing all question as to principles in his energy for applying them. He loved Paul of Tarsus, liked St John, hated St James as much as he dared, and regarded with mixed feelings Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. The New Testament was less a Christiad then a Pauliad to his intelligence—less an argument than an intoxication. His creed of determinism was such that it almost amounted to a vice, and quite amounted, on its negative side, to a renunciative philosophy which had cousinship with that of Schopenhauer and Leopardi. He despised the Canons and Rubric, swore by the Articles, and deemed himself consistent through the whole category—which in a way he might have been. One thing he certainly was—sincere.
To the aesthetic, sensuous, pagan pleasure in natural life and lush womanhood which his son Angel had lately been experiencing in Var Vale, his temper would have been antipathetic in a high degree, had he either by inquiry or imagination been able to apprehend it. Once upon a time Angel had been so unlucky as to say to his father, in a moment of irritation, that it might have resulted far better for mankind if Greece had been the source of the religion of modern civilization, and not Palestine; and his father’s grief was of that blank description which could not realize that there might lurk a thousandth part of a truth, much less
a half truth or a whole truth, in such a proposition. He had simply preached austerely at Angel for some time after. But the kindness of his heart was such that he never resented anything for long, and welcomed his son to-day with a smile which was as candidly sweet as a child’s.
Angel sat down, and the place felt like home; yet he did not so much as formerly feel himself one of the family gathered there. Every time that he returned hither he was conscious of this divergence, and since he had last shared in the Vicarage life it had grown even more distinctly foreign to his own than usual. Its transcendental aspirations—still unconsciously based on the geocentric view of things, a zenithal paradise, a nadiral hell—were as foreign to his own as if they had been the dreams of people on another planet. Latterly he had seen only Life, felt only the great passionate pulse of existence, unwarped, uncontorted, untrammelled by those creeds which futilely attempt to check what wisdom would be content to regulate.
On their part they saw a great difference in him, a growing divergence from the Angel Clare of former times. It was chiefly a difference in his manner that they noticed just now, particularly his brothers. He was getting to behave like a farmer; he flung his legs about; the muscles of his face had grown more expressive; his eyes looked as much information as his tongue spoke, and more. The manner of the scholar had nearly disappeared; still more the manner of the drawing-room young man. A prig would
have said that he had lost culture, and a prude that he had become coarse. Such was the contagion of domiciliary fellowship with the Talbothays nymphs and swains.
After breakfast he walked with his two brothers, nonevangelical, well-educated, hall-marked young men, correct to their remotest fibre, such unimpeachable models as are turned out yearly by the lathe of a systematic tuition. They were both somewhat short-sighted, and when it was the custom to wear a single eyeglass and string they wore a single eyeglass and string; when it was the custom to wear a double glass they wore a double glass; when it was the custom to wear spectacles they wore spectacles straightway, all without reference to the particular variety of defect in their own vision. When Wordsworth was enthroned they carried pocket copies; and when Shelley was belittled they allowed him to grow dusty on their shelves. When Correggio’s Holy Families were admired, they admired Correggio’s Holy Families; when he was decried in favour of Velasquez, they sedulously followed suit without any personal objection.
If these two noticed Angel’s growing social ineptness, he noticed their growing mental limitations. Felix seemed to him all Church; Cuthbert all College. His Diocesan Synod and Visitations were the mainsprings of the world to the one; Cambridge to the other. Each brother candidly recognized that there were a few unimportant score of millions of outsiders in civilized society, persons who were
neither University men nor churchmen; but they were to be tolerated rather than reckoned with and respected.
They were both dutiful and attentive sons, and were regular in their visits to their parents. Felix, though an offshoot from a far more recent point in the devolution of theology than his father, was less self-sacrificing and disinterested. More tolerant than his father of a contradictory opinion, in its aspect as a danger to its holder, he was less ready than his father to pardon it as a slight to his own teaching. Cuthbert was, upon the whole, the more liberal-minded, though, with greater subtlety, he had not so much heart.
As they walked along the hillside Angel’s former feeling revived in him—that whatever their advantages by comparison with himself, neither saw or set forth life as it really was lived. Perhaps, as with many men, their opportunities of observation were not so good as their opportunities of expression. Neither had an adequate conception of the complicated forces at work outside the smooth and gentle current in which they and their associates floated. Neither saw the difference between local truth and universal truth; that what the inner world said in their clerical and academic hearing was quite a different thing from what the outer world was thinking.
‘I suppose it is farming or nothing for you now, my dear fellow,’ Felix was saying, among other things, to his youngest brother, as he looked through his spectacles at the distant fields with sad austerity. ‘And, therefore, we must
make the best of it. But I do entreat you to endeavour to keep as much as possible in touch with moral ideals. Farming, of course, means roughing it externally; but high thinking may go with plain living, nevertheless.’
‘Of course it may,’ said Angel. ‘Was it not proved nineteen hundred years ago—if I may trespass upon your domain a little? Why should you think, Felix, that I am likely to drop my high thinking and my moral ideals?’
‘Well, I fancied, from the tone of your letters and our conversation—it may be fancy only—that you were somehow losing intellectual grasp. Hasn’t it struck you, Cuthbert?’
‘Now, Felix,’ said Angel drily, ‘we are very good friends, you know; each of us treading our allotted circles; but if it comes to intellectual grasp, I think you, as a contented dogmatist, had better leave mine alone, and inquire what has become of yours.’
They returned down the hill to dinner, which was fixed at any time at which their father’s and mother’s morning work in the parish usually concluded. Convenience as regarded afternoon callers was the last thing to enter into the consideration of unselfish Mr and Mrs Clare; though the three sons were sufficiently in unison on this matter to wish that their parents would conform a little to modern notions.
The walk had made them hungry, Angel in particular, who was now an outdoor man, accustomed to the profuse dapes inemptae of the dairyman’s somewhat coarsely-laden
table. But neither of the old people had arrived, and it was not till the sons were almost tired of waiting that their parents entered. The self-denying pair had been occupied in coaxing the appetites of some of their sick parishioners, whom they, somewhat inconsistently, tried to keep imprisoned in the flesh, their own appetites being quite forgotten.
The family sat down to table, and a frugal meal of cold viands was deposited before them. Angel looked round for Mrs Crick’s black-puddings, which he had directed to be nicely grilled as they did them at the dairy, and of which he wished his father and mother to appreciate the marvellous herbal savours as highly as he did himself.
‘Ah! you are looking for the black-puddings, my dear boy,’ observed Clare’s mother. ‘But I am sure you will not mind doing without them as I am sure your father and I shall not, when you know the reason. I suggested to him that we should take Mrs Crick’s kind present to the children of the man who can earn nothing just now because of his attacks of delirium tremens; and he agreed that it would be a great pleasure to them; so we did.’
‘Of course,’ said Angel cheerfully, looking round for the mead.
‘I found the mead so extremely alcoholic,’ continued his mother, ‘that it was quite unfit for use as a beverage, but as valuable as rum or brandy in an emergency; so I have put it in my medicine-closet.’
'We never drink spirits at this table, on principle,' added his father.
'But what shall I tell the dairyman's wife?' said Angel.
'The truth, of course,' said his father.
'I rather wanted to say we enjoyed the mead and the black-puddings very much. She is a kind, jolly sort of body, and is sure to ask me directly I return.'
'You cannot, if we did not,' Mr Clare answered lucidly.
'Ah—no; though that mead was a drop of pretty tipple.'
'A what?' said Cuthbert and Felix both.
'Oh—'tis an expression they use down at Talbothays,' replied Angel, blushing. He felt that his parents were right in their practice if wrong in their want of sentiment, and said no more.
XXVI
It was not till the evening, after family prayers, that Angel found opportunity of broaching to his father one or two subjects near his heart. He had strung himself up to the purpose while kneeling behind his brothers on the carpet, studying the little nails in the heels of their walking boots. When the service was over they went out of the room with their mother, and Mr Clare and himself were left alone.
The young man first discussed with the elder his plans for the attainment of his position as a farmer on an extensive scale—either in England or in the Colonies. His father then told him that, as he had not been put to the expense of sending Angel up to Cambridge, he had felt it his duty to set by a sum of money every year towards the purchase or lease of land for him some day, that he might not feel himself unduly slighted.
‘As far as worldly wealth goes,’ continued his father, ‘you will no doubt stand far superior to your brothers in a few years.’
This considerateness on old Mr Clare’s part led Angel onward to the other and dearer subject. He observed to his father that he was then six-and-twenty, and that when he should start in the farming business he would require eyes in the back of his head to see to all matters—some one would be necessary to superintend the domestic labours of his establishment whilst he was afield. Would it not be well, therefore, for him to marry?
His father seemed to think this idea not unreasonable; and then Angel put the question—
‘What kind of wife do you think would be best for me as a thrifty hard-working farmer?’
‘A truly Christian woman, who will be a help and a comfort to you in your goings-out and your comings-in. Beyond that, it really matters little. Such an one can be found; indeed, my earnest-minded friend and neighbour, Dr Chant—’
‘But ought she not primarily to be able to milk cows, churn good butter, make immense cheeses; know how to sit hens and turkeys and rear chickens, to direct a field of labourers in an emergency, and estimate the value of sheep and calves?’
‘Yes; a farmer’s wife; yes, certainly. It would be desirable.’ Mr Clare, the elder, had plainly never thought of these points before. ‘I was going to add,’ he said, ‘that for a pure and saintly woman you will not find one more to your true advantage, and certainly not more to your mother’s mind and my own, than your friend Mercy, whom you used to show a certain interest in. It is true that my neighbour Chant’s daughter had lately caught up the fashion of the younger clergy round about us for decorating the Communion-table—altar, as I was shocked to hear her call it one day—with flowers and other stuff on festival occasions. But her father, who is quite as opposed to such flummery as I, says that can be cured. It is a mere girlish outbreak which, I am sure, will not be permanent.’
‘Yes, yes; Mercy is good and devout, I know. But, father, don’t you think that a young woman equally pure and virtuous as Miss Chant, but one who, in place of that lady’s ecclesiastical accomplishments, understands the duties of farm life as well as a farmer himself, would suit me infinitely better?’
His father persisted in his conviction that a knowledge of a farmer’s wife’s duties came second to a Pauline view of humanity; and the impulsive Angel, wishing to honour
his father’s feelings and to advance the cause of his heart at the same time, grew specious. He said that fate or Providence had thrown in his way a woman who possessed every qualification to be the helpmate of an agriculturist, and was decidedly of a serious turn of mind. He would not say whether or not she had attached herself to the sound Low Church School of his father; but she would probably be open to conviction on that point; she was a regular churchgoer of simple faith; honest-hearted, receptive, intelligent, graceful to a degree, chaste as a vestal, and, in personal appearance, exceptionally beautiful.
‘Is she of a family such as you would care to marry into—a lady, in short?’ asked his startled mother, who had come softly into the study during the conversation.
‘She is not what in common parlance is called a lady,’ said Angel, unflinchingly, ‘for she is a cottager’s daughter, as I am proud to say. But she IS a lady, nevertheless—in feeling and nature.’
‘Mercy Chant is of a very good family.’
‘Pooh!—what’s the advantage of that, mother?’ said Angel quickly. ‘How is family to avail the wife of a man who has to rough it as I have, and shall have to do?’
‘Mercy is accomplished. And accomplishments have their charm,’ returned his mother, looking at him through her silver spectacles.
‘As to external accomplishments, what will be the use of them in the life I am going to lead?—while as to her reading, I can take that in hand. She’ll be apt pupil enough,
as you would say if you knew her. She’s brim full of poetry—actualized poetry, if I may use the expression. She LIVES what paper-poets only write... And she is an unimpeachable Christian, I am sure; perhaps of the very tribe, genus, and species you desire to propagate.’
‘O Angel, you are mocking!’
‘Mother, I beg pardon. But as she really does attend Church almost every Sunday morning, and is a good Christian girl, I am sure you will tolerate any social shortcomings for the sake of that quality, and feel that I may do worse than choose her.’ Angel waxed quite earnest on that rather automatic orthodoxy in his beloved Tess which (never dreaming that it might stand him in such good stead) he had been prone to slight when observing it practised by her and the other milkmaids, because of its obvious unreality amid beliefs essentially naturalistic.
In their sad doubts as to whether their son had himself any right whatever to the title he claimed for the unknown young woman, Mr and Mrs Clare began to feel it as an advantage not to be overlooked that she at least was sound in her views; especially as the conjunction of the pair must have arisen by an act of Providence; for Angel never would have made orthodoxy a condition of his choice. They said finally that it was better not to act in a hurry, but that they would not object to see her.
Angel therefore refrained from declaring more particulars now. He felt that, single-minded and self-sacrificing as his parents were, there yet existed certain
latent prejudices of theirs, as middle-class people, which it would require some tact to overcome. For though legally at liberty to do as he chose, and though their daughter-in-law’s qualifications could make no practical difference to their lives, in the probability of her living far away from them, he wished for affection’s sake not to wound their sentiment in the most important decision of his life.
He observed his own inconsistencies in dwelling upon accidents in Tess’s life as if they were vital features. It was for herself that he loved Tess; her soul, her heart, her substance—not for her skill in the dairy, her aptness as his scholar, and certainly not for her simple formal faith-professions. Her unsophisticated open-air existence required no varnish of conventionality to make it palatable to him. He held that education had as yet but little affected the beats of emotion and impulse on which domestic happiness depends. It was probable that, in the lapse of ages, improved systems of moral and intellectual training would appreciably, perhaps considerably, elevate the involuntary and even the unconscious instincts of human nature; but up to the present day, culture, as far as he could see, might be said to have affected only the mental epiderm of those lives which had been brought under its influence. This belief was confirmed by his experience of women, which, having latterly been extended from the cultivated middle-class into the rural community, had taught him how much less was the intrinsic difference between the good and wise woman of one social stratum and the good and
wise woman of another social stratum, than between the good and bad, the wise and the foolish, of the same stratum or class.
It was the morning of his departure. His brothers had already left the Vicarage to proceed on a walking tour in the north, whence one was to return to his college, and the other to his curacy. Angel might have accompanied them, but preferred to rejoin his sweetheart at Talbothays. He would have been an awkward member of the party; for, though the most appreciative humanist, the most ideal religionist, even the best-versed Christologist of the three, there was alienation in the standing consciousness that his squareness would not fit the round hole that had been prepared for him. To neither Felix nor Cuthbert had he ventured to mention Tess.
His mother made him sandwiches, and his father accompanied him, on his own mare, a little way along the road. Having fairly well advanced his own affairs, Angel listened in a willing silence, as they jogged on together through the shady lanes, to his father’s account of his parish difficulties, and the coldness of brother clergymen whom he loved, because of his strict interpretations of the New Testament by the light of what they deemed a pernicious Calvinistic doctrine.
‘Pernicious!’ said Mr Clare, with genial scorn; and he proceeded to recount experiences which would show the absurdity of that idea. He told of wondrous conversions of evil livers of which he had been the instrument, not only
amongst the poor, but amongst the rich and well-to-do; and he also candidly admitted many failures.
As an instance of the latter, he mentioned the case of a young upstart squire named d’Urberville, living some forty miles off, in the neighbourhood of Trantridge.
‘Not one of the ancient d’Urbervilles of Kingsbere and other places?’ asked his son. ‘That curiously historic wornout family with its ghostly legend of the coach-and-four?’
‘O no. The original d’Urbervilles decayed and disappeared sixty or eighty years ago—at least, I believe so. This seems to be a new family which had taken the name; for the credit of the former knightly line I hope they are spurious, I’m sure. But it is odd to hear you express interest in old families. I thought you set less store by them even than I.’
‘You misapprehend me, father; you often do,’ said Angel with a little impatience. ‘Politically I am sceptical as to the virtue of their being old. Some of the wise even among themselves ‘exclaim against their own succession,’ as Hamlet puts it; but lyrically, dramatically, and even historically, I am tenderly attached to them.’
This distinction, though by no means a subtle one, was yet too subtle for Mr Clare the elder, and he went on with the story he had been about to relate; which was that after the death of the senior so-called d’Urberville, the young man developed the most culpable passions, though he had a blind mother, whose condition should have made him know
better. A knowledge of his career having come to the ears of Mr Clare, when he was in that part of the country preaching missionary sermons, he boldly took occasion to speak to the delinquent on his spiritual state. Though he was a stranger, occupying another’s pulpit, he had felt this to be his duty, and took for his text the words from St Luke: ‘Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee!’ The young man much resented this directness of attack, and in the war of words which followed when they met he did not scruple publicly to insult Mr Clare, without respect for his gray hairs.
Angel flushed with distress.
‘Dear father,’ he said sadly, ‘I wish you would not expose yourself to such gratuitous pain from scoundrels!’
‘Pain?’ said his father, his rugged face shining in the ardour of self-abnegation. ‘The only pain to me was pain on his account, poor, foolish young man. Do you suppose his incensed words could give me any pain, or even his blows? ‘Being reviled we bless; being persecuted we suffer it; being defamed we entreat; we are made as the filth of the world, and as the offscouring of all things unto this day.’ Those ancient and noble words to the Corinthians are strictly true at this present hour.’
‘Not blows, father? He did not proceed to blows?’
‘No, he did not. Though I have borne blows from men in a mad state of intoxication.’
‘No!’
‘A dozen times, my boy. What then? I have saved them from the guilt of murdering their own flesh and blood thereby; and they have lived to thank me, and praise God.’
‘May this young man do the same!’ said Angel fervently. ‘But I fear otherwise, from what you say.’
‘We’ll hope, nevertheless,’ said Mr Clare. ‘And I continue to pray for him, though on this side of the grave we shall probably never meet again. But, after all, one of those poor words of mine may spring up in his heart as a good seed some day.’
Now, as always, Clare’s father was sanguine as a child; and though the younger could not accept his parent’s narrow dogma, he revered his practice and recognized the hero under the pietist. Perhaps he revered his father’s practice even more now than ever, seeing that, in the question of making Tessy his wife, his father had not once thought of inquiring whether she were well provided or penniless. The same unworldliness was what had necessitated Angel’s getting a living as a farmer, and would probably keep his brothers in the position of poor parsons for the term of their activities; yet Angel admired it none the less. Indeed, despite his own heterodoxy, Angel often felt that he was nearer to his father on the human side than was either of his brethren.
An up-hill and down-hill ride of twenty-odd miles through a garish mid-day atmosphere brought him in the afternoon to a detached knoll a mile or two west of Talbothays, whence he again looked into that green trough of sappiness and humidity, the valley of the Var or Froom. Immediately he began to descend from the upland to the fat alluvial soil below, the atmosphere grew heavier; the languid perfume of the summer fruits, the mists, the hay, the flowers, formed therein a vast pool of odour which at this hour seemed to make the animals, the very bees and butterflies drowsy. Clare was now so familiar with the spot that he knew the individual cows by their names when, a long distance off, he saw them dotted about the meads. It was with a sense of luxury that he recognized his power of viewing life here from its inner side, in a way that had been quite foreign to him in his student-days; and, much as he loved his parents, he could not help being aware that to come here, as now, after an experience of home-life, affected him like throwing off splints and bandages; even the one customary curb on the humours of English rural societies being absent in this place, Talbothays having no resident landlord.
Not a human being was out of doors at the dairy. The denizens were all enjoying the usual afternoon nap of an hour or so which the exceedingly early hours kept in summertime rendered a necessity. At the door the wood-hooped pails, sodden and bleached by infinite scrubbings, hung like hats on a stand upon the forked and peeled limb of an oak fixed there for that purpose; all of them ready and dry for the evening milking. Angel entered, and went through the silent passages of the house to the back quarters, where he listened for a moment. Sustained snores came from the cart-house, where some of the men were lying down; the grunt and squeal of sweltering pigs arose from the still further distance. The large-leaved rhubarb and cabbage plants slept too, their broad limp surfaces hanging in the sun like half-closed umbrellas.
He unbridled and fed his horse, and as he re-entered the house the clock struck three. Three was the afternoon skimming-hour; and, with the stroke, Clare heard the creaking of the floor-boards above, and then the touch of a descending foot on the stairs. It was Tess’s, who in another moment came down before his eyes.
She had not heard him enter, and hardly realized his presence there. She was yawning, and he saw the red interior of her mouth as if it had been a snake’s. She had stretched one arm so high above her coiled-up cable of hair that he could see its satin delicacy above the sunburn; her face was flushed with sleep, and her eyelids hung heavy over their pupils. The brim-fulness of her nature breathed
from her. It was a moment when a woman’s soul is more incarnate than at any other time; when the most spiritual beauty bespeaks itself flesh; and sex takes the outside place in the presentation.
Then those eyes flashed brightly through their filmy heaviness, before the remainder of her face was well awake. With an oddly compounded look of gladness, shyness, and surprise, she exclaimed—‘O Mr Clare! How you frightened me—I—’
There had not at first been time for her to think of the changed relations which his declaration had introduced; but the full sense of the matter rose up in her face when she encountered Clare’s tender look as he stepped forward to the bottom stair.
‘Dear, darling Tessy!’ he whispered, putting his arm round her, and his face to her flushed cheek. ‘Don’t, for Heaven’s sake, Mister me any more. I have hastened back so soon because of you!’
Tess’s excitable heart beat against his by way of reply; and there they stood upon the red-brick floor of the entry, the sun slanting in by the window upon his back, as he held her tightly to his breast; upon her inclining face, upon the blue veins of her temple, upon her naked arm, and her neck, and into the depths of her hair. Having been lying down in her clothes she was warm as a sunned cat. At first she would not look straight up at him, but her eyes soon lifted, and his plumbed the deepness of the ever-varying
pupils, with their radiating fibrils of blue, and black, and gray, and violet, while she regarded him as Eve at her second waking might have regarded Adam.
‘I’ve got to go a-skimming,’ she pleaded, ‘and I have on’y old Deb to help me to-day. Mrs Crick is gone to market with Mr Crick, and Retty is not well, and the others are gone out somewhere, and won’t be home till milking.’
As they retreated to the milk-house Deborah Fyander appeared on the stairs.
‘I have come back, Deborah,’ said Mr Clare, upwards. ‘So I can help Tess with the skimming; and, as you are very tired, I am sure, you needn’t come down till milking-time.’
Possibly the Talbothays milk was not very thoroughly skimmed that afternoon. Tess was in a dream wherein familiar objects appeared as having light and shade and position, but no particular outline. Every time she held the skimmer under the pump to cool it for the work her hand trembled, the ardour of his affection being so palpable that she seemed to flinch under it like a plant in too burning a sun.
Then he pressed her again to his side, and when she had done running her forefinger round the leads to cut off the cream-edge, he cleaned it in nature’s way; for the unconstrained manners of Talbothays dairy came convenient now.
‘I may as well say it now as later, dearest,’ he resumed gently. ‘I wish to ask you something of a very practical nature, which I have been thinking of ever since that day
last week in the meads. I shall soon want to marry, and, being a farmer, you see I shall require for my wife a woman who knows all about the management of farms. Will you be that woman, Tessy?'
He put it that way that she might not think he had yielded to an impulse of which his head would disapprove. She turned quite careworn. She had bowed to the inevitable result of proximity, the necessity of loving him; but she had not calculated upon this sudden corollary, which, indeed, Clare had put before her without quite meaning himself to do it so soon. With pain that was like the bitterness of dissolution she murmured the words of her indispensable and sworn answer as an honourable woman.
'O Mr Clare—I cannot be your wife—I cannot be!'
The sound of her own decision seemed to break Tess's very heart, and she bowed her face in her grief.
'But, Tess!' he said, amazed at her reply, and holding her still more greedily close. 'Do you say no? Surely you love me?'
'O yes, yes! And I would rather be yours than anybody's in the world,' returned the sweet and honest voice of the distressed girl. 'But I CANNOT marry you!'
'Tess,' he said, holding her at arm's length, 'you are engaged to marry some one else!'
'No, no!'
'Then why do you refuse me?'
‘I don’t want to marry! I have not thought of doing it. I cannot! I only want to love you.’
‘But why?’
Driven to subterfuge, she stammered—
‘Your father is a parson, and your mother wouldn’t like you to marry such as me. She will want you to marry a lady.’
‘Nonsense—I have spoken to them both. That was partly why I went home.’
‘I feel I cannot—never, never!’ she echoed.
‘Is it too sudden to be asked thus, my Pretty?’
‘Yes—I did not expect it.’
‘If you will let it pass, please, Tessy, I will give you time,’ he said. ‘It was very abrupt to come home and speak to you all at once. I’ll not allude to it again for a while.’
She again took up the shining skimmer, held it beneath the pump, and began anew. But she could not, as at other times, hit the exact under-surface of the cream with the delicate dexterity required, try as she might; sometimes she was cutting down into the milk, sometimes in the air. She could hardly see, her eyes having filled with two blurring tears drawn forth by a grief which, to this her best friend and dear advocate, she could never explain.
‘I can’t skim—I can’t!’ she said, turning away from him.
Not to agitate and hinder her longer, the considerate Clare began talking in a more general way:
You quite misapprehend my parents. They are the most simple-mannered people alive, and quite unambitious. They are two of the few remaining Evangelical school. Tessy, are you an Evangelical?
‘I don’t know.’
‘You go to church very regularly, and our parson here is not very High, they tell me.’
Tess’s ideas on the views of the parish clergyman, whom she heard every week, seemed to be rather more vague than Clare’s, who had never heard him at all.
‘I wish I could fix my mind on what I hear there more firmly than I do,’ she remarked as a safe generality. ‘It is often a great sorrow to me.’
She spoke so unaffectedly that Angel was sure in his heart that his father could not object to her on religious grounds, even though she did not know whether her principles were High, Low or Broad. He himself knew that, in reality, the confused beliefs which she held, apparently imbibed in childhood, were, if anything, Tractarian as to phraseology, and Pantheistic as to essence. Confused or otherwise, to disturb them was his last desire:
Leave thou thy sister, when she prays,
Her early Heaven, her happy
views; Nor thou with shadow’d hint
confuse A life that leads melodious
days.
He had occasionally thought the counsel less honest than musical; but he gladly conformed to it now.
He spoke further of the incidents of his visit, of his father’s mode of life, of his zeal for his principles; she grew serener, and the undulations disappeared from her skimming; as she finished one lead after another he followed her, and drew the plugs for letting down the milk.
‘I fancied you looked a little downcast when you came in,’ she ventured to observe, anxious to keep away from the subject of herself.
‘Yes—well, my father had been talking a good deal to me of his troubles and difficulties, and the subject always tends to depress me. He is so zealous that he gets many snubs and buffetings from people of a different way of thinking from himself, and I don’t like to hear of such humiliations to a man of his age, the more particularly as I don’t think earnestness does any good when carried so far. He has been telling me of a very unpleasant scene in which he took part quite recently. He went as the deputy of some missionary society to preach in the neighbourhood of Trantridge, a place forty miles from here, and made it his business to expostulate with a lax young cynic he met with somewhere about there—son of some landowner up that way—and who has a mother afflicted with blindness. My father addressed himself to the gentleman point-blank, and there was quite a disturbance. It was very foolish of my father, I must say, to intrude his conversation upon a stranger when the probabilities were so obvious that it
would be useless. But whatever he thinks to be his duty, that he’ll do, in season or out of season; and, of course, he makes many enemies, not only among the absolutely vicious, but among the easygoing, who hate being bothered. He says he glories in what happened, and that good may be done indirectly; but I wish he would not wear himself out now he is getting old, and would leave such pigs to their wallowing.’
Tess’s look had grown hard and worn, and her ripe mouth tragical; but she no longer showed any tremulousness. Clare’s revived thoughts of his father prevented his noticing her particularly; and so they went on down the white row of liquid rectangles till they had finished and drained them off, when the other maids returned, and took their pails, and Deb came to scald out the leads for the new milk. As Tess withdrew to go afield to the cows he said to her softly—
‘And my question, Tessy?’
‘O no—no!’ replied she with grave hopelessness, as one who had heard anew the turmoil of her own past in the allusion to Alec d’Urberville. ‘It CAN’T be!’
She went out towards the mead, joining the other milkmaids with a bound, as if trying to make the open air drive away her sad constraint. All the girls drew onward to the spot where the cows were grazing in the farther mead, the bevy advancing with the bold grace of wild animals—the reckless, unchastened motion of women accustomed to unlimited space—in which they abandoned themselves to
the air as a swimmer to the wave. It seemed natural enough to him now that Tess was again in sight to choose a mate from unconstrained Nature, and not from the abodes of Art.
Her refusal, though unexpected, did not permanently daunt Clare. His experience of women was great enough for him to be aware that the negative often meant nothing more than the preface to the affirmative; and it was little enough for him not to know that in the manner of the present negative there lay a great exception to the dallyings of coyness. That she had already permitted him to make love to her he read as an additional assurance, not fully trowing that in the fields and pastures to ‘sigh gratis’ is by no means deemed waste; love-making being here more often accepted inconsiderately and for its own sweet sake than in the carking, anxious homes of the ambitious, where a girl’s craving for an establishment paralyzes her healthy thought of a passion as an end.
‘Tess, why did you say “no” in such a positive way?’ he asked her in the course of a few days.
She started.
‘Don’t ask me. I told you why—partly. I am not good enough—not worthy enough.’
‘How? Not fine lady enough?’
‘Yes—something like that,’ murmured she. ‘Your friends would scorn me.’
‘Indeed, you mistake them—my father and mother. As for my brothers, I don’t care—’ He clasped his fingers behind her back to keep her from slipping away. ‘Now—you did not mean it, sweet?—I am sure you did not! You have made me so restless that I cannot read, or play, or do anything. I am in no hurry, Tess, but I want to know—to hear from your own warm lips—that you will some day be mine—any time you may choose; but some day?’
She could only shake her head and look away from him.
Clare regarded her attentively, conned the characters of her face as if they had been hieroglyphics. The denial seemed real.
‘Then I ought not to hold you in this way—ought I? I have no right to you—no right to seek out where you are, or walk with you! Honestly, Tess, do you love any other man?’
‘How can you ask?’ she said, with continued self-suppression.
‘I almost know that you do not. But then, why do you repulse me?’
‘I don’t repulse you. I like you to—tell me you love me; and you may always tell me so as you go about with me—and never offend me.’
‘But you will not accept me as a husband?’
‘Ah—that’s different—it is for your good, indeed, my dearest! O, believe me, it is only for your sake! I don’t like to give myself the great happiness o’ promising to be yours
in that way—because—because I am SURE I ought not to do it.’
‘But you will make me happy!’
‘Ah—you think so, but you don’t know!’
At such times as this, apprehending the grounds of her refusal to be her modest sense of incompetence in matters social and polite, he would say that she was wonderfully well-informed and versatile—which was certainly true, her natural quickness and her admiration for him having led her to pick up his vocabulary, his accent, and fragments of his knowledge, to a surprising extent. After these tender contests and her victory she would go away by herself under the remotest cow, if at milking-time, or into the sedge or into her room, if at a leisure interval, and mourn silently, not a minute after an apparently phlegmatic negative.
The struggle was so fearful; her own heart was so strongly on the side of his—two ardent hearts against one poor little conscience—that she tried to fortify her resolution by every means in her power. She had come to Talbothays with a made-up mind. On no account could she agree to a step which might afterwards cause bitter rueing to her husband for his blindness in wedding her. And she held that what her conscience had decided for her when her mind was unbiassed ought not to be overruled now.
‘Why don’t somebody tell him all about me?’ she said. ‘It was only forty miles off—why hasn’t it reached here? Somebody must know!’
Yet nobody seemed to know; nobody told him.
For two or three days no more was said. She guessed from the sad countenances of her chamber companions that they regarded her not only as the favourite, but as the chosen; but they could see for themselves that she did not put herself in his way.
Tess had never before known a time in which the thread of her life was so distinctly twisted of two strands, positive pleasure and positive pain. At the next cheese-making the pair were again left alone together. The dairyman himself had been lending a hand; but Mr Crick, as well as his wife, seemed latterly to have acquired a suspicion of mutual interest between these two; though they walked so circumspectly that suspicion was but of the faintest. Anyhow, the dairyman left them to themselves.
They were breaking up the masses of curd before putting them into the vats. The operation resembled the act of crumbling bread on a large scale; and amid the immaculate whiteness of the curds Tess Durbeyfield’s hands showed themselves of the pinkness of the rose. Angel, who was filling the vats with his handful, suddenly ceased, and laid his hands flat upon hers. Her sleeves were rolled far above the elbow, and bending lower he kissed the inside vein of her soft arm.
Although the early September weather was sultry, her arm, from her dabbling in the curds, was as cold and damp to his mouth as a new-gathered mushroom, and tasted of the whey. But she was such a sheaf of susceptibilities that
her pulse was accelerated by the touch, her blood driven to her finder-ends, and the cool arms flushed hot. Then, as though her heart had said, ‘Is coyness longer necessary? Truth is truth between man and woman, as between man and man,’ she lifted her eyes and they beamed devotedly into his, as her lip rose in a tender half-smile.
‘Do you know why I did that, Tess?’ he said.
‘Because you love me very much!’
‘Yes, and as a preliminary to a new entreaty.’
‘Not AGAIN!’
She looked a sudden fear that her resistance might break down under her own desire.
‘O, Tessy!’ he went on, ‘I CANNOT think why you are so tantalizing. Why do you disappoint me so? You seem almost like a coquette, upon my life you do—a coquette of the first urban water! They blow hot and blow cold, just as you do, and it is the very last sort of thing to expect to find in a retreat like Talbothays. ... And yet, dearest,’ he quickly added, observing now the remark had cut her, ‘I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived. So how can I suppose you a flirt? Tess, why don’t you like the idea of being my wife, if you love me as you seem to do?’
‘I have never said I don’t like the idea, and I never could say it; because—it isn’t true!’
The stress now getting beyond endurance, her lip quivered, and she was obliged to go away. Clare was so
pained and perplexed that he ran after and caught her in the passage.
‘Tell me, tell me!’ he said, passionately clasping her, in forgetfulness of his curdy hands: ‘do tell me that you won’t belong to anybody but me!’
‘I will, I will tell you!’ she exclaimed. ‘And I will give you a complete answer, if you will let me go now. I will tell you my experiences—all about myself—all!’
‘Your experiences, dear; yes, certainly; any number.’ He expressed assent in loving satire, looking into her face. ‘My Tess, no doubt, almost as many experiences as that wild convolvulus out there on the garden hedge, that opened itself this morning for the first time. Tell me anything, but don’t use that wretched expression any more about not being worthy of me.’
‘I will try—not! And I’ll give you my reasons tomorrow—next week.’
‘Say on Sunday?’
‘Yes, on Sunday.’
At last she got away, and did not stop in her retreat till she was in the thicket of pollard willows at the lower side of the barton, where she could be quite unseen. Here Tess flung herself down upon the rustling undergrowth of speargrass, as upon a bed, and remained crouching in palpitating misery broken by momentary shoots of joy, which her fears about the ending could not altogether suppress.
In reality, she was drifting into acquiescence. Every seesaw of her breath, every wave of her blood, every pulse singing in her ears, was a voice that joined with nature in revolt against her scrupulousness. Reckless, inconsiderate acceptance of him; to close with him at the altar, revealing nothing, and chancing discovery; to snatch ripe pleasure before the iron teeth of pain could have time to shut upon her: that was what love counselled; and in almost a terror of ecstasy Tess divined that, despite her many months of lonely self-chastisement, wrestlings, communings, schemes to lead a future of austere isolation, love’s counsel would prevail.
The afternoon advanced, and still she remained among the willows. She heard the rattle of taking down the pails from the forked stands; the ‘waow-waow!’ which accompanied the getting together of the cows. But she did not go to the milking. They would see her agitation; and the dairyman, thinking the cause to be love alone, would good-naturedly tease her; and that harassment could not be borne.
Her lover must have guessed her overwrought state, and invented some excuse for her non-appearance, for no inquiries were made or calls given. At half-past six the sun settled down upon the levels with the aspect of a great forge in the heavens; and presently a monstrous pumpkin-like moon arose on the other hand. The pollard willows, tortured out of their natural shape by incessant choppings,
became spiny-haired monsters as they stood up against it. She went in and upstairs without a light.
It was now Wednesday. Thursday came, and Angel looked thoughtfully at her from a distance, but intruded in no way upon her. The indoor milkmaids, Marian and the rest, seemed to guess that something definite was afoot, for they did not force any remarks upon her in the bedchamber. Friday passed; Saturday. To-morrow was the day.
‘I shall give way—I shall say yes—I shall let myself marry him—I cannot help it!’ she jealously panted, with her hot face to the pillow that night, on hearing one of the other girls sigh his name in her sleep. ‘I can’t bear to let anybody have him but me! Yet it is a wrong to him, and may kill him when he knows! O my heart—O—O—O!’
XXIX
‘Now, who mid ye think I’ve heard news o’ this morning?’ said Dairyman Crick, as he sat down to breakfast next day, with a riddling gaze round upon the munching men and maids. ‘Now, just who mid ye think?’
One guessed, and another guessed. Mrs Crick did not guess, because she knew already.
‘Well,’ said the dairyman, “tis that slack-twisted ‘hore’sbird of a feller, Jack Dollop. He’s lately got married to a widow-woman.’
‘Not Jack Dollop? A villain—to think o’ that!’ said a milker.
The name entered quickly into Tess Durbeyfield’s consciousness, for it was the name of the lover who had wronged his sweetheart, and had afterwards been so roughly used by the young woman’s mother in the butter-churn.
‘And had he married the valiant matron’s daughter, as he promised?’ asked Angel Clare absently, as he turned over the newspaper he was reading at the little table to which he was always banished by Mrs Crick, in her sense of his gentility.
‘Not he, sir. Never meant to,’ replied the dairyman. ‘As I say, ’tis a widow-woman, and she had money, it seems—fifty poun’ a year or so; and that was all he was after. They were married in a great hurry; and then she told him that by marrying she had lost her fifty poun’ a year. Just fancy the state o’ my gentleman’s mind at that news! Never such a cat-anddog life as they’ve been leading ever since! Serves him well beright. But onluckily the poor woman gets the worst o’t.’
‘Well, the silly body should have told en sooner that the ghost of her first man would trouble him,’ said Mrs Crick.
‘Ay, ay,’ responded the dairyman indecisively. ‘Still, you can see exactly how ’twas. She wanted a home, and didn’t like to run the risk of losing him. Don’t ye think that was something like it, maidens?’
He glanced towards the row of girls.
‘She ought to ha’ told him just before they went to church, when he could hardly have backed out,’ exclaimed Marian.
‘Yes, she ought,’ agreed Izz.
‘She must have seen what he was after, and should ha’ refused him,’ cried Retty spasmodically.
‘And what do you say, my dear?’ asked the dairyman of Tess.
‘I think she ought—to have told him the true state of things—or else refused him—I don’t know,’ replied Tess, the bread-and-butter choking her.
‘Be cust if I’d have done either o’t,’ said Beck Knibbs, a married helper from one of the cottages. ‘All’s fair in love and war. I’d ha’ married en just as she did, and if he’d said two words to me about not telling him beforehand anything whatsomdever about my first chap that I hadn’t chose to tell, I’d ha’ knocked him down wi’ the rolling-pin—a scram little feller like he! Any woman could do it.’
The laughter which followed this sally was supplemented only by a sorry smile, for form’s sake, from Tess. What was comedy to them was tragedy to her; and she could hardly bear their mirth. She soon rose from table, and, with an impression that Clare would soon follow her, went along a little wriggling path, now stepping to one side of the irrigating channels, and now to the other, till she stood by the main stream of the Var. Men had been cutting the waterweeds higher up the river, and masses of them were floating past her—moving islands of green crow-foot,
whereon she might almost have ridden; long locks of which weed had lodged against the piles driven to keep the cows from crossing.
Yes, there was the pain of it. This question of a woman telling her story—the heaviest of crosses to herself—seemed but amusement to others. It was as if people should laugh at martyrdom.
‘Tessy!’ came from behind her, and Clare sprang across the gully, alighting beside her feet. ‘My wife—soon!’
‘No, no; I cannot. For your sake, O Mr Clare; for your sake, I say no!’
‘Tess!’
‘Still I say no!’ she repeated.
Not expecting this, he had put his arm lightly round her waist the moment after speaking, beneath her hanging tail of hair. (The younger dairymaids, including Tess, breakfasted with their hair loose on Sunday mornings before building it up extra high for attending church, a style they could not adopt when milking with their heads against the cows.) If she had said ‘Yes’ instead of ‘No’ he would have kissed her; it had evidently been his intention; but her determined negative deterred his scrupulous heart. Their condition of domiciliary comradeship put her, as the woman, to such disadvantage by its enforced intercourse, that he felt it unfair to her to exercise any pressure of blandishment which he might have honestly employed had she been better able to avoid him. He released her momentarily-imprisoned waist, and withheld the kiss.
It all turned on that release. What had given her strength to refuse him this time was solely the tale of the widow told by the dairyman; and that would have been overcome in another moment. But Angel said no more; his face was perplexed; he went away.
Day after day they met—somewhat less constantly than before; and thus two or three weeks went by. The end of September drew near, and she could see in his eye that he might ask her again.
His plan of procedure was different now—as though he had made up his mind that her negatives were, after all, only coyness and youth startled by the novelty of the proposal. The fitful evasiveness of her manner when the subject was under discussion countenanced the idea. So he played a more coaxing game; and while never going beyond words, or attempting the renewal of caresses, he did his utmost orally.
In this way Clare persistently wooed her in undertones like that of the purling milk—at the cow’s side, at skimmings, at butter-makings, at cheese-makings, among broody poultry, and among farrowing pigs—as no milkmaid was ever wooed before by such a man.
Tess knew that she must break down. Neither a religious sense of a certain moral validity in the previous union nor a conscientious wish for candour could hold out against it much longer. She loved him so passionately, and he was so godlike in her eyes; and being, though untrained, instinctively refined, her nature cried for his tutelary
guidance. And thus, though Tess kept repeating to herself, 'I can never be his wife,' the words were vain. A proof of her weakness lay in the very utterance of what calm strength would not have taken the trouble to formulate. Every sound of his voice beginning on the old subject stirred her with a terrifying bliss, and she coveted the recantation she feared.
His manner was—what man's is not?—so much that of one who would love and cherish and defend her under any conditions, changes, charges, or revelations, that her gloom lessened as she basked in it. The season meanwhile was drawing onward to the equinox, and though it was still fine, the days were much shorter. The dairy had again worked by morning candlelight for a long time; and a fresh renewal of Clare's pleading occurred one morning between three and four.
She had run up in her bedgown to his door to call him as usual; then had gone back to dress and call the others; and in ten minutes was walking to the head of the stairs with the candle in her hand. At the same moment he came down his steps from above in his shirt-sleeves and put his arm across the stairway.
'Now, Miss Flirt, before you go down,' he said peremptorily. 'It is a fortnight since I spoke, and this won't do any longer. You MUST tell me what you mean, or I shall have to leave this house. My door was ajar just now, and I saw you. For your own safety I must go. You don't know. Well? Is it to be yes at last?'
'I am only just up, Mr Clare, and it is too early to take me to task!' she pouted. 'You need not call me Flirt. 'Tis cruel and untrue. Wait till by and by. Please wait till by and by! I will really think seriously about it between now and then. Let me go downstairs!'
She looked a little like what he said she was as, holding the candle sideways, she tried to smile away the seriousness of her words.
'Call me Angel, then, and not Mr Clare.'
'Angel.'
'Angel dearest—why not?'
"'Twould mean that I agree, wouldn't it?"
'It would only mean that you love me, even if you cannot marry me; and you were so good as to own that long ago.'
'Very well, then, 'Angel dearest', if I MUST,' she murmured, looking at her candle, a roguish curl coming upon her mouth, notwithstanding her suspense.
Clare had resolved never to kiss her until he had obtained her promise; but somehow, as Tess stood there in her prettily tucked-up milking gown, her hair carelessly heaped upon her head till there should be leisure to arrange it when skimming and milking were done, he broke his resolve, and brought his lips to her cheek for one moment. She passed downstairs very quickly, never looking back at him or saying another word. The other maids were already down, and the subject was not pursued. Except Marian, they all looked wistfully and suspiciously at the pair, in the
sad yellow rays which the morning candles emitted in contrast with the first cold signals of the dawn without.
When skimming was done—which, as the milk diminished with the approach of autumn, was a lessening process day by day—Retty and the rest went out. The lovers followed them.
‘Our tremulous lives are so different from theirs, are they not?’ he musingly observed to her, as he regarded the three figures tripping before him through the frigid pallor of opening day.
‘Not so very different, I think,’ she said.
‘Why do you think that?’
‘There are very few women’s lives that are not—tremulous,’ Tess replied, pausing over the new word as if it impressed her. ‘There’s more in those three than you think.’
‘What is in them?’
‘Almost either of ‘em,’ she began, ‘would make—perhaps would make—a properer wife than I. And perhaps they love you as well as I—almost.’
‘O, Tessy!’
There were signs that it was an exquisite relief to her to hear the impatient exclamation, though she had resolved so intrepidly to let generosity make one bid against herself. That was now done, and she had not the power to attempt self-immolation a second time then. They were joined by a milker from one of the cottages, and no more was said on
that which concerned them so deeply. But Tess knew that this day would decide it.
In the afternoon several of the dairyman’s household and assistants went down to the meads as usual, a long way from the dairy, where many of the cows were milked without being driven home. The supply was getting less as the animals advanced in calf, and the supernumerary milkers of the lush green season had been dismissed.
The work progressed leisurely. Each pailful was poured into tall cans that stood in a large spring-waggon which had been brought upon the scene; and when they were milked, the cows trailed away. Dairyman Crick, who was there with the rest, his wrapper gleaming miraculously white against a leaden evening sky, suddenly looked at his heavy watch.
‘Why, ‘tis later than I thought,’ he said. ‘Begad! We shan’t be soon enough with this milk at the station, if we don’t mind. There’s no time to-day to take it home and mix it with the bulk afore sending off. It must go to station straight from here. Who’ll drive it across?’
Mr Clare volunteered to do so, though it was none of his business, asking Tess to accompany him. The evening, though sunless, had been warm and muggy for the season, and Tess had come out with her milking-hood only, nakedarmed and jacketless; certainly not dressed for a drive. She therefore replied by glancing over her scant habiliments; but Clare gently urged her. She assented by relinquishing her pail and stool to the dairyman to take home, and mounted the spring-waggon beside Clare.
In the diminishing daylight they went along the level roadway through the meads, which stretched away into gray miles, and were backed in the extreme edge of distance by the swarthy and abrupt slopes of Egdon Heath. On its summit stood clumps and stretches of fir-trees, whose notched tips appeared like battlemented towers crowning black-fronted castles of enchantment.
They were so absorbed in the sense of being close to each other that they did not begin talking for a long while, the silence being broken only by the clucking of the milk in the tall cans behind them. The lane they followed was so solitary that the hazel nuts had remained on the boughs till they slipped from their shells, and the blackberries hung in heavy clusters. Every now and then Angel would fling the lash of his whip round one of these, pluck it off, and give it to his companion.
The dull sky soon began to tell its meaning by sending down herald-drops of rain, and the stagnant air of the day changed into a fitful breeze which played about their faces. The quick-silvery glaze on the rivers and pools vanished; from broad mirrors of light they changed to lustreless sheets of lead, with a surface like a rasp. But that spectacle did not affect her preoccupation. Her countenance, a
natural carnation slightly embrowned by the season, had deepened its tinge with the beating of the rain-drops; and her hair, which the pressure of the cows’ flanks had, as usual, caused to tumble down from its fastenings and stray beyond the curtain of her calico bonnet, was made clammy by the moisture, till it hardly was better than seaweed.
‘I ought not to have come, I suppose,’ she murmured, looking at the sky.
‘I am sorry for the rain,’ said he. ‘But how glad I am to have you here!’
Remote Egdon disappeared by degree behind the liquid gauze. The evening grew darker, and the roads being crossed by gates, it was not safe to drive faster than at a walking pace. The air was rather chill.
‘I am so afraid you will get cold, with nothing upon your arms and shoulders,’ he said. ‘Creep close to me, and perhaps the drizzle won’t hurt you much. I should be sorrier still if I did not think that the rain might be helping me.’
She imperceptibly crept closer, and he wrapped round them both a large piece of sail-cloth, which was sometimes used to keep the sun off the milk-cans. Tess held it from slipping off him as well as herself, Clare’s hands being occupied.
‘Now we are all right again. Ah—no we are not! It runs down into my neck a little, and it must still more into yours. That’s better. Your arms are like wet marble, Tess. Wipe them in the cloth. Now, if you stay quiet, you will not
get another drop. Well, dear—about that question of mine—that long-standing question?'
The only reply that he could hear for a little while was the smack of the horse's hoofs on the moistening road, and the cluck of the milk in the cans behind them. 'Do you remember what you said?' 'I do,' she replied.
'Before we get home, mind.'
'I'll try.'
He said no more then. As they drove on, the fragment of an old manor house of Caroline date rose against the sky, and was in due course passed and left behind.
'That,' he observed, to entertain her, 'is an interesting old place—one of the several seats which belonged to an ancient Norman family formerly of great influence in this county, the d'Urbervilles. I never pass one of their residences without thinking of them. There is something very sad in the extinction of a family of renown, even if it was fierce, domineering, feudal renown.' 'Yes,' said Tess.
They crept along towards a point in the expanse of shade just at hand at which a feeble light was beginning to assert its presence, a spot where, by day, a fitful white streak of steam at intervals upon the dark green background denoted intermittent moments of contact between their secluded world and modern life. Modern life stretched out its steam feeler to this point three or four times a day, touched the native existences, and quickly withdrew its feeler again, as if what it touched had been uncongenial.
They reached the feeble light, which came from the smoky lamp of a little railway station; a poor enough terrestrial star, yet in one sense of more importance to Talbothays Dairy and mankind than the celestial ones to which it stood in such humiliating contrast. The cans of new milk were unladen in the rain, Tess getting a little shelter from a neighbouring holly tree.
Then there was the hissing of a train, which drew up almost silently upon the wet rails, and the milk was rapidly swung can by can into the truck. The light of the engine flashed for a second upon Tess Durbeyfield’s figure, motionless under the great holly tree. No object could have looked more foreign to the gleaming cranks and wheels than this unsophisticated girl, with the round bare arms, the rainy face and hair, the suspended attitude of a friendly leopard at pause, the print gown of no date or fashion, and the cotton bonnet drooping on her brow.
She mounted again beside her lover, with a mute obedience characteristic of impassioned natures at times, and when they had wrapped themselves up over head and ears in the sailcloth again, they plunged back into the now thick night. Tess was so receptive that the few minutes of contact with the whirl of material progress lingered in her thought.
‘Londoners will drink it at their breakfasts to-morrow, won’t they?’ she asked. ‘Strange people that we have never seen.’
‘Yes—I suppose they will. Though not as we send it. When its strength has been lowered, so that it may not get up into their heads.’
‘Noble men and noble women, ambassadors and centurions, ladies and tradeswomen, and babies who have never seen a cow.’
‘Well, yes; perhaps; particularly centurions.’
‘Who don’t know anything of us, and where it comes from; or think how we two drove miles across the moor tonight in the rain that it might reach ‘em in time?’
‘We did not drive entirely on account of these precious Londoners; we drove a little on our own—on account of that anxious matter which you will, I am sure, set at rest, dear Tess. Now, permit me to put it in this way. You belong to me already, you know; your heart, I mean. Does it not?’
‘You know as well as I. O yes—yes!’
‘Then, if your heart does, why not your hand?’
‘My only reason was on account of you—on account of a question. I have something to tell you—’
‘But suppose it to be entirely for my happiness, and my worldly convenience also?’
‘O yes; if it is for your happiness and worldly convenience. But my life before I came here—I want—’
‘Well, it is for my convenience as well as my happiness. If I have a very large farm, either English or colonial, you will be invaluable as a wife to me; better than a woman out
of the largest mansion in the country. So please—please, dear Tessy, disabuse your mind of the feeling that you will stand in my way.’
‘But my history. I want you to know it—you must let me tell you—you will not like me so well!’
‘Tell it if you wish to, dearest. This precious history then. Yes, I was born at so and so, Anno Domini—’
‘I was born at Marlott,’ she said, catching at his words as a help, lightly as they were spoken. ‘And I grew up there. And I was in the Sixth Standard when I left school, and they said I had great aptness, and should make a good teacher, so it was settled that I should be one. But there was trouble in my family; father was not very industrious, and he drank a little.’
‘Yes, yes. Poor child! Nothing new.’ He pressed her more closely to his side.
‘And then—there is something very unusual about it—about me. I—I was—’
Tess’s breath quickened.
‘Yes, dearest. Never mind.’
‘I—I—am not a Durbeyfield, but a d’Urberville—a descendant of the same family as those that owned the old house we passed. And—we are all gone to nothing!’
‘A d’Urberville!—Indeed! And is that all the trouble, dear Tess?’
‘Yes,’ she answered faintly.
‘Well—why should I love you less after knowing this?’
‘I was told by the dairyman that you hated old families.’
He laughed.
‘Well, it is true, in one sense. I do hate the aristocratic principle of blood before everything, and do think that as reasoners the only pedigrees we ought to respect are those spiritual ones of the wise and virtuous, without regard to corporal paternity. But I am extremely interested in this news—you can have no idea how interested I am! Are you not interested yourself in being one of that well-known line?’
‘No. I have thought it sad—especially since coming here, and knowing that many of the hills and fields I see once belonged to my father’s people. But other hills and field belonged to Retty’s people, and perhaps others to Marian’s, so that I don’t value it particularly.’
‘Yes—it is surprising how many of the present tillers of the soil were once owners of it, and I sometimes wonder that a certain school of politicians don’t make capital of the circumstance; but they don’t seem to know it... I wonder that I did not see the resemblance of your name to d’Urberville, and trace the manifest corruption. And this was the carking secret!’
She had not told. At the last moment her courage had failed her; she feared his blame for not telling him sooner; and her instinct of self-preservation was stronger than her candour.
‘Of course,’ continued the unwitting Clare, ‘I should have been glad to know you to be descended exclusively from the long-suffering, dumb, unrecorded rank and file of the English nation, and not from the self-seeking few who made themselves powerful at the expense of the rest. But I am corrupted away from that by my affection for you, Tess (he laughed as he spoke), and made selfish likewise. For your own sake I rejoice in your descent. Society is hopelessly snobbish, and this fact of your extraction may make an appreciable difference to its acceptance of you as my wife, after I have made you the well-read woman that I mean to make you. My mother too, poor soul, will think so much better of you on account of it. Tess, you must spell your name correctly—d’Urberville—from this very day.’
‘I like the other way rather best.’
‘But you MUST, dearest! Good heavens, why dozens of mushroom millionaires would jump at such a possession! By the bye, there’s one of that kidney who has taken the name—where have I heard of him?—Up in the neighbourhood of The Chase, I think. Why, he is the very man who had that rumpus with my father I told you of. What an odd coincidence!’
‘Angel, I think I would rather not take the name! It is unlucky, perhaps!’
She was agitated.
‘Now then, Mistress Teresa d’Urberville, I have you. Take my name, and so you will escape yours! The secret is out, so why should you any longer refuse me?’
‘If it is SURE to make you happy to have me as your wife, and you feel that you do wish to marry me, VERY, VERY much—’
‘I do, dearest, of course!’
‘I mean, that it is only your wanting me very much, and being hardly able to keep alive without me, whatever my offences, that would make me feel I ought to say I will.’
‘You will—you do say it, I know! You will be mine for ever and ever.’
He clasped her close and kissed her.
‘Yes!’
She had no sooner said it than she burst into a dry hard sobbing, so violent that it seemed to rend her. Tess was not a hysterical girl by any means, and he was surprised.
‘Why do you cry, dearest?’
‘I can’t tell—quite!—I am so glad to think—of being yours, and making you happy!’
‘But this does not seem very much like gladness, my Tessy!’
‘I mean—I cry because I have broken down in my vow! I said I would die unmarried!’
‘But, if you love me you would like me to be your husband?’
‘Yes, yes, yes! But O, I sometimes wish I had never been born!’
‘Now, my dear Tess, if I did not know that you are very much excited, and very inexperienced, I should say that
remark was not very complimentary. How came you to wish that if you care for me? Do you care for me? I wish you would prove it in some way.’
‘How can I prove it more than I have done?’ she cried, in a distraction of tenderness. ‘Will this prove it more?’
She clasped his neck, and for the first time Clare learnt what an impassioned woman’s kisses were like upon the lips of one whom she loved with all her heart and soul, as Tess loved him.
‘There—now do you believe?’ she asked, flushed, and wiping her eyes.
‘Yes. I never really doubted—never, never!’
So they drove on through the gloom, forming one bundle inside the sail-cloth, the horse going as he would, and the rain driving against them. She had consented. She might as well have agreed at first. The ‘appetite for joy’ which pervades all creation, that tremendous force which sways humanity to its purpose, as the tide sways the helpless weed, was not to be controlled by vague lucubrations over the social rubric.
‘I must write to my mother,’ she said. ‘You don’t mind my doing that?’
‘Of course not, dear child. You are a child to me, Tess, not to know how very proper it is to write to your mother at such a time, and how wrong it would be in me to object. Where does she live?’
‘At the same place—Marlott. On the further side of Blackmoor Vale.’
‘Ah, then I HAVE seen you before this summer—’
‘Yes; at that dance on the green; but you would not dance with me. O, I hope that is of no ill-omen for us now!’
Tess wrote a most touching and urgent letter to her mother the very next day, and by the end of the week a response to her communication arrived in Joan Durbeyfield’s wandering last-century hand.
DEAR TESS,—
I write these few lines Hoping they will find you well, as they leave me at Present, thank God for it. Dear Tess, we are all glad to Hear that you are going really to be married soon. But with respect to your question, Tess, I say between ourselves, quite private but very strong, that on no account do you say a word of your Bygone Trouble to him. I did not tell everything to your Father, he being so Proud on account of his Respectability, which, perhaps, your Intended is the same. Many a woman—some of the Highest in the Land—have had a Trouble in their time; and why should you Trumpet yours when others don’t Trumpet theirs? No girl would be such a Fool, specially as it is so long ago, and not your Fault at all. I shall answer the same if you ask me fifty times. Besides, you must bear in mind that, knowing it to be your Childish Nature to tell all that’s in your
heart—so simple!—I made you promise me never to let it out by Word or Deed, having your Welfare in my Mind; and you most solemnly did promise it going from this Door. I have not named either that Question or your coming marriage to your Father, as he would blab it everywhere, poor Simple Man.
Dear Tess, keep up your Spirits, and we mean to send you a Hogshead of Cyder for you Wedding, knowing there is not much in your parts, and thin Sour Stuff what there is. So no more at present, and with kind love to your Young Man.—From your affectte. Mother,
J. DURBEYFIELD
‘O mother, mother!’ murmured Tess.
She was recognizing how light was the touch of events the most oppressive upon Mrs Durbeyfield’s elastic spirit. Her mother did not see life as Tess saw it. That haunting episode of bygone days was to her mother but a passing accident. But perhaps her mother was right as to the course to be followed, whatever she might be in her reasons. Silence seemed, on the face of it, best for her adored one’s happiness: silence it should be.
Thus steadied by a command from the only person in the world who had any shadow of right to control her action, Tess grew calmer. The responsibility was shifted, and her heart was lighter than it had been for weeks. The days of
declining autumn which followed her assent, beginning with the month of October, formed a season through which she lived in spiritual altitudes more nearly approaching ecstasy than any other period of her life.
There was hardly a touch of earth in her love for Clare. To her sublime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be—knew all that a guide, philosopher, and friend should know. She thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of masculine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer. The wisdom of her love for him, as love, sustained her dignity; she seemed to be wearing a crown. The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her lift up her heart to him in devotion. He would sometimes catch her large, worshipful eyes, that had no bottom to them looking at him from their depths, as if she saw something immortal before her.
She dismissed the past—trod upon it and put it out, as one treads on a coal that is smouldering and dangerous.
She had not known that men could be so disinterested, chivalrous, protective, in their love for women as he. Angel Clare was far from all that she thought him in this respect; absurdly far, indeed; but he was, in truth, more spiritual than animal; he had himself well in hand, and was singularly free from grossness. Though not cold-natured, he was rather bright than hot—less Byronic than Shelleyan; could love desperately, but with a love more especially inclined to the imaginative and ethereal; it was a fastidious emotion which could jealously guard the loved one against
his very self. This amazed and enraptured Tess, whose slight experiences had been so infelicitous till now; and in her reaction from indignation against the male sex she swerved to excess of honour for Clare.
They unaffectedly sought each other’s company; in her honest faith she did not disguise her desire to be with him.
The sum of her instincts on this matter, if clearly stated, would have been that the elusive quality of her sex which attracts men in general might be distasteful to so perfect a man after an avowal of love, since it must in its very nature carry with it a suspicion of art.
The country custom of unreserved comradeship out of doors during betrothal was the only custom she knew, and to her it had no strangeness; though it seemed oddly anticipative to Clare till he saw how normal a thing she, in common with all the other dairy-folk, regarded it. Thus, during this October month of wonderful afternoons they roved along the meads by creeping paths which followed the brinks of trickling tributary brooks, hopping across by little wooden bridges to the other side, and back again. They were never out of the sound of some purling weir, whose buzz accompanied their own murmuring, while the beams of the sun, almost as horizontal as the mead itself, formed a pollen of radiance over the landscape. They saw tiny blue fogs in the shadows of trees and hedges, all the time that there was bright sunshine elsewhere. The sun was so near the ground, and the sward so flat, that the shadows of Clare and Tess would stretch a quarter of a mile ahead of
them, like two long fingers pointing afar to where the green alluvial reaches abutted against the sloping sides of the vale.
Men were at work here and there—for it was the season for ‘taking up’ the meadows, or digging the little waterways clear for the winter irrigation, and mending their banks where trodden down by the cows. The shovelfuls of loam, black as jet, brought there by the river when it was as wide as the whole valley, were an essence of soils, pounded champagnes of the past, steeped, refined, and subtilized to extraordinary richness, out of which came all the fertility of the mead, and of the cattle grazing there.
Clare hardly kept his arm round her waist in sight of these watermen, with the air of a man who was accustomed to public dalliance, though actually as shy as she who, with lips parted and eyes askance on the labourers, wore the look of a wary animal the while.
‘You are not ashamed of owning me as yours before them!’ she said gladly.
‘O no!’
‘But if it should reach the ears of your friends at Emminster that you are walking about like this with me, a milkmaid—’
‘The most bewitching milkmaid ever seen.’
‘They might feel it a hurt to their dignity.’
‘My dear girl—a d’Urberville hurt the dignity of a Clare! It is a grand card to play—that of your belonging to such a family, and I am reserving it for a grand effect when
we are married, and have the proofs of your descent from Parson Tringham. Apart from that, my future is to be totally foreign to my family—it will not affect even the surface of their lives. We shall leave this part of England—perhaps England itself—and what does it matter how people regard us here? You will like going, will you not?'
She could answer no more than a bare affirmative, so great was the emotion aroused in her at the thought of going through the world with him as his own familiar friend. Her feelings almost filled her ears like a babble of waves, and surged up to her eyes. She put her hand in his, and thus they went on, to a place where the reflected sun glared up from the river, under a bridge, with a molten-metallic glow that dazzled their eyes, though the sun itself was hidden by the bridge. They stood still, whereupon little furred and feathered heads popped up from the smooth surface of the water; but, finding that the disturbing presences had paused, and not passed by, they disappeared again. Upon this river-brink they lingered till the fog began to close round them—which was very early in the evening at this time of the year—settling on the lashes of her eyes, where it rested like crystals, and on his brows and hair.
They walked later on Sundays, when it was quite dark. Some of the dairy-people, who were also out of doors on the first Sunday evening after their engagement, heard her impulsive speeches, ecstasized to fragments, though they were too far off to hear the words discoursed; noted the
spasmodic catch in her remarks, broken into syllables by the leapings of her heart, as she walked leaning on his arm; her contented pauses, the occasional little laugh upon which her soul seemed to ride—the laugh of a woman in company with the man she loves and has won from all other women—unlike anything else in nature. They marked the buoyancy of her tread, like the skim of a bird which has not quite alighted.
Her affection for him was now the breath and life of Tess’s being; it enveloped her as a photosphere, irradiated her into forgetfulness of her past sorrows, keeping back the gloomy spectres that would persist in their attempts to touch her—doubt, fear, moodiness, care, shame. She knew that they were waiting like wolves just outside the circumscribing light, but she had long spells of power to keep them in hungry subjection there.
A spiritual forgetfulness co-existed with an intellectual remembrance. She walked in brightness, but she knew that in the background those shapes of darkness were always spread. They might be receding, or they might be approaching, one or the other, a little every day.
One evening Tess and Clare were obliged to sit indoors keeping house, all the other occupants of the domicile being away. As they talked she looked thoughtfully up at him, and met his two appreciative eyes.
‘I am not worthy of you—no, I am not!’ she burst out, jumping up from her low stool as though appalled at his homage, and the fulness of her own joy thereat.
Clare, deeming the whole basis of her excitement to be that which was only the smaller part of it, said—
'I won’t have you speak like it, dear Tess! Distinction does not consist in the facile use of a contemptible set of conventions, but in being numbered among those who are true, and honest, and just, and pure, and lovely, and of good report—as you are, my Tess.'
She struggled with the sob in her throat. How often had that string of excellences made her young heart ache in church of late years, and how strange that he should have cited them now.
'Why didn’t you stay and love me when I—was sixteen; living with my little sisters and brothers, and you danced on the green? O, why didn’t you, why didn’t you!' she said, impetuously clasping her hands.
Angel began to comfort and reassure her, thinking to himself, truly enough, what a creature of moods she was, and how careful he would have to be of her when she depended for her happiness entirely on him.
'Ah—why didn’t I stay!' he said. 'That is just what I feel. If I had only known! But you must not be so bitter in your regret—why should you be?'
With the woman’s instinct to hide she diverged hastily—
'I should have had four years more of your heart than I can ever have now. Then I should not have wasted my time as I have done—I should have had so much longer happiness!'
It was no mature woman with a long dark vista of intrigue behind her who was tormented thus, but a girl of simple life, not yet one-and-twenty, who had been caught during her days of immaturity like a bird in a springe. To calm herself the more completely, she rose from her little stool and left the room, overturning the stool with her skirts as she went.
He sat on by the cheerful firelight thrown from a bundle of green ash-sticks laid across the dogs; the sticks snapped pleasantly, and hissed out bubbles of sap from their ends. When she came back she was herself again.
‘Do you not think you are just a wee bit capricious, fitful, Tess?’ he said, good-humouredly, as he spread a cushion for her on the stool, and seated himself in the settle beside her. ‘I wanted to ask you something, and just then you ran away.’
‘Yes, perhaps I am capricious,’ she murmured. She suddenly approached him, and put a hand upon each of his arms. ‘No, Angel, I am not really so—by nature, I mean!’ The more particularly to assure him that she was not, she placed herself close to him in the settle, and allowed her head to find a resting-place against Clare’s shoulder. ‘What did you want to ask me—I am sure I will answer it,’ she continued humbly.
‘Well, you love me, and have agreed to marry me, and hence there follows a thirdly, “When shall the day be?”’
‘I like living like this.’
‘But I must think of starting in business on my own hook with the new year, or a little later. And before I get involved in the multifarious details of my new position, I should like to have secured my partner.’
‘But,’ she timidly answered, ‘to talk quite practically, wouldn’t it be best not to marry till after all that?—Though I can’t bear the thought o’ your going away and leaving me here!’
‘Of course you cannot—and it is not best in this case. I want you to help me in many ways in making my start. When shall it be? Why not a fortnight from now?’
‘No,’ she said, becoming grave: ‘I have so many things to think of first.’
‘But—’
He drew her gently nearer to him.
The reality of marriage was startling when it loomed so near. Before discussion of the question had proceeded further there walked round the corner of the settle into the full firelight of the apartment Mr Dairyman Crick, Mrs Crick, and two of the milkmaids.
Tess sprang like an elastic ball from his side to her feet, while her face flushed and her eyes shone in the firelight.
‘I knew how it would be if I sat so close to him!’ she cried, with vexation. ‘I said to myself, they are sure to come and catch us! But I wasn’t really sitting on his knee, though it might ha’ seemed as if I was almost!’
‘Well—if so be you hadn’t told us, I am sure we shouldn’t ha’ noticed that ye had been sitting anywhere at
all in this light,’ replied the dairyman. He continued to his wife, with the stolid mien of a man who understood nothing of the emotions relating to matrimony—‘Now, Christianer, that shows that folks should never fancy other folks be supposing things when they bain’t. O no, I should never ha’ thought a word of where she was a sitting to, if she hadn’t told me—not I.’
‘We are going to be married soon,’ said Clare, with improvised phlegm.
‘Ah—and be ye! Well, I am truly glad to hear it, sir. I’ve thought you mid do such a thing for some time. She’s too good for a dairymaid—I said so the very first day I zid her—and a prize for any man; and what’s more, a wonderful woman for a gentleman-farmer’s wife; he won’t be at the mercy of his baily wi’ her at his side.’
Somehow Tess disappeared. She had been even more struck with the look of the girls who followed Crick than abashed by Crick’s blunt praise.
After supper, when she reached her bedroom, they were all present. A light was burning, and each damsel was sitting up whitely in her bed, awaiting Tess, the whole like a row of avenging ghosts.
But she saw in a few moments that there was no malice in their mood. They could scarcely feel as a loss what they had never expected to have. Their condition was objective, contemplative.
‘He’s going to marry her!’ murmured Retty, never taking eyes off Tess. ‘How her face do show it!’ ‘You BE going to marry him?’ asked Marian.
‘Yes,’ said Tess.
‘When?’
‘Some day.’
They thought that this was evasiveness only.
‘YES—going to MARRY him—a gentleman!’ repeated Izz Huett.
And by a sort of fascination the three girls, one after another, crept out of their beds, and came and stood barefooted round Tess. Retty put her hands upon Tess’s shoulders, as if to realize her friend’s corporeality after such a miracle, and the other two laid their arms round her waist, all looking into her face.
‘How it do seem! Almost more than I can think of!’ said Izz Huett.
Marian kissed Tess. ‘Yes,’ she murmured as she withdrew her lips.
‘Was that because of love for her, or because other lips have touched there by now?’ continued Izz drily to Marian.
‘I wasn’t thinking o’ that,’ said Marian simply. ‘I was on’y feeling all the strangeness o’t—that she is to be his wife, and nobody else. I don’t say nay to it, nor either of us, because we did not think of it—only loved him. Still, nobody else is to marry’n in the world—no fine lady, nobody in silks and satins; but she who do live like we.’
‘Are you sure you don’t dislike me for it?’ said Tess in a low voice.
They hung about her in their white nightgowns before replying, as if they considered their answer might lie in her look.
‘I don’t know—I don’t know,’ murmured Retty Priddle. ‘I want to hate ‘ee; but I cannot!’
‘That’s how I feel,’ echoed Izz and Marian. ‘I can’t hate her. Somehow she hinders me!’
‘He ought to marry one of you,’ murmured Tess.
‘Why?’
‘You are all better than I.’
‘We better than you?’ said the girls in a low, slow whisper. ‘No, no, dear Tess!’
‘You are!’ she contradicted impetuously. And suddenly tearing away from their clinging arms she burst into a hysterical fit of tears, bowing herself on the chest of drawers and repeating incessantly, ‘O yes, yes, yes!’
Having once given way she could not stop her weeping.
‘He ought to have had one of you!’ she cried. ‘I think I ought to make him even now! You would be better for him than—I don’t know what I’m saying! O! O!’
They went up to her and clasped her round, but still her sobs tore her.
‘Get some water,’ said Marian, ‘She’s upset by us, poor thing, poor thing!’
They gently led her back to the side of her bed, where they kissed her warmly.
‘You are best for’n,’ said Marian. ‘More ladylike, and a better scholar than we, especially since he had taught ‘ee so much. But even you ought to be proud. You BE proud, I’m sure!’
‘Yes, I am,’ she said; ‘and I am ashamed at so breaking down.’
When they were all in bed, and the light was out, Marian whispered across to her—
‘You will think of us when you be his wife, Tess, and of how we told ‘ee that we loved him, and how we tried not to hate you, and did not hate you, and could not hate you, because you were his choice, and we never hoped to be chose by him.’
They were not aware that, at these words, salt, stinging tears trickled down upon Tess’s pillow anew, and how she resolved, with a bursting heart, to tell all her history to Angel Clare, despite her mother’s command—to let him for whom she lived and breathed despise her if he would, and her mother regard her as a fool, rather then preserve a silence which might be deemed a treachery to him, and which somehow seemed a wrong to these.
This penitential mood kept her from naming the wedding-day. The beginning of November found its date still in abeyance, though he asked her at the most tempting times. But Tess’s desire seemed to be for a perpetual betrothal in which everything should remain as it was then.
The meads were changing now; but it was still warm enough in early afternoons before milking to idle there awhile, and the state of dairy-work at this time of year allowed a spare hour for idling. Looking over the damp sod in the direction of the sun, a glistening ripple of gossamer webs was visible to their eyes under the luminary, like the track of moonlight on the sea. Gnats, knowing nothing of their brief glorification, wandered across the shimmer of this pathway, irradiated as if they bore fire within them, then passed out of its line, and were quite extinct. In the presence of these things he would remind her that the date was still the question.
Or he would ask her at night, when he accompanied her on some mission invented by Mrs Crick to give him the opportunity. This was mostly a journey to the farmhouse on the slopes above the vale, to inquire how the advanced cows were getting on in the straw-barton to which they were relegated. For it was a time of the year that brought
great changes to the world of kine. Batches of the animals were sent away daily to this lying-in hospital, where they lived on straw till their calves were born, after which event, and as soon as the calf could walk, mother and offspring were driven back to the dairy. In the interval which elapsed before the calves were sold there was, of course, little milking to be done, but as soon as the calf had been taken away the milkmaids would have to set to work as usual.
Returning from one of these dark walks they reached a great gravel-cliff immediately over the levels, where they stood still and listened. The water was now high in the streams, squirting through the weirs, and tinkling under culverts; the smallest gullies were all full; there was no taking short cuts anywhere, and foot-passengers were compelled to follow the permanent ways. From the whole extent of the invisible vale came a multitudinous intonation; it forced upon their fancy that a great city lay below them, and that the murmur was the vociferation of its populace.
'It seems like tens of thousands of them,' said Tess; 'holding public-meetings in their market-places, arguing, preaching, quarrelling, sobbing, groaning, praying, and cursing.'
Clare was not particularly heeding.
'Did Crick speak to you to-day, dear, about his not wanting much assistance during the winter months?'
'No.'
'The cows are going dry rapidly.'
‘Yes. Six or seven went to the straw-barton yesterday, and three the day before, making nearly twenty in the straw already. Ah—is it that the farmer don’t want my help for the calving? O, I am not wanted here any more! And I have tried so hard to—’
‘Crick didn’t exactly say that he would no longer require you. But, knowing what our relations were, he said in the most good-natured and respectful manner possible that he supposed on my leaving at Christmas I should take you with me, and on my asking what he would do without you he merely observed that, as a matter of fact, it was a time of year when he could do with a very little female help. I am afraid I was sinner enough to feel rather glad that he was in this way forcing your hand.’
‘I don’t think you ought to have felt glad, Angel. Because ‘tis always mournful not to be wanted, even if at the same time ‘tis convenient.’
‘Well, it is convenient—you have admitted that.’ He put his finger upon her cheek. ‘Ah!’ he said.
‘What?’
‘I feel the red rising up at her having been caught! But why should I trifle so! We will not trifle—life is too serious.’
‘It is. Perhaps I saw that before you did.’
She was seeing it then. To decline to marry him after all—in obedience to her emotion of last night—and leave the dairy, meant to go to some strange place, not a dairy; for milkmaids were not in request now calving-time was
coming on; to go to some arable farm where no divine being like Angel Clare was. She hated the thought, and she hated more the thought of going home.
‘So that, seriously, dearest Tess,’ he continued, ‘since you will probably have to leave at Christmas, it is in every way desirable and convenient that I should carry you off then as my property. Besides, if you were not the most uncalculating girl in the world you would know that we could not go on like this for ever.’
‘I wish we could. That it would always be summer and autumn, and you always courting me, and always thinking as much of me as you have done through the past summertime!’
‘I always shall.’
‘O, I know you will!’ she cried, with a sudden fervour of faith in him. ‘Angel, I will fix the day when I will become yours for always!’
Thus at last it was arranged between them, during that dark walk home, amid the myriads of liquid voices on the right and left.
When they reached the dairy Mr and Mrs Crick were promptly told—with injunctions of secrecy; for each of the lovers was desirous that the marriage should be kept as private as possible. The dairyman, though he had thought of dismissing her soon, now made a great concern about losing her. What should he do about his skimming? Who would make the ornamental butter-pats for the Anglebury and Sandbourne ladies? Mrs Crick congratulated Tess on
the shilly-shallying having at last come to an end, and said that directly she set eyes on Tess she divined that she was to be the chosen one of somebody who was no common outdoor man; Tess had looked so superior as she walked across the barton on that afternoon of her arrival; that she was of a good family she could have sworn. In point of fact Mrs Crick did remember thinking that Tess was graceful and good-looking as she approached; but the superiority might have been a growth of the imagination aided by subsequent knowledge.
Tess was now carried along upon the wings of the hours, without the sense of a will. The word had been given; the number of the day written down. Her naturally bright intelligence had begun to admit the fatalistic convictions common to field-folk and those who associate more extensively with natural phenomena than with their fellow-creatures; and she accordingly drifted into that passive responsiveness to all things her lover suggested, characteristic of the frame of mind.
But she wrote anew to her mother, ostensibly to notify the wedding-day; really to again implore her advice. It was a gentleman who had chosen her, which perhaps her mother had not sufficiently considered. A post-nuptial explanation, which might be accepted with a light heart by a rougher man, might not be received with the same feeling by him. But this communication brought no reply from Mrs Durbeyfield.
Despite Angel Clare’s plausible representation to himself and to Tess of the practical need for their immediate marriage, there was in truth an element of precipitancy in the step, as became apparent at a later date. He loved her dearly, though perhaps rather ideally and fancifully than with the impassioned thoroughness of her feeling for him. He had entertained no notion, when doomed as he had thought to an unintellectual bucolic life, that such charms as he beheld in this idyllic creature would be found behind the scenes. Unsophistication was a thing to talk of; but he had not known how it really struck one until he came here. Yet he was very far from seeing his future track clearly, and it might be a year or two before he would be able to consider himself fairly started in life. The secret lay in the tinge of recklessness imparted to his career and character by the sense that he had been made to miss his true destiny through the prejudices of his family.
‘Don’t you think ‘twould have been better for us to wait till you were quite settled in your midland farm?’ she once asked timidly. (A midland farm was the idea just then.)
‘To tell the truth, my Tess, I don’t like you to be left anywhere away from my protection and sympathy.’
The reason was a good one, so far as it went. His influence over her had been so marked that she had caught his manner and habits, his speech and phrases, his likings and his aversions. And to leave her in farmland would be to let her slip back again out of accord with him. He wished to have her under his charge for another reason. His parents
had naturally desired to see her once at least before he carried her off to a distant settlement, English or colonial; and as no opinion of theirs was to be allowed to change his intention, he judged that a couple of months’ life with him in lodgings whilst seeking for an advantageous opening would be of some social assistance to her at what she might feel to be a trying ordeal—her presentation to his mother at the Vicarage.
Next, he wished to see a little of the working of a flourmill, having an idea that he might combine the use of one with corn-growing. The proprietor of a large old water-mill at Wellbridge—once the mill of an Abbey—had offered him the inspection of his time-honoured mode of procedure, and a hand in the operations for a few days, whenever he should choose to come. Clare paid a visit to the place, some few miles distant, one day at this time, to inquire particulars, and returned to Talbothays in the evening. She found him determined to spend a short time at the Wellbridge flour-mills. And what had determined him? Less the opportunity of an insight into grinding and bolting than the casual fact that lodgings were to be obtained in that very farmhouse which, before its mutilation, had been the mansion of a branch of the d’Urberville family. This was always how Clare settled practical questions; by a sentiment which had nothing to do with them. They decided to go immediately after the wedding, and remain for a fortnight, instead of journeying to towns and inns.
‘Then we will start off to examine some farms on the other side of London that I have heard of,’ he said, ‘and by March or April we will pay a visit to my father and mother.’
Questions of procedure such as these arose and passed, and the day, the incredible day, on which she was to become his, loomed large in the near future. The thirty-first of December, New Year’s Eve, was the date. His wife, she said to herself. Could it ever be? Their two selves together, nothing to divide them, every incident shared by them; why not?
And yet why?
One Sunday morning Izz Huett returned from church, and spoke privately to Tess.
‘You was not called home this morning.’
‘What?’
‘It should ha’ been the first time of asking to-day,’ she answered, looking quietly at Tess. ‘You meant to be married New Year’s Eve, deary?’
The other returned a quick affirmative.
‘And there must be three times of asking. And now there be only two Sundays left between.’
Tess felt her cheek paling; Izz was right; of course there must be three. Perhaps he had forgotten! If so, there must be a week’s postponement, and that was unlucky. How could she remind her lover? She who had been so
backward was suddenly fired with impatience and alarm lest she should lose her dear prize.
A natural incident relieved her anxiety. Izz mentioned the omission of the banns to Mrs Crick, and Mrs Crick assumed a matron’s privilege of speaking to Angel on the point.
‘Have ye forgot ‘em, Mr Clare? The banns, I mean.’
‘No, I have not forgot ‘em,’ says Clare.
As soon as he caught Tess alone he assured her:
‘Don’t let them tease you about the banns. A licence will be quieter for us, and I have decided on a licence without consulting you. So if you go to church on Sunday morning you will not hear your own name, if you wished to.’
‘I didn’t wish to hear it, dearest,’ she said proudly.
But to know that things were in train was an immense relief to Tess notwithstanding, who had well-nigh feared that somebody would stand up and forbid the banns on the ground of her history. How events were favouring her!
‘I don’t quite feel easy,’ she said to herself. ‘All this good fortune may be scourged out of me afterwards by a lot of ill. That’s how Heaven mostly does. I wish I could have had common banns!’
But everything went smoothly. She wondered whether he would like her to be married in her present best white frock, or if she ought to buy a new one. The question was set at rest by his forethought, disclosed by the arrival of some large packages addressed to her. Inside them she found a whole stock of clothing, from bonnet to shoes,
including a perfect morning costume, such as would well suit the simple wedding they planned. He entered the house shortly after the arrival of the packages, and heard her upstairs undoing them.
A minute later she came down with a flush on her face and tears in her eyes.
‘How thoughtful you’ve been!’ she murmured, her cheek upon his shoulder. ‘Even to the gloves and handkerchief! My own love—how good, how kind!’
‘No, no, Tess; just an order to a tradeswoman in London—nothing more.’
And to divert her from thinking too highly of him, he told her to go upstairs, and take her time, and see if it all fitted; and, if not, to get the village sempstress to make a few alterations.
She did return upstairs, and put on the gown. Alone, she stood for a moment before the glass looking at the effect of her silk attire; and then there came into her head her mother’s ballad of the mystic robe—
That never would become that wife
That had once done amiss,
which Mrs Durbeyfield had used to sing to her as a child, so blithely and so archly, her foot on the cradle, which she rocked to the tune. Suppose this robe should betray her by changing colour, as her robe had betrayed
Queen Guinevere. Since she had been at the dairy she had not once thought of the lines till now.
Angel felt that he would like to spend a day with her before the wedding, somewhere away from the dairy, as a last jaunt in her company while there were yet mere lover and mistress; a romantic day, in circumstances that would never be repeated; with that other and greater day beaming close ahead of them. During the preceding week, therefore, he suggested making a few purchases in the nearest town, and they started together.
Clare’s life at the dairy had been that of a recluse in respect the world of his own class. For months he had never gone near a town, and, requiring no vehicle, had never kept one, hiring the dairyman’s cob or gig if he rode or drove. They went in the gig that day.
And then for the first time in their lives they shopped as partners in one concern. It was Christmas Eve, with its loads a holly and mistletoe, and the town was very full of strangers who had come in from all parts of the country on account of the day. Tess paid the penalty of walking about with happiness superadded to beauty on her countenance by being much stared at as she moved amid them on his arm.
In the evening they returned to the inn at which they had put up, and Tess waited in the entry while Angel went to
see the horse and gig brought to the door. The general sittingroom was full of guests, who were continually going in and out. As the door opened and shut each time for the passage of these, the light within the parlour fell full upon Tess’s face. Two men came out and passed by her among the rest. One of them had stared her up and down in surprise, and she fancied he was a Trantridge man, though that village lay so many miles off that Trantridge folk were rarities here.
‘A comely maid that,’ said the other.
‘True, comely enough. But unless I make a great mistake—’ And he negatived the remainder of the definition forthwith.
Clare had just returned from the stable-yard, and, confronting the man on the threshold, heard the words, and saw the shrinking of Tess. The insult to her stung him to the quick, and before he had considered anything at all he struck the man on the chin with the full force of his fist, sending him staggering backwards into the passage.
The man recovered himself, and seemed inclined to come on, and Clare, stepping outside the door, put himself in a posture of defence. But his opponent began to think better of the matter. He looked anew at Tess as he passed her, and said to Clare—
‘I beg pardon, sir; ‘twas a complete mistake. I thought she was another woman, forty miles from here.’
Clare, feeling then that he had been too hasty, and that he was, moreover, to blame for leaving her standing in an
inn-passage, did what he usually did in such cases, gave the man five shillings to plaster the blow; and thus they parted, bidding each other a pacific good night. As soon as Clare had taken the reins from the ostler, and the young couple had driven off, the two men went in the other direction.
‘And was it a mistake?’ said the second one.
‘Not a bit of it. But I didn’t want to hurt the gentleman’s feelings—not I.’
In the meantime the lovers were driving onward.
‘Could we put off our wedding till a little later?’ Tess asked in a dry dull voice. ‘I mean if we wished?’
‘No, my love. Calm yourself. Do you mean that the fellow may have time to summon me for assault?’ he asked goodhumouredly.
‘No—I only meant—if it should have to be put off.’
What she meant was not very clear, and he directed her to dismiss such fancies from her mind, which she obediently did as well as she could. But she was grave, very grave, all the way home; till she thought, ‘We shall go away, a very long distance, hundreds of miles from these parts, and such as this can never happen again, and no ghost of the past reach there.’
They parted tenderly that night on the landing, and Clare ascended to his attic. Tess sat up getting on with some little requisites, lest the few remaining days should not afford sufficient time. While she sat she heard a noise in Angel’s room overhead, a sound of thumping and struggling. Everybody else in the house was asleep, and in her anxiety
lest Clare should be ill she ran up and knocked at his door, and asked him what was the matter.
‘Oh, nothing, dear,’ he said from within. ‘I am so sorry I disturbed you! But the reason is rather an amusing one: I fell asleep and dreamt that I was fighting that fellow again who insulted you, and the noise you heard was my pummelling away with my fists at my portmanteau, which I pulled out to-day for packing. I am occasionally liable to these freaks in my sleep. Go to bed and think of it no more.’
This was the last drachm required to turn the scale of her indecision. Declare the past to him by word of mouth she could not; but there was another way. She sat down and wrote on the four pages of a note-sheet a succinct narrative of those events of three or four years ago, put it into an envelope, and directed it to Clare. Then, lest the flesh should again be weak, she crept upstairs without any shoes and slipped the note under his door.
Her night was a broken one, as it well might be, and she listened for the first faint noise overhead. It came, as usual; he descended, as usual. She descended. He met her at the bottom of the stairs and kissed her. Surely it was as warmly as ever!
He looked a little disturbed and worn, she thought. But he said not a word to her about her revelation, even when they were alone. Could he have had it? Unless he began the subject she felt that she could say nothing. So the day passed, and it was evident that whatever he thought he
meant to keep to himself. Yet he was frank and affectionate as before. Could it be that her doubts were childish? that he forgave her; that he loved her for what she was, just as she was, and smiled at her disquiet as at a foolish nightmare? Had he really received her note? She glanced into his room, and could see nothing of it. It might be that he forgave her. But even if he had not received it she had a sudden enthusiastic trust that he surely would forgive her.
Every morning and night he was the same, and thus New Year’s Eve broke—the wedding day.
The lovers did not rise at milking-time, having through the whole of this last week of their sojourn at the dairy been accorded something of the position of guests, Tess being honoured with a room of her own. When they arrived downstairs at breakfast-time they were surprised to see what effects had been produced in the large kitchen for their glory since they had last beheld it. At some unnatural hour of the morning the dairyman had caused the yawning chimney-corner to be whitened, and the brick hearth reddened, and a blazing yellow damask blower to be hung across the arch in place of the old grimy blue cotton one with a black sprig pattern which had formerly done duty there. This renovated aspect of what was the focus indeed of the room on a full winter morning threw a smiling demeanour over the whole apartment.
‘I was determined to do summat in honour o’t’, said the dairyman. ‘And as you wouldn’t hear of my gieing a rattling good randy wi’ fiddles and bass-viols complete, as
we should ha’ done in old times, this was all I could think o’ as a noiseless thing.’
Tess’s friends lived so far off that none could conveniently have been present at the ceremony, even had any been asked; but as a fact nobody was invited from Marlott. As for Angel’s family, he had written and duly informed them of the time, and assured them that he would be glad to see one at least of them there for the day if he would like to come. His brothers had not replied at all, seeming to be indignant with him; while his father and mother had written a rather sad letter, deploring his precipitancy in rushing into marriage, but making the best of the matter by saying that, though a dairywoman was the last daughter-in-law they could have expected, their son had arrived at an age which he might be supposed to be the best judge.
This coolness in his relations distressed Clare less than it would have done had he been without the grand card with which he meant to surprise them ere long. To produce Tess, fresh from the dairy, as a d’Urberville and a lady, he had felt to be temerarious and risky; hence he had concealed her lineage till such time as, familiarized with worldly ways by a few months’ travel and reading with him, he could take her on a visit to his parents and impart the knowledge while triumphantly producing her as worthy of such an ancient line. It was a pretty lover’s dream, if no more. Perhaps Tess’s lineage had more value for himself than for anybody in the world beside.
Her perception that Angel’s bearing towards her still remained in no whit altered by her own communication rendered Tess guiltily doubtful if he could have received it. She rose from breakfast before he had finished, and hastened upstairs. It had occurred to her to look once more into the queer gaunt room which had been Clare’s den, or rather eyrie, for so long, and climbing the ladder she stood at the open door of the apartment, regarding and pondering. She stooped to the threshold of the doorway, where she had pushed in the note two or three days earlier in such excitement. The carpet reached close to the sill, and under the edge of the carpet she discerned the faint white margin of the envelope containing her letter to him, which he obviously had never seen, owing to her having in her haste thrust it beneath the carpet as well as beneath the door.
With a feeling of faintness she withdrew the letter. There it was—sealed up, just as it had left her hands. The mountain had not yet been removed. She could not let him read it now, the house being in full bustle of preparation; and descending to her own room she destroyed the letter there.
She was so pale when he saw her again that he felt quite anxious. The incident of the misplaced letter she had jumped at as if it prevented a confession; but she knew in her conscience that it need not; there was still time. Yet everything was in a stir; there was coming and going; all had to dress, the dairyman and Mrs Crick having been asked to accompany them as witnesses; and reflection or
deliberate talk was well-nigh impossible. The only minute Tess could get to be alone with Clare was when they met upon the landing.
'I am so anxious to talk to you—I want to confess all my faults and blunders!' she said with attempted lightness.
'No, no—we can’t have faults talked of—you must be deemed perfect to-day at least, my Sweet!' he cried. 'We shall have plenty of time, hereafter, I hope, to talk over our failings. I will confess mine at the same time.'
'But it would be better for me to do it now, I think, so that you could not say—'
'Well, my quixotic one, you shall tell me anything—say, as soon as we are settled in our lodging; not now. I, too, will tell you my faults then. But do not let us spoil the day with them; they will be excellent matter for a dull time.'
'Then you don’t wish me to, dearest?'
'I do not, Tessy, really.'
The hurry of dressing and starting left no time for more than this. Those words of his seemed to reassure her on further reflection. She was whirled onward through the next couple of critical hours by the mastering tide of her devotion to him, which closed up further meditation. Her one desire, so long resisted, to make herself his, to call him her lord, her own—then, if necessary, to die—had at last lifted her up from her plodding reflective pathway. In dressing, she moved about in a mental cloud of many-coloured idealities, which eclipsed all sinister contingencies by its brightness.
The church was a long way off, and they were obliged to drive, particularly as it was winter. A closed carriage was ordered from a roadside inn, a vehicle which had been kept there ever since the old days of post-chaise travelling. It had stout wheel-spokes, and heavy felloes a great curved bed, immense straps and springs, and a pole like a batteringram. The postilion was a venerable ‘boy’ of sixty—a martyr to rheumatic gout, the result of excessive exposure in youth, counter-acted by strong liquors—who had stood at inndoors doing nothing for the whole five-and-twenty years that had elapsed since he had no longer been required to ride professionally, as if expecting the old times to come back again. He had a permanent running wound on the outside of his right leg, originated by the constant bruisings of aristocratic carriage-poles during the many years that he had been in regular employ at the King’s Arms, Casterbridge.
Inside this cumbrous and creaking structure, and behind this decayed conductor, the partie carrée took their seats—the bride and bridegroom and Mr and Mrs Crick. Angel would have liked one at least of his brothers to be present as groomsman, but their silence after his gentle hint to that effect by letter had signified that they did not care to come. They disapproved of the marriage, and could not be expected to countenance it. Perhaps it was as well that they could not be present. They were not worldly young fellows, but fraternizing with dairy-folk would have struck
unpleasantly upon their biased niceness, apart from their views of the match.
Upheld by the momentum of the time, Tess knew nothing of this, did not see anything, did not know the road they were taking to the church. She knew that Angel was close to her; all the rest was a luminous mist. She was a sort of celestial person, who owed her being to poetry—one of those classical divinities Clare was accustomed to talk to her about when they took their walks together.
The marriage being by licence there were only a dozen or so of people in the church; had there been a thousand they would have produced no more effect upon her. They were at stellar distances from her present world. In the ecstatic solemnity with which she swore her faith to him the ordinary sensibilities of sex seemed a flippancy. At a pause in the service, while they were kneeling together, she unconsciously inclined herself towards him, so that her shoulder touched his arm; she had been frightened by a passing thought, and the movement had been automatic, to assure herself that he was really there, and to fortify her belief that his fidelity would be proof against all things.
Clare knew that she loved him—every curve of her form showed that—but he did not know at that time the full depth of her devotion, its single-mindedness, its meekness; what long-suffering it guaranteed, what honesty, what endurance, what good faith.
As they came out of church the ringers swung the bells off their rests, and a modest peal of three notes broke
forth—that limited amount of expression having been deemed sufficient by the church builders for the joys of such a small parish. Passing by the tower with her husband on the path to the gate she could feel the vibrant air humming round them from the louvred belfry in the circle of sound, and it matched the highly-charged mental atmosphere in which she was living.
This condition of mind, wherein she felt glorified by an irradiation not her own, like the angel whom St John saw in the sun, lasted till the sound of the church bells had died away, and the emotions of the wedding-service had calmed down. Her eyes could dwell upon details more clearly now, and Mr and Mrs Crick having directed their own gig to be sent for them, to leave the carriage to the young couple, she observed the build and character of that conveyance for the first time. Sitting in silence she regarded it long.
'I fancy you seem oppressed, Tessy,' said Clare.
'Yes,' she answered, putting her hand to her brow. 'I tremble at many things. It is all so serious, Angel. Among other things I seem to have seen this carriage before, to be very well acquainted with it. It is very odd—I must have seen it in a dream.'
'Oh—you have heard the legend of the d'Urberville Coach—that well-known superstition of this county about your family when they were very popular here; and this lumbering old thing reminds you of it.'
'I have never heard of it to my knowledge,' said she. 'What is the legend—may I know it?'
‘Well—I would rather not tell it in detail just now. A certain d’Urberville of the sixteenth or seventeenth century committed a dreadful crime in his family coach; and since that time members of the family see or hear the old coach whenever—But I’ll tell you another day—it is rather gloomy. Evidently some dim knowledge of it has been brought back to your mind by the sight of this venerable caravan.’
‘I don’t remember hearing it before,’ she murmured. ‘Is it when we are going to die, Angel, that members of my family see it, or is it when we have committed a crime?’
‘Now, Tess!’
He silenced her by a kiss.
By the time they reached home she was contrite and spiritless. She was Mrs Angel Clare, indeed, but had she any moral right to the name? Was she not more truly Mrs Alexander d’Urberville? Could intensity of love justify what might be considered in upright souls as culpable reticence? She knew not what was expected of women in such cases; and she had no counsellor.
However, when she found herself alone in her room for a few minutes—the last day this on which she was ever to enter it—she knelt down and prayed. She tried to pray to God, but it was her husband who really had her supplication. Her idolatry of this man was such that she herself almost feared it to be ill-omened. She was conscious of the notion expressed by Friar Laurence: ‘These violent delights have violent ends.’ It might be too
desperate for human conditions—too rank, too wild, too deadly.
‘O my love, why do I love you so!’ she whispered there alone; ‘for she you love is not my real self, but one in my image; the one I might have been!’
Afternoon came, and with it the hour for departure. They had decided to fulfil the plan of going for a few days to the lodgings in the old farmhouse near Wellbridge Mill, at which he meant to reside during his investigation of flour processes. At two o’clock there was nothing left to do but to start. All the servantry of the dairy were standing in the red-brick entry to see them go out, the dairyman and his wife following to the door. Tess saw her three chambermates in a row against the wall, pensively inclining their heads. She had much questioned if they would appear at the parting moment; but there they were, stoical and staunch to the last. She knew why the delicate Retty looked so fragile, and Izz so tragically sorrowful, and Marian so blank; and she forgot her own dogging shadow for a moment in contemplating theirs.
She impulsively whispered to him—
‘Will you kiss ‘em all, once, poor things, for the first and last time?’
Clare had not the least objection to such a farewell formality—which was all that it was to him—and as he passed them he kissed them in succession where they stood, saying ‘Goodbye’ to each as he did so. When they reached the door Tess femininely glanced back to discern
the effect of that kiss of charity; there was no triumph in her glance, as there might have been. If there had it would have disappeared when she saw how moved the girls all were. The kiss had obviously done harm by awakening feelings they were trying to subdue.
Of all this Clare was unconscious. Passing on to the wicket-gate he shook hands with the dairyman and his wife, and expressed his last thanks to them for their attentions; after which there was a moment of silence before they had moved off. It was interrupted by the crowing of a cock. The white one with the rose comb had come and settled on the palings in front of the house, within a few yards of them, and his notes thrilled their ears through, dwindling away like echoes down a valley of rocks.
‘Oh?’ said Mrs Crick. ‘An afternoon crow!’
Two men were standing by the yard gate, holding it open.
‘That’s bad,’ one murmured to the other, not thinking that the words could be heard by the group at the doorwicket.
The cock crew again—straight towards Clare.
‘Well!’ said the dairyman.
‘I don’t like to hear him!’ said Tess to her husband. ‘Tell the man to drive on. Goodbye, goodbye!’ The cock crew again.
‘Hoosh! Just you be off, sir, or I’ll twist your neck!’ said the dairyman with some irritation, turning to the bird and
driving him away. And to his wife as they went indoors: ‘Now, to think o’ that just to-day! I’ve not heard his crow of an afternoon all the year afore.’
‘It only means a change in the weather,’ said she; ‘not what you think: ’tis impossible!’
They drove by the level road along the valley to a distance of a few miles, and, reaching Wellbridge, turned away from the village to the left, and over the great Elizabethan bridge which gives the place half its name. Immediately behind it stood the house wherein they had engaged lodgings, whose exterior features are so well known to all travellers through the Froom Valley; once portion of a fine manorial residence, and the property and seat of a d’Urberville, but since its partial demolition a farmhouse.
‘Welcome to one of your ancestral mansions!’ said Clare as he handed her down. But he regretted the pleasantry; it was too near a satire.
On entering they found that, though they had only engaged a couple of rooms, the farmer had taken advantage of their proposed presence during the coming days to pay a New Year’s visit to some friends, leaving a woman from a neighbouring cottage to minister to their few wants. The absoluteness of possession pleased them, and they realized it as the first moment of their experience under their own exclusive roof-tree.
But he found that the mouldy old habitation somewhat depressed his bride. When the carriage was gone they ascended the stairs to wash their hands, the charwoman
showing the way. On the landing Tess stopped and started. ‘What’s the matter?’ said he.
‘Those horrid women!’ she answered with a smile. ‘How they frightened me.’
He looked up, and perceived two life-size portraits on panels built into the masonry. As all visitors to the mansion are aware, these paintings represent women of middle age, of a date some two hundred years ago, whose lineaments once seen can never be forgotten. The long pointed features, narrow eye, and smirk of the one, so suggestive of merciless treachery; the bill-hook nose, large teeth, and bold eye of the other suggesting arrogance to the point of ferocity, haunt the beholder afterwards in his dreams.
‘Whose portraits are those?’ asked Clare of the charwoman.
‘I have been told by old folk that they were ladies of the d’Urberville family, the ancient lords of this manor,’ she said, ‘Owing to their being builded into the wall they can’t be moved away.’
The unpleasantness of the matter was that, in addition to their effect upon Tess, her fine features were unquestionably traceable in these exaggerated forms. He said nothing of this, however, and, regretting that he had gone out of his way to choose the house for their bridal time, went on into the adjoining room. The place having been rather hastily prepared for them, they washed their hands in one basin. Clare touched hers under the water.
‘Which are my fingers and which are yours?’ he said, looking up. ‘They are very much mixed.’
‘They are all yours,’ said she, very prettily, and endeavoured to be gayer than she was. He had not been displeased with her thoughtfulness on such an occasion; it was what every sensible woman would show: but Tess knew that she had been thoughtful to excess, and struggled against it.
The sun was so low on that short last afternoon of the year that it shone in through a small opening and formed a golden staff which stretched across to her skirt, where it made a spot like a paint-mark set upon her. They went into the ancient parlour to tea, and here they shared their first common meal alone. Such was their childishness, or rather his, that he found it interesting to use the same bread-and-butter plate as herself, and to brush crumbs from her lips with his own. He wondered a little that she did not enter into these frivolities with his own zest.
Looking at her silently for a long time; ‘She is a dear dear Tess,’ he thought to himself, as one deciding on the true construction of a difficult passage. ‘Do I realize solemnly enough how utterly and irretrievably this little womanly thing is the creature of my good or bad faith and fortune? I think not. I think I could not, unless I were a woman myself. What I am in worldly estate, she is. What I become, she must become. What I cannot be, she cannot be. And shall I ever neglect her, or hurt her, or even forget to consider her? God forbid such a crime!’
They sat on over the tea-table waiting for their luggage, which the dairyman had promised to send before it grew dark. But evening began to close in, and the luggage did not arrive, and they had brought nothing more than they stood in. With the departure of the sun the calm mood of the winter day changed. Out of doors there began noises as of silk smartly rubbed; the restful dead leaves of the preceding autumn were stirred to irritated resurrection, and whirled about unwillingly, and tapped against the shutters. It soon began to rain.
‘That cock knew the weather was going to change,’ said Clare.
The woman who had attended upon them had gone home for the night, but she had placed candles upon the table, and now they lit them. Each candle-flame drew towards the fireplace.
‘These old houses are so draughty,’ continued Angel, looking at the flames, and at the grease guttering down the sides. ‘I wonder where that luggage is. We haven’t even a brush and comb.’
‘I don’t know,’ she answered, absent-minded.
‘Tess, you are not a bit cheerful this evening—not at all as you used to be. Those harridans on the panels upstairs have unsettled you. I am sorry I brought you here. I wonder if you really love me, after all?’
He knew that she did, and the words had no serious intent; but she was surcharged with emotion, and winced
like a wounded animal. Though she tried not to shed tears, she could not help showing one or two.
'I did not mean it!' said he, sorry. 'You are worried at not having your things, I know. I cannot think why old Jonathan has not come with them. Why, it is seven o'clock? Ah, there he is!'
A knock had come to the door, and, there being nobody else to answer it, Clare went out. He returned to the room with a small package in his hand.
'It is not Jonathan, after all,' he said.
'How vexing!' said Tess.
The packet had been brought by a special messenger, who had arrived at Talbothays from Emminster Vicarage immediately after the departure of the married couple, and had followed them hither, being under injunction to deliver it into nobody's hands but theirs. Clare brought it to the light. It was less than a foot long, sewed up in canvas, sealed in red wax with his father's seal, and directed in his father's hand to 'Mrs Angel Clare.'
'It is a little wedding-present for you, Tess,' said he, handing it to her. 'How thoughtful they are!'
Tess looked a little flustered as she took it.
'I think I would rather have you open it, dearest,' said she, turning over the parcel. 'I don't like to break those great seals; they look so serious. Please open it for me!'
He undid the parcel. Inside was a case of morocco leather, on the top of which lay a note and a key.
The note was for Clare, in the following words:
MY DEAR SON—
Possibly you have forgotten that on the death of your godmother, Mrs Pitney, when you were a lad, she—vain, kind woman that she was—left to me a portion of the contents of her jewel-case in trust for your wife, if you should ever have one, as a mark of her affection for you and whomsoever you should choose. This trust I have fulfilled, and the diamonds have been locked up at my banker’s ever since. Though I feel it to be a somewhat incongruous act in the circumstances, I am, as you will see, bound to hand over the articles to the woman to whom the use of them for her lifetime will now rightly belong, and they are therefore promptly sent. They become, I believe, heirlooms, strictly speaking, according to the terms of your godmother’s will. The precise words of the clause that refers to this matter are enclosed.
‘I do remember,’ said Clare; ‘but I had quite forgotten.’ Unlocking the case, they found it to contain a necklace, with pendant, bracelets, and ear-rings; and also some other small ornaments.
Tess seemed afraid to touch them at first, but her eyes sparkled for a moment as much as the stones when Clare spread out the set.
‘Are they mine?’ she asked incredulously.
‘They are, certainly,’ said he.
He looked into the fire. He remembered how, when he was a lad of fifteen, his godmother, the Squire’s wife—the only rich person with whom he had ever come in contact—had pinned her faith to his success; had prophesied a wondrous career for him. There had seemed nothing at all out of keeping with such a conjectured career in the storing up of these showy ornaments for his wife and the wives of her descendants. They gleamed somewhat ironically now. ‘Yet why?’ he asked himself. It was but a question of vanity throughout; and if that were admitted into one side of the equation it should be admitted into the other. His wife was a d’Urberville: whom could they become better than her?
Suddenly he said with enthusiasm—
‘Tess, put them on—put them on!’ And he turned from the fire to help her.
But as if by magic she had already donned them—necklace, ear-rings, bracelets, and all.
‘But the gown isn’t right, Tess,’ said Clare. ‘It ought to be a low one for a set of brilliants like that.’ ‘Ought it?’ said Tess.
‘Yes,’ said he.
He suggested to her how to tuck in the upper edge of her bodice, so as to make it roughly approximate to the cut for evening wear; and when she had done this, and the pendant to the necklace hung isolated amid the whiteness of her
throat, as it was designed to do, he stepped back to survey her.
‘My heavens,’ said Clare, ‘how beautiful you are!’
As everybody knows, fine feathers make fine birds; a peasant girl but very moderately prepossessing to the casual observer in her simple condition and attire will bloom as an amazing beauty if clothed as a woman of fashion with the aids that Art can render; while the beauty of the midnight crush would often cut but a sorry figure if placed inside the field-woman’s wrapper upon a monotonous acreage of turnips on a dull day. He had never till now estimated the artistic excellence of Tess’s limbs and features.
‘If you were only to appear in a ball-room!’ he said. ‘But no—no, dearest; I think I love you best in the wing-bonnet and cotton-frock—yes, better than in this, well as you support these dignities.’
Tess’s sense of her striking appearance had given her a flush of excitement, which was yet not happiness.
‘I’ll take them off,’ she said, ‘in case Jonathan should see me. They are not fit for me, are they? They must be sold, I suppose?’
‘Let them stay a few minutes longer. Sell them? Never. It would be a breach of faith.’
Influenced by a second thought she readily obeyed. She had something to tell, and there might be help in these. She sat down with the jewels upon her; and they again indulged in conjectures as to where Jonathan could possibly be with
their baggage. The ale they had poured out for his consumption when he came had gone flat with long standing.
Shortly after this they began supper, which was already laid on a side-table. Ere they had finished there was a jerk in the fire-smoke, the rising skein of which bulged out into the room, as if some giant had laid his hand on the chimneytop for a moment. It had been caused by the opening of the outer door. A heavy step was now heard in the passage, and Angel went out.
'I couldn't make nobody hear at all by knocking,' apologized Jonathan Kail, for it was he at last; 'and as't was raining out I opened the door. I've brought the things, sir.'
'I am very glad to see them. But you are very late.'
'Well, yes, sir.'
There was something subdued in Jonathan Kail's tone which had not been there in the day, and lines of concern were ploughed upon his forehead in addition to the lines of years. He continued—
'We've all been gallied at the dairy at what might ha' been a most terrible affliction since you and your Mis'ess—so to name her now—left us this a'ternoon. Perhaps you ha'nt forgot the cock's afternoon crow?'
'Dear me;—what—'
'Well, some says it do mane one thing, and some another; but what's happened is that poor little Retty Priddle hev tried to drown herself.'
'No! Really! Why, she bade us goodbye with the rest—'
'Yes. Well, sir, when you and your Mis’ess—so to name what she lawful is—when you two drove away, as I say, Retty and Marian put on their bonnets and went out; and as there is not much doing now, being New Year’s Eve, and folks mops and brooms from what’s inside ‘em, nobody took much notice. They went on to Lew-Everard, where they had summut to drink, and then on they vamped to Dree-armed Cross, and there they seemed to have parted, Retty striking across the water-meads as if for home, and Marian going on to the next village, where there’s another public-house. Nothing more was zeed or heard o’ Retty till the waterman, on his way home, noticed something by the Great Pool; ‘twas her bonnet and shawl packed up. In the water he found her. He and another man brought her home, thinking a’ was dead; but she fetched round by degrees.'
Angel, suddenly recollecting that Tess was overhearing this gloomy tale, went to shut the door between the passage and the ante-room to the inner parlour where she was; but his wife, flinging a shawl round her, had come to the outer room and was listening to the man’s narrative, her eyes resting absently on the luggage and the drops of rain glistening upon it.
‘And, more than this, there’s Marian; she’s been found dead drunk by the withy-bed—a girl who hev never been known to touch anything before except shilling ale; though, to be sure, ‘a was always a good trencher-woman, as her
face showed. It seems as if the maids had all gone out o’ their minds!’
‘And Izz?’ asked Tess.
‘Izz is about house as usual; but ‘a do say ‘a can guess how it happened; and she seems to be very low in mind about it, poor maid, as well she mid be. And so you see, sir, as all this happened just when we was packing your few traps and your Mis’ess’s night-rail and dressing things into the cart, why, it belated me.’
‘Yes. Well, Jonathan, will you get the trunks upstairs, and drink a cup of ale, and hasten back as soon as you can, in case you should be wanted?’
Tess had gone back to the inner parlour, and sat down by the fire, looking wistfully into it. She heard Jonathan Kail’s heavy footsteps up and down the stairs till he had done placing the luggage, and heard him express his thanks for the ale her husband took out to him, and for the gratuity he received. Jonathan’s footsteps then died from the door, and his cart creaked away.
Angel slid forward the massive oak bar which secured the door, and coming in to where she sat over the hearth, pressed her cheeks between his hands from behind. He expected her to jump up gaily and unpack the toilet-gear that she had been so anxious about, but as she did not rise he sat down with her in the firelight, the candles on the suppertable being too thin and glimmering to interfere with its glow.
'I am so sorry you should have heard this sad story about the girls,' he said. 'Still, don’t let it depress you. Retty was naturally morbid, you know.'
'Without the least cause,' said Tess. 'While they who have cause to be, hide it, and pretend they are not.'
This incident had turned the scale for her. They were simple and innocent girls on whom the unhappiness of unrequited love had fallen; they had deserved better at the hands of Fate. She had deserved worse—yet she was the chosen one. It was wicked of her to take all without paying. She would pay to the uttermost farthing; she would tell, there and then. This final determination she came to when she looked into the fire, he holding her hand.
A steady glare from the now flameless embers painted the sides and back of the fireplace with its colour, and the wellpolished andirons, and the old brass tongs that would not meet. The underside of the mantel-shelf was flushed with the high-coloured light, and the legs of the table nearest the fire. Tess’s face and neck reflected the same warmth, which each gem turned into an Aldebaran or a Sirius—a constellation of white, red, and green flashes, that interchanged their hues with her every pulsation.
‘Do you remember what we said to each other this morning about telling our faults?’ he asked abruptly, finding that she still remained immovable. ‘We spoke lightly perhaps, and you may well have done so. But for me it was no light promise. I want to make a confession to you, Love.’
This, from him, so unexpectedly apposite, had the effect upon her of a Providential interposition.
‘You have to confess something?’ she said quickly, and even with gladness and relief.
‘You did not expect it? Ah—you thought too highly of me. Now listen. Put your head there, because I want you to forgive me, and not to be indignant with me for not telling you before, as perhaps I ought to have done.’
How strange it was! He seemed to be her double. She did not speak, and Clare went on—
‘I did not mention it because I was afraid of endangering my chance of you, darling, the great prize of my life—my Fellowship I call you. My brother’s Fellowship was won at his college, mine at Talbothays Dairy. Well, I would not risk it. I was going to tell you a month ago—at the time you agreed to be mine, but I could not; I thought it might frighten you away from me. I put it off; then I thought I would tell you yesterday, to give you a chance at least of escaping me. But I did not. And I did not this morning, when you proposed our confessing our faults on the landing—the sinner that I was! But I must, now I see you sitting there so solemnly. I wonder if you will forgive me?’
‘O yes! I am sure that—’
‘Well, I hope so. But wait a minute. You don’t know. To begin at the beginning. Though I imagine my poor father fears that I am one of the eternally lost for my doctrines, I am of course, a believer in good morals, Tess, as much as you. I used to wish to be a teacher of men, and it was a
great disappointment to me when I found I could not enter the Church. I admired spotlessness, even though I could lay no claim to it, and hated impurity, as I hope I do now. Whatever one may think of plenary inspiration, one must heartily subscribe to these words of Paul: ‘Be thou an example—in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity.’ It is the only safeguard for us poor human beings. ‘Integer vitae,’ says a Roman poet, who is strange company for St Paul—
“The man of upright life, from frailties free,
Stands not in need of Moorish spear or bow.
‘Well, a certain place is paved with good intentions, and having felt all that so strongly, you will see what a terrible remorse it bred in me when, in the midst of my fine aims for other people, I myself fell.’
He then told her of that time of his life to which allusion has been made when, tossed about by doubts and difficulties in London, like a cork on the waves, he plunged into eight-and-forty hours’ dissipation with a stranger.
‘Happily I awoke almost immediately to a sense of my folly,’ he continued. ‘I would have no more to say to her, and I came home. I have never repeated the offence. But I felt I should like to treat you with perfect frankness and honour, and I could not do so without telling this. Do you forgive me?’
She pressed his hand tightly for an answer.
‘Then we will dismiss it at once and for ever!—too painful as it is for the occasion—and talk of something lighter.’
‘O, Angel—I am almost glad—because now YOU can forgive ME! I have not made my confession. I have a confession, too—remember, I said so.’
‘Ah, to be sure! Now then for it, wicked little one.’
‘Perhaps, although you smile, it is as serious as yours, or more so.’
‘It can hardly be more serious, dearest.’
‘It cannot—O no, it cannot!’ She jumped up joyfully at the hope. ‘No, it cannot be more serious, certainly,’ she cried, ‘because ’tis just the same! I will tell you now.’ She sat down again.
Their hands were still joined. The ashes under the grate were lit by the fire vertically, like a torrid waste. Imagination might have beheld a Last Day luridness in this red-coaled glow, which fell on his face and hand, and on hers, peering into the loose hair about her brow, and firing the delicate skin underneath. A large shadow of her shape rose upon the wall and ceiling. She bent forward, at which each diamond on her neck gave a sinister wink like a toad’s; and pressing her forehead against his temple she entered on her story of her acquaintance with Alec d’Urberville and its results, murmuring the words without flinching, and with her eyelids drooping down.
END OF PHASE THE FOURTH
Phase the Fifth: The Woman Pays
XXXV
Her narrative ended; even its re-assertions and secondary explanations were done. Tess’s voice throughout had hardly risen higher than its opening tone; there had been no exculpatory phrase of any kind, and she had not wept.
But the complexion even of external things seemed to suffer transmutation as her announcement progressed. The fire in the grate looked impish—demoniacally funny, as if it did not care in the least about her strait. The fender grinned idly, as if it too did not care. The light from the water-bottle was merely engaged in a chromatic problem. All material objects around announced their irresponsibility with terrible iteration. And yet nothing had changed since the moments when he had been kissing her; or rather, nothing in the substance of things. But the essence of things had changed.
When she ceased, the auricular impressions from their previous endearments seemed to hustle away into the corner of their brains, repeating themselves as echoes from a time of supremely purblind foolishness.
Clare performed the irrelevant act of stirring the fire; the intelligence had not even yet got to the bottom of him. After stirring the embers he rose to his feet; all the force of her disclosure had imparted itself now. His face had withered. In the strenuousness of his concentration he treadled fitfully on the floor. He could not, by any contrivance, think closely enough; that was the meaning of his vague movement. When he spoke it was in the most inadequate, commonplace voice of the many varied tones she had heard from him.
‘Tess!’
‘Yes, dearest.’
‘Am I to believe this? From your manner I am to take it as true. O you cannot be out of your mind! You ought to be! Yet you are not... My wife, my Tess—nothing in you warrants such a supposition as that?’
‘I am not out of my mind,’ she said.
‘And yet—’ He looked vacantly at her, to resume with dazed senses: ‘Why didn’t you tell me before? Ah, yes, you would have told me, in a way—but I hindered you, I remember!’
These and other of his words were nothing but the perfunctory babble of the surface while the depths remained paralyzed. He turned away, and bent over a chair. Tess followed him to the middle of the room, where he was, and stood there staring at him with eyes that did not weep. Presently she slid down upon her knees beside his foot, and from this position she crouched in a heap.
‘In the name of our love, forgive me!’ she whispered with a dry mouth. ‘I have forgiven you for the same!’
And, as he did not answer, she said again—
‘Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive YOU, Angel.’
‘You—yes, you do.’
‘But you do not forgive me?’
‘O Tess, forgiveness does not apply to the case! You were one person; now you are another. My God—how can forgiveness meet such a grotesque—prestidigitation as that!’
He paused, contemplating this definition; then suddenly broke into horrible laughter—as unnatural and ghastly as a laugh in hell.
‘Don’t—don’t! It kills me quite, that!’ she shrieked. ‘O have mercy upon me—have mercy!’
He did not answer; and, sickly white, she jumped up.
‘Angel, Angel! what do you mean by that laugh?’ she cried out. ‘Do you know what this is to me?’ He shook his head.
‘I have been hoping, longing, praying, to make you happy! I have thought what joy it will be to do it, what an unworthy wife I shall be if I do not! That’s what I have felt, Angel!’
‘I know that.’
‘I thought, Angel, that you loved me—me, my very self! If it is I you do love, O how can it be that you look and
speak so? It frightens me! Having begun to love you, I love you for ever—in all changes, in all disgraces, because you are yourself. I ask no more. Then how can you, O my own husband, stop loving me?'
'I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you.'
'But who?'
'Another woman in your shape.'
She perceived in his words the realization of her own apprehensive foreboding in former times. He looked upon her as a species of imposter; a guilty woman in the guise of an innocent one. Terror was upon her white face as she saw it; her cheek was flaccid, and her mouth had almost the aspect of a round little hole. The horrible sense of his view of her so deadened her that she staggered, and he stepped forward, thinking she was going to fall.
'Sit down, sit down,' he said gently. 'You are ill; and it is natural that you should be.'
She did sit down, without knowing where she was, that strained look still upon her face, and her eyes such as to make his flesh creep.
'I don’t belong to you any more, then; do I, Angel?' she asked helplessly. 'It is not me, but another woman like me that he loved, he says.'
The image raised caused her to take pity upon herself as one who was ill-used. Her eyes filled as she regarded her position further; she turned round and burst into a flood of self-sympathetic tears.
Clare was relieved at this change, for the effect on her of what had happened was beginning to be a trouble to him only less than the woe of the disclosure itself. He waited patiently, apathetically, till the violence of her grief had worn itself out, and her rush of weeping had lessened to a catching gasp at intervals.
‘Angel,’ she said suddenly, in her natural tones, the insane, dry voice of terror having left her now. ‘Angel, am I too wicked for you and me to live together?’
‘I have not been able to think what we can do.’
‘I shan’t ask you to let me live with you, Angel, because I have no right to! I shall not write to mother and sisters to say we be married, as I said I would do; and I shan’t finish the good-hussif’ I cut out and meant to make while we were in lodgings.’
‘Shan’t you?’
‘No, I shan’t do anything, unless you order me to; and if you go away from me I shall not follow ‘ee; and if you never speak to me any more I shall not ask why, unless you tell me I may.’
‘And if I order you to do anything?’
‘I will obey you like your wretched slave, even if it is to lie down and die.’
‘You are very good. But it strikes me that there is a want of harmony between your present mood of self-sacrifice and your past mood of self-preservation.’
These were the first words of antagonism. To fling elaborate sarcasms at Tess, however, was much like flinging them at a dog or cat. The charms of their subtlety passed by her unappreciated, and she only received them as inimical sounds which meant that anger ruled. She remained mute, not knowing that he was smothering his affection for her. She hardly observed that a tear descended slowly upon his cheek, a tear so large that it magnified the pores of the skin over which it rolled, like the object lens of a microscope. Meanwhile reillumination as to the terrible and total change that her confession had wrought in his life, in his universe, returned to him, and he tried desperately to advance among the new conditions in which he stood. Some consequent action was necessary; yet what?
‘Tess,’ he said, as gently as he could speak, ‘I cannot stay—in this room—just now. I will walk out a little way.’
He quietly left the room, and the two glasses of wine that he had poured out for their supper—one for her, one for him—remained on the table untasted. This was what their agape had come to. At tea, two or three hours earlier, they had, in the freakishness of affection, drunk from one cup.
The closing of the door behind him, gently as it had been pulled to, roused Tess from her stupor. He was gone; she could not stay. Hastily flinging her cloak around her she opened the door and followed, putting out the candles as if she were never coming back. The rain was over and the night was now clear.
She was soon close at his heels, for Clare walked slowly and without purpose. His form beside her light gray figure looked black, sinister, and forbidding, and she felt as sarcasm the touch of the jewels of which she had been momentarily so proud. Clare turned at hearing her footsteps, but his recognition of her presence seemed to make no difference to him, and he went on over the five yawning arches of the great bridge in front of the house.
The cow and horse tracks in the road were full of water, the rain having been enough to charge them, but not enough to wash them away. Across these minute pools the reflected stars flitted in a quick transit as she passed; she would not have known they were shining overhead if she had not seen them there—the vastest things of the universe imaged in objects so mean.
The place to which they had travelled to-day was in the same valley as Talbothays, but some miles lower down the river; and the surroundings being open, she kept easily in sight of him. Away from the house the road wound through the meads, and along these she followed Clare without any attempt to come up with him or to attract him, but with dumb and vacant fidelity.
At last, however, her listless walk brought her up alongside him, and still he said nothing. The cruelty of fooled honesty is often great after enlightenment, and it was mighty in Clare now. The outdoor air had apparently taken away from him all tendency to act on impulse; she knew that he saw her without irradiation—in all her
bareness; that Time was chanting his satiric psalm at her then—
Behold, when thy face is made bare, he that loved thee shall hate;
Thy face shall be no more fair at the fall of thy fate.
For thy life shall fall as a leaf and be shed as the rain; And the veil of thine head shall be grief, and the crown shall be pain.
He was still intently thinking, and her companionship had now insufficient power to break or divert the strain of thought. What a weak thing her presence must have become to him! She could not help addressing Clare.
‘What have I done—what HAVE I done! I have not told of anything that interferes with or belies my love for you. You don’t think I planned it, do you? It is in your own mind what you are angry at, Angel; it is not in me. O, it is not in me, and I am not that deceitful woman you think me!’
‘H’m—well. Not deceitful, my wife; but not the same. No, not the same. But do not make me reproach you. I have sworn that I will not; and I will do everything to avoid it.’
But she went on pleading in her distraction; and perhaps said things that would have been better left to silence.
‘Angel!—Angel! I was a child—a child when it happened!
I knew nothing of men.’
‘You were more sinned against than sinning, that I admit.’
‘Then will you not forgive me?’
‘I do forgive you, but forgiveness is not all.’
‘And love me?’
To this question he did not answer.
‘O Angel—my mother says that it sometimes happens so!—she knows several cases where they were worse than I, and the husband has not minded it much—has got over it at least. And yet the woman had not loved him as I do you!’
‘Don’t, Tess; don’t argue. Different societies, different manners. You almost make me say you are an unapprehending peasant woman, who have never been initiated into the proportions of social things. You don’t know what you say.’
‘I am only a peasant by position, not by nature!’
She spoke with an impulse to anger, but it went as it came.
‘So much the worse for you. I think that parson who unearthed your pedigree would have done better if he had held his tongue. I cannot help associating your decline as a family with this other fact—of your want of firmness. Decrepit families imply decrepit wills, decrepit conduct. Heaven, why did you give me a handle for despising you more by informing me of your descent! Here was I thinking you a new-sprung child of nature; there were you, the belated seedling of an effete aristocracy!’
‘Lots of families are as bad as mine in that! Retty’s family were once large landowners, and so were Dairyman Billett’s. And the Debbyhouses, who now are carters, were once the De Bayeux family. You find such as I everywhere; ‘tis a feature of our county, and I can’t help it.’
‘So much the worse for the county.’
She took these reproaches in their bulk simply, not in their particulars; he did not love her as he had loved her hitherto, and to all else she was indifferent.
They wandered on again in silence. It was said afterwards that a cottager of Wellbridge, who went out late that night for a doctor, met two lovers in the pastures, walking very slowly, without converse, one behind the other, as in a funeral procession, and the glimpse that he obtained of their faces seemed to denote that they were anxious and sad. Returning later, he passed them again in the same field, progressing just as slowly, and as regardless of the hour and of the cheerless night as before. It was only on account of his preoccupation with his own affairs, and the illness in his house, that he did not bear in mind the curious incident, which, however, he recalled a long while after.
During the interval of the cottager’s going and coming, she had said to her husband—
‘I don’t see how I can help being the cause of much misery to you all your life. The river is down there. I can put an end to myself in it. I am not afraid.’
‘I don’t wish to add murder to my other follies,’ he said.
'I will leave something to show that I did it myself—on account of my shame. They will not blame you then.'
'Don't speak so absurdly—I wish not to hear it. It is nonsense to have such thoughts in this kind of case, which is rather one for satirical laughter than for tragedy. You don't in the least understand the quality of the mishap. It would be viewed in the light of a joke by nine-tenths of the world if it were known. Please oblige me by returning to the house, and going to bed.'
'I will,' said she dutifully.
They had rambled round by a road which led to the well-known ruins of the Cistercian abbey behind the mill, the latter having, in centuries past, been attached to the monastic establishment. The mill still worked on, food being a perennial necessity; the abbey had perished, creeds being transient. One continually sees the ministration of the temporary outlasting the ministration of the eternal. Their walk having been circuitous, they were still not far from the house, and in obeying his direction she only had to reach the large stone bridge across the main river and follow the road for a few yards. When she got back, everything remained as she had left it, the fire being still burning. She did not stay downstairs for more than a minute, but proceeded to her chamber, whither the luggage had been taken. Here she sat down on the edge of the bed, looking blankly around, and presently began to undress. In removing the light towards the bedstead its rays fell upon the tester of white dimity; something was hanging beneath
it, and she lifted the candle to see what it was. A bough of mistletoe. Angel had put it there; she knew that in an instant. This was the explanation of that mysterious parcel which it had been so difficult to pack and bring; whose contents he would not explain to her, saying that time would soon show her the purpose thereof. In his zest and his gaiety he had hung it there. How foolish and inopportune that mistletoe looked now.
Having nothing more to fear, having scarce anything to hope, for that he would relent there seemed no promise whatever, she lay down dully. When sorrow ceases to be speculative, sleep sees her opportunity. Among so many happier moods which forbid repose this was a mood which welcomed it, and in a few minutes the lonely Tess forgot existence, surrounded by the aromatic stillness of the chamber that had once, possibly, been the bride-chamber of her own ancestry.
Later on that night Clare also retraced his steps to the house. Entering softly to the sitting-room he obtained a light, and with the manner of one who had considered his course he spread his rugs upon the old horse-hair sofa which stood there, and roughly shaped it to a sleeping-couch. Before lying down he crept shoeless upstairs, and listened at the door of her apartment. Her measured breathing told that she was sleeping profoundly.
‘Thank God!’ murmured Clare; and yet he was conscious of a pang of bitterness at the thought—approximately true, though not wholly so—that having shifted the burden of
her life to his shoulders, she was now reposing without care.
He turned away to descend; then, irresolute, faced round to her door again. In the act he caught sight of one of the d’Urberville dames, whose portrait was immediately over the entrance to Tess’s bedchamber. In the candlelight the painting was more than unpleasant. Sinister design lurked in the woman’s features, a concentrated purpose of revenge on the other sex—so it seemed to him then. The Caroline bodice of the portrait was low—precisely as Tess’s had been when he tucked it in to show the necklace; and again he experienced the distressing sensation of a resemblance between them.
The check was sufficient. He resumed his retreat and descended.
His air remained calm and cold, his small compressed mouth indexing his powers of self-control; his face wearing still that terrible sterile expression which had spread thereon since her disclosure. It was the face of a man who was no longer passion’s slave, yet who found no advantage in his enfranchisement. He was simply regarding the harrowing contingencies of human experience, the unexpectedness of things. Nothing so pure, so sweet, so virginal as Tess had seemed possible all the long while that he had adored her, up to an hour ago; but
*The little less, and what worlds away!*
He argued erroneously when he said to himself that her heart was not indexed in the honest freshness of her face; but Tess had no advocate to set him right. Could it be possible, he continued, that eyes which as they gazed never expressed any divergence from what the tongue was telling, were yet ever seeing another world behind her ostensible one, discordant and contrasting?
He reclined on his couch in the sitting-room, and extinguished the light. The night came in, and took up its place there, unconcerned and indifferent; the night which had already swallowed up his happiness, and was now digesting it listlessly; and was ready to swallow up the happiness of a thousand other people with as little disturbance or change of mien.
Clare arose in the light of a dawn that was ashy and furtive, as though associated with crime. The fireplace confronted him with its extinct embers; the spread supper-table, whereon stood the two full glasses of untasted wine, now flat and filmy; her vacated seat and his own; the other articles of furniture, with their eternal look of not being able to help it, their intolerable inquiry what was to be done? From above there was no sound; but in a few minutes there came a knock at the door. He remembered that it would be the neighbouring cottager’s wife, who was to minister to their wants while they remained here.
The presence of a third person in the house would be extremely awkward just now, and, being already dressed, he opened the window and informed her that they could manage to shift for themselves that morning. She had a milk-can in her hand, which he told her to leave at the door. When the dame had gone away he searched in the back quarters of the house for fuel, and speedily lit a fire. There was plenty of eggs, butter, bread, and so on in the larder, and Clare soon had breakfast laid, his experiences at the dairy having rendered him facile in domestic preparations. The smoke of the kindled wood rose from the chimney without like a lotusheaded column; local people who were
passing by saw it, and thought of the newly-married couple, and envied their happiness.
Angel cast a final glance round, and then going to the foot of the stairs, called in a conventional voice—'Breakfast is ready!'
He opened the front door, and took a few steps in the morning air. When, after a short space, he came back she was already in the sitting-room mechanically readjusting the breakfast things. As she was fully attired, and the interval since his calling her had been but two or three minutes, she must have been dressed or nearly so before he went to summon her. Her hair was twisted up in a large round mass at the back of her head, and she had put on one of the new frocks—a pale blue woollen garment with neck-frillings of white. Her hands and face appeared to be cold, and she had possibly been sitting dressed in the bedroom a long time without any fire. The marked civility of Clare's tone in calling her seemed to have inspired her, for the moment, with a new glimmer of hope. But it soon died when she looked at him.
The pair were, in truth, but the ashes of their former fires. To the hot sorrow of the previous night had succeeded heaviness; it seemed as if nothing could kindle either of them to fervour of sensation any more.
He spoke gently to her, and she replied with a like undemonstrativeness. At last she came up to him, looking in his sharply-defined face as one who had no consciousness that her own formed a visible object also.
‘Angel!’ she said, and paused, touching him with her fingers lightly as a breeze, as though she could hardly believe to be there in the flesh the man who was once her lover. Her eyes were bright, her pale cheek still showed its wonted roundness, though half-dried tears had left glistening traces thereon; and the usually ripe red mouth was almost as pale as her cheek. Throbbingly alive as she was still, under the stress of her mental grief the life beat so brokenly that a little further pull upon it would cause real illness, dull her characteristic eyes, and make her mouth thin.
She looked absolutely pure. Nature, in her fantastic trickery, had set such a seal of maidenhood upon Tess’s countenance that he gazed at her with a stupefied air.
‘Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!’
‘It is true.’
‘Every word?’
‘Every word.’
He looked at her imploringly, as if he would willingly have taken a lie from her lips, knowing it to be one, and have made of it, by some sort of sophistry, a valid denial. However, she only repeated—
‘It is true.’
‘Is he living?’ Angel then asked.
‘The baby died.’
‘But the man?’
‘He is alive.’
A last despair passed over Clare’s face.
‘Is he in England?’
‘Yes.’
He took a few vague steps.
‘My position—is this,’ he said abruptly. ‘I thought—any man would have thought—that by giving up all ambition to win a wife with social standing, with fortune, with knowledge of the world, I should secure rustic innocence as surely as I should secure pink cheeks; but—However, I am no man to reproach you, and I will not.’
Tess felt his position so entirely that the remainder had not been needed. Therein lay just the distress of it; she saw that he had lost all round.
‘Angel—I should not have let it go on to marriage with you if I had not known that, after all, there was a last way out of it for you; though I hoped you would never—’ Her voice grew husky.
‘A last way?’
‘I mean, to get rid of me. You CAN get rid of me.’
‘How?’
‘By divorcing me.’
‘Good heavens—how can you be so simple! How can I divorce you?’
‘Can’t you—now I have told you? I thought my confession would give you grounds for that.’
‘O Tess—you are too, too—childish—unformed—crude, I suppose! I don’t know what you are. You don’t understand the law—you don’t understand!’
‘What—you cannot?’
‘Indeed I cannot.’
A quick shame mixed with the misery upon his listener’s face.
‘I thought—I thought,’ she whispered. ‘O, now I see how wicked I seem to you! Believe me—believe me, on my soul, I never thought but that you could! I hoped you would not; yet I believed, without a doubt, that you could cast me off if you were determined, and didn’t love me at—at—all!’ ‘You were mistaken,’ he said.
‘O, then I ought to have done it, to have done it last night!
But I hadn’t the courage. That’s just like me!’
‘The courage to do what?’
As she did not answer he took her by the hand.
‘What were you thinking of doing?’ he inquired.
‘Of putting an end to myself.’
‘When?’
She writhed under this inquisitorial manner of his. ‘Last night,’ she answered.
‘Where?’
‘Under your mistletoe.’
‘My good—! How?’ he asked sternly.
'I'll tell you, if you won't be angry with me!' she said, shrinking. 'It was with the cord of my box. But I could not—do the last thing! I was afraid that it might cause a scandal to your name.'
The unexpected quality of this confession, wrung from her, and not volunteered, shook him perceptibly. But he still held her, and, letting his glance fall from her face downwards, he said, 'Now, listen to this. You must not dare to think of such a horrible thing! How could you! You will promise me as your husband to attempt that no more.'
'I am ready to promise. I saw how wicked it was.'
'Wicked! The idea was unworthy of you beyond description.'
'But, Angel,' she pleaded, enlarging her eyes in calm unconcern upon him, 'it was thought of entirely on your account—to set you free without the scandal of the divorce that I thought you would have to get. I should never have dreamt of doing it on mine. However, to do it with my own hand is too good for me, after all. It is you, my ruined husband, who ought to strike the blow. I think I should love you more, if that were possible, if you could bring yourself to do it, since there's no other way of escape for 'ee. I feel I am so utterly worthless! So very greatly in the way!'
'Ssh!'
'Well, since you say no, I won't. I have no wish opposed to yours.'
He knew this to be true enough. Since the desperation of the night her activities had dropped to zero, and there was no further rashness to be feared.
Tess tried to busy herself again over the breakfast-table with more or less success, and they sat down both on the same side, so that their glances did not meet. There was at first something awkward in hearing each other eat and drink, but this could not be escaped; moreover, the amount of eating done was small on both sides. Breakfast over, he rose, and telling her the hour at which he might be expected to dinner, went off to the miller’s in a mechanical pursuance of the plan of studying that business, which had been his only practical reason for coming here.
When he was gone Tess stood at the window, and presently saw his form crossing the great stone bridge which conducted to the mill premises. He sank behind it, crossed the railway beyond, and disappeared. Then, without a sigh, she turned her attention to the room, and began clearing the table and setting it in order.
The charwoman soon came. Her presence was at first a strain upon Tess, but afterwards an alleviation. At half-past twelve she left her assistant alone in the kitchen, and, returning to the sitting-room, waited for the reappearance of Angel’s form behind the bridge.
About one he showed himself. Her face flushed, although he was a quarter of a mile off. She ran to the kitchen to get the dinner served by the time he should enter. He went first to the room where they had washed their
hands together the day before, and as he entered the sitting-room the dishcovers rose from the dishes as if by his own motion.
‘How punctual!’ he said.
‘Yes. I saw you coming over the bridge,’ said she.
The meal was passed in commonplace talk of what he had been doing during the morning at the Abbey Mill, of the methods of bolting and the old-fashioned machinery, which he feared would not enlighten him greatly on modern improved methods, some of it seeming to have been in use ever since the days it ground for the monks in the adjoining conventual buildings—now a heap of ruins. He left the house again in the course of an hour, coming home at dusk, and occupying himself through the evening with his papers. She feared she was in the way and, when the old woman was gone, retired to the kitchen, where she made herself busy as well as she could for more than an hour.
Clare’s shape appeared at the door. ‘You must not work like this,’ he said. ‘You are not my servant; you are my wife.’
She raised her eyes, and brightened somewhat. ‘I may think myself that—indeed?’ she murmured, in piteous raillery. ‘You mean in name! Well, I don’t want to be anything more.’
‘You MAY think so, Tess! You are. What do you mean?’
'I don't know,' she said hastily, with tears in her accents. 'I thought I—because I am not respectable, I mean. I told you I thought I was not respectable enough long ago—and on that account I didn't want to marry you, only—only you urged me!'
She broke into sobs, and turned her back to him. It would almost have won round any man but Angel Clare. Within the remote depths of his constitution, so gentle and affectionate as he was in general, there lay hidden a hard logical deposit, like a vein of metal in a soft loam, which turned the edge of everything that attempted to traverse it. It had blocked his acceptance of the Church; it blocked his acceptance of Tess. Moreover, his affection itself was less fire than radiance, and, with regard to the other sex, when he ceased to believe he ceased to follow: contrasting in this with many impressionable natures, who remain sensuously infatuated with what they intellectually despise. He waited till her sobbing ceased.
'I wish half the women in England were as respectable as you,' he said, in an ebullition of bitterness against womankind in general. 'It isn't a question of respectability, but one of principle!'
He spoke such things as these and more of a kindred sort to her, being still swayed by the antipathetic wave which warps direct souls with such persistence when once their vision finds itself mocked by appearances. There was, it is true, underneath, a back current of sympathy through which a woman of the world might have conquered him. But Tess
did not think of this; she took everything as her deserts, and hardly opened her mouth. The firmness of her devotion to him was indeed almost pitiful; quick-tempered as she naturally was, nothing that he could say made her unseemly; she sought not her own; was not provoked; thought no evil of his treatment of her. She might just now have been Apostolic Charity herself returned to a self-seeking modern world.
This evening, night, and morning were passed precisely as the preceding ones had been passed. On one, and only one, occasion did she—the formerly free and independent Tess—venture to make any advances. It was on the third occasion of his starting after a meal to go out to the flourmill. As he was leaving the table he said 'Goodbye,' and she replied in the same words, at the same time inclining her mouth in the way of his. He did not avail himself of the invitation, saying, as he turned hastily aside—
'I shall be home punctually.'
Tess shrank into herself as if she had been struck. Often enough had he tried to reach those lips against her consent—often had he said gaily that her mouth and breath tasted of the butter and eggs and milk and honey on which she mainly lived, that he drew sustenance from them, and other follies of that sort. But he did not care for them now. He observed her sudden shrinking, and said gently—
'You know, I have to think of a course. It was imperative that we should stay together a little while, to
avoid the scandal to you that would have resulted from our immediate parting. But you must see it is only for form’s sake.’ ‘Yes,’ said Tess absently.
He went out, and on his way to the mill stood still, and wished for a moment that he had responded yet more kindly, and kissed her once at least.
Thus they lived through this despairing day or two; in the same house, truly; but more widely apart than before they were lovers. It was evident to her that he was, as he had said, living with paralyzed activities in his endeavour to think of a plan of procedure. She was awe-stricken to discover such determination under such apparent flexibility. His consistency was, indeed, too cruel. She no longer expected forgiveness now. More than once she thought of going away from him during his absence at the mill; but she feared that this, instead of benefiting him, might be the means of hampering and humiliating him yet more if it should become known.
Meanwhile Clare was meditating, verily. His thought had been unsuspended; he was becoming ill with thinking; eaten out with thinking, withered by thinking; scourged out of all his former pulsating, flexuous domesticity. He walked about saying to himself, ‘What’s to be done—what’s to be done?’ and by chance she overheard him. It caused her to break the reserve about their future which had hitherto prevailed.
‘I suppose—you are not going to live with me—long, are you, Angel?’ she asked, the sunk corners of her mouth
betraying how purely mechanical were the means by which she retained that expression of chastened calm upon her face.
‘I cannot’ he said, ‘without despising myself, and what is worse, perhaps, despising you. I mean, of course, cannot live with you in the ordinary sense. At present, whatever I feel, I do not despise you. And, let me speak plainly, or you may not see all my difficulties. How can we live together while that man lives?—he being your husband in nature, and not I. If he were dead it might be different... Besides, that’s not all the difficulty; it lies in another consideration—one bearing upon the future of other people than ourselves. Think of years to come, and children being born to us, and this past matter getting known—for it must get known. There is not an uttermost part of the earth but somebody comes from it or goes to it from elsewhere. Well, think of wretches of our flesh and blood growing up under a taunt which they will gradually get to feel the full force of with their expanding years. What an awakening for them! What a prospect! Can you honestly say ‘Remain’ after contemplating this contingency? Don’t you think we had better endure the ills we have than fly to others?’
Her eyelids, weighted with trouble, continued drooping as before.
‘I cannot say ‘Remain,’” she answered, ‘I cannot; I had not thought so far.’
Tess’s feminine hope—shall we confess it?—had been
so obstinately recuperative as to revive in her surreptitious visions of a domiciliary intimacy continued long enough to break down his coldness even against his judgement. Though unsophisticated in the usual sense, she was not incomplete; and it would have denoted deficiency of womanhood if she had not instinctively known what an argument lies in propinquity. Nothing else would serve her, she knew, if this failed. It was wrong to hope in what was of the nature of strategy, she said to herself: yet that sort of hope she could not extinguish. His last representation had now been made, and it was, as she said, a new view. She had truly never thought so far as that, and his lucid picture of possible offspring who would scorn her was one that brought deadly convictions to an honest heart which was humanitarian to its centre. Sheer experience had already taught her that in some circumstances there was one thing better than to lead a good life, and that was to be saved from leading any life whatever. Like all who have been previsioned by suffering, she could, in the words of M. Sully-Prudhomme, hear a penal sentence in the fiat, ‘You shall be born,’ particularly if addressed to potential issue of hers.
Yet such is the vulpine slyness of Dame Nature, that, till now, Tess had been hoodwinked by her love for Clare into forgetting it might result in vitalizations that would inflict upon others what she had bewailed as misfortune to herself.
She therefore could not withstand his argument. But with the self-combating proclivity of the supersensitive, an
answer thereto arose in Clare’s own mind, and he almost feared it. It was based on her exceptional physical nature; and she might have used it promisingly. She might have added besides: ‘On an Australian upland or Texan plain, who is to know or care about my misfortunes, or to reproach me or you?’ Yet, like the majority of women, she accepted the momentary presentment as if it were the inevitable. And she may have been right. The intuitive heart of woman knoweth not only its own bitterness, but its husband’s, and even if these assumed reproaches were not likely to be addressed to him or to his by strangers, they might have reached his ears from his own fastidious brain.
It was the third day of the estrangement. Some might risk the odd paradox that with more animalism he would have been the nobler man. We do not say it. Yet Clare’s love was doubtless ethereal to a fault, imaginative to impracticability. With these natures, corporal presence is something less appealing than corporal absence; the latter creating an ideal presence that conveniently drops the defects of the real. She found that her personality did not plead her cause so forcibly as she had anticipated. The figurative phrase was true: she was another woman than the one who had excited his desire.
‘I have thought over what you say,’ she remarked to him, moving her forefinger over the tablecloth, her other hand, which bore the ring that mocked them both, supporting her forehead. ‘It is quite true, all of it; it must be. You must go away from me.’
‘But what can you do?’
‘I can go home.’
Clare had not thought of that.
‘Are you sure?’ he inquired.
‘Quite sure. We ought to part, and we may as well get it past and done. You once said that I was apt to win men against their better judgement; and if I am constantly before your eyes I may cause you to change your plans in opposition to your reason and wish; and afterwards your repentance and my sorrow will be terrible.’
‘And you would like to go home?’ he asked.
‘I want to leave you, and go home.’
‘Then it shall be so.’
Though she did not look up at him, she started. There was a difference between the proposition and the covenant, which she had felt only too quickly.
‘I feared it would come to this,’ she murmured, her countenance meekly fixed. ‘I don’t complain, Angel, I—I think it best. What you said has quite convinced me. Yes, though nobody else should reproach me if we should stay together, yet somehow, years hence, you might get angry with me for any ordinary matter, and knowing what you do of my bygones, you yourself might be tempted to say words, and they might be overheard, perhaps by my own children. O, what only hurts me now would torture and kill me then! I will go—to-morrow.’
‘And I shall not stay here. Though I didn’t like to initiate it, I have seen that it was advisable we should part—at least for a while, till I can better see the shape that things have taken, and can write to you.’
Tess stole a glance at her husband. He was pale, even
tremulous; but, as before, she was appalled by the determination revealed in the depths of this gentle being she had married—the will to subdue the grosser to the subtler emotion, the substance to the conception, the flesh to the spirit. Propensities, tendencies, habits, were as dead leaves upon the tyrannous wind of his imaginative ascendency.
He may have observed her look, for he explained—
'I think of people more kindly when I am away from them'; adding cynically, 'God knows; perhaps we will shake down together some day, for weariness; thousands have done it!'
That day he began to pack up, and she went upstairs and began to pack also. Both knew that it was in their two minds that they might part the next morning for ever, despite the gloss of assuaging conjectures thrown over their proceeding because they were of the sort to whom any parting which has an air of finality is a torture. He knew, and she knew, that, though the fascination which each had exercised over the other—on her part independently of accomplishments—would probably in the first days of their separation be even more potent than ever, time must attenuate that effect; the practical arguments against accepting her as a housemate might pronounce themselves more strongly in the boreal light of a remoter view. Moreover, when two people are once parted—have abandoned a common domicile and a common environment—new growths insensibly bud upward to fill
each vacated place; unforeseen accidents hinder intentions, and old plans are forgotten.
XXXVII
Midnight came and passed silently, for there was nothing to announce it in the Valley of the Froom.
Not long after one o’clock there was a slight creak in the darkened farmhouse once the mansion of the d’Urbervilles. Tess, who used the upper chamber, heard it and awoke. It had come from the corner step of the staircase, which, as usual, was loosely nailed. She saw the door of her bedroom open, and the figure of her husband crossed the stream of moonlight with a curiously careful tread. He was in his shirt and trousers only, and her first flush of joy died when she perceived that his eyes were fixed in an unnatural stare on vacancy. When he reached the middle of the room he stood still and murmured in tones of indescribable sadness—
‘Dead! dead! dead!’
Under the influence of any strongly-disturbing force, Clare would occasionally walk in his sleep, and even perform strange feats, such as he had done on the night of their return from market just before their marriage, when he reenacted in his bedroom his combat with the man who had
insulted her. Tess saw that continued mental distress had wrought him into that somnambulistic state now.
Her loyal confidence in him lay so deep down in her heart, that, awake or asleep, he inspired her with no sort of personal fear. If he had entered with a pistol in his hand he would scarcely have disturbed her trust in his protective ness.
Clare came close, and bent over her. ‘Dead, dead, dead!’ he murmured.
After fixedly regarding her for some moments with the same gaze of unmeasurable woe, he bent lower, enclosed her in his arms, and rolled her in the sheet as in a shroud. Then lifting her from the bed with as much respect as one would show to a dead body, he carried her across the room, murmuring—
‘My poor, poor Tess—my dearest, darling Tess! So sweet, so good, so true!’
The words of endearment, withheld so severely in his waking hours, were inexpressibly sweet to her forlorn and hungry heart. If it had been to save her weary life she would not, by moving or struggling, have put an end to the position she found herself in. Thus she lay in absolute stillness, scarcely venturing to breathe, and, wondering what he was going to do with her, suffered herself to be borne out upon the landing.
‘My wife—dead, dead!’ he said.
He paused in his labours for a moment to lean with her against the banister. Was he going to throw her down?
Selfsolicitude was near extinction in her, and in the knowledge that he had planned to depart on the morrow, possibly for always, she lay in his arms in this precarious position with a sense rather of luxury than of terror. If they could only fall together, and both be dashed to pieces, how fit, how desirable.
However, he did not let her fall, but took advantage of the support of the handrail to imprint a kiss upon her lips—lips in the day-time scorned. Then he clasped her with a renewed firmness of hold, and descended the staircase. The creak of the loose stair did not awaken him, and they reached the ground-floor safely. Freeing one of his hands from his grasp of her for a moment, he slid back the door-bar and passed out, slightly striking his stockinged toe against the edge of the door. But this he seemed not to mind, and, having room for extension in the open air, he lifted her against his shoulder, so that he could carry her with ease, the absence of clothes taking much from his burden. Thus he bore her off the premises in the direction of the river a few yards distant.
His ultimate intention, if he had any, she had not yet divined; and she found herself conjecturing on the matter as a third person might have done. So easefully had she delivered her whole being up to him that it pleased her to think he was regarding her as his absolute possession, to dispose of as he should choose. It was consoling, under the hovering terror of to-morrow’s separation, to feel that he really recognized her now as his wife Tess, and did not cast
her off, even if in that recognition he went so far as to arrogate to himself the right of harming her.
Ah! now she knew what he was dreaming of—that Sunday morning when he had borne her along through the water with the other dairymaids, who had loved him nearly as much as she, if that were possible, which Tess could hardly admit. Clare did not cross the bridge with her, but proceeding several paces on the same side towards the ad joining mill, at length stood still on the brink of the river.
Its waters, in creeping down these miles of meadowland, frequently divided, serpentine in purposeless curves, looping themselves around little islands that had no name, returning and re-embodying themselves as a broad main stream further on. Opposite the spot to which he had brought her was such a general confluence, and the river was proportionately voluminous and deep. Across it was a narrow foot-bridge; but now the autumn flood had washed the handrail away, leaving the bare plank only, which, lying a few inches above the speeding current, formed a giddy pathway for even steady heads; and Tess had noticed from the window of the house in the day-time young men walking across upon it as a feat in balancing. Her husband had possibly observed the same performance; anyhow, he now mounted the plank, and, sliding one foot forward, advanced along it.
Was he going to drown her? Probably he was. The spot was lonely, the river deep and wide enough to make such a purpose easy of accomplishment. He might drown her if he
would; it would be better than parting to-morrow to lead severed lives.
The swift stream raced and gyrated under them, tossing, distorting, and splitting the moon’s reflected face. Spots of froth travelled past, and intercepted weeds waved behind the piles. If they could both fall together into the current now, their arms would be so tightly clasped together that they could not be saved; they would go out of the world almost painlessly, and there would be no more reproach to her, or to him for marrying her. His last half-hour with her would have been a loving one, while if they lived till he awoke, his day-time aversion would return, and this hour would remain to be contemplated only as a transient dream.
The impulse stirred in her, yet she dared not indulge it, to make a movement that would have precipitated them both into the gulf. How she valued her own life had been proved; but his—she had no right to tamper with it. He reached the other side with her in safety.
Here they were within a plantation which formed the Abbey grounds, and taking a new hold of her he went onward a few steps till they reached the ruined choir of the Abbey-church. Against the north wall was the empty stone coffin of an abbot, in which every tourist with a turn for grim humour was accustomed to stretch himself. In this Clare carefully laid Tess. Having kissed her lips a second time he breathed deeply, as if a greatly desired end were attained. Clare then lay down on the ground alongside, when he immediately fell into the deep dead slumber of
exhaustion, and remained motionless as a log. The spurt of mental excitement which had produced the effort was now over.
Tess sat up in the coffin. The night, though dry and mild for the season, was more than sufficiently cold to make it dangerous for him to remain here long, in his half-clothed state. If he were left to himself he would in all probability stay there till the morning, and be chilled to certain death. She had heard of such deaths after sleep-walking. But how could she dare to awaken him, and let him know what he
had been doing, when it would mortify him to discover his folly in respect of her? Tess, however, stepping out of her stone confine, shook him slightly, but was unable to arouse him without being violent. It was indispensable to do something, for she was beginning to shiver, the sheet being but a poor protection. Her excitement had in a measure kept her warm during the few minutes’ adventure; but that beatific interval was over.
It suddenly occurred to her to try persuasion; and accordingly she whispered in his ear, with as much firmness and decision as she could summon—
‘Let us walk on, darling,’ at the same time taking him suggestively by the arm. To her relief, he unresistingly acquiesced; her words had apparently thrown him back into his dream, which thenceforward seemed to enter on a new phase, wherein he fancied she had risen as a spirit, and was leading him to Heaven. Thus she conducted him by the arm to the stone bridge in front of their residence, crossing which they stood at the manor-house door. Tess’s feet were quite bare, and the stones hurt her, and chilled her to the bone; but Clare was in his woollen stockings, and appeared to feel no discomfort.
There was no further difficulty. She induced him to lie down on his own sofa bed, and covered him up warmly, lighting a temporary fire of wood, to dry any dampness out of him. The noise of these attentions she thought might awaken him, and secretly wished that they might. But the
exhaustion of his mind and body was such that he remained undisturbed.
As soon as they met the next morning Tess divined that Angel knew little or nothing of how far she had been concerned in the night’s excursion, though, as regarded himself, he may have been aware that he had not lain still. In truth, he had awakened that morning from a sleep deep as annihilation; and during those first few moments in which the brain, like a Samson shaking himself, is trying its strength, he had some dim notion of an unusual nocturnal proceeding. But the realities of his situation soon displaced conjecture on the other subject.
He waited in expectancy to discern some mental pointing; he knew that if any intention of his, concluded over-night, did not vanish in the light of morning, it stood on a basis approximating to one of pure reason, even if initiated by impulse of feeling; that it was so far, therefore, to be trusted. He thus beheld in the pale morning light the resolve to separate from her; not as a hot and indignant instinct, but denuded of the passionateness which had made it scorch and burn; standing in its bones; nothing but a skeleton, but none the less there. Clare no longer hesitated.
At breakfast, and while they were packing the few remaining articles, he showed his weariness from the night’s effort so unmistakeably that Tess was on the point of revealing all that had happened; but the reflection that it would anger him, grieve him, stultify him, to know that he had instinctively manifested a fondness for her of which his
common-sense did not approve, that his inclination had compromised his dignity when reason slept, again deterred her. It was too much like laughing at a man when sober for his erratic deeds during intoxication.
It just crossed her mind, too, that he might have a faint recollection of his tender vagary, and was disinclined to allude to it from a conviction that she would take amatory advantage of the opportunity it gave her of appealing to him anew not to go.
He had ordered by letter a vehicle from the nearest town, and soon after breakfast it arrived. She saw in it the beginning of the end—the temporary end, at least, for the revelation of his tenderness by the incident of the night raised dreams of a possible future with him. The luggage was put on the top, and the man drove them off, the miller and the old waiting-woman expressing some surprise at their precipitate departure, which Clare attributed to his discovery that the mill-work was not of the modern kind which he wished to investigate, a statement that was true so far as it went. Beyond this there was nothing in the manner of their leaving to suggest a fiasco, or that they were not going together to visit friends.
Their route lay near the dairy from which they had started with such solemn joy in each other a few days back, and as Clare wished to wind up his business with Mr Crick, Tess could hardly avoid paying Mrs Crick a call at the same time, unless she would excite suspicion of their unhappy state.
To make the call as unobtrusive as possible, they left the carriage by the wicket leading down from the high road to the dairy-house, and descended the track on foot, side by side. The withy-bed had been cut, and they could see over the stumps the spot to which Clare had followed her when he pressed her to be his wife; to the left the enclosure in which she had been fascinated by his harp; and far away behind the cow-stalls the mead which had been the scene of their first embrace. The gold of the summer picture was now gray, the colours mean, the rich soil mud, and the river cold.
Over the barton-gate the dairyman saw them, and came forward, throwing into his face the kind of jocularity deemed appropriate in Talbothays and its vicinity on the reappearance of the newly-married. Then Mrs Crick emerged from the house, and several others of their old acquaintance, though Marian and Retty did not seem to be there.
Tess valiantly bore their sly attacks and friendly humours, which affected her far otherwise than they supposed. In the tacit agreement of husband and wife to keep their estrangement a secret they behaved as would have been ordinary. And then, although she would rather there had been no word spoken on the subject, Tess had to hear in detail the story of Marian and Retty. The later had gone home to her father’s, and Marian had left to look for employment elsewhere. They feared she would come to no good.
To dissipate the sadness of this recital Tess went and bade all her favourite cows goodbye, touching each of them with her hand, and as she and Clare stood side by side at leaving, as if united body and soul, there would have been something peculiarly sorry in their aspect to one who should have seen it truly; two limbs of one life, as they outwardly were, his arm touching hers, her skirts touching him, facing one way, as against all the dairy facing the other, speaking in their adieux as ‘we’, and yet sundered like the poles. Perhaps something unusually stiff and embarrassed in their attitude, some awkwardness in acting up to their profession of unity, different from the natural shyness of young couples, may have been apparent, for when they were gone Mrs Crick said to her husband—
‘How onnatural the brightness of her eyes did seem, and how they stood like waxen images and talked as if they were in a dream! Didn’t it strike ‘ee that ‘twas so? Tess had always sommat strange in her, and she’s not now quite like the proud young bride of a well-be-doing man.’
They re-entered the vehicle, and were driven along the roads towards Weatherbury and Stagfoot Lane, till they reached the Lane inn, where Clare dismissed the fly and man. They rested here a while, and entering the Vale were next driven onward towards her home by a stranger who did not know their relations. At a midway point, when Nuttlebury had been passed, and where there were crossroads, Clare stopped the conveyance and said to Tess that if she meant to return to her mother’s house it was here that
he would leave her. As they could not talk with freedom in the driver’s presence he asked her to accompany him for a few steps on foot along one of the branch roads; she assented, and directing the man to wait a few minutes they strolled away.
‘Now, let us understand each other,’ he said gently. ‘There is no anger between us, though there is that which I cannot endure at present. I will try to bring myself to endure it. I will let you know where I go to as soon as I know myself. And if I can bring myself to bear it—if it is desirable, possible—I will come to you. But until I come to you it will be better that you should not try to come to me.’
The severity of the decree seemed deadly to Tess; she saw his view of her clearly enough; he could regard her in no other light than that of one who had practised gross deceit upon him. Yet could a woman who had done even what she had done deserve all this? But she could contest the point with him no further. She simply repeated after him his own words.
‘Until you come to me I must not try to come to you?’
‘Just so.’
‘May I write to you?’
‘O yes—if you are ill, or want anything at all. I hope that will not be the case; so that it may happen that I write first to you.’
'I agree to the conditions, Angel; because you know best what my punishment ought to be; only—only—don’t make it more than I can bear!'
That was all she said on the matter. If Tess had been artful, had she made a scene, fainted, wept hysterically, in that lonely lane, notwithstanding the fury of fastidiousness with which he was possessed, he would probably not have withstood her. But her mood of long-suffering made his way easy for him, and she herself was his best advocate. Pride, too, entered into her submission—which perhaps was a symptom of that reckless acquiescence in chance too apparent in the whole d’Urberville family—and the many effective chords which she could have stirred by an appeal were left untouched.
The remainder of their discourse was on practical matters only. He now handed her a packet containing a fairly good sum of money, which he had obtained from his bankers for the purpose. The brilliants, the interest in which seemed to be Tess’s for her life only (if he understood the wording of the will), he advised her to let him send to a bank for safety; and to this she readily agreed.
These things arranged, he walked with Tess back to the carriage, and handed her in. The coachman was paid and told where to drive her. Taking next his own bag and umbrella—the sole articles he had brought with him hitherto—he bade her goodbye; and they parted there and then.
The fly moved creepingly up a hill, and Clare watched it go with an unpremeditated hope that Tess would look out of the window for one moment. But that she never thought of doing, would not have ventured to do, lying in a halfdead faint inside. Thus he beheld her recede, and in the anguish of his heart quoted a line from a poet, with peculiar emendations of his own—
God’s NOT in his heaven:
All’s WRONG with the world!
When Tess had passed over the crest of the hill he turned to go his own way, and hardly knew that he loved her still.
XXXVIII
As she drove on through Blackmoor Vale, and the landscape of her youth began to open around her, Tess aroused herself from her stupor. Her first thought was how would she be able to face her parents?
She reached a turnpike-gate which stood upon the highway to the village. It was thrown open by a stranger, not by the old man who had kept it for many years, and to whom she had been known; he had probably left on New Year’s Day, the date when such changes were made.
Having received no intelligence lately from her home, she asked the turnpike-keeper for news.
‘Oh—nothing, miss,’ he answered. ‘Marlott is Marlott still. Folks have died and that. John Durbeyfield, too, hev had a daughter married this week to a gentleman-farmer; not from John’s own house, you know; they was married elsewhere; the gentleman being of that high standing that John’s own folk was not considered well-be-doing enough to have any part in it, the bridegroom seeming not to know how’t have been discovered that John is a old and ancient nobleman himself by blood, with family skillentons in their own vaults to this day, but done out of his property in the time o’ the Romans. However, Sir John, as we call ‘n now, kept up the wedding-day as well as he could, and stood treat to everybody in the parish; and John’s wife sung songs at The Pure Drop till past eleven o’clock.’
Hearing this, Tess felt so sick at heart that she could not decide to go home publicly in the fly with her luggage and belongings. She asked the turnpike-keeper if she might deposit her things at his house for a while, and, on his offering no objection, she dismissed her carriage, and went on to the village alone by a back lane.
At sight of her father’s chimney she asked herself how she could possibly enter the house? Inside that cottage her relations were calmly supposing her far away on a weddingtour with a comparatively rich man, who was to conduct her to bouncing prosperity; while here she was,
friendless, creeping up to the old door quite by herself, with no better place to go to in the world.
She did not reach the house unobserved. Just by the garden-hedge she was met by a girl who knew her—one of the two or three with whom she had been intimate at school. After making a few inquiries as to how Tess came there, her friend, unheeding her tragic look, interrupted with—‘But where’s thy gentleman, Tess?’
Tess hastily explained that he had been called away on business, and, leaving her interlocutor, clambered over the garden-hedge, and thus made her way to the house.
As she went up the garden-path she heard her mother singing by the back door, coming in sight of which she perceived Mrs Durbeyfield on the doorstep in the act of wringing a sheet. Having performed this without observing Tess, she went indoors, and her daughter followed her.
The washing-tub stood in the same old place on the same old quarter-hogshead, and her mother, having thrown the sheet aside, was about to plunge her arms in anew.
‘Why—Tess!—my chil’—I thought you was married!—married really and truly this time—we sent the cider—
‘Yes, mother; so I am.’
‘Going to be?’
‘No—I am married.’
‘Married! Then where’s thy husband?’
‘Oh, he’s gone away for a time.’
‘Gone away! When was you married, then? The day you said?’
‘Yes, Tuesday, mother.’
‘And now ‘tis on’y Saturday, and he gone away?’
‘Yes, he’s gone.’
‘What’s the meaning o’ that? ‘Nation seize such husbands as you seem to get, say I!’
‘Mother!’ Tess went across to Joan Durbeyfield, laid her face upon the matron’s bosom, and burst into sobs. ‘I don’t know how to tell ‘ee, mother! You said to me, and wrote to me, that I was not to tell him. But I did tell him—I couldn’t help it—and he went away!’
‘O you little fool—you little fool!’ burst out Mrs Durbeyfield, splashing Tess and herself in her agitation. ‘My good God! that ever I should ha’ lived to say it, but I say it again, you little fool!’
Tess was convulsed with weeping, the tension of so many days having relaxed at last.
‘I know it—I know—I know!’ she gasped through her sobs. ‘But, O my mother, I could not help it! He was so good—and I felt the wickedness of trying to blind him as to what had happened! If—if—it were to be done again—I should do the same. I could not—I dared not—so sin—against him!’
‘But you sinned enough to marry him first!’
‘Yes, yes; that’s where my misery do lie! But I thought he could get rid o’ me by law if he were determined not to
overlook it. And O, if you knew—if you could only half know how I loved him—how anxious I was to have him—and how wrung I was between caring so much for him and my wish to be fair to him!’
Tess was so shaken that she could get no further, and sank, a helpless thing, into a chair.
‘Well, well; what’s done can’t be undone! I’m sure I don’t know why children o’ my bringing forth should all be bigger simpletons than other people’s—not to know better than to blab such a thing as that, when he couldn’t ha’ found it out till too late!’ Here Mrs Durbeyfield began shedding tears on her own account as a mother to be pitied. ‘What your father will say I don’t know,’ she continued; ‘for he’s been talking about the wedding up at Rolliver’s and The Pure Drop every day since, and about his family getting back to their rightful position through you—poor silly man!—and now you’ve made this mess of it! The Lord-a-Lord!’
As if to bring matters to a focus, Tess’s father was heard approaching at that moment. He did not, however, enter immediately, and Mrs Durbeyfield said that she would break the bad news to him herself, Tess keeping out of sight for the present. After her first burst of disappointment Joan began to take the mishap as she had taken Tess’s original trouble, as she would have taken a wet holiday or failure in the potato-crop; as a thing which had come upon them irrespective of desert or folly; a chance external impingement to be borne with; not a lesson.
Tess retreated upstairs and beheld casually that the beds had been shifted, and new arrangements made. Her old bed had been adapted for two younger children. There was no place here for her now.
The room below being unceiled she could hear most of what went on there. Presently her father entered, apparently carrying in a live hen. He was a foot-haggler now, having been obliged to sell his second horse, and he travelled with his basket on his arm. The hen had been carried about this morning as it was often carried, to show people that he was in his work, though it had lain, with its legs tied, under the table at Rolliver’s for more than an hour.
‘We’ve just had up a story about—’ Durbeyfield began, and thereupon related in detail to his wife a discussion which had arisen at the inn about the clergy, originated by the fact of his daughter having married into a clerical family. ‘They was formerly styled ‘sir’, like my own ancestry,’ he said, ‘though nowadays their true style, strictly speaking, is ‘clerk’ only.’ As Tess had wished that no great publicity should be given to the event, he had mentioned no particulars. He hoped she would remove that prohibition soon. He proposed that the couple should take Tess’s own name, d’Urberville, as uncorrupted. It was better than her husbands’s. He asked if any letter had come from her that day.
Then Mrs Durbeyfield informed him that no letter had come, but Tess unfortunately had come herself.
When at length the collapse was explained to him, a sullen mortification, not usual with Durbeyfield, overpowered the influence of the cheering glass. Yet the intrinsic quality of the event moved his touchy sensitiveness less than its conjectured effect upon the minds of others.
‘To think, now, that this was to be the end o’t!’ said Sir John. ‘And I with a family vault under that there church of Kingsbere as big as Squire Jollard’s ale-cellar, and my folk lying there in sixes and sevens, as genuine county bones and marrow as any recorded in history. And now to be sure what they fellers at Rolliver’s and The Pure Drop will say to me! How they’ll squint and glane, and say, ‘This is yer mighty match is it; this is yer getting back to the true level of yer forefathers in King Norman’s time!’ I feel this is too much, Joan; I shall put an end to myself, title and all—I can bear it no longer! ... But she can make him keep her if he’s married her?’
‘Why, yes. But she won’t think o’ doing that.’
‘D’ye think he really have married her?’—or is it like the first—
Poor Tess, who had heard as far as this, could not bear to hear more. The perception that her word could be doubted even here, in her own parental house, set her mind against the spot as nothing else could have done. How unexpected were the attacks of destiny! And if her father doubted her a little, would not neighbours and acquaintance doubt her much? O, she could not live long at home!
A few days, accordingly, were all that she allowed herself here, at the end of which time she received a short note from Clare, informing her that he had gone to the North of England to look at a farm. In her craving for the lustre of her true position as his wife, and to hide from her parents the vast extent of the division between them, she made use of this letter as her reason for again departing, leaving them under the impression that she was setting out to join him. Still further to screen her husband from any imputation of unkindness to her, she took twenty-five of the fifty pounds Clare had given her, and handed the sum over to her mother, as if the wife of a man like Angel Clare could well afford it, saying that it was a slight return for the trouble and humiliation she had brought upon them in years past. With this assertion of her dignity she bade them farewell; and after that there were lively doings in the Durbeyfield household for some time on the strength of Tess’s bounty, her mother saying, and, indeed, believing, that the rupture which had arisen between the young husband and wife had adjusted itself under their strong feeling that they could not live apart from each other.
XXXIX
It was three weeks after the marriage that Clare found himself descending the hill which led to the well-known
parsonage of his father. With his downward course the tower of the church rose into the evening sky in a manner of inquiry as to why he had come; and no living person in the twilit town seemed to notice him, still less to expect him. He was arriving like a ghost, and the sound of his own footsteps was almost an encumbrance to be got rid of.
The picture of life had changed for him. Before this time he had known it but speculatively; now he thought he knew it as a practical man; though perhaps he did not, even yet. Nevertheless humanity stood before him no longer in the pensive sweetness of Italian art, but in the staring and ghastly attitudes of a Wiertz Museum, and with the leer of a study by Van Beers.
His conduct during these first weeks had been desultory beyond description. After mechanically attempting to pursue his agricultural plans as though nothing unusual had happened, in the manner recommended by the great and wise men of all ages, he concluded that very few of those great and wise men had ever gone so far outside themselves as to test the feasibility of their counsel. ‘This is the chief thing: be not perturbed,’ said the Pagan moralist. That was just Clare’s own opinion. But he was perturbed. ‘Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid,’ said the Nazarene. Clare chimed in cordially; but his heart was troubled all the same. How he would have liked to confront those two great thinkers, and earnestly appeal to them as
fellowman to fellow-men, and ask them to tell him their method!
His mood transmuted itself into a dogged indifference till at length he fancied he was looking on his own existence with the passive interest of an outsider.
He was embittered by the conviction that all this desolation had been brought about by the accident of her being a d’Urberville. When he found that Tess came of that exhausted ancient line, and was not of the new tribes from below, as he had fondly dreamed, why had he not stoically abandoned her in fidelity to his principles? This was what he had got by apostasy, and his punishment was deserved.
Then he became weary and anxious, and his anxiety increased. He wondered if he had treated her unfairly. He ate without knowing that he ate, and drank without tasting. As the hours dropped past, as the motive of each act in the long series of bygone days presented itself to his view, he perceived how intimately the notion of having Tess as a dear possession was mixed up with all his schemes and words and ways.
In going hither and thither he observed in the outskirts of a small town a red-and-blue placard setting forth the great advantages of the Empire of Brazil as a field for the emigrating agriculturist. Land was offered there on exceptionally advantageous terms. Brazil somewhat attracted him as a new idea. Tess could eventually join him there, and perhaps in that country of contrasting scenes and notions and habits the conventions would not be so
operative which made life with her seem impracticable to him here. In brief he was strongly inclined to try Brazil, especially as the season for going thither was just at hand.
With this view he was returning to Emminster to disclose his plan to his parents, and to make the best explanation he could make of arriving without Tess, short of revealing what had actually separated them. As he reached the door the new moon shone upon his face, just as the old one had done in the small hours of that morning when he had carried his wife in his arms across the river to the graveyard of the monks; but his face was thinner now.
Clare had given his parents no warning of his visit, and his arrival stirred the atmosphere of the Vicarage as the dive of the kingfisher stirs a quiet pool. His father and mother were both in the drawing-room, but neither of his brothers was now at home. Angel entered, and closed the door quietly behind him.
‘But—where’s your wife, dear Angel?’ cried his mother. ‘How you surprise us!’
‘She is at her mother’s—temporarily. I have come home rather in a hurry because I’ve decided to go to Brazil.’
‘Brazil! Why they are all Roman Catholics there surely!’
‘Are they? I hadn’t thought of that.’
But even the novelty and painfulness of his going to a Papistical land could not displace for long Mr and Mrs Clare’s natural interest in their son’s marriage.
‘We had your brief note three weeks ago announcing that it had taken place,’ said Mrs Clare, ‘and your father sent your
godmother’s gift to her, as you know. Of course it was best that none of us should be present, especially as you preferred to marry her from the dairy, and not at her home, wherever that may be. It would have embarrassed you, and given us no pleasure. Your bothers felt that very strongly. Now it is done we do not complain, particularly if she suits you for the business you have chosen to follow instead of the ministry of the Gospel. ... Yet I wish I could have seen her first, Angel, or have known a little more about her. We sent her no present of our own, not knowing what would best give her pleasure, but you must suppose it only delayed. Angel, there is no irritation in my mind or your father’s against you for this marriage; but we have thought it much better to reserve our liking for your wife till we could see her. And now you have not brought her. It seems strange. What has happened?’
He replied that it had been thought best by them that she should go her parents’ home for the present, whilst he came there.
‘I don’t mind telling you, dear mother,’ he said, ‘that I always meant to keep her away from this house till I should feel she could some with credit to you. But this idea of Brazil is quite a recent one. If I do go it will be unadvisable for me to take her on this my first journey. She will remain at her mother’s till I come back.’
‘And I shall not see her before you start?’
He was afraid they would not. His original plan had been, as he had said, to refrain from bringing her there for
some little while—not to wound their prejudices—feelings—in any way; and for other reasons he had adhered to it. He would have to visit home in the course of a year, if he went out at once; and it would be possible for them to see her before he started a second time—with her.
A hastily prepared supper was brought in, and Clare made further exposition of his plans. His mother’s disappointment at not seeing the bride still remained with her. Clare’s late enthusiasm for Tess had infected her through her maternal sympathies, till she had almost fancied that a good thing could come out of Nazareth—a charming woman out of Talbothays Dairy. She watched her son as he ate.
‘Cannot you describe her? I am sure she is very pretty, Angel.’
‘Of that there can be no question!’ he said, with a zest which covered its bitterness.
‘And that she is pure and virtuous goes without question?’
‘Pure and virtuous, of course, she is.’
‘I can see her quite distinctly. You said the other day that she was fine in figure; roundly built; had deep red lips like Cupid’s bow; dark eyelashes and brows, an immense rope of hair like a ship’s cable; and large eyes violety-bluey-blackish.’
‘I did, mother.’
'I quite see her. And living in such seclusion she naturally had scarce ever seen any young man from the world without till she saw you.'
'Scarcely.'
'You were her first love?'
'Of course.'
'There are worse wives than these simple, rosy-mouthed, robust girls of the farm. Certainly I could have wished—well, since my son is to be an agriculturist, it is perhaps but proper that his wife should have been accustomed to an outdoor life.'
His father was less inquisitive; but when the time came for the chapter from the Bible which was always read before evening prayers, the Vicar observed to Mrs Clare—
'I think, since Angel has come, that it will be more appropriate to read the thirty-first of Proverbs than the chapter which we should have had in the usual course of our reading?'
'Yes, certainly,' said Mrs Clare. 'The words of King Lemuel' (she could cite chapter and verse as well as her husband). 'My dear son, your father has decided to read us the chapter in Proverbs in praise of a virtuous wife. We shall not need to be reminded to apply the words to the absent one. May Heaven shield her in all her ways!'
A lump rose in Clare's throat. The portable lectern was taken out from the corner and set in the middle of the fireplace, the two old servants came in, and Angel's father began to read at the tenth verse of the aforesaid chapter"Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies. She riseth while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her household. She girdeth her loins with strength and strengtheneth her arms. She perceiveth that her merchandise is good; her candle goeth not out by night. She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness. Her children arise up and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her. Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all."
When prayers were over, his mother said—
'I could not help thinking how very aptly that chapter your dear father read applied, in some of its particulars, to the woman you have chosen. The perfect woman, you see, was a working woman; not an idler; not a fine lady; but one who used her hands and her head and her heart for the good of others. 'Her children arise up and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiseth her. Many daughters have done virtuously, but she excelleth them all.' Well, I wish I could have seen her, Angel. Since she is pure and chaste, she would have been refined enough for me.'
Clare could bear this no longer. His eyes were full of tears, which seemed like drops of molten lead. He bade a quick good night to these sincere and simple souls whom he loved so well; who knew neither the world, the flesh, nor the devil in their own hearts, only as something vague and external to themselves. He went to his own chamber.
His mother followed him, and tapped at his door. Clare opened it to discover her standing without, with anxious eyes.
‘Angel,’ she asked, ‘is there something wrong that you go away so soon? I am quite sure you are not yourself.’ ‘I am not, quite, mother,’ said he.
‘About her? Now, my son, I know it is that—I know it is about her! Have you quarrelled in these three weeks?’
‘We have not exactly quarrelled,’ he said. ‘But we have had a difference—’
‘Angel—is she a young woman whose history will bear investigation?’
With a mother’s instinct Mrs Clare had put her finger on the kind of trouble that would cause such a disquiet as seemed to agitate her son.
‘She is spotless!’ he replied; and felt that if it had sent him to eternal hell there and then he would have told that lie.
‘Then never mind the rest. After all, there are few purer things in nature than an unsullied country maid. Any crudeness of manner which may offend your more educated sense at first, will, I am sure, disappear under the influence or your companionship and tuition.’
Such terrible sarcasm of blind magnanimity brought home to Clare the secondary perception that he had utterly wrecked his career by this marriage, which had not been among his early thoughts after the disclosure. True, on his own account he cared very little about his career; but he
had wished to make it at least a respectable one on account of his parents and brothers. And now as he looked into the candle its flame dumbly expressed to him that it was made to shine on sensible people, and that it abhorred lighting the face of a dupe and a failure.
When his agitation had cooled he would be at moments incensed with his poor wife for causing a situation in which he was obliged to practise deception on his parents. He almost talked to her in his anger, as if she had been in the room. And then her cooing voice, plaintive in expostulation, disturbed the darkness, the velvet touch of her lips passed over his brow, and he could distinguish in the air the warmth of her breath.
This night the woman of his belittling deprecations was thinking how great and good her husband was. But over them both there hung a deeper shade than the shade which Angel Clare perceived, namely, the shade of his own limitations. With all his attempted independence of judgement this advanced and well-meaning young man, a sample product of the last five-and-twenty years, was yet the slave to custom and conventionality when surprised back into his early teachings. No prophet had told him, and he was not prophet enough to tell himself, that essentially this young wife of his was as deserving of the praise of King Lemuel as any other woman endowed with the same dislike of evil, her moral value having to be reckoned not by achievement but by tendency. Moreover, the figure near at hand suffers on such occasion, because it shows up its
sorriness without shade; while vague figures afar off are honoured, in that their distance makes artistic virtues of their stains. In considering what Tess was not, he overlooked what she was, and forgot that the defective can be more than the entire.
XL
At breakfast Brazil was the topic, and all endeavoured to take a hopeful view of Clare’s proposed experiment with that country’s soil, notwithstanding the discouraging reports of some farm-labourers who had emigrated thither and returned home within the twelve months. After breakfast Clare went into the little town to wind up such trifling matters as he was concerned with there, and to get from the local bank all the money he possessed. On his way back he encountered Miss Mercy Chant by the church, from whose walls she seemed to be a sort of emanation. She was carrying an armful of Bibles for her class, and such was her view of life that events which produced heartache in others wrought beatific smiles upon her—an enviable result, although, in the opinion of Angel, it was obtained by a curiously unnatural sacrifice of humanity to mysticism.
She had learnt that he was about to leave England, and observed what an excellent and promising scheme it seemed to be.
‘Yes; it is a likely scheme enough in a commercial sense, no doubt,’ he replied. ‘But, my dear Mercy, it snaps the continuity of existence. Perhaps a cloister would be preferable.’
‘A cloister! O, Angel Clare!’
‘Well?’
‘Why, you wicked man, a cloister implies a monk, and a monk Roman Catholicism.’
‘And Roman Catholicism sin, and sin damnation. Thou art in a parlous state, Angel Clare.’
‘I glory in my Protestantism!’ she said severely.
Then Clare, thrown by sheer misery into one of the demoniacal moods in which a man does despite to his true principles, called her close to him, and fiendishly whispered in her ear the most heterodox ideas he could think of. His momentary laughter at the horror which appeared on her fair face ceased when it merged in pain and anxiety for his welfare.
‘Dear Mercy,’ he said, ‘you must forgive me. I think I am going crazy!’
She thought that he was; and thus the interview ended, and Clare re-entered the Vicarage. With the local banker he deposited the jewels till happier days should arise. He also paid into the bank thirty pounds—to be sent to Tess in a few months, as she might require; and wrote to her at her
parents’ home in Blackmoor Vale to inform her of what he had done. This amount, with the sum he had already placed in her hands—about fifty pounds—he hoped would be amply sufficient for her wants just at present, particularly as in an emergency she had been directed to apply to his father.
He deemed it best not to put his parents into communication with her by informing them of her address; and, being unaware of what had really happened to estrange the two, neither his father nor his mother suggested that he should do so. During the day he left the parsonage, for what he had to complete he wished to get done quickly.
As the last duty before leaving this part of England it was necessary for him to call at the Wellbridge farmhouse, in which he had spent with Tess the first three days of their marriage, the trifle of rent having to be paid, the key given up of the rooms they had occupied, and two or three small articles fetched away that they had left behind. It was under this roof that the deepest shadow ever thrown upon his life had stretched its gloom over him. Yet when he had unlocked the door of the sitting-room and looked into it, the memory which returned first upon him was that of their happy arrival on a similar afternoon, the first fresh sense of sharing a habitation conjointly, the first meal together, the chatting by the fire with joined hands.
The farmer and his wife were in the field at the moment of his visit, and Clare was in the rooms alone for some
time. Inwardly swollen with a renewal of sentiment that he had not quite reckoned with, he went upstairs to her chamber, which had never been his. The bed was smooth as she had made it with her own hands on the morning of leaving. The mistletoe hung under the tester just as he had placed it. Having been there three or four weeks it was turning colour, and the leaves and berries were wrinkled. Angel took it down and crushed it into the grate. Standing there, he for the first time doubted whether his course in this conjecture had been a wise, much less a generous, one. But had he not been cruelly blinded? In the incoherent multitude of his emotions he knelt down at the bedside wet-eyed. ‘O Tess! If you had only told me sooner, I would have forgiven you!’ he mourned.
Hearing a footstep below, he rose and went to the top of the stairs. At the bottom of the flight he saw a woman standing, and on her turning up her face recognized the pale, dark-eyed Izz Huett.
‘Mr Clare,’ she said, ‘I’ve called to see you and Mrs Clare, and to inquire if ye be well. I thought you might be back here again.’
This was a girl whose secret he had guessed, but who had not yet guessed his; an honest girl who loved him—one who would have made as good, or nearly as good, a practical farmer’s wife as Tess.
‘I am here alone,’ he said; ‘we are not living here now.’ Explaining why he had come, he asked, ‘Which way are you going home, Izz?’
'I have no home at Talbothays Dairy now, sir,' she said.
'Why is that?'
Izz looked down.
'It was so dismal there that I left! I am staying out this way.' She pointed in a contrary direction, the direction in which he was journeying.
'Well—are you going there now? I can take you if you wish for a lift.'
Her olive complexion grew richer in hue.
'Thank 'ee, Mr Clare,' she said.
He soon found the farmer, and settled the account for his rent and the few other items which had to be considered by reason of the sudden abandonment of the lodgings. On Clare's return to his horse and gig, Izz jumped up beside him.
'I am going to leave England, Izz,' he said, as they drove on. 'Going to Brazil.'
'And do Mrs Clare like the notion of such a journey?' she asked.
'She is not going at present—say for a year or so. I am going out to reconnoitre—to see what life there is like.'
They sped along eastward for some considerable distance, Izz making no observation.
'How are the others?' he inquired. 'How is Retty?'
'She was in a sort of nervous state when I zid her last; and so thin and hollow-cheeked that 'a do seem in a
decline. Nobody will ever fall in love wi’ her any more,’ said Izz absently.
‘And Marian?’
Izz lowered her voice.
‘Marian drinks.’
‘Indeed!’
‘Yes. The dairyman has got rid of her.’
‘And you!’
‘I don’t drink, and I bain’t in a decline. But—I am no great things at singing afore breakfast now!’
‘How is that? Do you remember how neatly you used to turn “’Twas down in Cupid’s Gardens” and “The Tailor’s Breeches” at morning milking?’
‘Ah, yes! When you first came, sir, that was. Not when you had been there a bit.’
‘Why was that falling-off?’
Her black eyes flashed up to his face for one moment by way of answer.
‘Izz!—how weak of you—for such as I!’ he said, and fell into reverie. ‘Then—suppose I had asked YOU to marry me?’
‘If you had I should have said “Yes”, and you would have married a woman who loved “ee!”’
‘Really!’
‘Down to the ground!’ she whispered vehemently. ‘O my God! did you never guess it till now!’
By-and-by they reached a branch road to a village.
'I must get down. I live out there,' said Izz abruptly, never having spoken since her avowal.
Clare slowed the horse. He was incensed against his fate, bitterly disposed towards social ordinances; for they had cooped him up in a corner, out of which there was no legitimate pathway. Why not be revenged on society by shaping his future domesticities loosely, instead of kissing the pedagogic rod of convention in this ensnaring manner?
'I am going to Brazil alone, Izz,' said he. 'I have separated from my wife for personal, not voyaging, reasons. I may never live with her again. I may not be able to love you; but—will you go with me instead of her?'
'You truly wish me to go?'
'I do. I have been badly used enough to wish for relief. And you at least love me disinterestedly.'
'Yes—I will go,' said Izz, after a pause.
'You will? You know what it means, Izz?'
'It means that I shall live with you for the time you are over there—that's good enough for me.'
'Remember, you are not to trust me in morals now. But I ought to remind you that it will be wrong-doing in the eyes of civilization—Western civilization, that is to say.'
'I don't mind that; no woman do when it comes to agonypoint, and there's no other way!'
'Then don't get down, but sit where you are.'
He drove past the cross-roads, one mile, two miles, without showing any signs of affection.
‘You love me very, very much, Izz?’ he suddenly asked.
‘I do—I have said I do! I loved you all the time we was at the dairy together!’ ‘More than Tess?’
She shook her head.
‘No,’ she murmured, ‘not more than she.’
‘How’s that?’
‘Because nobody could love ‘ee more than Tess did! ... She would have laid down her life for ‘ee. I could do no more.’
Like the prophet on the top of Peor, Izz Huett would fain have spoken perversely at such a moment, but the fascination exercised over her rougher nature by Tess’s character compelled her to grace.
Clare was silent; his heart had risen at these straightforward words from such an unexpected unimpeachable quarter. In his throat was something as if a sob had solidified there. His ears repeated, ‘SHE WOULD HAVE LAID DOWN HER LIFE FOR ‘EE. I COULD DO NO MORE!’
‘Forget our idle talk, Izz,’ he said, turning the horse’s head suddenly. ‘I don’t know what I’ve been saying! I will now drive you back to where your lane branches off.’
‘So much for honesty towards ‘ee! O—how can I bear it—how can I—how can I!’
Izz Huett burst into wild tears, and beat her forehead as she saw what she had done.
‘Do you regret that poor little act of justice to an absent one? O, Izz, don’t spoil it by regret!’ She stilled herself by degrees.
‘Very well, sir. Perhaps I didn’t know what I was saying, either, wh—when I agreed to go! I wish—what cannot be!’
‘Because I have a loving wife already.’
‘Yes, yes! You have!’
They reached the corner of the lane which they had passed half an hour earlier, and she hopped down.
‘Izz—please, please forget my momentary levity!’ he cried. ‘It was so ill-considered, so ill-advised!’
‘Forget it? Never, never! O, it was no levity to me!’
He felt how richly he deserved the reproach that the wounded cry conveyed, and, in a sorrow that was inexpressible, leapt down and took her hand.
‘Well, but, Izz, we’ll part friends, anyhow? You don’t know what I’ve had to bear!’
She was a really generous girl, and allowed no further bitterness to mar their adieux.
‘I forgive ‘ee, sir!’ she said.
‘Now, Izz,’ he said, while she stood beside him there, forcing himself to the mentor’s part he was far from feeling; ‘I want you to tell Marian when you see her that she is to be a good woman, and not to give way to folly. Promise that, and tell Retty that there are more worthy men than I in the world, that for my sake she is to act wisely and
well—remember the words—wisely and well—for my sake. I send this message to them as a dying man to the dying; for I shall never see them again. And you, Izzy, you have saved me by your honest words about my wife from an incredible impulse towards folly and treachery. Women may be bad, but they are not so bad as men in these things! On that one account I can never forget you. Be always the good and sincere girl you have hitherto been; and think of me as a worthless lover, but a faithful friend. Promise.’ She gave the promise.
‘Heaven bless and keep you, sir. Goodbye!’
He drove on; but no sooner had Izz turned into the lane, and Clare was out of sight, than she flung herself down on the bank in a fit of racking anguish; and it was with a strained unnatural face that she entered her mother’s cottage late that night. Nobody ever was told how Izz spent the dark hours that intervened between Angel Clare’s parting from her and her arrival home.
Clare, too, after bidding the girl farewell, was wrought to aching thoughts and quivering lips. But his sorrow was not for Izz. That evening he was within a feather-weight’s turn of abandoning his road to the nearest station, and driving across that elevated dorsal line of South Wessex which divided him from his Tess’s home. It was neither a contempt for her nature, nor the probable state of her heart, which deterred him.
No; it was a sense that, despite her love, as corroborated by Izz’s admission, the facts had not changed. If he was
right at first, he was right now. And the momentum of the course on which he had embarked tended to keep him going in it, unless diverted by a stronger, more sustained force than had played upon him this afternoon. He could soon come back to her. He took the train that night for London, and five days after shook hands in farewell of his brothers at the port of embarkation.
From the foregoing events of the winter-time let us press on to an October day, more than eight months subsequent to the parting of Clare and Tess. We discover the latter in changed conditions; instead of a bride with boxes and trunks which others bore, we see her a lonely woman with a basket and a bundle in her own porterage, as at an earlier time when she was no bride; instead of the ample means that were projected by her husband for her comfort through this probationary period, she can produce only a flattened purse.
After again leaving Marlott, her home, she had got through the spring and summer without any great stress upon her physical powers, the time being mainly spent in rendering light irregular service at dairy-work near PortBredy to the west of the Blackmoor Valley, equally remote from her native place and from Talbothays. She preferred this to living on his allowance. Mentally she remained in utter stagnation, a condition which the mechanical occupation rather fostered than checked. Her consciousness was at that other dairy, at that other season, in the presence of the tender lover who had confronted her there—he who, the moment she had grasped him to keep for her own, had disappeared like a shape in a vision.
The dairy-work lasted only till the milk began to lessen, for she had not met with a second regular engagement as at Talbothays, but had done duty as a supernumerary only. However, as harvest was now beginning, she had simply to remove from the pasture to the stubble to find plenty of further occupation, and this continued till harvest was done.
Of the five-and-twenty pounds which had remained to her of Clare’s allowance, after deducting the other half of the fifty as a contribution to her parents for the trouble and expense to which she had put them, she had as yet spent but little. But there now followed an unfortunate interval of wet weather, during which she was obliged to fall back upon her sovereigns.
She could not bear to let them go. Angel had put them into her hand, had obtained them bright and new from his bank for her; his touch had consecrated them to souvenirs of himself—they appeared to have had as yet no other history than such as was created by his and her own experiences—and to disperse them was like giving away relics. But she had to do it, and one by one they left her hands.
She had been compelled to send her mother her address from time to time, but she concealed her circumstances. When her money had almost gone a letter from her mother reached her. Joan stated that they were in dreadful difficulty; the autumn rains had gone through the thatch of the house, which required entire renewal; but this could not be done because the previous thatching had never been paid
for. New rafters and a new ceiling upstairs also were required, which, with the previous bill, would amount to a sum of twenty pounds. As her husband was a man of means, and had doubtless returned by this time, could she not send them the money?
Tess had thirty pounds coming to her almost immediately from Angel’s bankers, and, the case being so deplorable, as soon as the sum was received she sent the twenty as requested. Part of the remainder she was obliged to expend in winter clothing, leaving only a nominal sum for the whole inclement season at hand. When the last pound had gone, a remark of Angel’s that whenever she required further resources she was to apply to his father, remained to be considered.
But the more Tess thought of the step, the more reluctant was she to take it. The same delicacy, pride, false shame, whatever it may be called, on Clare’s account, which had led her to hide from her own parents the prolongation of the estrangement, hindered her owning to his that she was in want after the fair allowance he had left her. They probably despised her already; how much more they would despise her in the character of a mendicant! The consequence was that by no effort could the parson’s daughter-in-law bring herself to let him know her state.
Her reluctance to communicate with her husband’s parents might, she thought, lessen with the lapse of time; but with her own the reverse obtained. On her leaving their house after the short visit subsequent to her marriage they
were under the impression that she was ultimately going to join her husband; and from that time to the present she had done nothing to disturb their belief that she was awaiting his return in comfort, hoping against hope that his journey to Brazil would result in a short stay only, after which he would come to fetch her, or that he would write for her to join him; in any case that they would soon present a united front to their families and the world. This hope she still fostered. To let her parents know that she was a deserted wife, dependent, now that she had relieved their necessities, on her own hands for a living, after the éclat of a marriage which was to nullify the collapse of the first attempt, would be too much indeed.
The set of brilliants returned to her mind. Where Clare had deposited them she did not know, and it mattered little, if it were true that she could only use and not sell them. Even were they absolutely hers it would be passing mean to enrich herself by a legal title to them which was not essentially hers at all.
Meanwhile her husband’s days had been by no means free from trial. At this moment he was lying ill of fever in the clay lands near Curitiba in Brazil, having been drenched with thunder-storms and persecuted by other hardships, in common with all the English farmers and farm-labourers who, just at this time, were deluded into going thither by the promises of the Brazilian Government, and by the baseless assumption that those frames which, ploughing and sowing on English uplands, had resisted all
the weathers to whose moods they had been born, could resist equally well all the weathers by which they were surprised on Brazilian plains.
To return. Thus it happened that when the last of Tess’s sovereigns had been spent she was unprovided with others to take their place, while on account of the season she found it increasingly difficult to get employment. Not being aware of the rarity of intelligence, energy, health, and willingness in any sphere of life, she refrained from seeking an indoor occupation; fearing towns, large houses, people of means and social sophistication, and of manners other than rural. From that direction of gentility Black Care had come. Society might be better than she supposed from her slight experience of it. But she had no proof of this, and her instinct in the circumstances was to avoid its purlieus.
The small dairies to the west, beyond Port-Bredy, in which she had served as supernumerary milkmaid during the spring and summer required no further aid. Room would probably have been made for her at Talbothays, if only out of sheer compassion; but comfortable as her life had been there, she could not go back. The anti-climax would be too intolerable; and her return might bring reproach upon her idolized husband. She could not have borne their pity, and their whispered remarks to one another upon her strange situation; though she would almost have faced a knowledge of her circumstances by every individual there, so long as her story had remained isolated in the mind of each. It was the interchange of ideas
about her that made her sensitiveness wince. Tess could not account for this distinction; she simply knew that she felt it.
She was now on her way to an upland farm in the centre of the county, to which she had been recommended by a wandering letter which had reached her from Marian. Marian had somehow heard that Tess was separated from her husband—probably through Izz Huett—and the good-natured and now tippling girl, deeming Tess in trouble, had hastened to notify to her former friend that she herself had gone to this upland spot after leaving the dairy, and would like to see her there, where there was room for other hands, if it was really true that she worked again as of old.
With the shortening of the days all hope of obtaining her husband’s forgiveness began to leave her; and there was something of the habitue of the wild animal in the unreflecting instinct with which she rambled on—disconnecting herself by littles from her eventful past at every step, obliterating her identity, giving no thought to accidents or contingencies which might make a quick discovery of her whereabouts by others of importance to her own happiness, if not to theirs.
Among the difficulties of her lonely position not the least was the attention she excited by her appearance, a certain bearing of distinction, which she had caught from Clare, being superadded to her natural attractiveness. Whilst the clothes lasted which had been prepared for her marriage, these casual glances of interest caused her no inconvenience, but as soon as she was compelled to don the
wrapper of a fieldwoman, rude words were addressed to her more than once; but nothing occurred to cause her bodily fear till a particular November afternoon.
She had preferred the country west of the River Brit to the upland farm for which she was now bound, because, for one thing, it was nearer to the home of her husband’s father; and to hover about that region unrecognized, with the notion that she might decide to call at the Vicarage some day, gave her pleasure. But having once decided to try the higher and drier levels, she pressed back eastward, marching afoot towards the village of Chalk-Newton, where she meant to pass the night.
The lane was long and unvaried, and, owing to the rapid shortening of the days, dusk came upon her before she was aware. She had reached the top of a hill down which the lane stretched its serpentine length in glimpses, when she heard footsteps behind her back, and in a few moments she was overtaken by a man. He stepped up alongside Tess and said—
‘Good night, my pretty maid’: to which she civilly replied.
The light still remaining in the sky lit up her face, though the landscape was nearly dark. The man turned and stared hard at her.
‘Why, surely, it is the young wench who was at Trantridge awhile— young Squire d’Urberville’s friend? I was there at that time, though I don’t live there now.’
She recognized in him the well-to-do boor whom Angel had knocked down at the inn for addressing her coarsely. A spasm of anguish shot through her, and she returned him no answer.
‘Be honest enough to own it, and that what I said in the town was true, though your fancy-man was so up about it—hey, my sly one? You ought to beg my pardon for that blow of his, considering.’
Still no answer came from Tess. There seemed only one escape for her hunted soul. She suddenly took to her heels with the speed of the wind, and, without looking behind her, ran along the road till she came to a gate which opened directly into a plantation. Into this she plunged, and did not pause till she was deep enough in its shade to be safe against any possibility of discovery.
Under foot the leaves were dry, and the foliage of some holly bushes which grew among the deciduous trees was dense enough to keep off draughts. She scraped together the dead leaves till she had formed them into a large heap, making a sort of nest in the middle. Into this Tess crept.
Such sleep as she got was naturally fitful; she fancied she heard strange noises, but persuaded herself that they were caused by the breeze. She thought of her husband in some vague warm clime on the other side of the globe, while she was here in the cold. Was there another such a wretched being as she in the world? Tess asked herself; and, thinking of her wasted life, said, ‘All is vanity.’ She repeated the words mechanically, till she reflected that this
was a most inadequate thought for modern days. Solomon had thought as far as that more than two thousand years ago; she herself, though not in the van of thinkers, had got much further. If all were only vanity, who would mind it? All was, alas, worse than vanity—injustice, punishment, exaction, death. The wife of Angel Clare put her hand to her brow, and felt its curve, and the edges of her eye-sockets perceptible under the soft skin, and thought as she did so that a time would come when that bone would be bare. 'I wish it were now,' she said.
In the midst of these whimsical fancies she heard a new strange sound among the leaves. It might be the wind; yet there was scarcely any wind. Sometimes it was a palpitation, sometimes a flutter; sometimes it was a sort of gasp or gurgle. Soon she was certain that the noises came from wild creatures of some kind, the more so when, originating in the boughs overhead, they were followed by the fall of a heavy body upon the ground. Had she been ensconced here under other and more pleasant conditions she would have become alarmed; but, outside humanity, she had at present no fear.
Day at length broke in the sky. When it had been day aloft for some little while it became day in the wood.
Directly the assuring and prosaic light of the world's active hours had grown strong, she crept from under her hillock of leaves, and looked around boldly. Then she perceived what had been going on to disturb her. The plantation wherein she had taken shelter ran down at this
spot into a peak, which ended it hitherward, outside the hedge being arable ground. Under the trees several pheasants lay about, their rich plumage dabbled with blood; some were dead, some feebly twitching a wing, some staring up at the sky, some pulsating quickly, some contorted, some stretched out—all of them writhing in agony, except the fortunate ones whose tortures had ended during the night by the inability of nature to bear more.
Tess guessed at once the meaning of this. The birds had been driven down into this corner the day before by some shooting-party; and while those that had dropped dead under the shot, or had died before nightfall, had been searched for and carried off, many badly wounded birds had escaped and hidden themselves away, or risen among the thick boughs, where they had maintained their position till they grew weaker with loss of blood in the night-time, when they had fallen one by one as she had heard them.
She had occasionally caught glimpses of these men in girlhood, looking over hedges, or peeping through bushes, and pointing their guns, strangely accoutred, a bloodthirsty light in their eyes. She had been told that, rough and brutal as they seemed just then, they were not like this all the year round, but were, in fact, quite civil persons save during certain weeks of autumn and winter, when, like the inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula, they ran amuck, and made it their purpose to destroy life—in this case harmless feathered creatures, brought into being by artificial means solely to gratify these propensities—at once so unmannerly
and so unchivalrous towards their weaker fellows in Nature’s teeming family.
With the impulse of a soul who could feel for kindred sufferers as much as for herself, Tess’s first thought was to put the still living birds out of their torture, and to this end with her own hands she broke the necks of as many as she could find, leaving them to lie where she had found them till the game-keepers should come—as they probably would come—to look for them a second time.
‘Poor darlings—to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the sight o’ such misery as yours!’ she exclaimed, her tears running down as she killed the birds tenderly. ‘And not a twinge of bodily pain about me! I be not mangled, and I be not bleeding, and I have two hands to feed and clothe me.’ She was ashamed of herself for her gloom of the night, based on nothing more tangible than a sense of condemnation under an arbitrary law of society which had no foundation in Nature.
It was now broad day, and she started again, emerging cautiously upon the highway. But there was no need for caution; not a soul was at hand, and Tess went onward with fortitude, her recollection of the birds’ silent endurance of their night of agony impressing upon her the relativity of sorrows and the tolerable nature of her own, if she could once rise high enough to despise opinion. But that she could not do so long as it was held by Clare.
She reached Chalk-Newton, and breakfasted at an inn, where several young men were troublesomely complimentary to her good looks. Somehow she felt hopeful, for was it not possible that her husband also might say these same things to her even yet? She was bound to take care of herself on the chance of it, and keep off these casual lovers. To this end Tess resolved to run no further risks from her appearance. As soon as she got out of the village she entered a thicket and took from her basket one of the oldest fieldgowns, which she had never put on even at the dairy—never since she had worked among the stubble at Marlott. She also, by a felicitous thought, took a handkerchief from her bundle and tied it round her face under her bonnet, covering her chin and half her cheeks and temples, as if she were suffering from toothache. Then with
her little scissors, by the aid of a pocket looking-glass, she mercilessly nipped her eyebrows off, and thus insured against aggressive admiration, she went on her uneven way.
‘What a mommet of a maid!’ said the next man who met her to a companion.
Tears came into her eyes for very pity of herself as she heard him.
‘But I don’t care!’ she said. ‘O no—I don’t care! I’ll always be ugly now, because Angel is not here, and I have nobody to take care of me. My husband that was is gone away, and never will love me any more; but I love him just the same, and hate all other men, and like to make ‘em think scornfully of me!’
Thus Tess walks on; a figure which is part of the landscape; a fieldwoman pure and simple, in winter guise; a gray serge cape, a red woollen cravat, a stuff skirt covered by a whitey-brown rough wrapper, and buff-leather gloves. Every thread of that old attire has become faded and thin under the stroke of raindrops, the burn of sunbeams, and the stress of winds. There is no sign of young passion in her now—
The maiden’s mouth is cold
Fold over simple fold
Binding her head.
Inside this exterior, over which the eye might have roved as over a thing scarcely percipient, almost inorganic, there was the record of a pulsing life which had learnt too well, for its years, of the dust and ashes of things, of the cruelty of lust and the fragility of love.
Next day the weather was bad, but she trudged on, the honesty, directness, and impartiality of elemental enmity disconcerting her but little. Her object being a winter’s occupation and a winter’s home, there was no time to lose. Her experience of short hirings had been such that she was determined to accept no more.
Thus she went forward from farm to farm in the direction of the place whence Marian had written to her, which she determined to make use of as a last shift only, its rumoured stringencies being the reverse of tempting. First she inquired for the lighter kinds of employment, and, as acceptance in any variety of these grew hopeless, applied next for the less light, till, beginning with the dairy and poultry tendance that she liked best, she ended with the heavy and course pursuits which she liked least—work on arable land: work of such roughness, indeed, as she would never have deliberately voluteered for.
Towards the second evening she reached the irregular chalk table-land or plateau, bosomed with semi-globular tumuli—as if Cybele the Many-breasted were supinely extended there—which stretched between the valley of her birth and the valley of her love.
Here the air was dry and cold, and the long cart-roads were blown white and dusty within a few hours after rain. There were few trees, or none, those that would have grown in the hedges being mercilessly plashed down with the quickset by the tenant-farmers, the natural enemies of tree, bush, and brake. In the middle distance ahead of her she could see the summits of Bulbarrow and of Nettlecombe Tout, and they seemed friendly. They had a low and unassuming aspect from this upland, though as approached on the other side from Blackmoor in her childhood they were as lofty bastions against the sky. Southerly, at many miles’ distance, and over the hills and ridges coastward, she could discern a surface like polished steel: it was the English Channel at a point far out towards France.
Before her, in a slight depression, were the remains of a village. She had, in fact, reached Flintcomb-Ash, the place of Marian’s sojourn. There seemed to be no help for it; hither she was doomed to come. The stubborn soil around her showed plainly enough that the kind of labour in demand here was of the roughest kind; but it was time to rest from searching, and she resolved to stay, particularly as it began to rain. At the entrance to the village was a cottage whose gable jutted into the road, and before applying for a lodging she stood under its shelter, and watched the evening close in.
‘Who would think I was Mrs Angel Clare!’ she said.
The wall felt warm to her back and shoulders, and she found that immediately within the gable was the cottage fireplace, the heat of which came through the bricks. She warmed her hands upon them, and also put her cheek—red and moist with the drizzle—against their comforting surface. The wall seemed to be the only friend she had. She had so little wish to leave it that she could have stayed there all night.
Tess could hear the occupants of the cottage—gathered together after their day’s labour—talking to each other within, and the rattle of their supper-plates was also audible. But in the village-street she had seen no soul as yet. The solitude was at last broken by the approach of one feminine figure, who, though the evening was cold, wore the print gown and the tilt-bonnet of summer time. Tess instinctively thought it might be Marian, and when she came near enough to be distinguishable in the gloom, surely enough it was she. Marian was even stouter and redder in the face than formerly, and decidedly shabbier in attire. At any previous period of her existence Tess would hardly have cared to renew the acquaintance in such conditions; but her loneliness was excessive, and she responded readily to Marian’s greeting.
Marian was quite respectful in her inquiries, but seemed much moved by the fact that Tess should still continue in no better condition than at first; though she had dimly heard of the separation.
‘Tess—Mrs Clare—the dear wife of dear he! And is it really so bad as this, my child? Why is your cwomely face tied up in such a way? Anybody been beating ‘ee? Not HE?’
‘No, no, no! I merely did it not to be clipped or colled, Marian.’
She pulled off in disgust a bandage which could suggest such wild thoughts.
‘And you’ve got no collar on’ (Tess had been accustomed to wear a little white collar at the dairy).
‘I know it, Marian.’
‘You’ve lost it travelling.’
‘I’ve not lost it. The truth is, I don’t care anything about my looks; and so I didn’t put it on.’
‘And you don’t wear your wedding-ring?’
‘Yes, I do; but not in public. I wear it round my neck on a ribbon. I don’t wish people to think who I am by marriage, or that I am married at all; it would be so awkward while I lead my present life.’ Marian paused.
‘But you BE a gentleman’s wife; and it seems hardly fair that you should live like this!’
‘O yes it is, quite fair; though I am very unhappy.’
‘Well, well. HE married you—and you can be unhappy!’
‘Wives are unhappy sometimes; from no fault of their husbands—from their own.’
‘You’ve no faults, deary; that I’m sure of. And he’s none. So it must be something outside ye both.’
‘Marian, dear Marian, will you do me a good turn without asking questions? My husband has gone abroad, and somehow I have overrun my allowance, so that I have to fall back upon my old work for a time. Do not call me Mrs Clare, but Tess, as before. Do they want a hand here?’
‘O yes; they’ll take one always, because few care to come. ‘Tis a starve-acre place. Corn and swedes are all they grow. Though I be here myself, I feel ‘tis a pity for such as you to come.’
‘But you used to be as good a dairywoman as I.’
‘Yes; but I’ve got out o’ that since I took to drink. Lord, that’s the only comfort I’ve got now! If you engage, you’ll be set swede-hacking. That’s what I be doing; but you won’t like it.’
‘O—anything! Will you speak for me?’
‘You will do better by speaking for yourself.’
‘Very well. Now, Marian, remember—nothing about HIM if I get the place. I don’t wish to bring his name down to the dirt.’
Marian, who was really a trustworthy girl though of coarser grain than Tess, promised anything she asked.
‘This is pay-night,’ she said, ‘and if you were to come with me you would know at once. I be real sorry that you are not happy; but ‘tis because he’s away, I know. You
couldn’t be unhappy if he were here, even if he gie’d ye no money—even if he used you like a drudge.’
‘That’s true; I could not!’
They walked on together and soon reached the farmhouse, which was almost sublime in its dreariness. There was not a tree within sight; there was not, at this season, a green pasture—nothing but fallow and turnips everywhere, in large fields divided by hedges plashed to unrelieved levels.
Tess waited outside the door of the farmhouse till the group of workfolk had received their wages, and then Marian introduced her. The farmer himself, it appeared, was not at home, but his wife, who represented him this evening, made no objection to hiring Tess, on her agreeing to remain till Old Lady-Day. Female field-labour was seldom offered now, and its cheapness made it profitable for tasks which women could perform as readily as men.
Having signed the agreement, there was nothing more for Tess to do at present than to get a lodging, and she found one in the house at whose gable-wall she had warmed herself. It was a poor subsistence that she had ensured, but it would afford a shelter for the winter at any rate.
That night she wrote to inform her parents of her new address, in case a letter should arrive at Marlott from her husband. But she did not tell them of the sorriness of her situation: it might have brought reproach upon him.
There was no exaggeration in Marian’s definition of Flintcomb-Ash farm as a starve-acre place. The single fat thing on the soil was Marian herself; and she was an importation. Of the three classes of village, the village cared for by its lord, the village cared for by itself, and the village uncared for either by itself or by its lord (in other words, the village of a resident squires’s tenantry, the village of freeor copyholders, and the absentee-owner’s village, farmed with the land) this place, Flintcomb-Ash, was the third.
But Tess set to work. Patience, that blending of moral courage with physical timidity, was now no longer a minor feature in Mrs Angel Clare; and it sustained her.
The swede-field in which she and her companion were set hacking was a stretch of a hundred odd acres in one patch, on the highest ground of the farm, rising above stony lanchets or lynchets—the outcrop of siliceous veins in the chalk formation, composed of myriads of loose white flints in bulbous, cusped, and phallic shapes. The upper half of each turnip had been eaten off by the live-stock, and it was the business of the two women to grub up the lower or earthy half of the root with a hooked fork called a hacker, that it might be eaten also. Every leaf of the vegetable
having already been consumed, the whole field was in colour a desolate drab; it was a complexion without features, as if a face, from chin to brow, should be only an expanse of skin. The sky wore, in another colour, the same likeness; a white vacuity of countenance with the lineaments gone. So these two upper and nether visages confronted each other all day long, the white face looking down on the brown face, and the brown face looking up at the white face, without anything standing between them but the two girls crawling over the surface of the former like flies.
Nobody came near them, and their movements showed a mechanical regularity; their forms standing enshrouded in Hessian ‘wroppers’—sleeved brown pinafores, tied behind to the bottom, to keep their gowns from blowing about—scant skirts revealing boots that reached high up the ankles, and yellow sheepskin gloves with gauntlets. The pensive character which the curtained hood lent to their bent heads would have reminded the observer of some early Italian conception of the two Marys.
They worked on hour after hour, unconscious of the forlorn aspect they bore in the landscape, not thinking of the justice or injustice of their lot. Even in such a position as theirs it was possible to exist in a dream. In the afternoon the rain came on again, and Marian said that they need not work any more. But if they did not work they would not be paid; so they worked on. It was so high a situation, this field, that the rain had no occasion to fall, but raced along
horizontally upon the yelling wind, sticking into them like glass splinters till they were wet through. Tess had not known till now what was really meant by that. There are degrees of dampness, and a very little is called being wet through in common talk. But to stand working slowly in a field, and feel the creep of rain-water, first in legs and shoulders, then on hips and head, then at back, front, and sides, and yet to work on till the leaden light diminishes and marks that the sun is down, demands a distinct modicum of stoicism, even of valour.
Yet they did not feel the wetness so much as might be supposed. They were both young, and they were talking of the time when they lived and loved together at Talbothays Dairy, that happy green tract of land where summer had been liberal in her gifts; in substance to all, emotionally to these. Tess would fain not have conversed with Marian of the man who was legally, if not actually, her husband; but the irresistible fascination of the subject betrayed her into reciprocating Marian’s remarks. And thus, as has been said, though the damp curtains of their bonnets flapped smartly into their faces, and their wrappers clung about them to wearisomeness, they lived all this afternoon in memories of green, sunny, romantic Talbothays.
‘You can see a gleam of a hill within a few miles o’ Froom Valley from here when ‘tis fine,’ said Marian.
‘Ah! Can you?’ said Tess, awake to the new value of this locality.
So the two forces were at work here as everywhere, the inherent will to enjoy, and the circumstantial will against enjoyment. Marian’s will had a method of assisting itself by taking from her pocket as the afternoon wore on a pint bottle corked with white rag, from which she invited Tess to drink. Tess’s unassisted power of dreaming, however, being enough for her sublimation at present, she declined except the merest sip, and then Marian took a pull from the spirits.
‘I’ve got used to it,’ she said, ‘and can’t leave it off now. ’Tis my only comfort—You see I lost him: you didn’t; and you can do without it perhaps.’
Tess thought her loss as great as Marian’s, but upheld by the dignity of being Angel’s wife, in the letter at least, she accepted Marian’s differentiation.
Amid this scene Tess slaved in the morning frosts and in the afternoon rains. When it was not swede-grubbing it was swede-trimming, in which process they sliced off the earth and the fibres with a bill-hook before storing the roots for future use. At this occupation they could shelter themselves by a thatched hurdle if it rained; but if it was frosty even their thick leather gloves could not prevent the frozen masses they handled from biting their fingers. Still Tess hoped. She had a conviction that sooner or later the magnanimity which she persisted in reckoning as a chief ingredient of Clare’s character would lead him to rejoin her.
Marian, primed to a humorous mood, would discover the queer-shaped flints aforesaid, and shriek with laughter, Tess remaining severely obtuse. They often looked across the country to where the Var or Froom was know to stretch, even though they might not be able to see it; and, fixing their eyes on the cloaking gray mist, imagined the old times they had spent out there.
‘Ah,’ said Marian, ‘how I should like another or two of our old set to come here! Then we could bring up Talbothays every day here afield, and talk of he, and of what nice times we had there, and o’ the old things we used to know, and make it all come back a’most, in seeming!’ Marian’s eyes softened, and her voice grew vague as the visions returned. ‘I’ll write to Izz Huett,’ she said. ‘She’s biding at home doing nothing now, I know, and I’ll tell her we be here, and ask her to come; and perhaps Retty is well enough now.’
Tess had nothing to say against the proposal, and the next she heard of this plan for importing old Talbothays’ joys was two or three days later, when Marian informed her that Izz had replied to her inquiry, and had promised to come if she could.
There had not been such a winter for years. It came on in stealthy and measured glides, like the moves of a chessplayer. One morning the few lonely trees and the thorns of the hedgerows appeared as if they had put off a vegetable for an animal integument. Every twig was covered with a white nap as of fur grown from the rind
during the night, giving it four times its usual stoutness; the whole bush or tree forming a staring sketch in white lines on the mournful gray of the sky and horizon. Cobwebs revealed their presence on sheds and walls where none had ever been observed till brought out into visibility by the crystallizing atmosphere, hanging like loops of white worsted from salient points of the out-houses, posts, and gates.
After this season of congealed dampness came a spell of dry frost, when strange birds from behind the North Pole began to arrive silently on the upland of Flintcomb-Ash; gaunt spectral creatures with tragical eyes—eyes which had witnessed scenes of cataclysmal horror in inaccessible polar regions of a magnitude such as no human being had ever conceived, in curdling temperatures that no man could endure; which had beheld the crash of icebergs and the slide of snow-hills by the shooting light of the Aurora; been half blinded by the whirl of colossal storms and terraqueous distortions; and retained the expression of feature that such scenes had engendered. These nameless birds came quite near to Tess and Marian, but of all they had seen which humanity would never see, they brought no account. The traveller’s ambition to tell was not theirs, and, with dumb impassivity, they dismissed experiences which they did not value for the immediate incidents of this homely upland—the trivial movements of the two girls in disturbing the clods with their hackers so as to uncover something or other that these visitants relished as food.
Then one day a peculiar quality invaded the air of this open country. There came a moisture which was not of rain, and a cold which was not of frost. It chilled the eyeballs of the twain, made their brows ache, penetrated to their skeletons, affecting the surface of the body less than its core. They knew that it meant snow, and in the night the snow came. Tess, who continued to live at the cottage with the warm gable that cheered any lonely pedestrian who paused beside it, awoke in the night, and heard above the thatch noises which seemed to signify that the roof had turned itself into a gymnasium of all the winds. When she lit her lamp to get up in the morning she found that the snow had blown through a chink in the casement, forming a white cone of the finest powder against the inside, and had also come down the chimney, so that it lay sole-deep upon the floor, on which her shoes left tracks when she moved about. Without, the storm drove so fast as to create a snow-mist in the kitchen; but as yet it was too dark out-of-doors to see anything.
Tess knew that it was impossible to go on with the swedes; and by the time she had finished breakfast beside the solitary little lamp, Marian arrived to tell her that they were to join the rest of the women at reed-drawing in the barn till the weather changed. As soon, therefore, as the uniform cloak of darkness without began to turn to a disordered medley of grays, they blew out the lamp, wrapped themselves up in their thickest pinners, tied their woollen cravats round their necks and across their chests,
and started for the barn. The snow had followed the birds from the polar basin as a white pillar of a cloud, and individual flakes could not be seen. The blast smelt of icebergs, arctic seas, whales, and white bears, carrying the snow so that it licked the land but did not deepen on it. They trudged onwards with slanted bodies through the flossy fields, keeping as well as they could in the shelter of hedges, which, however, acted as strainers rather than screens. The air, afflicted to pallor with the hoary multitudes that infested it, twisted and spun them eccentrically, suggesting an achromatic chaos of things. But both the young women were fairly cheerful; such weather on a dry upland is not in itself dispiriting.
‘Ha-ha! the cunning northern birds knew this was coming,’ said Marian. ‘Depend upon’t, they keep just in front o’t all the way from the North Star. Your husband, my dear, is, I make no doubt, having scorching weather all this time. Lord, if he could only see his pretty wife now! Not that this weather hurts your beauty at all—in fact, it rather does it good.’
‘You mustn’t talk about him to me, Marian,’ said Tess severely.
‘Well, but—surely you care for’n! Do you?’
Instead of answering, Tess, with tears in her eyes, impulsively faced in the direction in which she imagined South America to lie, and, putting up her lips, blew out a passionate kiss upon the snowy wind.
‘Well, well, I know you do. But ‘pon my body, it is a rum life for a married couple! There—I won’t say another word! Well, as for the weather, it won’t hurt us in the wheat-barn; but reed-drawing is fearful hard work—worse than swedehacking. I can stand it because I’m stout; but you be slimmer than I. I can’t think why maister should have set ‘ee at it.’
They reached the wheat-barn and entered it. One end of the long structure was full of corn; the middle was where the reed-drawing was carried on, and there had already been placed in the reed-press the evening before as many sheaves of wheat as would be sufficient for the women to draw from during the day.
‘Why, here’s Izz!’ said Marian.
Izz it was, and she came forward. She had walked all the way from her mother’s home on the previous afternoon, and, not deeming the distance so great, had been belated, arriving, however, just before the snow began, and sleeping at the alehouse. The farmer had agreed with her mother at market to take her on if she came to-day, and she had been afraid to disappoint him by delay.
In addition to Tess, Marian, and Izz, there were two women from a neighbouring village; two Amazonian sisters, whom Tess with a start remembered as Dark Car, the Queen of Spades, and her junior, the Queen of Diamonds—those who had tried to fight with her in the midnight quarrel at Trantridge. They showed no recognition of her, and possibly had none, for they had
been under the influence of liquor on that occasion, and were only temporary sojourners there as here. They did all kinds of men’s work by preference, including well-sinking, hedging, ditching, and excavating, without any sense of fatigue. Noted reed-drawers were they too, and looked round upon the other three with some superciliousness.
Putting on their gloves, all set to work in a row in front of the press, an erection formed of two posts connected by a cross-beam, under which the sheaves to be drawn from were laid ears outward, the beam being pegged down by pins in the uprights, and lowered as the sheaves diminished.
The day hardened in colour, the light coming in at the barndoors upwards from the snow instead of downwards from the sky. The girls pulled handful after handful from the press; but by reason of the presence of the strange women, who were recounting scandals, Marian and Izz could not at first talk of old times as they wished to do. Presently they heard the muffled tread of a horse, and the farmer rode up to the barndoor. When he had dismounted he came close to Tess, and remained looking musingly at the side of her face. She had not turned at first, but his fixed attitude led her to look round, when she perceived that her employer was the native of Trantridge from whom she had taken flight on the high-road because of his allusion to her history.
He waited till she had carried the drawn bundles to the pile outside, when he said, ‘So you be the young woman who took my civility in such ill part? Be drowned if I
didn’t think you might be as soon as I heard of your being hired! Well, you thought you had got the better of me the first time at the inn with your fancy-man, and the second time on the road, when you bolted; but now I think I’ve got the better you.’ He concluded with a hard laugh.
Tess, between the Amazons and the farmer, like a bird caught in a clap-net, returned no answer, continuing to pull the straw. She could read character sufficiently well to know by this time that she had nothing to fear from her employer’s gallantry; it was rather the tyranny induced by his mortification at Clare’s treatment of him. Upon the whole she preferred that sentiment in man and felt brave enough to endure it.
‘You thought I was in love with ‘ee I suppose? Some women are such fools, to take every look as serious earnest. But there’s nothing like a winter afield for taking that nonsense out o’ young wenches’ heads; and you’ve signed and agreed till Lady-Day. Now, are you going to beg my pardon?’
‘I think you ought to beg mine.’
‘Very well—as you like. But we’ll see which is master here. Be they all the sheaves you’ve done to-day?’
‘Yes, sir.’
‘Tis a very poor show. Just see what they’ve done over there’ (pointing to the two stalwart women). ‘The rest, too, have done better than you.’
‘They’ve all practised it before, and I have not. And I thought it made no difference to you as it is task work, and we are only paid for what we do.’
‘Oh, but it does. I want the barn cleared.’
‘I am going to work all the afternoon instead of leaving at two as the others will do.’
He looked sullenly at her and went away. Tess felt that she could not have come to a much worse place; but anything was better than gallantry. When two o’clock arrived the professional reed-drawers tossed off the last half-pint in their flagon, put down their hooks, tied their last sheaves, and went away. Marian and Izz would have done likewise, but on hearing that Tess meant to stay, to make up by longer hours for her lack of skill, they would not leave her. Looking out at the snow, which still fell, Marian exclaimed, ‘Now, we’ve got it all to ourselves.’ And so at last the conversation turned to their old experiences at the dairy; and, of course, the incidents of their affection for Angel Clare.
‘Izz and Marian,’ said Mrs Angel Clare, with a dignity which was extremely touching, seeing how very little of a wife she was: ‘I can’t join in talk with you now, as I used to do, about Mr Clare; you will see that I cannot; because, although he is gone away from me for the present, he is my husband.’
Izz was by nature the sauciest and most caustic of all the four girls who had loved Clare. ‘He was a very splendid
lover, no doubt,’ she said; ‘but I don’t think he is a too fond husband to go away from you so soon.’
‘He had to go—he was obliged to go, to see about the land over there!’ pleaded Tess.
‘He might have tided ‘ee over the winter.’
‘Ah—that’s owing to an accident—a misunderstanding; and we won’t argue it,’ Tess answered, with tearfulness in her words. ‘Perhaps there’s a good deal to be said for him! He did not go away, like some husbands, without telling me; and I can always find out where he is.’
After this they continued for some long time in a reverie, as they went on seizing the ears of corn, drawing out the straw, gathering it under their arms, and cutting off the ears with their bill-hooks, nothing sounding in the barn but the swish of the straw and the crunch of the hook. Then Tess suddenly flagged, and sank down upon the heap of wheatears at her feet.
‘I knew you wouldn’t be able to stand it!’ cried Marian. ‘It wants harder flesh than yours for this work.’
Just then the farmer entered. ‘Oh, that’s how you get on when I am away,’ he said to her.
‘But it is my own loss,’ she pleaded. ‘Not yours.’
‘I want it finished,’ he said doggedly, as he crossed the barn and went out at the other door.
‘Don’t ‘ee mind him, there’s a dear,’ said Marian. ‘I’ve worked here before. Now you go and lie down there, and Izz and I will make up your number.’
'I don’t like to let you do that. I’m taller than you, too.'
However, she was so overcome that she consented to lie down awhile, and reclined on a heap of pull-tails—the refuse after the straight straw had been drawn—thrown up at the further side of the barn. Her succumbing had been as largely owning to agitation at the re-opening the subject of her separation from her husband as to the hard work. She lay in a state of percipience without volition, and the rustle of the straw and the cutting of the ears by the others had the weight of bodily touches.
She could hear from her corner, in addition to these noises, the murmur of their voices. She felt certain that they were continuing the subject already broached, but their voices were so low that she could not catch the words. At last Tess grew more and more anxious to know what they were saying, and, persuading herself that she felt better, she got up and resumed work.
Then Izz Huett broke down. She had walked more than a dozen miles the previous evening, had gone to bed at midnight, and had risen again at five o’clock. Marian alone, thanks to her bottle of liquor and her stoutness of build, stood the strain upon back and arms without suffering. Tess urged Izz to leave off, agreeing, as she felt better, to finish the day without her, and make equal division of the number of sheaves.
Izz accepted the offer gratefully, and disappeared through the great door into the snowy track to her lodging.
Marian, as was the case every afternoon at this time on account of the bottle, began to feel in a romantic vein.
'I should not have thought it of him—never!' she said in a dreamy tone. 'And I loved him so! I didn’t mind his having YOU. But this about Izz is too bad!'
Tess, in her start at the words, narrowly missed cutting off a finger with the bill-hook.
'Is it about my husband?' she stammered.
'Well, yes. Izz said, ‘Don’t ‘ee tell her’; but I am sure I can’t help it! It was what he wanted Izz to do. He wanted her to go off to Brazil with him.'
Tess’s face faded as white as the scene without, and its curves straightened. 'And did Izz refuse to go?' she asked. 'I don’t know. Anyhow he changed his mind.'
'Pooh—then he didn’t mean it! ‘Twas just a man’s jest!'
'Yes he did; for he drove her a good-ways towards the station.'
'He didn’t take her!'
They pulled on in silence till Tess, without any premonitory symptoms, burst out crying.
'There!' said Marian. 'Now I wish I hadn’t told ‘ee!'
'No. It is a very good thing that you have done! I have been living on in a thirtover, lackaday way, and have not seen what it may lead to! I ought to have sent him a letter oftener. He said I could not go to him, but he didn’t say I was not to write as often as I liked. I won’t dally like this
any longer! I have been very wrong and neglectful in leaving everything to be done by him.'
The dim light in the barn grew dimmer, and they could see to work no longer. When Tess had reached home that evening, and had entered into the privacy of her little whitewashed chamber, she began impetuously writing a letter to Clare. But falling into doubt, she could not finish it. Afterwards she took the ring from the ribbon on which she wore it next her heart, and retained it on her finger all night, as if to fortify herself in the sensation that she was really the wife of this elusive lover of hers, who could propose that Izz should go with him abroad, so shortly after he had left her. Knowing that, how could she write entreaties to him, or show that she cared for him any more?
By the disclosure in the barn her thoughts were led anew in the direction which they had taken more than once of late—to the distant Emminster Vicarage. It was through her husband’s parents that she had been charged to send a letter to Clare if she desired; and to write to them direct if in difficulty. But that sense of her having morally no claim upon him had always led Tess to suspend her impulse to send these notes; and to the family at the Vicarage, therefore, as to her own parents since her marriage, she was virtually non-existent. This self-effacement in both directions had been quite in consonance with her independent character of desiring nothing by way of favour or pity to which she was not entitled on a fair consideration of her deserts. She had set herself to stand or fall by her qualities, and to waive such merely technical claims upon a strange family as had been established for her by the flimsy fact of a member of that family, in a season of impulse, writing his name in a churchbook beside hers.
But now that she was stung to a fever by Izz’s tale, there was a limit to her powers of renunciation. Why had her husband not written to her? He had distinctly implied that he would at least let her know of the locality to which he had journeyed; but he had not sent a line to notify his
address. Was he really indifferent? But was he ill? Was it for her to make some advance? Surely she might summon the courage of solicitude, call at the Vicarage for intelligence, and express her grief at his silence. If Angel’s father were the good man she had heard him represented to be, he would be able to enter into her heart-starved situation. Her social hardships she could conceal.
To leave the farm on a week-day was not in her power; Sunday was the only possible opportunity. Flintcomb-Ash being in the middle of the cretaceous tableland over which no railway had climbed as yet, it would be necessary to walk. And the distance being fifteen miles each way she would have to allow herself a long day for the undertaking by rising early.
A fortnight later, when the snow had gone, and had been followed by a hard black frost, she took advantage of the state of the roads to try the experiment. At four o’clock that Sunday morning she came downstairs and stepped out into the starlight. The weather was still favourable, the ground ringing under her feet like an anvil.
Marian and Izz were much interested in her excursion, knowing that the journey concerned her husband. Their lodgings were in a cottage a little further along the lane, but they came and assisted Tess in her departure, and argued that she should dress up in her very prettiest guise to captivate the hearts of her parents-in-law; though she, knowing of the austere and Calvinistic tenets of old Mr Clare, was indifferent, and even doubtful. A year had now
elapsed since her sad marriage, but she had preserved sufficient draperies from the wreck of her then full wardrobe to clothe her very charmingly as a simple country girl with no pretensions to recent fashion; a soft gray woollen gown, with white crape quilling against the pink skin of her face and neck, and a black velvet jacket and hat.
'Tis a thousand pities your husband can't see 'ee now—you do look a real beauty!' said Izz Huett, regarding Tess as she stood on the threshold between the steely starlight without and the yellow candlelight within. Izz spoke with a magnanimous abandonment of herself to the situation; she could not be—no woman with a heart bigger than a hazelnut could be—antagonistic to Tess in her presence, the influence which she exercised over those of her own sex being of a warmth and strength quite unusual, curiously overpowering the less worthy feminine feelings of spite and rivalry.
With a final tug and touch here, and a slight brush there, they let her go; and she was absorbed into the pearly air of the fore-dawn. They heard her footsteps tap along the hard road as she stepped out to her full pace. Even Izz hoped she would win, and, though without any particular respect for her own virtue, felt glad that she had been prevented wronging her friend when momentarily tempted by Clare.
It was a year ago, all but a day, that Clare had married Tess, and only a few days less than a year that he had been absent from her. Still, to start on a brisk walk, and on such an errand as hers, on a dry clear wintry morning, through
the rarefied air of these chalky hogs’-backs, was not depressing; and there is no doubt that her dream at starting was to win the heart of her mother-in-law, tell her whole history to that lady, enlist her on her side, and so gain back the truant.
In time she reached the edge of the vast escarpment below which stretched the loamy Vale of Blackmoor, now lying misty and still in the dawn. Instead of the colourless air of the uplands, the atmosphere down there was a deep blue. Instead of the great enclosures of a hundred acres in which she was now accustomed to toil, there were little fields below her of less than half-a-dozen acres, so numerous that they looked from this height like the meshes of a net. Here the landscape was whitey-brown; down there, as in Froom Valley, it was always green. Yet it was in that vale that her sorrow had taken shape, and she did not love it as formerly. Beauty to her, as to all who have felt, lay not in the thing, but in what the thing symbolized.
Keeping the Vale on her right, she steered steadily westward; passing above the Hintocks, crossing at right-angles the high-road from Sherton-Abbas to Casterbridge, and skirting Dogbury Hill and High-Stoy, with the dell between them called ‘The Devil’s Kitchen’. Still following the elevated way she reached Cross-in-Hand, where the stone pillar stands desolate and silent, to mark the site of a miracle, or murder, or both. Three miles further she cut across the straight and deserted Roman road called Long-Ash Lane; leaving which as soon as she reached it she
dipped down a hill by a transverse lane into the small town or village of Evershead, being now about halfway over the distance. She made a halt here, and breakfasted a second time, heartily enough—not at the Sow-and-Acorn, for she avoided inns, but at a cottage by the church.
The second half of her journey was through a more gentle country, by way of Benvill Lane. But as the mileage lessened between her and the spot of her pilgrimage, so did Tess’s confidence decrease, and her enterprise loom out more formidably. She saw her purpose in such staring lines, and the landscape so faintly, that she was sometimes in danger of losing her way. However, about noon she paused by a gate on the edge of the basin in which Emminster and its Vicarage lay.
The square tower, beneath which she knew that at that moment the Vicar and his congregation were gathered, had a severe look in her eyes. She wished that she had somehow contrived to come on a week-day. Such a good man might be prejudiced against a woman who had chosen Sunday, never realizing the necessities of her case. But it was incumbent upon her to go on now. She took off the thick boots in which she had walked thus far, put on her pretty thin ones of patent leather, and, stuffing the former into the hedge by the gatepost where she might readily find them again, descended the hill; the freshness of colour she had derived from the keen air thinning away in spite of her as she drew near the parsonage.
Tess hoped for some accident that might favour her, but nothing favoured her. The shrubs on the Vicarage lawn rustled uncomfortably in the frosty breeze; she could not feel by any stretch of imagination, dressed to her highest as she was, that the house was the residence of near relations; and yet nothing essential, in nature or emotion, divided her from them: in pains, pleasures, thoughts, birth, death, and afterdeath, they were the same.
She nerved herself by an effort, entered the swing-gate, and rang the door-bell. The thing was done; there could be no retreat. No; the thing was not done. Nobody answered to her ringing. The effort had to be risen to and made again. She rang a second time, and the agitation of the act, coupled with her weariness after the fifteen miles’ walk, led her support herself while she waited by resting her hand on her hip, and her elbow against the wall of the porch. The wind was so nipping that the ivy-leaves had become wizened and gray, each tapping incessantly upon its neighbour with a disquieting stir of her nerves. A piece of blood-stained paper, caught up from some meat-buyer’s dust-heap, beat up and down the road without the gate; too flimsy to rest, too heavy to fly away; and a few straws kept it company.
The second peal had been louder, and still nobody came. Then she walked out of the porch, opened the gate, and passed through. And though she looked dubiously at the house-front as if inclined to return, it was with a breath of relief that she closed the gate. A feeling haunted her that
she might have been recognized (though how she could not tell), and orders been given not to admit her.
Tess went as far as the corner. She had done all she could do; but determined not to escape present trepidation at the expense of future distress, she walked back again quite past the house, looking up at all the windows.
Ah—the explanation was that they were all at church, every one. She remembered her husband saying that his father always insisted upon the household, servants included, going to morning-service, and, as a consequence, eating cold food when they came home. It was, therefore, only necessary to wait till the service was over. She would not make herself conspicuous by waiting on the spot, and she started to get past the church into the lane. But as she reached the churchyard-gate the people began pouring out, and Tess found herself in the midst of them.
The Emminster congregation looked at her as only a congregation of small country-townsfolk walking home at its leisure can look at a woman out of the common whom it perceives to be a stranger. She quickened her pace, and ascended the road by which she had come, to find a retreat between its hedges till the Vicar’s family should have lunched, and it might be convenient for them to receive her. She soon distanced the churchgoers, except two youngish men, who, linked arm-in-arm, were beating up behind her at a quick step.
As they drew nearer she could hear their voices engaged in earnest discourse, and, with the natural quickness of a
woman in her situation, did not fail to recognize in those noises the quality of her husband’s tones. The pedestrians were his two brothers. Forgetting all her plans, Tess’s one dread was lest they should overtake her now, in her disorganized condition, before she was prepared to confront them; for though she felt that they could not identify her, she instinctively dreaded their scrutiny. The more briskly they walked, the more briskly walked she. They were plainly bent upon taking a short quick stroll before going indoors to lunch or dinner, to restore warmth to limbs chilled with sitting through a long service.
Only one person had preceded Tess up the hill—a ladylike young woman, somewhat interesting, though, perhaps, a trifle guindée and prudish. Tess had nearly overtaken her when the speed of her brothers-in-law brought them so nearly behind her back that she could hear every word of their conversation. They said nothing, however, which particularly interested her till, observing the young lady still further in front, one of them remarked, ‘There is Mercy Chant. Let us overtake her.’
Tess knew the name. It was the woman who had been destined for Angel’s life-companion by his and her parents, and whom he probably would have married but for her intrusive self. She would have known as much without previous information if she had waited a moment, for one of the brothers proceeded to say: ‘Ah! poor Angel, poor Angel! I never see that nice girl without more and more regretting his precipitancy in throwing himself away upon a
dairymaid, or whatever she may be. It is a queer business, apparently. Whether she has joined him yet or not I don’t know; but she had not done so some months ago when I heard from him.’
‘I can’t say. He never tells me anything nowadays. His ill-considered marriage seems to have completed that estrangement from me which was begun by his extraordinary opinions.’
Tess beat up the long hill still faster; but she could not outwalk them without exciting notice. At last they outsped her altogether, and passed her by. The young lady still further ahead heard their footsteps and turned. Then there was a greeting and a shaking of hands, and the three went on together.
They soon reached the summit of the hill, and, evidently intending this point to be the limit of their promenade, slackened pace and turned all three aside to the gate whereat Tess had paused an hour before that time to reconnoitre the town before descending into it. During their discourse one of the clerical brothers probed the hedge carefully with his umbrella, and dragged something to light.
‘Here’s a pair of old boots,’ he said. ‘Thrown away, I suppose, by some tramp or other.’
‘Some imposter who wished to come into the town barefoot, perhaps, and so excite our sympathies,’ said Miss Chant. ‘Yes, it must have been, for they are excellent
walking-boots—by no means worn out. What a wicked thing to do! I’ll carry them home for some poor person.’
Cuthbert Clare, who had been the one to find them, picked them up for her with the crook of his stick; and Tess’s boots were appropriated.
She, who had heard this, walked past under the screen of her woollen veil till, presently looking back, she perceived that the church party had left the gate with her boots and retreated down the hill.
Thereupon our heroine resumed her walk. Tears, blinding tears, were running down her face. She knew that it was all sentiment, all baseless impressibility, which had caused her to read the scene as her own condemnation; nevertheless she could not get over it; she could not contravene in her own defenceless person all those untoward omens. It was impossible to think of returning to the Vicarage. Angel’s wife felt almost as if she had been hounded up that hill like a scorned thing by those—to her—superfine clerics. Innocently as the slight had been inflicted, it was somewhat unfortunate that she had encountered the sons and not the father, who, despite his narrowness, was far less starched and ironed than they, and had to the full the gift of charity. As she again thought of her dusty boots she almost pitied those habiliments for the quizzing to which they had been subjected, and felt how hopeless life was for their owner.
‘Ah!’ she said, still sighing in pity of herself, ‘THEY didn’t know that I wore those over the roughest part of the
road to save these pretty ones HE bought for me—no—they did not know it! And they didn’t think that HE chose the colour o’ my pretty frock—no—how could they? If they had known perhaps they would not have cared, for they don’t care much for him, poor thing!
Then she grieved for the beloved man whose conventional standard of judgement had caused her all these latter sorrows; and she went her way without knowing that the greatest misfortune of her life was this feminine loss of courage at the last and critical moment through her estimating her father-in-law by his sons. Her present condition was precisely one which would have enlisted the sympathies of old Mr and Mrs Clare. Their hearts went out of them at a bound towards extreme cases, when the subtle mental troubles of the less desperate among mankind failed to win their interest or regard. In jumping at Publicans and Sinners they would forget that a word might be said for the worries of Scribes and Pharisees; and this defect or limitation might have recommended their own daughter-in-law to them at this moment as a fairly choice sort of lost person for their love.
Thereupon she began to plod back along the road by which she had come not altogether full of hope, but full of a conviction that a crisis in her life was approaching. No crisis, apparently, had supervened; and there was nothing left for her to do but to continue upon that starve-acre farm till she could again summon courage to face the Vicarage. She did, indeed, take sufficient interest in herself to throw
up her veil on this return journey, as if to let the world see that she could at least exhibit a face such as Mercy Chant could not show. But it was done with a sorry shake of the head. ‘It is nothing—it is nothing!’ she said. ‘Nobody loves it; nobody sees it. Who cares about the looks of a castaway like me!’
Her journey back was rather a meander than a march. It had no sprightliness, no purpose; only a tendency. Along the tedious length of Benvill Lane she began to grow tired, and she leant upon gates and paused by milestones.
She did not enter any house till, at the seventh or eighth mile, she descended the steep long hill below which lay the village or townlet of Evershead, where in the morning she had breakfasted with such contrasting expectations. The cottage by the church, in which she again sat down, was almost the first at that end of the village, and while the woman fetched her some milk from the pantry, Tess, looking down the street, perceived that the place seemed quite deserted.
‘The people are gone to afternoon service, I suppose?’ she said.
‘No, my dear,’ said the old woman. “Tis too soon for that; the bells hain’t strook out yet. They be all gone to hear the preaching in yonder barn. A ranter preaches there between the services—an excellent, fiery, Christian man, they say. But, Lord, I don’t go to hear’n! What comes in the regular way over the pulpit is hot enough for I.’
Tess soon went onward into the village, her footsteps echoing against the houses as though it were a place of the dead. Nearing the central part, her echoes were intruded on by other sounds; and seeing the barn not far off the road, she guessed these to be the utterances of the preacher.
His voice became so distinct in the still clear air that she could soon catch his sentences, though she was on the closed side of the barn. The sermon, as might be expected, was of the extremest antinomian type; on justification by faith, as expounded in the theology of St Paul. This fixed idea of the rhapsodist was delivered with animated enthusiasm, in a manner entirely declamatory, for he had plainly no skill as a dialectician. Although Tess had not heard the beginning of the address, she learnt what the text had been from its constant iteration—
“O foolish galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you?”
Tess was all the more interested, as she stood listening behind, in finding that the preacher’s doctrine was a vehement form of the view of Angel’s father, and her interest intensified when the speaker began to detail his own spiritual experiences of how he had come by those views. He had, he said, been the greatest of sinners. He had scoffed; he had wantonly associated with the reckless and
the lewd. But a day of awakening had come, and, in a human sense, it had been brought about mainly by the influence of a certain clergyman, whom he had at first grossly insulted; but whose parting words had sunk into his heart, and had remained there, till by the grace of Heaven they had worked this change in him, and made him what they saw him.
But more startling to Tess than the doctrine had been the voice, which, impossible as it seemed, was precisely that of Alec d’Urberville. Her face fixed in painful suspense, she came round to the front of the barn, and passed before it. The low winter sun beamed directly upon the great doubledoored entrance on this side; one of the doors being open, so that the rays stretched far in over the threshing-floor to the preacher and his audience, all snugly sheltered from the northern breeze. The listeners were entirely villagers, among them being the man whom she had seen carrying the red paint-pot on a former memorable occasion. But her attention was given to the central figure, who stood upon some sacks of corn, facing the people and the door. The three o’clock sun shone full upon him, and the strange enervating conviction that her seducer confronted her, which had been gaining ground in Tess ever since she had heard his words distinctly, was at last established as a fact indeed.
END OF PHASE THE FIFTH
Phase the Sixth:
Till this moment she had never seen or heard from d’Urberville since her departure from Trantridge.
The rencounter came at a heavy moment, one of all moments calculated to permit its impact with the least emotional shock. But such was unreasoning memory that, though he stood there openly and palpably a converted man, who was sorrowing for his past irregularities, a fear overcame her, paralyzing her movement so that she neither retreated nor advanced.
To think of what emanated from that countenance when she saw it last, and to behold it now! ... There was the same handsome unpleasantness of mien, but now he wore neatly trimmed, old-fashioned whiskers, the sable moustache having disappeared; and his dress was half-clerical, a modification which had changed his expression sufficiently to abstract the dandyism from his features, and to hinder for a second her belief in his identity.
To Tess’s sense there was, just at first, a ghastly bizarrerie, a grim incongruity, in the march of these solemn words of Scripture out of such a mouth. This too familiar intonation, less than four years earlier, had brought to her
ears expressions of such divergent purpose that her heart became quite sick at the irony of the contrast.
It was less a reform than a transfiguration. The former curves of sensuousness were now modulated to lines of devotional passion. The lip-shapes that had meant seductiveness were now made to express supplication; the glow on the cheek that yesterday could be translated as riotousness was evangelized to-day into the splendour of pious rhetoric; animalism had become fanaticism; Paganism, Paulinism; the bold rolling eye that had flashed upon her form in the old time with such mastery now beamed with the rude energy of a theolatry that was almost ferocious. Those black angularities which his face had used to put on when his wishes were thwarted now did duty in picturing the incorrigible backslider who would insist upon turning again to his wallowing in the mire.
The lineaments, as such, seemed to complain. They had been diverted from their hereditary connotation to signify impressions for which Nature did not intend them. Strange that their very elevation was a misapplication, that to raise seemed to falsify.
Yet could it be so? She would admit the ungenerous sentiment no longer. D’Urberville was not the first wicked man who had turned away from his wickedness to save his soul alive, and why should she deem it unnatural in him? It was but the usage of thought which had been jarred in her at hearing good new words in bad old notes. The greater
the sinner, the greater the saint; it was not necessary to dive far into Christian history to discover that.
Such impressions as these moved her vaguely, and without strict definiteness. As soon as the nerveless pause of her surprise would allow her to stir, her impulse was to pass on out of his sight. He had obviously not discerned her yet in her position against the sun.
But the moment that she moved again he recognized her. The effect upon her old lover was electric, far stronger than the effect of his presence upon her. His fire, the tumultuous ring of his eloquence, seemed to go out of him. His lip struggled and trembled under the words that lay upon it; but deliver them it could not as long as she faced him. His eyes, after their first glance upon her face, hung confusedly in every other direction but hers, but came back in a desperate leap every few seconds. This paralysis lasted, however, but a short time; for Tess’s energies returned with the atrophy of his, and she walked as fast as she was able past the barn and onward.
As soon as she could reflect, it appalled her, this change in their relative platforms. He who had wrought her undoing was now on the side of the Spirit, while she remained unregenerate. And, as in the legend, it had resulted that her Cyprian image had suddenly appeared upon his altar, whereby the fire of the priest had been well nigh extinguished.
She went on without turning her head. Her back seemed to be endowed with a sensitiveness to ocular beams—even
her clothing—so alive was she to a fancied gaze which might be resting upon her from the outside of that barn. All the way along to this point her heart had been heavy with an inactive sorrow; now there was a change in the quality of its trouble. That hunger for affection too long withheld was for the time displaced by an almost physical sense of an implacable past which still engirdled her. It intensified her consciousness of error to a practical despair; the break of continuity between her earlier and present existence, which she had hoped for, had not, after all, taken place. Bygones would never be complete bygones till she was a bygone herself.
Thus absorbed, she recrossed the northern part of LongAsh Lane at right angles, and presently saw before her the road ascending whitely to the upland along whose margin the remainder of her journey lay. Its dry pale surface stretched severely onward, unbroken by a single figure, vehicle, or mark, save some occasional brown horse-droppings which dotted its cold aridity here and there. While slowly breasting this ascent Tess became conscious of footsteps behind her, and turning she saw approaching that well-known form—so strangely accoutred as the Methodist—the one personage in all the world she wished not to encounter alone on this side of the grave.
There was not much time, however, for thought or elusion, and she yielded as calmly as she could to the necessity of letting him overtake her. She saw that he was
excited, less by the speed of his walk than by the feelings within him.
‘Tess!’ he said.
She slackened speed without looking round.
‘Tess!’ he repeated. ‘It is I—Alec d’Urberville.’
She then looked back at him, and he came up. ‘I see it is,’ she answered coldly.
‘Well—is that all? Yet I deserve no more! Of course,’ he added, with a slight laugh, ‘there is something of the ridiculous to your eyes in seeing me like this. But—I must put up with that. ... I heard you had gone away; nobody knew where. Tess, you wonder why I have followed you?’
‘I do, rather; and I would that you had not, with all my heart!’
‘Yes—you may well say it,’ he returned grimly, as they moved onward together, she with unwilling tread. ‘But don’t mistake me; I beg this because you may have been led to do so in noticing—if you did notice it—how your sudden appearance unnerved me down there. It was but a momentary faltering; and considering what you have been to me, it was natural enough. But will helped me through it—though perhaps you think me a humbug for saying it—and immediately afterwards I felt that of all persons in the world whom it was my duty and desire to save from the wrath to come—sneer if you like—the woman whom I had so grievously wronged was that person. I have come with that sole purpose in view—nothing more.’
There was the smallest vein of scorn in her words of rejoinder: ‘Have you saved yourself? Charity begins at home, they say.’
‘I have done nothing!’ said he indifferently. ‘Heaven, as I have been telling my hearers, has done all. No amount of contempt that you can pour upon me, Tess, will equal what I have poured upon myself—the old Adam of my former years! Well, it is a strange story; believe it or not; but I can tell you the means by which my conversion was brought about, and I hope you will be interested enough at least to listen. Have you ever heard the name of the parson of Emminster—you must have done do?—old Mr Clare; one of the most earnest of his school; one of the few intense men left in the Church; not so intense as the extreme wing of Christian believers with which I have thrown in my lot, but quite an exception among the Established clergy, the younger of whom are gradually attenuating the true doctrines by their sophistries, till they are but the shadow of what they were. I only differ from him on the question of Church and State—the interpretation of the text, ‘Come out from among them and be ye separate, saith the Lord’—that’s all. He is one who, I firmly believe, has been the humble means of saving more souls in this country than any other man you can name. You have heard of him?’ ‘I have,’ she said.
‘He came to Trantridge two or three years ago to preach on behalf of some missionary society; and I, wretched fellow that I was, insulted him when, in his
disinterestedness, he tried to reason with me and show me the way. He did not resent my conduct, he simply said that some day I should receive the first-fruits of the Spirit—that those who came to scoff sometimes remained to pray. There was a strange magic in his words. They sank into my mind. But the loss of my mother hit me most; and by degrees I was brought to see daylight. Since then my one desire has been to hand on the true view to others, and that is what I was trying to do to-day; though it is only lately that I have preached hereabout. The first months of my ministry have been spent in the North of England among strangers, where I preferred to make my earliest clumsy attempts, so as to acquire courage before undergoing that severest of all tests of one’s sincerity, addressing those who have known one, and have been one’s companions in the days of darkness. If you could only know, Tess, the pleasure of having a good slap at yourself, I am sure—
‘Don’t go on with it!’ she cried passionately, as she turned away from him to a stile by the wayside, on which she bent herself. ‘I can’t believe in such sudden things! I feel indignant with you for talking to me like this, when you know—when you know what harm you’ve done me! You, and those like you, take your fill of pleasure on earth by making the life of such as me bitter and black with sorrow; and then it is a fine thing, when you have had enough of that, to think of securing your pleasure in heaven by becoming converted! Out upon such—I don’t believe in you—I hate it!’
‘Tess,’ he insisted; ‘don’t speak so! It came to me like a jolly new idea! And you don’t believe me? What don’t you believe?’
‘Your conversion. Your scheme of religion.’
‘Why?’
She dropped her voice. ‘Because a better man than you does not believe in such.’
‘What a woman’s reason! Who is this better man?’
‘I cannot tell you.’
‘Well,’ he declared, a resentment beneath his words seeming ready to spring out at a moment’s notice, ‘God forbid that I should say I am a good man—and you know I don’t say any such thing. I am new to goodness, truly; but newcomers see furthest sometimes.’
‘Yes,’ she replied sadly. ‘But I cannot believe in your conversion to a new spirit. Such flashes as you feel, Alec, I fear don’t last!’
Thus speaking she turned from the stile over which she had been leaning, and faced him; whereupon his eyes, falling casually upon the familiar countenance and form, remained contemplating her. The inferior man was quiet in him now; but it was surely not extracted, nor even entirely subdued.
‘Don’t look at me like that!’ he said abruptly.
Tess, who had been quite unconscious of her action and mien, instantly withdrew the large dark gaze of her eyes, stammering with a flush, ‘I beg your pardon!’ And there
was revived in her the wretched sentiment which had often come to her before, that in inhabiting the fleshly tabernacle with which Nature had endowed her she was somehow doing wrong.
‘No, no! Don’t beg my pardon. But since you wear a veil to hide your good looks, why don’t you keep it down?’
She pulled down the veil, saying hastily, ‘It was mostly to keep off the wind.’
‘It may seem harsh of me to dictate like this,’ he went on; ‘but it is better that I should not look too often on you. It might be dangerous.’ ‘Ssh!’ said Tess.
‘Well, women’s faces have had too much power over me already for me not to fear them! An evangelist has nothing to do with such as they; and it reminds me of the old times that I would forget!’
After this their conversation dwindled to a casual remark now and then as they rambled onward, Tess inwardly wondering how far he was going with her, and not liking to send him back by positive mandate. Frequently when they came to a gate or stile they found painted thereon in red or blue letters some text of Scripture, and she asked him if he knew who had been at the pains to blazon these announcements. He told her that the man was employed by himself and others who were working with him in that district, to paint these reminders that no means might be left untried which might move the hearts of a wicked generation.
At length the road touched the spot called ‘Cross-in-Hand.’ Of all spots on the bleached and desolate upland this was the most forlorn. It was so far removed from the charm which is sought in landscape by artists and view-lovers as to reach a new kind of beauty, a negative beauty of tragic tone. The place took its name from a stone pillar which stood there, a strange rude monolith, from a stratum unknown in any local quarry, on which was roughly carved a human hand. Differing accounts were given of its history and purport. Some authorities stated that a devotional cross had once formed the complete erection thereon, of which the present relic was but the stump; others that the stone as it stood was entire, and that it had been fixed there to mark a boundary or place of meeting. Anyhow, whatever the origin of the relic, there was and is something sinister, or solemn, according to mood, in the scene amid which it stands; something tending to impress the most phlegmatic passer-by.
‘I think I must leave you now,’ he remarked, as they drew near to this spot. ‘I have to preach at Abbot’s-Cernel at six this evening, and my way lies across to the right from here. And you upset me somewhat too, Tessy—I cannot, will not, say why. I must go away and get strength. ... How is it that you speak so fluently now? Who has taught you such good English?’
‘I have learnt things in my troubles,’ she said evasively.
‘What troubles have you had?’
She told him of the first one—the only one that related to him.
D’Urberville was struck mute. ‘I knew nothing of this till now!’ he next murmured. ‘Why didn’t you write to me when you felt your trouble coming on?’
She did not reply; and he broke the silence by adding: ‘Well—you will see me again.’
‘No,’ she answered. ‘Do not again come near me!’
‘I will think. But before we part come here.’ He stepped up to the pillar. ‘This was once a Holy Cross. Relics are not in my creed; but I fear you at moments—far more than you need fear me at present; and to lessen my fear, put your hand upon that stone hand, and swear that you will never tempt me—by your charms or ways.’
‘Good God—how can you ask what is so unnecessary! All that is furthest from my thought!’ ‘Yes—but swear it.’
Tess, half frightened, gave way to his opportunity; placed her hand upon the stone and swore.
‘I am sorry you are not a believer,’ he continued; ‘that some unbeliever should have got hold of you and unsettled your mind. But no more now. At home at least I can pray for you; and I will; and who knows what may not happen? I’m off. Goodbye!’
He turned to a hunting-gate in the hedge and, without letting his eyes again rest upon her, leapt over and struck out across the down in the direction of Abbot’s-Cernel. As
he walked his pace showed perturbation, and by-and-by, as if instigated by a former thought, he drew from his pocket a small book, between the leaves of which was folded a letter, worn and soiled, as from much re-reading. D’Urberville opened the letter. It was dated several months before this time, and was signed by Parson Clare.
The letter began by expressing the writer’s unfeigned joy at d’Urberville’s conversion, and thanked him for his kindness in communicating with the parson on the subject. It expressed Mr Clare’s warm assurance of forgiveness for d’Urberville’s former conduct and his interest in the young man’s plans for the future. He, Mr Clare, would much have liked to see d’Urberville in the Church to whose ministry he had devoted so many years of his own life, and would have helped him to enter a theological college to that end; but since his correspondent had possibly not cared to do this on account of the delay it would have entailed, he was not the man to insist upon its paramount importance. Every man must work as he could best work, and in the method towards which he felt impelled by the Spirit.
D’Urberville read and re-read this letter, and seemed to quiz himself cynically. He also read some passages from memoranda as he walked till his face assumed a calm, and apparently the image of Tess no longer troubled his mind.
She meanwhile had kept along the edge of the hill by which lay her nearest way home. Within the distance of a mile she met a solitary shepherd.
‘What is the meaning of that old stone I have passed?’ she asked of him. ‘Was it ever a Holy Cross?’
‘Cross—no; ’twer not a cross! ’Tis a thing of ill-omen, Miss. It was put up in wuld times by the relations of a malefactor who was tortured there by nailing his hand to a post and afterwards hung. The bones lie underneath. They say he sold his soul to the devil, and that he walks at times.’
She felt the petite mort at this unexpectedly gruesome information, and left the solitary man behind her. It was dusk when she drew near to Flintcomb-Ash, and in the lane at the entrance to the hamlet she approached a girl and her lover without their observing her. They were talking no secrets, and the clear unconcerned voice of the young woman, in response to the warmer accents of the man, spread into the chilly air as the one soothing thing within the dusky horizon, full of a stagnant obscurity upon which nothing else intruded. For a moment the voices cheered the heart of Tess, till she reasoned that this interview had its origin, on one side or the other, in the same attraction which had been the prelude to her own tribulation. When she came close, the girl turned serenely and recognized her, the young man walking off in embarrassment. The woman was Izz Huett, whose interest in Tess’s excursion immediately superseded her own proceedings. Tess did not explain very clearly its results, and Izz, who was a girl of tact, began to speak of her own little affair, a phase of which Tess had just witnessed.
‘He is Amby Seedling, the chap who used to sometimes come and help at Talbothays,’ she explained indifferently. ‘He actually inquired and found out that I had come here, and has followed me. He says he’s been in love wi’ me these two years. But I’ve hardly answered him.’
Several days had passed since her futile journey, and Tess was afield. The dry winter wind still blew, but a screen of thatched hurdles erected in the eye of the blast kept its force away from her. On the sheltered side was a turnip-slicing machine, whose bright blue hue of new paint seemed almost vocal in the otherwise subdued scene. Opposite its front was a long mound or ‘grave’, in which the roots had been preserved since early winter. Tess was standing at the uncovered end, chopping off with a bill-hook the fibres and earth from each root, and throwing it after the operation into the slicer. A man was turning the handle of the machine, and from its trough came the newly-cut swedes, the fresh smell of whose yellow chips was accompanied by the sounds of the snuffling wind, the smart swish of the slicing-blades, and the choppings of the hook in Tess’s leather-gloved hand.
The wide acreage of blank agricultural brownness, apparent where the swedes had been pulled, was beginning to be striped in wales of darker brown, gradually broadening to ribands. Along the edge of each of these something crept upon ten legs, moving without haste and without rest up and down the whole length of the field; it
was two horses and a man, the plough going between them, turning up the cleared ground for a spring sowing.
For hours nothing relieved the joyless monotony of things. Then, far beyond the ploughing-teams, a black speck was seen. It had come from the corner of a fence, where there was a gap, and its tendency was up the incline, towards the swede-cutters. From the proportions of a mere point it advanced to the shape of a ninepin, and was soon perceived to be a man in black, arriving from the direction of FlintcombAsh. The man at the slicer, having nothing else to do with his eyes, continually observed the comer, but Tess, who was occupied, did not perceive him till her companion directed her attention to his approach.
It was not her hard taskmaster, Farmer Groby; it was one in a semi-clerical costume, who now represented what had once been the free-and-easy Alec d’Urberville. Not being hot at his preaching there was less enthusiasm about him now, and the presence of the grinder seemed to embarrass him. A pale distress was already on Tess’s face, and she pulled her curtained hood further over it.
D’Urberville came up and said quietly—
‘I want to speak to you, Tess.’
‘You have refused my last request, not to come near me!’ said she.
‘Yes, but I have a good reason.’
‘Well, tell it.’
‘It is more serious than you may think.’
He glanced round to see if he were overheard. They were at some distance from the man who turned the slicer, and the movement of the machine, too, sufficiently prevented Alec’s words reaching other ears. D’Urberville placed himself so as to screen Tess from the labourer, turning his back to the latter.
‘It is this,’ he continued, with capricious compunction. ‘In thinking of your soul and mine when we last met, I neglected to inquire as to your worldly condition. You were well dressed, and I did not think of it. But I see now that it is hard—harder than it used to be when I—knew you—harder than you deserve. Perhaps a good deal of it is owning to me!’
She did not answer, and he watched her inquiringly, as, with bent head, her face completely screened by the hood, she resumed her trimming of the swedes. By going on with her work she felt better able to keep him outside her emotions.
‘Tess,’ he added, with a sigh of discontent,—‘yours was the very worst case I ever was concerned in! I had no idea of what had resulted till you told me. Scamp that I was to foul that innocent life! The whole blame was mine—the whole unconventional business of our time at Trantridge. You, too, the real blood of which I am but the base imitation, what a blind young thing you were as to possibilities! I say in all earnestness that it is a shame for parents to bring up their girls in such dangerous ignorance of the gins and nets that the wicked may set for them,
whether their motive be a good one or the result of simple indifference.’
Tess still did no more than listen, throwing down one globular root and taking up another with automatic regularity, the pensive contour of the mere fieldwoman alone marking her.
‘But it is not that I came to say,’ d’Urberville went on. ‘My circumstances are these. I have lost my mother since you were at Trantridge, and the place is my own. But I intend to sell it, and devote myself to missionary work in Africa. A devil of a poor hand I shall make at the trade, no doubt. However, what I want to ask you is, will you put it in my power to do my duty—to make the only reparation I can make for the trick played you: that is, will you be my wife, and go with me? ... I have already obtained this precious document. It was my old mother’s dying wish.’
He drew a piece of parchment from his pocket, with a slight fumbling of embarrassment. ‘What is it?’ said she.
‘A marriage licence.’
‘O no, sir—no!’ she said quickly, starting back.
‘You will not? Why is that?’
And as he asked the question a disappointment which was not entirely the disappointment of thwarted duty crossed d’Urberville’s face. It was unmistakably a symptom that something of his old passion for her had been revived; duty and desire ran hand-in-hand.
‘Surely,’ he began again, in more impetuous tones, and then looked round at the labourer who turned the slicer.
Tess, too, felt that the argument could not be ended there. Informing the man that a gentleman had come to see her, with whom she wished to walk a little way, she moved off with d’Urberville across the zebra-striped field. When they reached the first newly-ploughed section he held out his hand to help her over it; but she stepped forward on the summits of the earth-rolls as if she did not see him.
‘You will not marry me, Tess, and make me a self-respecting man?’ he repeated, as soon as they were over the furrows.
‘I cannot.’
‘But why?’
‘You know I have no affection for you.’
‘But you would get to feel that in time, perhaps—as soon as you really could forgive me?’
‘Never!’
‘Why so positive?’
‘I love somebody else.’
The words seemed to astonish him.
‘You do?’ he cried. ‘Somebody else? But has not a sense of what is morally right and proper any weight with you?’
‘No, no, no—don’t say that!’
‘Anyhow, then, your love for this other man may be only a passing feeling which you will overcome—’
‘No—no.’
‘Yes, yes! Why not?’
‘I cannot tell you.’
‘You must in honour!’
‘Well then ... I have married him.’
‘Ah!’ he exclaimed; and he stopped dead and gazed at her.
‘I did not wish to tell—I did not mean to!’ she pleaded. ‘It is a secret here, or at any rate but dimly known. So will you, PLEASE will you, keep from questioning me? You must remember that we are now strangers.’
‘Strangers—are we? Strangers!’
For a moment a flash of his old irony marked his face; but he determinedly chastened it down.
‘Is that man your husband?’ he asked mechanically, denoting by a sign the labourer who turned the machine. ‘That man!’ she said proudly. ‘I should think not!’
‘Who, then?’
‘Do not ask what I do not wish to tell!’ she begged, and flashed her appeal to him from her upturned face and lashshadowed eyes.
D’Urberville was disturbed.
‘But I only asked for your sake!’ he retorted hotly. ‘Angels of heaven!—God forgive me for such an expression—I came here, I swear, as I thought for your good. Tess—don’t look at me so—I cannot stand your looks! There never were such eyes, surely, before Christianity or since! There—I won’t lose my head; I dare not. I own that the sight of you had waked up my love for you, which, I believed, was extinguished with all such
feelings. But I thought that our marriage might be a sanctification for us both. ‘The unbelieving husband is sanctified by the wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband,’ I said to myself. But my plan is dashed from me; and I must bear the disappointment!’
He moodily reflected with his eyes on the ground.
‘Married. Married! ... Well, that being so,’ he added, quite calmly, tearing the licence slowly into halves and putting them in his pocket; ‘that being prevented, I should like to do some good to you and your husband, whoever he may be. There are many questions that I am tempted to ask, but I will not do so, of course, in opposition to your wishes. Though, if I could know your husband, I might more easily benefit him and you. Is he on this farm?’
‘No,’ she murmured. ‘He is far away.’
‘Far away? From YOU? What sort of husband can he be?’
‘O, do not speak against him! It was through you! He found out—’
‘Ah, is it so! ... That’s sad, Tess!’
‘Yes.’
‘But to stay away from you—to leave you to work like this!’
‘He does not leave me to work!’ she cried, springing to the defence of the absent one with all her fervour. ‘He don’t know it! It is by my own arrangement.’
‘Then, does he write?’
'I—I cannot tell you. There are things which are private to ourselves.'
'Of course that means that he does not. You are a deserted wife, my fair Tess—'
In an impulse he turned suddenly to take her hand; the buff-glove was on it, and he seized only the rough leather fingers which did not express the life or shape of those within.
'You must not—you must not!' she cried fearfully, slipping her hand from the glove as from a pocket, and leaving it in his grasp. 'O, will you go away—for the sake of me and my husband—go, in the name of your own Christianity!'
'Yes, yes; I will,' he said abruptly, and thrusting the glove back to her he turned to leave. Facing round, however, he said, 'Tess, as God is my judge, I meant no humbug in taking your hand!'
A pattering of hoofs on the soil of the field, which they had not noticed in their preoccupation, ceased close behind them; and a voice reached her ear:
'What the devil are you doing away from your work at this time o’ day?'
Farmer Groby had espied the two figures from the distance, and had inquisitively ridden across, to learn what was their business in his field.
'Don’t speak like that to her!' said d’Urberville, his face blackening with something that was not Christianity.
‘Indeed, Mister! And what mid Methodist pa’sons have to do with she?’
‘Who is the fellow?’ asked d’Urberville, turning to Tess. She went close up to him.
‘Go—I do beg you!’ she said.
‘What! And leave you to that tyrant? I can see in his face what a churl he is.’
‘He won’t hurt me. HE’S not in love with me. I can leave at Lady-Day.’
‘Well, I have no right but to obey, I suppose. But—well, goodbye!’
Her defender, whom she dreaded more than her assailant, having reluctantly disappeared, the farmer continued his reprimand, which Tess took with the greatest coolness, that sort of attack being independent of sex. To have as a master this man of stone, who would have cuffed her if he had dared, was almost a relief after her former experiences. She silently walked back towards the summit of the field that was the scene of her labour, so absorbed in the interview which had just taken place that she was hardly aware that the nose of Groby’s horse almost touched her shoulders.
‘If so be you make an agreement to work for me till Lady-Day, I’ll see that you carry it out,’ he growled. “Od rot the women—now ‘tis one thing, and then ‘tis another. But I’ll put up with it no longer!”
Knowing very well that he did not harass the other women of the farm as he harassed her out of spite for the
flooring he had once received, she did for one moment picture what might have been the result if she had been free to accept the offer just made her of being the monied Alec’s wife. It would have lifted her completely out of subjection, not only to her present oppressive employer, but to a whole world who seemed to despise her. ‘But no, no!’ she said breathlessly; ‘I could not have married him now! He is so unpleasant to me.’
That very night she began an appealing letter to Clare, concealing from him her hardships, and assuring him of her undying affection. Any one who had been in a position to read between the lines would have seen that at the back of her great love was some monstrous fear—almost a desperation—as to some secret contingencies which were not disclosed. But again she did not finish her effusion; he had asked Izz to go with him, and perhaps he did not care for her at all. She put the letter in her box, and wondered if it would ever reach Angel’s hands.
After this her daily tasks were gone through heavily enough, and brought on the day which was of great import to agriculturists—the day of the Candlemas Fair. It was at this fair that new engagements were entered into for the twelve months following the ensuing Lady-Day, and those of the farming population who thought of changing their places duly attended at the county-town where the fair was held. Nearly all the labourers on Flintcomb-Ash farm intended flight, and early in the morning there was a general exodus in the direction of the town, which lay at a
distance of from ten to a dozen miles over hilly country. Though Tess also meant to leave at the quarter-day, she was one of the few who did not go to the fair, having a vaguely-shaped hope that something would happen to render another outdoor engagement unnecessary.
It was a peaceful February day, of wonderful softness for the time, and one would almost have thought that winter was over. She had hardly finished her dinner when d’Urberville’s figure darkened the window of the cottage wherein she was a lodger, which she had all to herself today.
Tess jumped up, but her visitor had knocked at the door, and she could hardly in reason run away. D’Urberville’s knock, his walk up to the door, had some indescribable quality of difference from his air when she last saw him. They seemed to be acts of which the doer was ashamed. She thought that she would not open the door; but, as there was no sense in that either, she arose, and having lifted the latch stepped back quickly. He came in, saw her, and flung himself down into a chair before speaking.
‘Tess—I couldn’t help it!’ he began desperately, as he wiped his heated face, which had also a superimposed flush of excitement. ‘I felt that I must call at least to ask how you are. I assure you I had not been thinking of you at all till I saw you that Sunday; now I cannot get rid of your image, try how I may! It is hard that a good woman should do harm to a bad man; yet so it is. If you would only pray for me, Tess!’
The suppressed discontent of his manner was almost pitiable, and yet Tess did not pity him.
‘How can I pray for you,’ she said, ‘when I am forbidden to believe that the great Power who moves the world would alter His plans on my account?’
‘You really think that?’
‘Yes. I have been cured of the presumption of thinking otherwise.’
‘Cured? By whom?’
‘By my husband, if I must tell.’
‘Ah—your husband—your husband! How strange it seems! I remember you hinted something of the sort the other day. What do you really believe in these matters, Tess?’ he asked. ‘You seem to have no religion—perhaps owing to me.’
‘But I have. Though I don’t believe in anything supernatural.’
D’Urberville looked at her with misgiving.
‘Then do you think that the line I take is all wrong?’
‘A good deal of it.’
‘H’m—and yet I’ve felt so sure about it,’ he said uneasily.
‘I believe in the SPIRIT of the Sermon on the Mount, and
so did my dear husband… But I don’t believe—’
Here she gave her negations.
'The fact is,' said d'Urberville drily, 'whatever your dear husband believed you accept, and whatever he rejected you reject, without the least inquiry or reasoning on your own part. That's just like you women. Your mind is enslaved to his.'
'Ah, because he knew everything!' said she, with a triumphant simplicity of faith in Angel Clare that the most perfect man could hardly have deserved, much less her husband.
'Yes, but you should not take negative opinions wholesale from another person like that. A pretty fellow he must be to teach you such scepticism!'
'He never forced my judgement! He would never argue on the subject with me! But I looked at it in this way; what he believed, after inquiring deep into doctrines, was much more likely to be right than what I might believe, who hadn't looked into doctrines at all.'
'What used he to say? He must have said something?'
She reflected; and with her acute memory for the letter of Angel Clare's remarks, even when she did not comprehend their spirit, she recalled a merciless polemical syllogism that she had heard him use when, as it occasionally happened, he indulged in a species of thinking aloud with her at his side. In delivering it she gave also Clare's accent and manner with reverential faithfulness.
'Say that again,' asked d'Urberville, who had listened with the greatest attention.
She repeated the argument, and d’Urberville thoughtfully murmured the words after her.
‘Anything else?’ he presently asked.
‘He said at another time something like this”; and she gave another, which might possibly have been paralleled in many a work of the pedigree ranging from the Dictionnaire Philosophique to Huxley’s Essays.
‘Ah—ha! How do you remember them?’
‘I wanted to believe what he believed, though he didn’t wish me to; and I managed to coax him to tell me a few of his thoughts. I can’t say I quite understand that one; but I know it is right.’
‘H’m. Fancy your being able to teach me what you don’t know yourself!’
He fell into thought.
‘And so I threw in my spiritual lot with his,’ she resumed. ‘I didn’t wish it to be different. What’s good enough for him is good enough for me.’
‘Does he know that you are as big an infidel as he?’
‘No—I never told him—if I am an infidel.’
‘Well—you are better off to-day that I am, Tess, after all! You don’t believe that you ought to preach my doctrine, and, therefore, do no despite to your conscience in abstaining. I do believe I ought to preach it, but, like the devils, I believe and tremble, for I suddenly leave off preaching it, and give way to my passion for you.’
‘How?’
‘Why,’ he said aridly; ‘I have come all the way here to see you to-day! But I started from home to go to Casterbridge Fair, where I have undertaken to preach the Word from a waggon at half-past two this afternoon, and where all the brethren are expecting me this minute. Here’s the announcement.’
He drew from his breast-pocket a poster whereon was printed the day, hour, and place of meeting, at which he, d’Urberville, would preach the Gospel as aforesaid.
‘But how can you get there?’ said Tess, looking at the clock.
‘I cannot get there! I have come here.’
‘What, you have really arranged to preach, and—’
‘I have arranged to preach, and I shall not be there—by reason of my burning desire to see a woman whom I once despised!—No, by my word and truth, I never despised you; if I had I should not love you now! Why I did not despise you was on account of your being unsmirched in spite of all; you withdrew yourself from me so quickly and resolutely when you saw the situation; you did not remain at my pleasure; so there was one petticoat in the world for whom I had no contempt, and you are she. But you may well despise me now! I thought I worshipped on the mountains, but I find I still serve in the groves! Ha! ha!’
‘O Alec d’Urberville! what does this mean? What have I done!’
‘Done?’ he said, with a soulless sneer in the word. ‘Nothing intentionally. But you have been the means—the
innocent means—of my backsliding, as they call it. I ask myself, am I, indeed, one of those ‘servants of corruption’ who, ‘after they have escaped the pollutions of the world, are again entangled therein and overcome’—whose latter end is worse than their beginning?’ He laid his hand on her shoulder. ‘Tess, my girl, I was on the way to, at least, social salvation till I saw you again!’ he said freakishly shaking her, as if she were a child. ‘And why then have you tempted me? I was firm as a man could be till I saw those eyes and that mouth again—surely there never was such a maddening mouth since Eve’s!’ His voice sank, and a hot archness shot from his own black eyes. ‘You temptress, Tess; you dear damned witch of Babylon—I could not resist you as soon as I met you again!’
‘I couldn’t help your seeing me again!’ said Tess, recoiling.
‘I know it—I repeat that I do not blame you. But the fact remains. When I saw you ill-used on the farm that day I was nearly mad to think that I had no legal right to protect you—that I could not have it; whilst he who has it seems to neglect you utterly!’
‘Don’t speak against him—he is absent!’ she cried in much excitement. ‘Treat him honourably—he has never wronged you! O leave his wife before any scandal spreads that may do harm to his honest name!’
‘I will—I will,’ he said, like a man awakening from a luring dream. ‘I have broken my engagement to preach to
those poor drunken boobies at the fair—it is the first time I have played such a practical joke. A month ago I should have been horrified at such a possibility. I’ll go away—to swear—and—ah, can I! to keep away.’ Then, suddenly: ‘One clasp, Tessy—one! Only for old friendship—’
‘I am without defence. Alec! A good man’s honour is in my keeping—think—be ashamed!’
‘Pooh! Well, yes—yes!’
He clenched his lips, mortified with himself for his weakness. His eyes were equally barren of worldly and religious faith. The corpses of those old fitful passions which had lain inanimate amid the lines of his face ever since his reformation seemed to wake and come together as in a resurrection. He went out indeterminately.
Though d’Urberville had declared that this breach of his engagement to-day was the simple backsliding of a believer, Tess’s words, as echoed from Angel Clare, had made a deep impression upon him, and continued to do so after he had left her. He moved on in silence, as if his energies were benumbed by the hitherto undreamt-of possibility that his position was untenable. Reason had had nothing to do with his whimsical conversion, which was perhaps the mere freak of a careless man in search of a new sensation, and temporarily impressed by his mother’s death.
The drops of logic Tess had let fall into the sea of his enthusiasm served to chill its effervescence to stagnation.
He said to himself, as he pondered again and again over the crystallized phrases that she had handed on to him, ‘That clever fellow little thought that, by telling her those things, he might be paving my way back to her!’
XLVII
It is the threshing of the last wheat-rick at Flintcomb-Ash farm. The dawn of the March morning is singularly inexpressive, and there is nothing to show where the eastern horizon lies. Against the twilight rises the trapezoidal top of the stack, which has stood forlornly here through the washing and bleaching of the wintry weather.
When Izz Huett and Tess arrived at the scene of operations only a rustling denoted that others had preceded them; to which, as the light increased, there were presently added the silhouettes of two men on the summit. They were busily ‘unhaling’ the rick, that is, stripping off the thatch before beginning to throw down the sheaves; and while this was in progress Izz and Tess, with the other women-workers, in their whitey-brown pinners, stood waiting and shivering, Farmer Groby having insisted upon their being on the spot thus early to get the job over if possible by the end of the day. Close under the eaves of the stack, and as yet barely visible, was the red tyrant that the women had come to serve—a timber-framed construction, with straps
and wheels appertaining—the threshing-machine which, whilst it was going, kept up a despotic demand upon the endurance of their muscles and nerves.
A little way off there was another indistinct figure; this one black, with a sustained hiss that spoke of strength very much in reserve. The long chimney running up beside an ash-tree, and the warmth which radiated from the spot, explained without the necessity of much daylight that here was the engine which was to act as the primum mobile of this little world. By the engine stood a dark, motionless being, a sooty and grimy embodiment of tallness, in a sort of trance, with a heap of coals by his side: it was the engine-man. The isolation of his manner and colour lent him the appearance of a creature from Tophet, who had strayed into the pellucid smokelessness of this region of yellow grain and pale soil, with which he had nothing in common, to amaze and to discompose its aborigines.
What he looked he felt. He was in the agricultural world, but not of it. He served fire and smoke; these denizens of the fields served vegetation, weather, frost, and sun. He travelled with his engine from farm to farm, from county to county, for as yet the steam threshing-machine was itinerant in this part of Wessex. He spoke in a strange northern accent; his thoughts being turned inwards upon himself, his eye on his iron charge, hardly perceiving the scenes around him, and caring for them not at all: holding only strictly necessary intercourse with the natives, as if some ancient doom compelled him to wander here against
his will in the service of his Plutonic master. The long strap which ran from the driving-wheel of his engine to the red thresher under the rick was the sole tie-line between agriculture and him.
While they uncovered the sheaves he stood apathetic beside his portable repository of force, round whose hot blackness the morning air quivered. He had nothing to do with preparatory labour. His fire was waiting incandescent, his steam was at high pressure, in a few seconds he could make the long strap move at an invisible velocity. Beyond its extent the environment might be corn, straw, or chaos; it was all the same to him. If any of the autochthonous idlers asked him what he called himself, he replied shortly, ‘an engineer.’
The rick was unhaled by full daylight; the men then took their places, the women mounted, and the work began. Farmer Groby—or, as they called him, ‘he’—had arrived ere this, and by his orders Tess was placed on the platform of the machine, close to the man who fed it, her business being to untie every sheaf of corn handed on to her by Izz Huett, who stood next, but on the rick; so that the feeder could seize it and spread it over the revolving drum, which whisked out every grain in one moment.
They were soon in full progress, after a preparatory hitch or two, which rejoiced the hearts of those who hated machinery. The work sped on till breakfast time, when the thresher was stopped for half an hour; and on starting again after the meal the whole supplementary strength of the farm
was thrown into the labour of constructing the straw-rick, which began to grow beside the stack of corn. A hasty lunch was eaten as they stood, without leaving their positions, and then another couple of hours brought them near to dinner-time; the inexorable wheel continuing to spin, and the penetrating hum of the thresher to thrill to the very marrow all who were near the revolving wire-cage.
The old men on the rising straw-rick talked of the past days when they had been accustomed to thresh with flails on the oaken barn-floor; when everything, even to winnowing, was effected by hand-labour, which, to their thinking, though slow, produced better results. Those, too, on the corn-rick talked a little; but the perspiring ones at the machine, including Tess, could not lighten their duties by the exchange of many words. It was the ceaselessness of the work which tried her so severely, and began to make her wish that she had never come to Flintcomb-Ash. The women on the corn-rick—Marian, who was one of them, in particular—could stop to drink ale or cold tea from the flagon now and then, or to exchange a few gossiping remarks while they wiped their faces or cleared the fragments of straw and husk from their clothing; but for Tess there was no respite; for, as the drum never stopped, the man who fed it could not stop, and she, who had to supply the man with untied sheaves, could not stop either, unless Marian changed places with her, which she sometimes did for half an hour in spite of Groby’s objections that she was too slow-handed for a feeder.
For some probably economical reason it was usually a woman who was chosen for this particular duty, and Groby gave as his motive in selecting Tess that she was one of those who best combined strength with quickness in untying, and both with staying power, and this may have been true. The hum of the thresher, which prevented speech, increased to a raving whenever the supply of corn fell short of the regular quantity. As Tess and the man who fed could never turn their heads she did not know that just before the dinner-hour a person had come silently into the field by the gate, and had been standing under a second rick watching the scene and Tess in particular. He was dressed in a tweed suit of fashionable pattern, and he twirled a gay walkingcane.
‘Who is that?’ said Izz Huett to Marian. She had at first addressed the inquiry to Tess, but the latter could not hear it.
‘Somebody’s fancy-man, I s’pose,’ said Marian laconically.
‘I’ll lay a guinea he’s after Tess.’
‘O no. ‘Tis a ranter pa’son who’s been sniffing after her lately; not a dandy like this.’
‘Well—this is the same man.’
‘The same man as the preacher? But he’s quite different!’
‘He hev left off his black coat and white neckercher, and hev cut off his whiskers; but he’s the same man for all that.’ ‘D’yee really think so? Then I’ll tell her,’ said Marian.
‘Don’t. She’ll see him soon enough, good-now.’
‘Well, I don’t think it at all right for him to join his preaching to courting a married woman, even though her husband mid be abroad, and she, in a sense, a widow.’
‘Oh—he can do her no harm,’ said Izz drily. ‘Her mind can no more be heaved from that one place where it do bide than a stooded waggon from the hole he’s in. Lord love ‘ee, neither court-paying, nor preaching, nor the seven thunders themselves, can wean a woman when ‘twould be better for her that she should be weaned.’
Dinner-time came, and the whirling ceased; whereupon Tess left her post, her knees trembling so wretchedly with the shaking of the machine that she could scarcely walk.
‘You ought to het a quart o’ drink into ‘ee, as I’ve done,’ said Marian. ‘You wouldn’t look so white then. Why, souls above us, your face is as if you’d been hagrode!’
It occurred to the good-natured Marian that, as Tess was so tired, her discovery of her visitor’s presence might have the bad effect of taking away her appetite; and Marian was thinking of inducing Tess to descend by a ladder on the further side of the stack when the gentleman came forward and looked up.
Tess uttered a short little ‘Oh!’ And a moment after she said, quickly, ‘I shall eat my dinner here—right on the rick.’
Sometimes, when they were so far from their cottages, they all did this; but as there was rather a keen wind going
to-day, Marian and the rest descended, and sat under the straw-stack.
The newcomer was, indeed, Alec d’Urberville, the late Evangelist, despite his changed attire and aspect. It was obvious at a glance that the original Weltlust had come back; that he had restored himself, as nearly as a man could do who had grown three or four years older, to the old jaunty, slapdash guise under which Tess had first known her admirer, and cousin so-called. Having decided to remain where she was, Tess sat down among the bundles, out of sight of the ground, and began her meal; till, by-and-by, she heard footsteps on the ladder, and immediately after Alec appeared upon the stack—now an oblong and level platform of sheaves. He strode across them, and sat down opposite of her without a word.
Tess continued to eat her modest dinner, a slice of thick pancake which she had brought with her. The other workfolk were by this time all gathered under the rick, where the loose straw formed a comfortable retreat.
‘I am here again, as you see,’ said d’Urberville.
‘Why do you trouble me so!’ she cried, reproach flashing from her very finger-ends.
‘I trouble YOU? I think I may ask, why do you trouble me?’
‘Sure, I don’t trouble you any-when!’
‘You say you don’t? But you do! You haunt me. Those very eyes that you turned upon my with such a bitter flash a moment ago, they come to me just as you showed them
then, in the night and in the day! Tess, ever since you told me of that child of ours, it is just as if my feelings, which have been flowing in a strong puritanical stream, had suddenly found a way open in the direction of you, and had all at once gushed through. The religious channel is left dry forthwith; and it is you who have done it!’
She gazed in silence.
‘What—you have given up your preaching entirely?’ she asked. She had gathered from Angel sufficient of the incredulity of modern thought to despise flash enthusiasm; but, as a woman, she was somewhat appalled.
In affected severity d’Urberville continued—
‘Entirely. I have broken every engagement since that afternoon I was to address the drunkards at Casterbridge Fair. The deuce only knows what I am thought of by the brethren. Ah-ha! The brethren! No doubt they pray for me—weep for me; for they are kind people in their way. But what do I care? How could I go on with the thing when I had lost my faith in it?—it would have been hypocrisy of the basest kind! Among them I should have stood like Hymenaeus and Alexander, who were delivered over to Satan that they might learn not to blaspheme. What a grand revenge you have taken! I saw you innocent, and I deceived you. Four years after, you find me a Christian enthusiast; you then work upon me, perhaps to my complete perdition! But Tess, my coz, as I used to call you, this is only my way
of talking, and you must not look so horribly concerned. Of course you have done nothing except retain your pretty face and shapely figure. I saw it on the rick before you saw me—that tight pinafore-thing sets it off, and that wing-bonnet—you field-girls should never wear those bonnets if you wish to keep out of danger.’ He regarded her silently for a few moments, and with a short cynical laugh resumed: ‘I believe that if the bachelor-apostle, whose deputy I thought I was, had been tempted by such a pretty face, he would have let go the plough for her sake as I do!’
Tess attempted to expostulate, but at this juncture all her fluency failed her, and without heeding he added:
‘Well, this paradise that you supply is perhaps as good as any other, after all. But to speak seriously, Tess.’ D’Urberville rose and came nearer, reclining sideways amid the sheaves, and resting upon his elbow. ‘Since I last saw you, I have been thinking of what you said that HE said. I have come to the conclusion that there does seem rather a want of commonsense in these threadbare old propositions; how I could have been so fired by poor Parson Clare’s enthusiasm, and have gone so madly to work, transcending even him, I cannot make out! As for what you said last time, on the strength of your wonderful husband’s intelligence—whose name you have never told me—about having what they call an ethical system without any dogma, I don’t see my way to that at all.’
‘Why, you can have the religion of loving-kindness and purity at least, if you can’t have—what do you call it—dogma.’
‘O no! I’m a different sort of fellow from that! If there’s nobody to say, ‘Do this, and it will be a good thing for you after you are dead; do that, and if will be a bad thing for you,’ I can’t warm up. Hang it, I am not going to feel responsible for my deeds and passions if there’s nobody to be responsible to; and if I were you, my dear, I wouldn’t either!’
She tried to argue, and tell him that he had mixed in his dull brain two matters, theology and morals, which in the primitive days of mankind had been quite distinct. But owing to Angel Clare’s reticence, to her absolute want of training, and to her being a vessel of emotions rather than reasons, she could not get on.
‘Well, never mind,’ he resumed. ‘Here I am, my love, as in the old times!’
‘Not as then—never as then—’tis different!’ she entreated. ‘And there was never warmth with me! O why didn’t you keep your faith, if the loss of it has brought you to speak to me like this!’
‘Because you’ve knocked it out of me; so the evil be upon your sweet head! Your husband little thought how his teaching would recoil upon him! Ha-ha—I’m awfully glad you have made an apostate of me all the same! Tess, I am more taken with you than ever, and I pity you too. For all
your closeness, I see you are in a bad way—neglected by one who ought to cherish you.’
She could not get her morsels of food down her throat; her lips were dry, and she was ready to choke. The voices and laughs of the workfolk eating and drinking under the rick came to her as if they were a quarter of a mile off.
‘It is cruelty to me!’ she said. ‘How—how can you treat me to this talk, if you care ever so little for me?’
‘True, true,’ he said, wincing a little. ‘I did not come to reproach you for my deeds. I came Tess, to say that I don’t like you to be working like this, and I have come on purpose for you. You say you have a husband who is not I. Well, perhaps you have; but I’ve never seen him, and you’ve not told me his name; and altogether he seems rather a mythological personage. However, even if you have one, I think I am nearer to you than he is. I, at any rate, try to help you out of trouble, but he does not, bless his invisible face! The words of the stern prophet Hosea that I used to read come back to me. Don’t you know them, Tess?—‘And she shall follow after her lover, but she shall not overtake him; and she shall seek him, but shall not find him; then shall she say, I will go and return to my first husband; for then was it better with me than now!’ ... Tess, my trap is waiting just under the hill, and—darling mine, not his!—you know the rest.’
Her face had been rising to a dull crimson fire while he spoke; but she did not answer.
‘You have been the cause of my backsliding,’ he continued, stretching his arm towards her waist; ‘you should be willing to share it, and leave that mule you call husband for ever.’
One of her leather gloves, which she had taken off to eat her skimmer-cake, lay in her lap, and without the slightest warning she passionately swung the glove by the gauntlet directly in his face. It was heavy and thick as a warrior’s, and it struck him flat on the mouth. Fancy might have regarded the act as the recrudescence of a trick in which her armed progenitors were not unpractised. Alec fiercely started up from his reclining position. A scarlet oozing appeared where her blow had alighted, and in a moment the blood began dropping from his mouth upon the straw. But he soon controlled himself, calmly drew his handkerchief from his pocket, and mopped his bleeding lips.
She too had sprung up, but she sank down again. ‘Now, punish me!’ she said, turning up her eyes to him with the hopeless defiance of the sparrow’s gaze before its captor twists its neck. ‘Whip me, crush me; you need not mind those people under the rick! I shall not cry out. Once victim, always victim—that’s the law!’
‘O no, no, Tess,’ he said blandly. ‘I can make full allowance for this. Yet you most unjustly forget one thing, that I would have married you if you had not put it out of my power to do so. Did I not ask you flatly to be my wife—hey?’
Answer me.’
‘You did.’
‘And you cannot be. But remember one thing!’ His voice hardened as his temper got the better of him with the recollection of his sincerity in asking her and her present ingratitude, and he stepped across to her side and held her by the shoulders, so that she shook under his grasp. ‘Remember, my lady, I was your master once! I will be your master again. If you are any man’s wife you are mine!’ The threshers now began to stir below.
‘So much for our quarrel,’ he said, letting her go. ‘Now I shall leave you, and shall come again for your answer during the afternoon. You don’t know me yet! But I know you.’
She had not spoken again, remaining as if stunned. D’Urberville retreated over the sheaves, and descended the ladder, while the workers below rose and stretched their arms, and shook down the beer they had drunk. Then the threshing-machine started afresh; and amid the renewed rustle of the straw Tess resumed her position by the buzzing drum as one in a dream, untying sheaf after sheaf in endless succession.
In the afternoon the farmer made it known that the rick was to be finished that night, since there was a moon by which they could see to work, and the man with the engine was engaged for another farm on the morrow. Hence the twanging and humming and rustling proceeded with even less intermission than usual.
It was not till ‘nammet’-time, about three o’clock, that Tess raised her eyes and gave a momentary glance round. She felt but little surprise at seeing that Alec d’Urberville had come back, and was standing under the hedge by the gate. He had seen her lift her eyes, and waved his hand urbanely to her, while he blew her a kiss. It meant that their quarrel was over. Tess looked down again, and carefully abstained from gazing in that direction.
Thus the afternoon dragged on. The wheat-rick shrank lower, and the straw-rick grew higher, and the corn-sacks were carted away. At six o’clock the wheat-rick was about shoulder-high from the ground. But the unthreshed sheaves remaining untouched seemed countless still, notwithstanding the enormous numbers that had been gulped down by the insatiable swallower, fed by the man and Tess, through whose two young hands the greater part of them had passed. And the immense stack of straw where
in the morning there had been nothing, appeared as the faeces of the same buzzing red glutton. From the west sky a wrathful shine—all that wild March could afford in the way of sunset—had burst forth after the cloudy day, flooding the tired and sticky faces of the threshers, and dyeing them with a coppery light, as also the flapping garments of the women, which clung to them like dull flames.
A panting ache ran through the rick. The man who fed was weary, and Tess could see that the red nape of his neck was encrusted with dirt and husks. She still stood at her post, her flushed and perspiring face coated with the corndust, and her white bonnet embrowned by it. She was the only woman whose place was upon the machine so as to be shaken bodily by its spinning, and the decrease of the stack now separated her from Marian and Izz, and prevented their changing duties with her as they had done. The incessant quivering, in which every fibre of her frame participated, had thrown her into a stupefied reverie in which her arms worked on independently of her consciousness. She hardly knew where she was, and did not hear Izz Huett tell her from below that her hair was tumbling down.
By degrees the freshest among them began to grow cadaverous and saucer-eyed. Whenever Tess lifted her head she beheld always the great upgrown straw-stack, with the men in shirt-sleeves upon it, against the gray north sky; in front of it the long red elevator like a Jacob’s ladder, on which a perpetual stream of threshed straw ascended, a
yellow river running uphill, and spouting out on the top of the rick.
She knew that Alec d’Urberville was still on the scene, observing her from some point or other, though she could not say where. There was an excuse for his remaining, for when the threshed rick drew near its final sheaves a little ratting was always done, and men unconnected with the threshing sometimes dropped in for that performance—sporting characters of all descriptions, gents with terriers and facetious pipes, roughs with sticks and stones.
But there was another hour’s work before the layer of live rats at the base of the stack would be reached; and as the evening light in the direction of the Giant’s Hill by Abbot’s Cernel dissolved away, the white-faced moon of the season arose from the horizon that lay towards Middleton Abbey and Shottsford on the other side. For the last hour or two Marian had felt uneasy about Tess, whom she could not get near enough to speak to, the other women having kept up their strength by drinking ale, and Tess having done without it through traditional dread, owing to its results at her home in childhood. But Tess still kept going: if she could not fill her part she would have to leave; and this contingency, which she would have regarded with equanimity and even with relief a month or two earlier, had become a terror since d’Urberville had begun to hover round her.
The sheaf-pitchers and feeders had now worked the rick so low that people on the ground could talk to them. To
Tess’s surprise Farmer Groby came up on the machine to her, and said that if she desired to join her friend he did not wish her to keep on any longer, and would send somebody else to take her place. The ‘friend’ was d’Urberville, she knew, and also that this concession had been granted in obedience to the request of that friend, or enemy. She shook her head and toiled on.
The time for the rat-catching arrived at last, and the hunt began. The creatures had crept downwards with the subsidence of the rick till they were all together at the bottom, and being now uncovered from their last refuge, they ran across the open ground in all directions, a loud shriek from the by-this-time half-tipsy Marian informing her companions that one of the rats had invaded her person—a terror which the rest of the women had guarded against by various schemes of skirt-tucking and self-elevation. The rat was at last dislodged, and, amid the barking of dogs, masculine shouts, feminine screams, oaths, stampings, and confusion as of Pandemonium, Tess untied her last sheaf; the drum slowed, the whizzing ceased, and she stepped from the machine to the ground.
Her lover, who had only looked on at the rat-catching, was promptly at her side.
‘What—after all—my insulting slap, too!’ said she in an underbreath. She was so utterly exhausted that she had not strength to speak louder.
‘I should indeed be foolish to feel offended at anything you say or do,’ he answered, in the seductive voice of the
Trantridge time. ‘How the little limbs tremble! You are as weak as a bled calf, you know you are; and yet you need have done nothing since I arrived. How could you be so obstinate? However, I have told the farmer that he has no right to employ women at steam-threshing. It is not proper work for them; and on all the better class of farms it has been given up, as he knows very well. I will walk with you as far as your home.’
‘O yes,’ she answered with a jaded gait. ‘Walk wi’ me if you will! I do bear in mind that you came to marry me before you knew o’ my state. Perhaps—perhaps you are a little better and kinder than I have been thinking you were. Whatever is meant as kindness I am grateful for; whatever is meant in any other way I am angered at. I cannot sense your meaning sometimes.’
‘If I cannot legitimize our former relations at least I can assist you. And I will do it with much more regard for your feelings than I formerly showed. My religious mania, or whatever it was, is over. But I retain a little good nature; I hope I do. Now, Tess, by all that’s tender and strong between man and woman, trust me! I have enough and more than enough to put you out of anxiety, both for yourself and your parents and sisters. I can make them all comfortable if you will only show confidence in me.’
‘Have you seen ‘em lately?’ she quickly inquired.
‘Yes. They didn’t know where you were. It was only by chance that I found you here.’
The cold moon looked aslant upon Tess’s fagged face between the twigs of the garden-hedge as she paused outside the cottage which was her temporary home, d’Urberville pausing beside her.
‘Don’t mention my little brothers and sisters—don’t make me break down quite!’ she said. ‘If you want to help them—God knows they need it—do it without telling me. But no, no!’ she cried. ‘I will take nothing from you, either for them or for me!’
He did not accompany her further, since, as she lived with the household, all was public indoors. No sooner had she herself entered, laved herself in a washing-tub, and shared supper with the family than she fell into thought, and withdrawing to the table under the wall, by the light of her own little lamp wrote in a passionate mood—
MY OWN HUSBAND,—
Let me call you so—I must—even if it makes you angry to think of such an unworthy wife as I. I must cry to you in my trouble—I have no one else! I am so exposed to temptation, Angel. I fear to say who it is, and I do not like to write about it at all. But I cling to you in a way you cannot think! Can you not come to me now, at once, before anything terrible happens? O, I know you cannot, because you are so far away! I think I must die if you do not come soon, or tell me to come to you. The punishment you have measured out to me is deserved—I
do know that—well deserved—and you are right and just to be angry with me. But, Angel, please, please, not to be just—only a little kind to me, even if I do not deserve it, and come to me! If you would come, I could die in your arms! I would be well content to do that if so be you had forgiven me!
Angel, I live entirely for you. I love you too much to blame you for going away, and I know it was necessary you should find a farm. Do not think I shall say a word of sting or bitterness. Only come back to me. I am desolate without you, my darling, O, so desolate! I do not mind having to work: but if you will send me one little line, and say, ‘I am coming soon,’ I will bide on, Angel—O, so cheerfully!
It has been so much my religion ever since we were married to be faithful to you in every thought and look, that even when a man speaks a compliment to me before I am aware, it seems wronging you. Have you never felt one little bit of what you used to feel when we were at the dairy? If you have, how can you keep away from me? I am the same women, Angel, as you fell in love with; yes, the very same!—not the one you disliked but never saw. What was the past to me as soon as I met you? It was a dead thing altogether. I became another woman, filled full of new life from you. How could I be the early one? Why do you not see this? Dear, if you
would only be a little more conceited, and believe in yourself so far as to see that you were strong enough to work this change in me, you would perhaps be in a mind to come to me, your poor wife.
How silly I was in my happiness when I thought I could trust you always to love me! I ought to have known that such as that was not for poor me. But I am sick at heart, not only for old times, but for the present. Think—think how it do hurt my heart not to see you ever—ever! Ah, if I could only make your dear heart ache one little minute of each day as mine does every day and all day long, it might lead you to show pity to your poor lonely one.
People still say that I am rather pretty, Angel (handsome is the word they use, since I wish to be truthful). Perhaps I am what they say. But I do not value my good looks; I only like to have them because they belong to you, my dear, and that there may be at least one thing about me worth your having. So much have I felt this, that when I met with annoyance on account of the same, I tied up my face in a bandage as long as people would believe in it. O Angel, I tell you all this not from vanity—you will certainly know I do not—but only that you may come to me!
If you really cannot come to me, will you let me come to you? I am, as I say, worried, pressed to do what I
will not do. It cannot be that I shall yield one inch, yet I am in terror as to what an accident might lead to, and I so defenceless on account of my first error. I cannot say more about this—it makes me too miserable. But if I break down by falling into some fearful snare, my last state will be worse than my first. O God, I cannot think of it! Let me come at once, or at once come to me!
I would be content, ay, glad, to live with you as your servant, if I may not as your wife; so that I could only be near you, and get glimpses of you, and think of you as mine.
The daylight has nothing to show me, since you are not here, and I don’t like to see the rooks and starlings in the field, because I grieve and grieve to miss you who used to see them with me. I long for only one thing in heaven or earth or under the earth, to meet you, my own dear! Come to me—come to me, and save me from what threatens me!—
Your faithful heartbroken
TESS
The appeal duly found its way to the breakfast-table of the quiet Vicarage to the westward, in that valley where the air is so soft and the soil so rich that the effort of growth requires but superficial aid by comparison with the tillage at Flintcomb-Ash, and where to Tess the human world seemed so different (though it was much the same). It was purely for security that she had been requested by Angel to send her communications through his father, whom he kept pretty well informed of his changing addresses in the country he had gone to exploit for himself with a heavy heart.
'Now,' said old Mr Clare to his wife, when he had read the envelope, 'if Angel proposes leaving Rio for a visit home at the end of next month, as he told us that he hoped to do, I think this may hasten his plans; for I believe it to be from his wife.' He breathed deeply at the thought of her; and the letter was redirected to be promptly sent on to Angel.
'Dear fellow, I hope he will get home safely,' murmured Mrs Clare. 'To my dying day I shall feel that he has been ill-used. You should have sent him to Cambridge in spite of his want of faith and given him the same chance as the other boys had. He would have grown out of it under
proper influence, and perhaps would have taken Orders after all.
Church or no Church, it would have been fairer to him.’
This was the only wail with which Mrs Clare ever disturbed her husband’s peace in respect to their sons. And she did not vent this often; for she was as considerate as she was devout, and knew that his mind too was troubled by doubts as to his justice in this matter. Only too often had she heard him lying awake at night, stifling sighs for Angel with prayers. But the uncompromising Evangelical did not even now hold that he would have been justified in giving his son, an unbeliever, the same academic advantages that he had given to the two others, when it was possible, if not probable, that those very advantages might have been used to decry the doctrines which he had made it his life’s mission and desire to propagate, and the mission of his ordained sons likewise. To put with one hand a pedestal under the feet of the two faithful ones, and with the other to exalt the unfaithful by the same artificial means, he deemed to be alike inconsistent with his convictions, his position, and his hopes. Nevertheless, he loved his misnamed Angel, and in secret mourned over this treatment of him as Abraham might have mourned over the doomed Isaac while they went up the hill together. His silent self-generated regrets were far bitterer than the reproaches which his wife rendered audible.
They blamed themselves for this unlucky marriage. If Angel had never been destined for a farmer he would never
have been thrown with agricultural girls. They did not distinctly know what had separated him and his wife, nor the date on which the separation had taken place. At first they had supposed it must be something of the nature of a serious aversion. But in his later letters he occasionally alluded to the intention of coming home to fetch her; from which expressions they hoped the division might not owe its origin to anything so hopelessly permanent as that. He had told them that she was with her relatives, and in their doubts they had decided not to intrude into a situation which they knew no way of bettering.
The eyes for which Tess’s letter was intended were gazing at this time on a limitless expanse of country from the back of a mule which was bearing him from the interior of the South-American Continent towards the coast. His experiences of this strange land had been sad. The severe illness from which he had suffered shortly after his arrival had never wholly left him, and he had by degrees almost decided to relinquish his hope of farming here, though, as long as the bare possibility existed of his remaining, he kept this change of view a secret from his parents.
The crowds of agricultural labourers who had come out to the country in his wake, dazzled by representations of easy independence, had suffered, died, and wasted away. He would see mothers from English farms trudging along with their infants in their arms, when the child would be stricken with fever and would die; the mother would pause to dig a hole in the loose earth with her bare hands, would
bury the babe therein with the same natural grave-tools, shed one tear, and again trudge on.
Angel’s original intention had not been emigration to Brazil but a northern or eastern farm in his own country. He had come to this place in a fit of desperation, the Brazil movement among the English agriculturists having by chance coincided with his desire to escape from his past existence.
During this time of absence he had mentally aged a dozen years. What arrested him now as of value in life was less its beauty than its pathos. Having long discredited the old systems of mysticism, he now began to discredit the old appraisements of morality. He thought they wanted readjusting. Who was the moral man? Still more pertinently, who was the moral woman? The beauty or ugliness of a character lay not only in its achievements, but in its aims and impulses; its true history lay, not among things done, but among things willed.
How, then, about Tess?
Viewing her in these lights, a regret for his hasty judgement began to oppress him. Did he reject her eternally, or did he not? He could no longer say that he would always reject her, and not to say that was in spirit to accept her now.
This growing fondness for her memory coincided in point of time with her residence at Flintcomb-Ash, but it was before she had felt herself at liberty to trouble him with a word about her circumstances or her feelings. He was
greatly perplexed; and in his perplexity as to her motives in withholding intelligence, he did not inquire. Thus her silence of docility was misinterpreted. How much it really said if he had understood!—that she adhered with literal exactness to orders which he had given and forgotten; that despite her natural fearlessness she asserted no rights, admitted his judgement to be in every respect the true one, and bent her head dumbly thereto.
In the before-mentioned journey by mules through the interior of the country, another man rode beside him. Angel’s companion was also an Englishman, bent on the same errand, though he came from another part of the island. They were both in a state of mental depression, and they spoke of home affairs. Confidence begat confidence. With that curious tendency evinced by men, more especially when in distant lands, to entrust to strangers details of their lives which they would on no account mention to friends, Angel admitted to this man as they rode along the sorrowful facts of his marriage.
The stranger had sojourned in many more lands and among many more peoples than Angel; to his cosmopolitan mind such deviations from the social norm, so immense to domesticity, were no more than are the irregularities of vale and mountain-chain to the whole terrestrial curve. He viewed the matter in quite a different light from Angel; thought that what Tess had been was of no importance beside what she would be, and plainly told Clare that he was wrong in coming away from her.
The next day they were drenched in a thunder-storm. Angel’s companion was struck down with fever, and died by the week’s end. Clare waited a few hours to bury him, and then went on his way.
The cursory remarks of the large-minded stranger, of whom he knew absolutely nothing beyond a commonplace name, were sublimed by his death, and influenced Clare more than all the reasoned ethics of the philosophers. His own parochialism made him ashamed by its contrast. His inconsistencies rushed upon him in a flood. He had persistently elevated Hellenic Paganism at the expense of Christianity; yet in that civilization an illegal surrender was not certain disesteem. Surely then he might have regarded that abhorrence of the un-intact state, which he had inherited with the creed of mysticism, as at least open to correction when the result was due to treachery. A remorse struck into him. The words of Izz Huett, never quite stilled in his memory, came back to him. He had asked Izz if she loved him, and she had replied in the affirmative. Did she love him more than Tess did? No, she had replied; Tess would lay down her life for him, and she herself could do no more.
He thought of Tess as she had appeared on the day of the wedding. How her eyes had lingered upon him; how she had hung upon his words as if they were a god’s! And during the terrible evening over the hearth, when her simple soul uncovered itself to his, how pitiful her face had
looked by the rays of the fire, in her inability to realize that his love and protection could possibly be withdrawn.
Thus from being her critic he grew to be her advocate. Cynical things he had uttered to himself about her; but no man can be always a cynic and live; and he withdrew them. The mistake of expressing them had arisen from his allowing himself to be influenced by general principles to the disregard of the particular instance.
But the reasoning is somewhat musty; lovers and husbands have gone over the ground before to-day. Clare had been harsh towards her; there is no doubt of it. Men are too often harsh with women they love or have loved; women with men. And yet these harshnesses are tenderness itself when compared with the universal harshness out of which they grow; the harshness of the position towards the temperament, of the means towards the aims, of to-day towards yesterday, of hereafter towards to-day.
The historic interest of her family—that masterful line of d’Urbervilles—whom he had despised as a spent force, touched his sentiments now. Why had he not known the difference between the political value and the imaginative value of these things? In the latter aspect her d’Urberville descent was a fact of great dimensions; worthless to economics, it was a most useful ingredient to the dreamer, to the moralizer on declines and falls. It was a fact that would soon be forgotten—that bit of distinction in poor Tess’s blood and name, and oblivion would fall upon her hereditary link with the marble monuments and leaded
skeletons at Kingsbere. So does Time ruthlessly destroy his own romances. In recalling her face again and again, he thought now that he could see therein a flash of the dignity which must have graced her grand-dames; and the vision sent that aura through his veins which he had formerly felt, and which left behind it a sense of sickness.
Despite her not-inviolate past, what still abode in such a woman as Tess outvalued the freshness of her fellows. Was not the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the vintage of Abiezer?
So spoke love renascent, preparing the way for Tess’s devoted outpouring, which was then just being forwarded to him by his father; though owing to his distance inland it was to be a long time in reaching him.
Meanwhile the writer’s expectation that Angel would come in response to the entreaty was alternately great and small. What lessened it was that the facts of her life which had led to the parting had not changed—could never change; and that, if her presence had not attenuated them, her absence could not. Nevertheless she addressed her mind to the tender question of what she could do to please him best if he should arrive. Sighs were expended on the wish that she had taken more notice of the tunes he played on his harp, that she had inquired more curiously of him which were his favourite ballads among those the country-girls sang. She indirectly inquired of Amby Seedling, who had followed Izz from Talbothays, and by chance Amby remembered that, amongst the snatches of melody in which
they had indulged at the dairyman’s, to induce the cows to let down their milk, Clare had seemed to like ‘Cupid’s Gardens’, ‘I have parks, I have hounds’, and ‘The break o’ the day”; and had seemed not to care for ‘The Tailor’s Breeches’ and ‘Such a beauty I did grow’, excellent ditties as they were.
To perfect the ballads was now her whimsical desire. She practised them privately at odd moments, especially ‘The break o’ the day’:
Arise, arise, arise!
And pick your love a posy,
All o’ the sweetest flowers
That in the garden grow.
The turtle doves and sma’ birds
In every bough a-building, So early in the
May-time At the break o’
the day!
It would have melted the heart of a stone to hear her singing these ditties whenever she worked apart from the rest of the girls in this cold dry time; the tears running down her cheeks all the while at the thought that perhaps he would not, after all, come to hear her, and the simple silly words of the songs resounding in painful mockery of the aching heart of the singer.
Tess was so wrapt up in this fanciful dream that she seemed not to know how the season was advancing; that the days had lengthened, that Lady-Day was at hand, and would soon be followed by Old Lady-Day, the end of her term here.
But before the quarter-day had quite come, something happened which made Tess think of far different matters. She was at her lodging as usual one evening, sitting in the downstairs room with the rest of the family, when somebody knocked at the door and inquired for Tess. Through the doorway she saw against the declining light a figure with the height of a woman and the breadth of a child, a tall, thin, girlish creature whom she did not recognize in the twilight till the girl said ‘Tess!’
‘What—is it ‘Liza-Lu?’ asked Tess, in startled accents. Her sister, whom a little over a year ago she had left at home as a child, had sprung up by a sudden shoot to a form of this presentation, of which as yet Lu seemed herself scarce able to understand the meaning. Her thin legs, visible below her once-long frock, now short by her growing, and her uncomfortable hands and arms revealed her youth and inexperience.
‘Yes, I have been traipsing about all day, Tess,’ said Lu, with unemotional gravity, ‘a-trying to find ‘ee; and I’m very tired.’
‘What is the matter at home?’
‘Mother is took very bad, and the doctor says she’s dying, and as father is not very well neither, and says ‘tis
wrong for a man of such a high family as his to slave and drave at common labouring work, we don’t know what to do.’
Tess stood in reverie a long time before she thought of asking ‘Liza-Lu to come in and sit down. When she had done so, and ‘Liza-Lu was having some tea, she came to a decision. It was imperative that she should go home. Her agreement did not end till Old Lady-Day, the sixth of April, but as the interval thereto was not a long one she resolved to run the risk of starting at once.
To go that night would be a gain of twelve-hours; but her sister was too tired to undertake such a distance till the morrow. Tess ran down to where Marian and Izz lived, informed them of what had happened, and begged them to make the best of her case to the farmer. Returning, she got Lu a supper, and after that, having tucked the younger into her own bed, packed up as many of her belongings as would go into a withy basket, and started, directing Lu to follow her next morning.
She plunged into the chilly equinoctial darkness as the clock struck ten, for her fifteen miles’ walk under the steely stars. In lonely districts night is a protection rather than a danger to a noiseless pedestrian, and knowing this, Tess
pursued the nearest course along by-lanes that she would almost have feared in the day-time; but marauders were wanting now, and spectral fears were driven out of her mind by thoughts of her mother. Thus she proceeded mile after mile, ascending and descending till she came to Bulbarrow, and about midnight looked from that height into the abyss of chaotic shade which was all that revealed itself of the vale on whose further side she was born. Having already traversed about five miles on the upland, she had now some ten or eleven in the lowland before her journey would be finished. The winding road downwards became just visible to her under the wan starlight as she followed it, and soon she paced a soil so contrasting with that above it that the difference was perceptible to the tread and to the smell. It was the heavy clay land of Blackmoor Vale, and a part of the Vale to which turnpike-roads had never penetrated. Superstitions linger longest on these heavy soils. Having once been forest, at this shadowy time it seemed to assert something of its old character, the far and the near being blended, and every tree and tall hedge making the most of its presence. The harts that had been hunted here, the witches that had been pricked and ducked, the green-spangled fairies that ‘whickered’ at you as you passed;—the place teemed with beliefs in them still, and they formed an impish multitude now.
At Nuttlebury she passed the village inn, whose sign creaked in response to the greeting of her footsteps, which not a human soul heard but herself. Under the thatched
roofs her mind’s eye beheld relaxed tendons and flaccid muscles, spread out in the darkness beneath coverlets made of little purple patchwork squares, and undergoing a bracing process at the hands of sleep for renewed labour on the morrow, as soon as a hint of pink nebulosity appeared on Hambledon Hill.
At three she turned the last corner of the maze of lanes she had threaded, and entered Marlott, passing the field in which as a club-girl she had first seen Angel Clare, when he had not danced with her; the sense of disappointment remained with her yet. In the direction of her mother’s house she saw a light. It came from the bedroom window, and a branch waved in front of it and made it wink at her. As soon as she could discern the outline of the house—newly thatched with her money—it had all its old effect upon Tess’s imagination. Part of her body and life it ever seemed to be; the slope of its dormers, the finish of its gables, the broken courses of brick which topped the chimney, all had something in common with her personal character. A stupefaction had come into these features, to her regard; it meant the illness of her mother.
She opened the door so softly as to disturb nobody; the lower room was vacant, but the neighbour who was sitting up with her mother came to the top of the stairs, and whispered that Mrs Durbeyfield was no better, though she was sleeping just then. Tess prepared herself a breakfast, and then took her place as nurse in her mother’s chamber.
In the morning, when she contemplated the children, they had all a curiously elongated look; although she had been away little more than a year, their growth was astounding; and the necessity of applying herself heart and soul to their needs took her out of her own cares.
Her father’s ill-health was the same indefinite kind, and he sat in his chair as usual. But the day after her arrival he was unusually bright. He had a rational scheme for living, and Tess asked him what it was.
‘I’m thinking of sending round to all the old antiqueerians in this part of England,’ he said, ‘asking them to subscribe to a fund to maintain me. I’m sure they’d see it as a romantical, artistical, and proper thing to do. They spend lots o’ money in keeping up old ruins, and finding the bones o’ things, and such like; and living remains must be more interesting to ‘em still, if they only knowed of me. Would that somebody would go round and tell ‘em what there is living among ‘em, and they thinking nothing of him! If Pa’son Tringham, who discovered me, had lived, he’d ha’ done it, I’m sure.’
Tess postponed her arguments on this high project till she had grappled with pressing matters in hand, which seemed little improved by her remittances. When indoor necessities had been eased, she turned her attention to external things.
It was now the season for planting and sowing; many gardens and allotments of the villagers had already received their spring tillage; but the garden and the
allotment of the Durbeyfields were behindhand. She found, to her dismay, that this was owing to their having eaten all the seed potatoes,—that last lapse of the improvident. At the earliest moment she obtained what others she could procure, and in a few days her father was well enough to see to the garden, under Tess’s persuasive efforts: while she herself undertook the allotment-plot which they rented in a field a couple of hundred yards out of the village.
She liked doing it after the confinement of the sick chamber, where she was not now required by reason of her mother’s improvement. Violent motion relieved thought. The plot of ground was in a high, dry, open enclosure, where there were forty or fifty such pieces, and where labour was at its briskest when the hired labour of the day had ended. Digging began usually at six o’clock and extended indefinitely into the dusk or moonlight. Just now heaps of dead weeds and refuse were burning on many of the plots, the dry weather favouring their combustion.
One fine day Tess and ‘Liza-Lu worked on here with their neighbours till the last rays of the sun smote flat upon the white pegs that divided the plots. As soon as twilight succeeded to sunset the flare of the couch-grass and cabbage-stalk fires began to light up the allotments fitfully, their outlines appearing and disappearing under the dense smoke as wafted by the wind. When a fire glowed, banks of smoke, blown level along the ground, would themselves become illuminated to an opaque lustre, screening the workpeople from one another; and the meaning of the
‘pillar of a cloud’, which was a wall by day and a light by night, could be understood.
As evening thickened, some of the gardening men and women gave over for the night, but the greater number remained to get their planting done, Tess being among them, though she sent her sister home. It was on one of the couchburning plots that she laboured with her fork, its four shining prongs resounding against the stones and dry clods in little clicks. Sometimes she was completely involved in the smoke of her fire; then it would leave her figure free, irradiated by the brassy glare from the heap. She was oddly dressed to-night, and presented a somewhat staring aspect, her attire being a gown bleached by many washings, with a short black jacket over it, the effect of the whole being that of a wedding and funeral guest in one. The women further back wore white aprons, which, with their pale faces, were all that could be seen of them in the gloom, except when at moments they caught a flash from the flames.
Westward, the wiry boughs of the bare thorn hedge which formed the boundary of the field rose against the pale opalescence of the lower sky. Above, Jupiter hung like a full-blown jonquil, so bright as almost to throw a shade. A few small nondescript stars were appearing elsewhere. In the distance a dog barked, and wheels occasionally rattled along the dry road.
Still the prongs continued to click assiduously, for it was not late; and though the air was fresh and keen there was a whisper of spring in it that cheered the workers on.
Something in the place, the hours, the crackling fires, the fantastic mysteries of light and shade, made others as well as Tess enjoy being there. Nightfall, which in the frost of winter comes as a fiend and in the warmth of summer as a lover, came as a tranquillizer on this March day.
Nobody looked at his or her companions. The eyes of all were on the soil as its turned surface was revealed by the fires. Hence as Tess stirred the clods and sang her foolish little songs with scarce now a hope that Clare would ever hear them, she did not for a long time notice the person who worked nearest to her—a man in a long smockfrock who, she found, was forking the same plot as herself, and whom she supposed her father had sent there to advance the work. She became more conscious of him when the direction of his digging brought him closer. Sometimes the smoke divided them; then it swerved, and the two were visible to each other but divided from all the rest.
Tess did not speak to her fellow-worker, nor did he speak to her. Nor did she think of him further than to recollect that he had not been there when it was broad daylight, and that she did not know him as any one of the Marlott labourers, which was no wonder, her absences having been so long and frequent of late years. By-and-by he dug so close to her that the fire-beams were reflected as distinctly from the steel prongs of his fork as from her own. On going up to the fire to throw a pitch of dead weeds upon it, she found that he did the same on the other side. The fire flared up, and she beheld the face of d’Urberville.
The unexpectedness of his presence, the grotesqueness of his appearance in a gathered smockfrock, such as was now worn only by the most old-fashioned of the labourers, had a ghastly comicality that chilled her as to its bearing. D’Urberville emitted a low, long laugh.
‘If I were inclined to joke, I should say, How much this seems like Paradise!’ he remarked whimsically, looking at her with an inclined head.
‘What do you say?’ she weakly asked.
‘A jester might say this is just like Paradise. You are Eve, and I am the old Other One come to tempt you in the disguise of an inferior animal. I used to be quite up in that scene of Milton’s when I was theological. Some of it goes—
‘Empress, the way is ready, and not long,
Beyond a row of myrtles...
... If thou accept
My conduct, I can bring thee thither soon.’
‘Lead then,’ said Eve.
‘And so on. My dear Tess, I am only putting this to you as a thing that you might have supposed or said quite untruly, because you think so badly of me.’
‘I never said you were Satan, or thought it. I don’t think of you in that way at all. My thoughts of you are quite cold, except when you affront me. What, did you come digging here entirely because of me?’
‘Entirely. To see you; nothing more. The smockfrock, which I saw hanging for sale as I came along, was an afterthought, that I mightn’t be noticed. I come to protest against your working like this.’
‘But I like doing it—it is for my father.’
‘Your engagement at the other place is ended?’
‘Yes.’
‘Where are you going to next? To join your dear husband?’
She could not bear the humiliating reminder.
‘O—I don’t know!’ she said bitterly. ‘I have no husband!’
‘It is quite true—in the sense you mean. But you have a friend, and I have determined that you shall be comfortable in spite of yourself. When you get down to your house you will see what I have sent there for you.’
‘O, Alec, I wish you wouldn’t give me anything at all! I cannot take it from you! I don’t like—it is not right!’
‘It IS right!’ he cried lightly. ‘I am not going to see a woman whom I feel so tenderly for as I do for you in trouble without trying to help her.’
‘But I am very well off! I am only in trouble about—about—not about living at all!’
She turned, and desperately resumed her digging, tears dripping upon the fork-handle and upon the clods.
‘About the children—your brothers and sisters,’ he resumed. ‘I’ve been thinking of them.’
Tess’s heart quivered—he was touching her in a weak place. He had divined her chief anxiety. Since returning home her soul had gone out to those children with an affection that was passionate.
‘If your mother does not recover, somebody ought to do something for them; since your father will not be able to do much, I suppose?’
‘He can with my assistance. He must!’
‘And with mine.’
‘No, sir!’
‘How damned foolish this is!’ burst out d’Urberville. ‘Why, he thinks we are the same family; and will be quite satisfied!’
‘He don’t. I’ve undeceived him.’
‘The more fool you!’
D’Urberville in anger retreated from her to the hedge, where he pulled off the long smockfrock which had disguised him; and rolling it up and pushing it into the couch-fire, went away.
Tess could not get on with her digging after this; she felt restless; she wondered if he had gone back to her father’s house; and taking the fork in her hand proceeded homewards.
Some twenty yards from the house she was met by one of her sisters.
‘O, Tessy—what do you think! ‘Liza-Lu is a-crying, and there’s a lot of folk in the house, and mother is a good deal better, but they think father is dead!’
The child realized the grandeur of the news; but not as yet its sadness, and stood looking at Tess with round-eyed importance till, beholding the effect produced upon her, she said—
‘What, Tess, shan’t we talk to father never no more?’
‘But father was only a little bit ill!’ exclaimed Tess distractedly.
‘Liza-Lu came up.
‘He dropped down just now, and the doctor who was there for mother said there was no chance for him, because his heart was growed in.’
Yes; the Durbeyfield couple had changed places; the dying one was out of danger, and the indisposed one was dead. The news meant even more than it sounded. Her father’s life had a value apart from his personal achievements, or perhaps it would not have had much. It was the last of the three lives for whose duration the house and premises were held under a lease; and it had long been coveted by the tenant-farmer for his regular labourers, who were stinted in cottage accommodation. Moreover, ‘liviers’ were disapproved of in villages almost as much as little freeholders, because of their independence of manner, and when a lease determined it was never renewed.
Thus the Durbeyfields, once d’Urbervilles, saw descending upon them the destiny which, no doubt, when they were among the Olympians of the county, they had caused to descend many a time, and severely enough, upon
the heads of such landless ones as they themselves were now. So do flux and reflux—the rhythm of change—alternate and persist in everything under the sky.
LI
At length it was the eve of Old Lady-Day, and the agricultural world was in a fever of mobility such as only occurs at that particular date of the year. It is a day of fulfilment; agreements for outdoor service during the ensuing year, entered into at Candlemas, are to be now carried out. The labourers—or ‘work-folk’, as they used to call themselves immemorially till the other word was introduced from without—who wish to remain no longer in old places are removing to the new farms.
These annual migrations from farm to farm were on the increase here. When Tess’s mother was a child the majority of the field-folk about Marlott had remained all their lives on one farm, which had been the home also of their fathers and grandfathers; but latterly the desire for yearly removal had risen to a high pitch. With the younger families it was a pleasant excitement which might possibly be an advantage. The Egypt of one family was the Land of Promise to the family who saw it from a distance, till by residence there it became it turn their Egypt also; and so they changed and changed.
However, all the mutations so increasingly discernible in village life did not originate entirely in the agricultural unrest. A depopulation was also going on. The village had formerly contained, side by side with the agricultural labourers, an interesting and better-informed class, ranking distinctly above the former—the class to which Tess’s father and mother had belonged—and including the carpenter, the smith, the shoemaker, the huckster, together with nondescript workers other than farm-labourers; a set of people who owed a certain stability of aim and conduct to the fact of their being lifeholders like Tess’s father, or copyholders, or occasionally, small freeholders. But as the long holdings fell in, they were seldom again let to similar tenants, and were mostly pulled down, if not absolutely required by the farmer for his hands. Cottagers who were not directly employed on the land were looked upon with disfavour, and the banishment of some starved the trade of others, who were thus obliged to follow. These families, who had formed the backbone of the village life in the past, who were the depositaries of the village traditions, had to seek refuge in the large centres; the process, humorously designated by statisticians as ‘the tendency of the rural population towards the large towns’, being really the tendency of water to flow uphill when forced by machinery.
The cottage accommodation at Marlott having been in this manner considerably curtailed by demolitions, every
house which remained standing was required by the agriculturist for his work-people. Ever since the occurrence of the event which had cast such a shadow over Tess’s life, the Durbeyfield family (whose descent was not credited) had been tacitly looked on as one which would have to go when their lease ended, if only in the interests of morality. It was, indeed, quite true that the household had not been shining examples either of temperance, soberness, or chastity. The father, and even the mother, had got drunk at times, the younger children seldom had gone to church, and the eldest daughter had made queer unions. By some means the village had to be kept pure. So on this, the first LadyDay on which the Durbeyfields were expellable, the house, being roomy, was required for a carter with a large family; and Widow Joan, her daughters Tess and ‘Liza-Lu, the boy Abraham, and the younger children had to go elsewhere.
On the evening preceding their removal it was getting dark betimes by reason of a drizzling rain which blurred the sky. As it was the last night they would spend in the village which had been their home and birthplace, Mrs Durbeyfield, ‘Liza-Lu, and Abraham had gone out to bid some friends goodbye, and Tess was keeping house till they should return.
She was kneeling in the window-bench, her face close to the casement, where an outer pane of rain-water was sliding down the inner pane of glass. Her eyes rested on the web of a spider, probably starved long ago, which had been mistakenly placed in a corner where no flies ever came, and shivered in the slight draught through the casement. Tess was reflecting on the position of the household, in which she perceived her own evil influence. Had she not come home, her mother and the children might probably have been allowed to stay on as weekly tenants. But she had been observed almost immediately on her return by some people of scrupulous character and great influence: they
had seen her idling in the churchyard, restoring as well as she could with a little trowel a baby’s obliterated grave. By this means they had found that she was living here again; her mother was scolded for ‘harbouring’ her; sharp retorts had ensued from Joan, who had independently offered to leave at once; she had been taken at her word; and here was the result.
‘I ought never to have come home,’ said Tess to herself, bitterly.
She was so intent upon these thoughts that she hardly at first took note of a man in a white mackintosh whom she saw riding down the street. Possibly it was owing to her face being near to the pane that he saw her so quickly, and directed his horse so close to the cottage-front that his hoofs were almost upon the narrow border for plants growing under the wall. It was not till he touched the window with his riding-crop that she observed him. The rain had nearly ceased, and she opened the casement in obedience to his gesture.
‘Didn’t you see me?’ asked d’Urberville.
‘I was not attending,’ she said. ‘I heard you, I believe, though I fancied it was a carriage and horses. I was in a sort of dream.’
‘Ah! you heard the d’Urberville Coach, perhaps. You know the legend, I suppose?’
‘No. My—somebody was going to tell it me once, but didn’t.’
‘If you are a genuine d’Urberville I ought not to tell you either, I suppose. As for me, I’m a sham one, so it doesn’t matter. It is rather dismal. It is that this sound of a non-existent coach can only be heard by one of d’Urberville blood, and it is held to be of ill-omen to the one who hears it. It has to do with a murder, committed by one of the family, centuries ago.’
‘Now you have begun it, finish it.’
‘Very well. One of the family is said to have abducted some beautiful woman, who tried to escape from the coach in which he was carrying her off, and in the struggle he killed her—or she killed him—I forget which. Such is one version of the tale... I see that your tubs and buckets are packed. Going away, aren’t you?’
‘Yes, to-morrow—Old Lady Day.’
‘I heard you were, but could hardly believe it; it seems so sudden. Why is it?’
‘Father’s was the last life on the property, and when that dropped we had no further right to stay. Though we might, perhaps, have stayed as weekly tenants—if it had not been for me.’
‘What about you?’ ‘I am not
a—proper woman.’
D’Urberville’s face flushed.
‘What a blasted shame! Miserable snobs! May their dirty souls be burnt to cinders!’ he exclaimed in tones of ironic resentment. ‘That’s why you are going, is it? Turned out?’
'We are not turned out exactly; but as they said we should have to go soon, it was best to go now everybody was moving, because there are better chances.'
'Where are you going to?'
'Kingsbere. We have taken rooms there. Mother is so foolish about father's people that she will go there.'
'But your mother's family are not fit for lodgings, and in a little hole of a town like that. Now why not come to my garden-house at Trantridge? There are hardly any poultry now, since my mother's death; but there's the house, as you know it, and the garden. It can be whitewashed in a day, and your mother can live there quite comfortably; and I will put the children to a good school. Really I ought to do something for you!'
'But we have already taken the rooms at Kingsbere!' she declared. 'And we can wait there—'
'Wait—what for? For that nice husband, no doubt. Now look here, Tess, I know what men are, and, bearing in mind the grounds of your separation, I am quite positive he will never make it up with you. Now, though I have been your enemy, I am your friend, even if you won't believe it. Come to this cottage of mine. We'll get up a regular colony of fowls, and your mother can attend to them excellently; and the children can go to school.'
Tess breathed more and more quickly, and at length she said‘How do I know that you would do all this? Your views may change—and then—we should be—my mother would be—homeless again.’
‘O no—no. I would guarantee you against such as that in writing, if necessary. Think it over.’
Tess shook her head. But d’Urberville persisted; she had seldom seen him so determined; he would not take a negative.
‘Please just tell your mother,’ he said, in emphatic tones. ‘It is her business to judge—not yours. I shall get the house swept out and whitened to-morrow morning, and fires lit; and it will be dry by the evening, so that you can come straight there. Now mind, I shall expect you.’
Tess again shook her head, her throat swelling with complicated emotion. She could not look up at d’Urberville.
‘I owe you something for the past, you know,’ he resumed. ‘And you cured me, too, of that craze; so I am glad—’
‘I would rather you had kept the craze, so that you had kept the practice which went with it!’
‘I am glad of this opportunity of repaying you a little. To-morrow I shall expect to hear your mother’s goods unloading... Give me your hand on it now—dear, beautiful Tess!’
With the last sentence he had dropped his voice to a murmur, and put his hand in at the half-open casement. With stormy eyes she pulled the stay-bar quickly, and, in
doing so, caught his arm between the casement and the stone mullion.
‘Damnation—you are very cruel!’ he said, snatching out his arm. ‘No, no!—I know you didn’t do it on purpose. Well I shall expect you, or your mother and children at least.’
‘I shall not come—I have plenty of money!’ she cried.
‘Where?’
‘At my father-in-law’s, if I ask for it.’
‘IF you ask for it. But you won’t, Tess; I know you; you’ll never ask for it—you’ll starve first!’
With these words he rode off. Just at the corner of the street he met the man with the paint-pot, who asked him if he had deserted the brethren.
‘You go to the devil!’ said d’Urberville.
Tess remained where she was a long while, till a sudden rebellious sense of injustice caused the region of her eyes to swell with the rush of hot tears thither. Her husband, Angel Clare himself, had, like others, dealt out hard measure to her; surely he had! She had never before admitted such a thought; but he had surely! Never in her life—she could swear it from the bottom of her soul—had she ever intended to do wrong; yet these hard judgements had come. Whatever her sins, they were not sins of intention, but of inadvertence, and why should she have been punished so persistently?
She passionately seized the first piece of paper that came to hand, and scribbled the following lines:
O why have you treated me so monstrously, Angel! I do not deserve it. I have thought it all over carefully, and I can never, never forgive you! You know that I did not intend to wrong you—why have you so wronged me? You are cruel, cruel indeed! I will try to forget you. It is all injustice I have received at your hands!
T.
She watched till the postman passed by, ran out to him with her epistle, and then again took her listless place inside the window-panes.
It was just as well to write like that as to write tenderly. How could he give way to entreaty? The facts had not changed: there was no new event to alter his opinion.
It grew darker, the fire-light shining over the room. The two biggest of the younger children had gone out with their mother; the four smallest, their ages ranging from three-and-a-half years to eleven, all in black frocks, were gathered round the hearth babbling their own little subjects. Tess at length joined them, without lighting a candle.
‘This is the last night that we shall sleep here, dears, in the house where we were born,’ she said quickly. ‘We ought to think of it, oughtn’t we?’
They all became silent; with the impressibility of their age they were ready to burst into tears at the picture of finality she had conjured up, though all the day hitherto
they had been rejoicing in the idea of a new place. Tess changed the subject.
‘Sing to me, dears,’ she said.
‘What shall we sing?’
‘Anything you know; I don’t mind.’
There was a momentary pause; it was broken, first, in one little tentative note; then a second voice strengthened it, and a third and a fourth chimed in unison, with words they had learnt at the Sunday-school—
Here we suffer grief and pain,
Here we meet to part again;
In Heaven we part no more.
The four sang on with the phlegmatic passivity of persons who had long ago settled the question, and there being no mistake about it, felt that further thought was not required. With features strained hard to enunciate the syllables they continued to regard the centre of the flickering fire, the notes of the youngest straying over into the pauses of the rest.
Tess turned from them, and went to the window again. Darkness had now fallen without, but she put her face to the pane as though to peer into the gloom. It was really to hide her tears. If she could only believe what the children were singing; if she were only sure, how different all would now be; how confidently she would leave them to
Providence and their future kingdom! But, in default of that, it behoved her to do something; to be their Providence; for to Tess, as to not a few millions of others, there was ghastly satire in the poet’s lines—
*Not in utter nakedness*
*But trailing clouds of glory do we come.*
To her and her like, birth itself was an ordeal of degrading personal compulsion, whose gratuitousness nothing in the result seemed to justify, and at best could only palliate.
In the shades of the wet road she soon discerned her mother with tall ‘Liza-Lu and Abraham. Mrs Durbeyfield’s pattens clicked up to the door, and Tess opened it.
‘I see the tracks of a horse outside the window,’ said Joan. ‘Hey somebody called?’
‘No,’ said Tess.
The children by the fire looked gravely at her, and one murmured—
‘Why, Tess, the gentleman a-horseback!’
‘He didn’t call,’ said Tess. ‘He spoke to me in passing.’
‘Who was the gentleman?’ asked the mother. ‘Your husband?’
‘No. He’ll never, never come,’ answered Tess in stony hopelessness.
‘Then who was it?’
‘Oh, you needn’t ask. You’ve seen him before, and so have I.’
‘Ah! What did he say?’ said Joan curiously.
‘I will tell you when we are settled in our lodging at Kingsbere to-morrow—every word.’
It was not her husband, she had said. Yet a consciousness that in a physical sense this man alone was her husband seemed to weigh on her more and more.
LII
During the small hours of the next morning, while it was still dark, dwellers near the highways were conscious of a disturbance of their night’s rest by rumbling noises, intermittently continuing till daylight—noises as certain to recur in this particular first week of the month as the voice of the cuckoo in the third week of the same. They were the preliminaries of the general removal, the passing of the empty waggons and teams to fetch the goods of the migrating families; for it was always by the vehicle of the farmer who required his services that the hired man was conveyed to his destination. That this might be accomplished within the day was the explanation of the reverberation occurring so soon after midnight, the aim of the carters being to reach the door of the outgoing
households by six o’clock, when the loading of their movables at once began.
But to Tess and her mother’s household no such anxious farmer sent his team. They were only women; they were not regular labourers; they were not particularly required anywhere; hence they had to hire a waggon at their own expense, and got nothing sent gratuitously.
It was a relief to Tess, when she looked out of the window that morning, to find that though the weather was windy and louring, it did not rain, and that the waggon had come. A wet Lady-Day was a spectre which removing families never forgot; damp furniture, damp bedding, damp clothing accompanied it, and left a train of ills.
Her mother, ‘Liza-Lu, and Abraham were also awake, but the younger children were let sleep on. The four breakfasted by the thin light, and the ‘house-ridding’ was taken in hand.
It proceeded with some cheerfulness, a friendly neighbour or two assisting. When the large articles of furniture had been packed in position, a circular nest was made of the beds and bedding, in which Joan Durbeyfield and the young children were to sit through the journey. After loading there was a long delay before the horses were brought, these having been unharnessed during the ridding; but at length, about two o’clock, the whole was under way, the cookingpot swinging from the axle of the waggon, Mrs Durbeyfield and family at the top, the matron having in her lap, to prevent injury to its works, the head of the clock,
which, at any exceptional lurch of the waggon, struck one, or one-and-a-half, in hurt tones. Tess and the next eldest girl walked alongside till they were out of the village.
They had called on a few neighbours that morning and the previous evening, and some came to see them off, all wishing them well, though, in their secret hearts, hardly expecting welfare possible to such a family, harmless as the Durbeyfields were to all except themselves. Soon the equipage began to ascend to higher ground, and the wind grew keener with the change of level and soil.
The day being the sixth of April, the Durbeyfield waggon met many other waggons with families on the summit of the load, which was built on a wellnigh unvarying principle, as peculiar, probably, to the rural labourer as the hexagon to the bee. The groundwork of the arrangement was the family dresser, which, with its shining handles, and finger-marks, and domestic evidences thick upon it, stood importantly in front, over the tails of the shaft-horses, in its erect and natural position, like some Ark of the Covenant that they were bound to carry reverently.
Some of the households were lively, some mournful; some were stopping at the doors of wayside inns; where, in due time, the Durbeyfield menagerie also drew up to bait horses and refresh the travellers.
During the halt Tess’s eyes fell upon a three-pint blue mug, which was ascending and descending through the air to and from the feminine section of a household, sitting on the summit of a load that had also drawn up at a little
distance from the same inn. She followed one of the mug’s journeys upward, and perceived it to be clasped by hands whose owner she well knew. Tess went towards the waggon.
‘Marian and Izz!’ she cried to the girls, for it was they, sitting with the moving family at whose house they had lodged. ‘Are you house-ridding to-day, like everybody else?’
They were, they said. It had been too rough a life for them at Flintcomb-Ash, and they had come away, almost without notice, leaving Groby to prosecute them if he chose. They told Tess their destination, and Tess told them hers.
Marian leant over the load, and lowered her voice. ‘Do you know that the gentleman who follows ‘ee—you’ll guess who I mean—came to ask for ‘ee at Flintcomb after you had gone? We didn’t tell’n where you was, knowing you wouldn’t wish to see him.’
‘Ah—but I did see him!’ Tess murmured. ‘He found me.’
‘And do he know where you be going?’
‘I think so.’
‘Husband come back?’
‘No.’
She bade her acquaintance goodbye—for the respective carters had now come out from the inn—and the two waggons resumed their journey in opposite directions; the vehicle whereon sat Marian, Izz, and the ploughman’s
family with whom they had thrown in their lot, being brightly painted, and drawn by three powerful horses with shining brass ornaments on their harness; while the waggon on which Mrs Durbeyfield and her family rode was a creaking erection that would scarcely bear the weight of the superincumbent load; one which had known no paint since it was made, and drawn by two horses only. The contrast well marked the difference between being fetched by a thriving farmer and conveying oneself whither no hirer waited one’s coming.
The distance was great—too great for a day’s journey—and it was with the utmost difficulty that the horses performed it. Though they had started so early, it was quite late in the afternoon when they turned the flank of an eminence which formed part of the upland called Greenhill. While the horses stood to stale and breathe themselves Tess looked around. Under the hill, and just ahead of them, was the half-dead townlet of their pilgrimage, Kingsbere, where lay those ancestors of whom her father had spoken and sung to painfulness: Kingsbere, the spot of all spots in the world which could be considered the d’Urbervilles’ home, since they had resided there for full five hundred years.
A man could be seen advancing from the outskirts towards them, and when he beheld the nature of their waggon-load he quickened his steps.
‘You be the woman they call Mrs Durbeyfield, I reckon?’ he said to Tess’s mother, who had descended to walk the remainder of the way.
She nodded. ‘Though widow of the late Sir John d’Urberville, poor nobleman, if I cared for my rights; and returning to the domain of his forefathers.’
‘Oh? Well, I know nothing about that; but if you be Mrs Durbeyfield, I am sent to tell ‘ee that the rooms you wanted be let. We didn’t know that you was coming till we got your letter this morning—when ‘twas too late. But no doubt you can get other lodgings somewhere.’
The man had noticed the face of Tess, which had become ash-pale at his intelligence. Her mother looked hopelessly at fault. ‘What shall we do now, Tess?’ she said bitterly. ‘Here’s a welcome to your ancestors’ lands! However, let’s try further.’
They moved on into the town, and tried with all their might, Tess remaining with the waggon to take care of the children whilst her mother and ‘Liza-Lu made inquiries. At the last return of Joan to the vehicle, an hour later, when her search for accommodation had still been fruitless, the driver of the waggon said the goods must be unloaded, as the horses were half-dead, and he was bound to return part of the way at least that night.
‘Very well—unload it here,’ said Joan recklessly. ‘I’ll get shelter somewhere.’
The waggon had drawn up under the churchyard wall, in a spot screened from view, and the driver, nothing loth, soon hauled down the poor heap of household goods. This done, she paid him, reducing herself to almost her last shilling thereby, and he moved off and left them, only too
glad to get out of further dealings with such a family. It was a dry night, and he guessed that they would come to no harm.
Tess gazed desperately at the pile of furniture. The cold sunlight of this spring evening peered invidiously upon the crocks and kettles, upon the bunches of dried herbs shivering in the breeze, upon the brass handles of the dresser, upon the wicker-cradle they had all been rocked in, and upon the well-rubbed clock-case, all of which gave out the reproachful gleam of indoor articles abandoned to the vicissitudes of a roofless exposure for which they were never made. Round about were deparked hills and slopes—now cut up into little paddocks—and the green foundations that showed where the d’Urberville mansion once had stood; also an outlying stretch of Egdon Heath that had always belonged to the estate. Hard by, the aisle of the church called the d’Urberville Aisle looked on imperturbably.
‘Isn’t your family vault your own freehold?’ said Tess’s mother, as she returned from a reconnoitre of the church and graveyard. ‘Why, of course ’tis, and that’s where we will camp, girls, till the place of your ancestors finds us a roof! Now, Tess and ’Liza and Abraham, you help me. We’ll make a nest for these children, and then we’ll have another look round.’
Tess listlessly lent a hand, and in a quarter of an hour the old four-post bedstead was dissociated from the heap of goods, and erected under the south wall of the church, the
part of the building known as the d’Urberville Aisle, beneath which the huge vaults lay. Over the tester of the bedstead was a beautiful traceried window, of many lights, its date being the fifteenth century. It was called the d’Urberville Window, and in the upper part could be discerned heraldic emblems like those on Durbeyfield’s old seal and spoon.
Joan drew the curtains round the bed so as to make an excellent tent of it, and put the smaller children inside. ‘If it comes to the worst we can sleep there too, for one night,’ she said. ‘But let us try further on, and get something for the dears to eat! O, Tess, what’s the use of your playing at marrying gentlemen, if it leaves us like this!’
Accompanied by ‘Liza-Lu and the boy, she again ascended the little lane which secluded the church from the townlet. As soon as they got into the street they beheld a man on horseback gazing up and down. ‘Ah—I’m looking for you!’ he said, riding up to them. ‘This is indeed a family gathering on the historic spot!’
It was Alec d’Urberville. ‘Where is Tess?’ he asked.
Personally Joan had no liking for Alec. She cursorily signified the direction of the church, and went on, d’Urberville saying that he would see them again, in case they should be still unsuccessful in their search for shelter, of which he had just heard. When they had gone, d’Urberville rode to the inn, and shortly after came out on foot.
In the interim Tess, left with the children inside the bedstead, remained talking with them awhile, till, seeing that no more could be done to make them comfortable just then, she walked about the churchyard, now beginning to be embrowned by the shades of nightfall. The door of the church was unfastened, and she entered it for the first time in her life.
Within the window under which the bedstead stood were the tombs of the family, covering in their dates several centuries. They were canopied, altar-shaped, and plain; their carvings being defaced and broken; their brasses torn from the matrices, the rivet-holes remaining like martin-holes in a sandcliff. Of all the reminders that she had ever received that her people were socially extinct, there was none so forcible as this spoliation.
She drew near to a dark stone on which was inscribed:
OSTIUM SEPULCHRI ANTIQUAE FAMILIAE
D’URBERVILLE
Tess did not read Church-Latin like a Cardinal, but she knew that this was the door of her ancestral sepulchre, and that the tall knights of whom her father had chanted in his cups lay inside.
She musingly turned to withdraw, passing near an altartomb, the oldest of them all, on which was a recumbent figure. In the dusk she had not noticed it before, and would hardly have noticed it now but for an odd fancy that the
effigy moved. As soon as she drew close to it she discovered all in a moment that the figure was a living person; and the shock to her sense of not having been alone was so violent that she was quite overcome, and sank down nigh to fainting, not, however, till she had recognized Alec d’Urberville in the form.
He leapt off the slab and supported her.
‘I saw you come in,’ he said smiling, ‘and got up there not to interrupt your meditations. A family gathering, is it not, with these old fellows under us here? Listen.’
He stamped with his heel heavily on the floor; whereupon there arose a hollow echo from below.
‘That shook them a bit, I’ll warrant!’ he continued. ‘And you thought I was the mere stone reproduction of one of them. But no. The old order changeth. The little finger of the sham d’Urberville can do more for you than the whole dynasty of the real underneath... Now command me. What shall I do?’
‘Go away!’ she murmured.
‘I will—I’ll look for your mother,’ said he blandly. But in passing her he whispered: ‘Mind this; you’ll be civil yet!’
When he was gone she bent down upon the entrance to the vaults, and said—
‘Why am I on the wrong side of this door!’
In the meantime Marian and Izz Huett had journeyed onward with the chattels of the ploughman in the direction of their land of Canaan—the Egypt of some other family
who had left it only that morning. But the girls did not for a long time think of where they were going. Their talk was of Angel Clare and Tess, and Tess’s persistent lover, whose connection with her previous history they had partly heard and partly guessed ere this.
‘Tisn’t as though she had never known him afore,’ said Marian. ‘His having won her once makes all the difference in the world. ’Twould be a thousand pities if he were to tole her away again. Mr Clare can never be anything to us, Izz; and why should we grudge him to her, and not try to mend this quarrel? If he could on’y know what straits she’s put to, and what’s hovering round, he might come to take care of his own.’
‘Could we let him know?’
They thought of this all the way to their destination; but the bustle of re-establishment in their new place took up all their attention then. But when they were settled, a month later, they heard of Clare’s approaching return, though they had learnt nothing more of Tess. Upon that, agitated anew by their attachment to him, yet honourably disposed to her, Marian uncorked the penny ink-bottle they shared, and a few lines were concocted between the two girls.
HONOUR’D SIR—
Look to your Wife if you do love her as much as she do love you. For she is sore put to by an Enemy in the
shape of a Friend. Sir, there is one near her who ought to be Away.
A woman should not be try’d beyond her Strength, and continual dropping will wear away a Stone—ay, more—a Diamond.
FROM TWO WELL-WISHERS
This was addressed to Angel Clare at the only place they had ever heard him to be connected with, Emminster Vicarage; after which they continued in a mood of emotional exaltation at their own generosity, which made them sing in hysterical snatches and weep at the same time.
END OF PHASE THE SIXTH
Phase the Seventh:
Fulfilment
LIII
It was evening at Emminster Vicarage. The two customary candles were burning under their green shades in the Vicar’s study, but he had not been sitting there. Occasionally he came in, stirred the small fire which sufficed for the increasing mildness of the spring, and went out again; sometimes pausing at the front door, going on to the drawing-room, then returning again to the front door.
It faced westward, and though gloom prevailed inside, there was still light enough without to see with distinctness. Mrs Clare, who had been sitting in the drawing-room, followed him hither.
‘Plenty of time yet,’ said the Vicar. ‘He doesn’t reach Chalk-Newton till six, even if the train should be punctual, and ten miles of country-road, five of them in Crimmercrock Lane, are not jogged over in a hurry by our old horse.’
‘But he has done it in an hour with us, my dear.’
‘Years ago.’
Thus they passed the minutes, each well knowing that this was only waste of breath, the one essential being simply to wait.
At length there was a slight noise in the lane, and the old pony-chaise appeared indeed outside the railings. They saw alight therefrom a form which they affected to recognize, but would actually have passed by in the street without identifying had he not got out of their carriage at the particular moment when a particular person was due.
Mrs Clare rushed through the dark passage to the door, and her husband came more slowly after her.
The new arrival, who was just about to enter, saw their anxious faces in the doorway and the gleam of the west in their spectacles because they confronted the last rays of day; but they could only see his shape against the light.
‘O, my boy, my boy—home again at last!’ cried Mrs Clare, who cared no more at that moment for the stains of heterodoxy which had caused all this separation than for the dust upon his clothes. What woman, indeed, among the most faithful adherents of the truth, believes the promises and threats of the Word in the sense in which she believes in her own children, or would not throw her theology to the wind if weighed against their happiness? As soon as they reached the room where the candles were lighted she looked at his face.
‘O, it is not Angel—not my son—the Angel who went away!’ she cried in all the irony of sorrow, as she turned herself aside.
His father, too, was shocked to see him, so reduced was that figure from its former contours by worry and the bad season that Clare had experienced, in the climate to which he had so rashly hurried in his first aversion to the mockery of events at home. You could see the skeleton behind the man, and almost the ghost behind the skeleton. He matched Crivelli’s dead Christus. His sunken eye-pits were of morbid hue, and the light in his eyes had waned. The angular hollows and lines of his aged ancestors had succeeded to their reign in his face twenty years before their time.
‘I was ill over there, you know,’ he said. ‘I am all right now.’
As if, however, to falsify this assertion, his legs seemed to give way, and he suddenly sat down to save himself from falling. It was only a slight attack of faintness, resulting from the tedious day’s journey, and the excitement of arrival.
‘Has any letter come for me lately?’ he asked. ‘I received the last you sent on by the merest chance, and after considerable delay through being inland; or I might have come sooner.’
‘It was from your wife, we supposed?’
‘It was.’
Only one other had recently come. They had not sent it on to him, knowing he would start for home so soon.
He hastily opened the letter produced, and was much disturbed to read in Tess’s handwriting the sentiments expressed in her last hurried scrawl to him.
*O why have you treated me so monstrously, Angel! I do not deserve it. I have thought it all over carefully, and I can never, never forgive you! You know that I did not intend to wrong you—why have you so wronged me? You are cruel, cruel indeed! I will try to forget you. It is all injustice I have received at your hands!*
*T.*
‘It is quite true!’ said Angel, throwing down the letter. ‘Perhaps she will never be reconciled to me!’
‘Don’t, Angel, be so anxious about a mere child of the soil!’ said his mother.
‘Child of the soil! Well, we all are children of the soil. I wish she were so in the sense you mean; but let me now explain to you what I have never explained before, that her father is a descendant in the male line of one of the oldest Norman houses, like a good many others who lead obscure agricultural lives in our villages, and are dubbed “sons of the soil.”’
He soon retired to bed; and the next morning, feeling exceedingly unwell, he remained in his room pondering. The circumstances amid which he had left Tess were such that though, while on the south of the Equator and just in
receipt of her loving epistle, it had seemed the easiest thing in the world to rush back into her arms the moment he chose to forgive her, now that he had arrived it was not so easy as it had seemed. She was passionate, and her present letter, showing that her estimate of him had changed under his delay—too justly changed, he sadly owned,—made him ask himself if it would be wise to confront her unannounced in the presence of her parents. Supposing that her love had indeed turned to dislike during the last weeks of separation, a sudden meeting might lead to bitter words.
Clare therefore thought it would be best to prepare Tess and her family by sending a line to Marlott announcing his return, and his hope that she was still living with them there, as he had arranged for her to do when he left England. He despatched the inquiry that very day, and before the week was out there came a short reply from Mrs Durbeyfield which did not remove his embarrassment, for it bore no address, though to his surprise it was not written from Marlott.
SIR,
I write these few lines to say that my Daughter is away from me at present, and I am not sure when she will return, but I will let you know as Soon as she do. I do not feel at liberty to tell you Where she is temperly biding. I should say that me and my Family have left Marlott for some Time.—
Yours,
J. DURBEYFIELD
It was such a relief to Clare to learn that Tess was at least apparently well that her mother’s stiff reticence as to her whereabouts did not long distress him. They were all angry with him, evidently. He would wait till Mrs Durbeyfield could inform him of Tess’s return, which her letter implied to be soon. He deserved no more. His had been a love ‘which alters when it alteration finds’. He had undergone some strange experiences in his absence; he had seen the virtual Faustina in the literal Cornelia, a spiritual Lucretia in a corporeal Phryne; he had thought of the woman taken and set in the midst as one deserving to be stoned, and of the wife of Uriah being made a queen; and he had asked himself why he had not judged Tess constructively rather than biographically, by the will rather than by the deed?
A day or two passed while he waited at his father’s house for the promised second note from Joan Durbeyfield, and indirectly to recover a little more strength. The strength showed signs of coming back, but there was no sign of Joan’s letter. Then he hunted up the old letter sent on to him in Brazil, which Tess had written from Flintcomb-Ash, and re-read it. The sentences touched him now as much as when he had first perused them.
... I must cry to you in my trouble—I have no one else! ... I think I must die if you do not come soon, or tell me to come to you... please, please, not to be just—only a little kind to me ... If you would come, I could die in your arms! I would be well content to do that if so be you had forgiven me! ... if you will send me one little line, and say, ‘I am coming soon,’ I will bide on, Angel—O, so cheerfully! ... think how it do hurt my heart not to see you ever—ever! Ah, if I could only make your dear heart ache one little minute of each day as mine does every day and all day long, it might lead you to show pity to your poor lonely one. ... I would be content, ay, glad, to live with you as your servant, if I may not as your wife; so that I could only be near you, and get glimpses of you, and think of you as mine. ... I long for only one thing in heaven or earth or under the earth, to meet you, my own dear! Come to me—come to me, and save me from what threatens me!
Clare determined that he would no longer believe in her more recent and severer regard of him, but would go and find her immediately. He asked his father if she had applied for any money during his absence. His father returned a negative, and then for the first time it occurred to Angel that her pride had stood in her way, and that she had suffered privation. From his remarks his parents now gathered the real reason of the separation; and their Christianity was such that, reprobates being their especial
care, the tenderness towards Tess which her blood, her simplicity, even her poverty, had not engendered, was instantly excited by her sin.
Whilst he was hastily packing together a few articles for his journey he glanced over a poor plain missive also lately come to hand—the one from Marian and Izz Huett, beginning—
‘Honour’d Sir, Look to your Wife if you do love her as much as she do love you,’ and signed, ‘From Two Well-Wishers.’
LIV
In a quarter of an hour Clare was leaving the house, whence his mother watched his thin figure as it disappeared into the street. He had declined to borrow his father’s old mare, well knowing of its necessity to the household. He went to the inn, where he hired a trap, and could hardly wait during the harnessing. In a very few minutes after, he was driving up the hill out of the town which, three or four months earlier in the year, Tess had descended with such hopes and ascended with such shattered purposes.
Benvill Lane soon stretched before him, its hedges and trees purple with buds; but he was looking at other things, and only recalled himself to the scene sufficiently to enable him to keep the way. In something less than an hour-andahalf he had skirted the south of the King’s Hintock estates and ascended to the untoward solitude of Cross-in-Hand, the unholy stone whereon Tess had been compelled by Alec d’Urberville, in his whim of reformation, to swear the strange oath that she would never wilfully tempt him again. The pale and blasted nettle-stems of the preceding year even now lingered nakedly in the banks, young green nettles of the present spring growing from their roots.
Thence he went along the verge of the upland overhanging the other Hintocks, and, turning to the right, plunged into the bracing calcareous region of Flintcomb-Ash, the address from which she had written to him in one of the letters, and which he supposed to be the place of sojourn referred to by her mother. Here, of course, he did not find her; and what added to his depression was the discovery that no ‘Mrs Clare’ had ever been heard of by the cottagers or by the farmer himself, though Tess was remembered well enough by her Christian name. His name she had obviously never used during their separation, and her dignified sense of their total severance was shown not much less by this abstention than by the hardships she had chosen to undergo (of which he now learnt for the first time) rather than apply to his father for more funds.
From this place they told him Tess Durbeyfield had gone, without due notice, to the home of her parents on the other side of Blackmoor, and it therefore became necessary to find Mrs Durbeyfield. She had told him she was not now at Marlott, but had been curiously reticent as to her actual
address, and the only course was to go to Marlott and inquire for it. The farmer who had been so churlish with Tess was quite smooth-tongued to Clare, and lent him a horse and man to drive him towards Marlott, the gig he had arrived in being sent back to Emminster; for the limit of a day’s journey with that horse was reached.
Clare would not accept the loan of the farmer’s vehicle for a further distance than to the outskirts of the Vale, and, sending it back with the man who had driven him, he put up at an inn, and next day entered on foot the region wherein was the spot of his dear Tess’s birth. It was as yet too early in the year for much colour to appear in the gardens and foliage; the so-called spring was but winter overlaid with a thin coat of greenness, and it was of a parcel with his expectations.
The house in which Tess had passed the years of her childhood was now inhabited by another family who had never known her. The new residents were in the garden, taking as much interest in their own doings as if the homestead had never passed its primal time in conjunction with the histories of others, beside which the histories of these were but as a tale told by an idiot. They walked about the garden paths with thoughts of their own concerns entirely uppermost, bringing their actions at every moment in jarring collision with the dim ghosts behind them, talking as though the time when Tess lived there were not one whit intenser in story than now. Even the spring birds
sang over their heads as if they thought there was nobody missing in particular.
On inquiry of these precious innocents, to whom even the name of their predecessors was a failing memory, Clare learned that John Durbeyfield was dead; that his widow and children had left Marlott, declaring that they were going to live at Kingsbere, but instead of doing so had gone on to another place they mentioned. By this time Clare abhorred the house for ceasing to contain Tess, and hastened away from its hated presence without once looking back.
His way was by the field in which he had first beheld her at the dance. It was as bad as the house—even worse. He passed on through the churchyard, where, amongst the new headstones, he saw one of a somewhat superior design to the rest.
The inscription ran thus:
*In memory of John Durbeyfield, rightly d’Urberville, of the once powerful family of that Name, and Direct Descendant through an illustrious Line from Sir Pagan d’Urberville, one of the Knights of the Conqueror. Died March 10th, 18—*
**HOW ARE THE MIGHTY FALLEN.**
Some man, apparently the sexton, had observed Clare standing there, and drew nigh. ‘Ah, sir, now that’s a man who didn’t want to lie here, but wished to be carried to Kingsbere, where his ancestors be.’
‘And why didn’t they respect his wish?’
‘Oh—no money. Bless your soul, sir, why—there, I wouldn’t wish to say it everywhere, but—even this headstone, for all the flourish wrote upon en, is not paid for.’
‘Ah, who put it up?’
The man told the name of a mason in the village, and, on leaving the churchyard, Clare called at the mason’s house. He found that the statement was true, and paid the bill. This done, he turned in the direction of the migrants.
The distance was too long for a walk, but Clare felt such a strong desire for isolation that at first he would neither hire a conveyance nor go to a circuitous line of railway by which he might eventually reach the place. At Shaston, however, he found he must hire; but the way was such that he did not enter Joan’s place till about seven o’clock in the evening, having traversed a distance of over twenty miles since leaving Marlott.
The village being small he had little difficulty in finding Mrs Durbeyfield’s tenement, which was a house in a walled garden, remote from the main road, where she had stowed away her clumsy old furniture as best she could. It was plain that for some reason or other she had not wished him to visit her, and he felt his call to be somewhat of an intrusion. She came to the door herself, and the light from the evening sky fell upon her face.
This was the first time that Clare had ever met her, but he was too preoccupied to observe more than that she was
still a handsome woman, in the garb of a respectable widow. He was obliged to explain that he was Tess’s husband, and his object in coming there, and he did it awkwardly enough. ‘I want to see her at once,’ he added. ‘You said you would write to me again, but you have not done so.’
‘Because she’ve not come home,’ said Joan.
‘Do you know if she is well?’
‘I don’t. But you ought to, sir,’ said she.
‘I admit it. Where is she staying?’
From the beginning of the interview Joan had disclosed her embarrassment by keeping her hand to the side of her cheek.
‘I—don’t know exactly where she is staying,’ she answered. ‘She was—but—’
‘Where was she?’
‘Well, she is not there now.’
In her evasiveness she paused again, and the younger children had by this time crept to the door, where, pulling at his mother’s skirts, the youngest murmured—
‘Is this the gentleman who is going to marry Tess?’
‘He has married her,’ Joan whispered. ‘Go inside.’
Clare saw her efforts for reticence, and asked—
‘Do you think Tess would wish me to try and find her? If not, of course—’
‘I don’t think she would.’
‘Are you sure?’
'I am sure she wouldn't.'
He was turning away; and then he thought of Tess's tender letter.
'I am sure she would!' he retorted passionately. 'I know her better than you do.'
'That's very likely, sir; for I have never really known her.'
'Please tell me her address, Mrs Durbeyfield, in kindness to a lonely wretched man!' Tess's mother again restlessly swept her cheek with her vertical hand, and seeing that he suffered, she at last said, is a low voice—'She is at Sandbourne.'
'Ah—where there? Sandbourne has become a large place, they say.'
'I don’t know more particularly than I have said—Sandbourne. For myself, I was never there.'
It was apparent that Joan spoke the truth in this, and he pressed her no further.
'Are you in want of anything?' he said gently.
'No, sir,' she replied. 'We are fairly well provided for.'
Without entering the house Clare turned away. There was a station three miles ahead, and paying off his coachman, he walked thither. The last train to Sandbourne left shortly after, and it bore Clare on its wheels.
At eleven o'clock that night, having secured a bed at one of the hotels and telegraphed his address to his father immediately on his arrival, he walked out into the streets of Sandbourne. It was too late to call on or inquire for any one, and he reluctantly postponed his purpose till the morning. But he could not retire to rest just yet.
This fashionable watering-place, with its eastern and its western stations, its piers, its groves of pines, its promenades, and its covered gardens, was, to Angel Clare, like a fairy place suddenly created by the stroke of a wand, and allowed to get a little dusty. An outlying eastern tract of the enormous Egdon Waste was close at hand, yet on the very verge of that tawny piece of antiquity such a glittering novelty as this pleasure city had chosen to spring up. Within the space of a mile from its outskirts every irregularity of the soil was prehistoric, every channel an undisturbed British trackway; not a sod having been turned there since the days of the Caesars. Yet the exotic had grown here, suddenly as the prophet's gourd; and had drawn hither Tess.
By the midnight lamps he went up and down the winding way of this new world in an old one, and could discern between the trees and against the stars the lofty
roofs, chimneys, gazebos, and towers of the numerous fanciful residences of which the place was composed. It was a city of detached mansions; a Mediterranean lounging-place on the English Channel; and as seen now by night it seemed even more imposing than it was.
The sea was near at hand, but not intrusive; it murmured, and he thought it was the pines; the pines murmured in precisely the same tones, and he thought they were the sea.
Where could Tess possibly be, a cottage-girl, his young wife, amidst all this wealth and fashion? The more he pondered, the more was he puzzled. Were there any cows to milk here? There certainly were no fields to till. She was most probably engaged to do something in one of these large houses; and he sauntered along, looking at the chamber-windows and their lights going out one by one, and wondered which of them might be hers.
Conjecture was useless, and just after twelve o'clock he entered and went to bed. Before putting out his light he re-read Tess's impassioned letter. Sleep, however, he could not—so near her, yet so far from her—and he continually lifted the window-blind and regarded the backs of the opposite houses, and wondered behind which of the sashes she reposed at that moment.
He might almost as well have sat up all night. In the morning he arose at seven, and shortly after went out, taking the direction of the chief post-office. At the door he met an intelligent postman coming out with letters for the morning delivery.
‘Do you know the address of a Mrs Clare?’ asked Angel. The postman shook his head.
Then, remembering that she would have been likely to continue the use of her maiden name, Clare said—‘Of a Miss Durbeyfield?’
‘Durbeyfield?’
This also was strange to the postman addressed.
‘There’s visitors coming and going every day, as you know, sir,’ he said; ‘and without the name of the house ’tis impossible to find ’em.’
One of his comrades hastening out at that moment, the name was repeated to him.
‘I know no name of Durbeyfield; but there is the name of d’Urberville at The Herons,’ said the second.
‘That’s it!’ cried Clare, pleased to think that she had reverted to the real pronunciation. ‘What place is The Herons?’
‘A stylish lodging-house. ’Tis all lodging-houses here, bless ’ee.’
Clare received directions how to find the house, and hastened thither, arriving with the milkman. The Herons, though an ordinary villa, stood in its own grounds, and was certainly the last place in which one would have expected to find lodgings, so private was its appearance. If poor Tess was a servant here, as he feared, she would go to the back-door to that milkman, and he was inclined to go thither also. However, in his doubts he turned to the front, and rang.
The hour being early, the landlady herself opened the door. Clare inquired for Teresa d’Urberville or Durbeyfield.
‘Mrs d’Urberville?’
‘Yes.’
Tess, then, passed as a married woman, and he felt glad, even though she had not adopted his name.
‘Will you kindly tell her that a relative is anxious to see her?’
‘It is rather early. What name shall I give, sir?’
‘Angel.’
‘Mr Angel?’
‘No; Angel. It is my Christian name. She’ll understand.’
‘I’ll see if she is awake.’
He was shown into the front room—the dining-room—and looked out through the spring curtains at the little lawn, and the rhododendrons and other shrubs upon it. Obviously her position was by no means so bad as he had feared, and it crossed his mind that she must somehow have claimed and sold the jewels to attain it. He did not blame her for one moment. Soon his sharpened ear detected footsteps upon the stairs, at which his heart thumped so painfully that he could hardly stand firm. ‘Dear me! what will she think of me, so altered as I am!’ he said to himself; and the door opened.
Tess appeared on the threshold—not at all as he had expected to see her—bewilderingly otherwise, indeed. Her
great natural beauty was, if not heightened, rendered more obvious by her attire. She was loosely wrapped in a cashmere dressing-gown of gray-white, embroidered in half-mourning tints, and she wore slippers of the same hue. Her neck rose out of a frill of down, and her well-remembered cable of dark-brown hair was partially coiled up in a mass at the back of her head and partly hanging on her shoulder—the evident result of haste.
He had held out his arms, but they had fallen again to his side; for she had not come forward, remaining still in the opening of the doorway. Mere yellow skeleton that he was now, he felt the contrast between them, and thought his appearance distasteful to her.
‘Tess!’ he said huskily, ‘can you forgive me for going away? Can’t you—come to me? How do you get to be—like this?’
‘It is too late,’ said she, her voice sounding hard through the room, her eyes shining unnaturally.
‘I did not think rightly of you—I did not see you as you were!’ he continued to plead. ‘I have learnt to since, dearest Tessy mine!’
‘Too late, too late!’ she said, waving her hand in the impatience of a person whose tortures cause every instant to seem an hour. ‘Don’t come close to me, Angel! No—you must not. Keep away.’
‘But don’t you love me, my dear wife, because I have been so pulled down by illness? You are not so fickle—I
am come on purpose for you—my mother and father will welcome you now!’
‘Yes—O, yes, yes! But I say, I say it is too late.’
She seemed to feel like a fugitive in a dream, who tries to move away, but cannot. ‘Don’t you know all—don’t you know it? Yet how do you come here if you do not know?’
‘I inquired here and there, and I found the way.’
‘I waited and waited for you,’ she went on, her tones suddenly resuming their old fluty pathos. ‘But you did not come! And I wrote to you, and you did not come! He kept on saying you would never come any more, and that I was a foolish woman. He was very kind to me, and to mother, and to all of us after father’s death. He—’
‘I don’t understand.’
‘He has won me back to him.’
Clare looked at her keenly, then, gathering her meaning, flagged like one plague-stricken, and his glance sank; it fell on her hands, which, once rosy, were now white and more delicate.
She continued—
‘He is upstairs. I hate him now, because he told me a lie—that you would not come again; and you HAVE come! These clothes are what he’s put upon me: I didn’t care what he did wi’ me! But—will you go away, Angel, please, and never come any more?’
They stood fixed, their baffled hearts looking out of their eyes with a joylessness pitiful to see. Both seemed to implore something to shelter them from reality.
‘Ah—it is my fault!’ said Clare.
But he could not get on. Speech was as inexpressive as silence. But he had a vague consciousness of one thing, though it was not clear to him till later; that his original Tess had spiritually ceased to recognize the body before him as hers—allowing it to drift, like a corpse upon the current, in a direction dissociated from its living will.
A few instants passed, and he found that Tess was gone. His face grew colder and more shrunken as he stood concentrated on the moment, and a minute or two after, he found himself in the street, walking along he did not know whither.
LVI
Mrs Brooks, the lady who was the householder at The Herons and owner of all the handsome furniture, was not a person of an unusually curious turn of mind. She was too deeply materialized, poor woman, by her long and enforced bondage to that arithmetical demon Profit-and-Loss, to retain much curiosity for its own sake, and apart from possible lodgers’ pockets. Nevertheless, the visit of Angel Clare to her well-paying tenants, Mr and Mrs d’Urberville,
as she deemed them, was sufficiently exceptional in point of time and manner to reinvigorate the feminine proclivity which had been stifled down as useless save in its bearings to the letting trade.
Tess had spoken to her husband from the doorway, without entering the dining-room, and Mrs Brooks, who stood within the partly-closed door of her own sitting-room at the back of the passage, could hear fragments of the conversation—if conversation it could be called—between those two wretched souls. She heard Tess re-ascend the stairs to the first floor, and the departure of Clare, and the closing of the front door behind him. Then the door of the room above was shut, and Mrs Brooks knew that Tess had re-entered her apartment. As the young lady was not fully dressed, Mrs Brooks knew that she would not emerge again for some time.
She accordingly ascended the stairs softly, and stood at the door of the front room—a drawing-room, connected with the room immediately behind it (which was a bedroom) by folding-doors in the common manner. This first floor, containing Mrs Brooks’s best apartments, had been taken by the week by the d’Urbervilles. The back room was now in silence; but from the drawing-room there came sounds.
All that she could at first distinguish of them was one syllable, continually repeated in a low note of moaning, as if it came from a soul bound to some Ixionian wheel‘O—O—O!’
Then a silence, then a heavy sigh, and again—
‘O—O—O!’
The landlady looked through the keyhole. Only a small space of the room inside was visible, but within that space came a corner of the breakfast table, which was already spread for the meal, and also a chair beside. Over the seat of the chair Tess’s face was bowed, her posture being a kneeling one in front of it; her hands were clasped over her head, the skirts of her dressing-gown and the embroidery of her night-gown flowed upon the floor behind her, and her stockingless feet, from which the slippers had fallen, protruded upon the carpet. It was from her lips that came the murmur of unspeakable despair.
Then a man’s voice from the adjoining bedroom—
‘What’s the matter?’
She did not answer, but went on, in a tone which was a soliloquy rather than an exclamation, and a dirge rather than a soliloquy. Mrs Brooks could only catch a portion:
‘And then my dear, dear husband came home to me ... and I did not know it! ... And you had used your cruel persuasion upon me ... you did not stop using it—no—you did not stop! My little sisters and brothers and my mother’s needs—they were the things you moved me by ... and you said my husband would never come back—never; and you taunted me, and said what a simpleton I was to expect him! ... And at last I believed you and gave way! ... And then he came back! Now he is gone. Gone a second time, and I
have lost him now for ever ... and he will not love me the littlest bit ever any more—only hate me! ... O yes, I have lost him now—again because of—you!' In writhing, with her head on the chair, she turned her face towards the door, and Mrs Brooks could see the pain upon it, and that her lips were bleeding from the clench of her teeth upon them, and that the long lashes of her closed eyes stuck in wet tags to her cheeks. She continued: 'And he is dying—he looks as if he is dying! ... And my sin will kill him and not kill me! ... O, you have torn my life all to pieces ... made me be what I prayed you in pity not to make me be again! ... My own true husband will never, never—O God—I can’t bear this!—I cannot!'
There were more and sharper words from the man; then a sudden rustle; she had sprung to her feet. Mrs Brooks, thinking that the speaker was coming to rush out of the door, hastily retreated down the stairs.
She need not have done so, however, for the door of the sitting-room was not opened. But Mrs Brooks felt it unsafe to watch on the landing again, and entered her own parlour below.
She could hear nothing through the floor, although she listened intently, and thereupon went to the kitchen to finish her interrupted breakfast. Coming up presently to the front room on the ground floor she took up some sewing, waiting for her lodgers to ring that she might take away the breakfast, which she meant to do herself, to discover what was the matter if possible. Overhead, as she sat, she could
now hear the floorboards slightly creak, as if some one were walking about, and presently the movement was explained by the rustle of garments against the banisters, the opening and the closing of the front door, and the form of Tess passing to the gate on her way into the street. She was fully dressed now in the walking costume of a well-to-do young lady in which she had arrived, with the sole addition that over her hat and black feathers a veil was drawn.
Mrs Brooks had not been able to catch any word of farewell, temporary or otherwise, between her tenants at the door above. They might have quarrelled, or Mr d’Urberville might still be asleep, for he was not an early riser.
She went into the back room, which was more especially her own apartment, and continued her sewing there. The lady lodger did not return, nor did the gentleman ring his bell. Mrs Brooks pondered on the delay, and on what probable relation the visitor who had called so early bore to the couple upstairs. In reflecting she leant back in her chair.
As she did so her eyes glanced casually over the ceiling till they were arrested by a spot in the middle of its white surface which she had never noticed there before. It was about the size of a wafer when she first observed it, but it speedily grew as large as the palm of her hand, and then she could perceive that it was red. The oblong white ceiling, with this scarlet blot in the midst, had the appearance of a gigantic ace of hearts.
Mrs Brooks had strange qualms of misgiving. She got upon the table, and touched the spot in the ceiling with her fingers. It was damp, and she fancied that it was a blood stain.
Descending from the table, she left the parlour, and went upstairs, intending to enter the room overhead, which was the bedchamber at the back of the drawing-room. But, nerveless woman as she had now become, she could not bring herself to attempt the handle. She listened. The dead silence within was broken only by a regular beat.
Drip, drip, drip.
Mrs Brooks hastened downstairs, opened the front door, and ran into the street. A man she knew, one of the workmen employed at an adjoining villa, was passing by, and she begged him to come in and go upstairs with her; she feared something had happened to one of her lodgers. The workman assented, and followed her to the landing.
She opened the door of the drawing-room, and stood back for him to pass in, entering herself behind him. The room was empty; the breakfast—a substantial repast of coffee, eggs, and a cold ham—lay spread upon the table untouched, as when she had taken it up, excepting that the carving-knife was missing. She asked the man to go through the folding-doors into the adjoining room.
He opened the doors, entered a step or two, and came back almost instantly with a rigid face. ‘My good God, the gentleman in bed is dead! I think he has been hurt with a knife—a lot of blood had run down upon the floor!’
The alarm was soon given, and the house which had lately been so quiet resounded with the tramp of many footsteps, a surgeon among the rest. The wound was small, but the point of the blade had touched the heart of the victim, who lay on his back, pale, fixed, dead, as if he had scarcely moved after the infliction of the blow. In a quarter of an hour the news that a gentleman who was a temporary visitor to the town had been stabbed in his bed, spread through every street and villa of the popular watering-place.
Meanwhile Angel Clare had walked automatically along the way by which he had come, and, entering his hotel, sat down over the breakfast, staring at nothingness. He went on eating and drinking unconsciously till on a sudden he demanded his bill; having paid which, he took his dressing-bag in his hand, the only luggage he had brought with him, and went out.
At the moment of his departure a telegram was handed to him—a few words from his mother, stating that they were glad to know his address, and informing him that his brother Cuthbert had proposed to and been accepted by Mercy Chant.
Clare crumpled up the paper and followed the route to the station; reaching it, he found that there would be no train leaving for an hour and more. He sat down to wait, and having waited a quarter of an hour felt that he could wait there no longer. Broken in heart and numbed, he had nothing to hurry for; but he wished to get out of a town which had been the scene of such an experience, and turned to walk to the first station onward, and let the train pick him up there.
The highway that he followed was open, and at a little distance dipped into a valley, across which it could be seen
running from edge to edge. He had traversed the greater part of this depression, and was climbing the western acclivity when, pausing for breath, he unconsciously looked back. Why he did so he could not say, but something seemed to impel him to the act. The tape-like surface of the road diminished in his rear as far as he could see, and as he gazed a moving spot intruded on the white vacuity of its perspective.
It was a human figure running. Clare waited, with a dim sense that somebody was trying to overtake him.
The form descending the incline was a woman’s, yet so entirely was his mind blinded to the idea of his wife’s following him that even when she came nearer he did not recognize her under the totally changed attire in which he now beheld her. It was not till she was quite close that he could believe her to be Tess.
‘I saw you—turn away from the station—just before I got there—and I have been following you all this way!’
She was so pale, so breathless, so quivering in every muscle, that he did not ask her a single question, but seizing her hand, and pulling it within his arm, he led her along. To avoid meeting any possible wayfarers he left the high road and took a footpath under some fir-trees. When they were deep among the moaning boughs he stopped and looked at her inquiringly.
‘Angel,’ she said, as if waiting for this, ‘do you know what I have been running after you for? To tell you that I
have killed him!’ A pitiful white smile lit her face as she spoke.
‘What!’ said he, thinking from the strangeness of her manner that she was in some delirium.
‘I have done it—I don’t know how,’ she continued. ‘Still, I owed it to you, and to myself, Angel. I feared long ago, when I struck him on the mouth with my glove, that I might do it some day for the trap he set for me in my simple youth, and his wrong to you through me. He has come between us and ruined us, and now he can never do it any more. I never loved him at all, Angel, as I loved you. You know it, don’t you? You believe it? You didn’t come back to me, and I was obliged to go back to him. Why did you go away—why did you—when I loved you so? I can’t think why you did it. But I don’t blame you; only, Angel, will you forgive me my sin against you, now I have killed him? I thought as I ran along that you would be sure to forgive me now I have done that. It came to me as a shining light that I should get you back that way. I could not bear the loss of you any longer—you don’t know how entirely I was unable to bear your not loving me! Say you do now, dear, dear husband; say you do, now I have killed him!’
‘I do love you, Tess—O, I do—it is all come back!’ he said, tightening his arms round her with fervid pressure. ‘But how do you mean—you have killed him?’
‘I mean that I have,’ she murmured in a reverie.
‘What, bodily? Is he dead?’
‘Yes. He heard me crying about you, and he bitterly taunted me; and called you by a foul name; and then I did it. My heart could not bear it. He had nagged me about you before. And then I dressed myself and came away to find you.’
By degrees he was inclined to believe that she had faintly attempted, at least, what she said she had done; and his horror at her impulse was mixed with amazement at the strength of her affection for himself, and at the strangeness of its quality, which had apparently extinguished her moral sense altogether. Unable to realize the gravity of her conduct, she seemed at last content; and he looked at her as she lay upon his shoulder, weeping with happiness, and wondered what obscure strain in the d’Urberville blood had led to this aberration—if it were an aberration. There momentarily flashed through his mind that the family tradition of the coach and murder might have arisen because the d’Urbervilles had been known to do these things. As well as his confused and excited ideas could reason, he supposed that in the moment of mad grief of which she spoke, her mind had lost its balance, and plunged her into this abyss.
It was very terrible if true; if a temporary hallucination, sad. But, anyhow, here was this deserted wife of his, this passionately-fond woman, clinging to him without a suspicion that he would be anything to her but a protector. He saw that for him to be otherwise was not, in her mind, within the region of the possible. Tenderness was
absolutely dominant in Clare at last. He kissed her endlessly with his white lips, and held her hand, and said—
'I will not desert you! I will protect you by every means in my power, dearest love, whatever you may have done or not have done!'
They then walked on under the trees, Tess turning her head every now and then to look at him. Worn and unhandsome as he had become, it was plain that she did not discern the least fault in his appearance. To her he was, as of old, all that was perfection, personally and mentally. He was still her Antinous, her Apollo even; his sickly face was beautiful as the morning to her affectionate regard on this day no less than when she first beheld him; for was it not the face of the one man on earth who had loved her purely, and who had believed in her as pure!
With an instinct as to possibilities, he did not now, as he had intended, make for the first station beyond the town, but plunged still farther under the firs, which here abounded for miles. Each clasping the other round the waist they promenaded over the dry bed of fir-needles, thrown into a vague intoxicating atmosphere at the consciousness of being together at last, with no living soul between them; ignoring that there was a corpse. Thus they proceeded for several miles till Tess, arousing herself, looked about her, and said, timidly—
'Are we going anywhere in particular?'
'I don’t know, dearest. Why?'
'I don’t know.'
‘Well, we might walk a few miles further, and when it is evening find lodgings somewhere or other—in a lonely cottage, perhaps. Can you walk well, Tessy?’
‘O yes! I could walk for ever and ever with your arm round me!’
Upon the whole it seemed a good thing to do. Thereupon they quickened their pace, avoiding high roads, and following obscure paths tending more or less northward. But there was an unpractical vagueness in their movements throughout the day; neither one of them seemed to consider any question of effectual escape, disguise, or long concealment. Their every idea was temporary and unforefending, like the plans of two children.
At mid-day they drew near to a roadside inn, and Tess would have entered it with him to get something to eat, but he persuaded her to remain among the trees and bushes of this half-woodland, half-moorland part of the country till he should come back. Her clothes were of recent fashion; even the ivory-handled parasol that she carried was of a shape unknown in the retired spot to which they had now wandered; and the cut of such articles would have attracted attention in the settle of a tavern. He soon returned, with food enough for half-a-dozen people and two bottles of wine—enough to last them for a day or more, should any emergency arise.
They sat down upon some dead boughs and shared their meal. Between one and two o’clock they packed up the remainder and went on again.
'I feel strong enough to walk any distance,' said she.
'I think we may as well steer in a general way towards the interior of the country, where we can hide for a time, and are less likely to be looked for than anywhere near the coast,' Clare remarked. 'Later on, when they have forgotten us, we can make for some port.'
She made no reply to this beyond that of grasping him more tightly, and straight inland they went. Though the season was an English May, the weather was serenely bright, and during the afternoon it was quite warm. Through the latter miles of their walk their footpath had taken them into the depths of the New Forest, and towards evening, turning the corner of a lane, they perceived behind a brook and bridge a large board on which was painted in white letters, 'This desirable Mansion to be Let Furnished'; particulars following, with directions to apply to some London agents. Passing through the gate they could see the house, an old brick building of regular design and large accommodation.
'I know it,' said Clare. 'It is Bramshurst Court. You can see that it is shut up, and grass is growing on the drive.' 'Some of the windows are open,' said Tess.
'Just to air the rooms, I suppose.'
'All these rooms empty, and we without a roof to our heads!'
'You are getting tired, my Tess!' he said. 'We'll stop soon.' And kissing her sad mouth, he again led her onwards.
He was growing weary likewise, for they had wandered a dozen or fifteen miles, and it became necessary to consider what they should do for rest. They looked from afar at isolated cottages and little inns, and were inclined to approach one of the latter, when their hearts failed them, and they sheered off. At length their gait dragged, and they stood still.
‘Could we sleep under the trees?’ she asked.
He thought the season insufficiently advanced.
‘I have been thinking of that empty mansion we passed,’ he said. ‘Let us go back towards it again.’
They retraced their steps, but it was half an hour before they stood without the entrance-gate as earlier. He then requested her to stay where she was, whilst he went to see who was within.
She sat down among the bushes within the gate, and Clare crept towards the house. His absence lasted some considerable time, and when he returned Tess was wildly anxious, not for herself, but for him. He had found out from a boy that there was only an old woman in charge as caretaker, and she only came there on fine days, from the hamlet near, to open and shut the windows. She would come to shut them at sunset. ‘Now, we can get in through one of the lower windows, and rest there,’ said he.
Under his escort she went tardily forward to the main front, whose shuttered windows, like sightless eyeballs, excluded the possibility of watchers. The door was reached
a few steps further, and one of the windows beside it was open. Clare clambered in, and pulled Tess in after him.
Except the hall, the rooms were all in darkness, and they ascended the staircase. Up here also the shutters were tightly closed, the ventilation being perfunctorily done, for this day at least, by opening the hall-window in front and an upper window behind. Clare unlatched the door of a large chamber, felt his way across it, and parted the shutters to the width of two or three inches. A shaft of dazzling sunlight glanced into the room, revealing heavy, old-fashioned furniture, crimson damask hangings, and an enormous four-post bedstead, along the head of which were carved running figures, apparently Atalanta’s race.
‘Rest at last!’ said he, setting down his bag and the parcel of viands.
They remained in great quietness till the caretaker should have come to shut the windows: as a precaution, putting themselves in total darkness by barring the shutters as before, lest the woman should open the door of their chamber for any casual reason. Between six and seven o’clock she came, but did not approach the wing they were in. They heard her close the windows, fasten them, lock the door, and go away. Then Clare again stole a chink of light from the window, and they shared another meal, till by-and-by they were enveloped in the shades of night which they had no candle to disperse.
The night was strangely solemn and still. In the small hours she whispered to him the whole story of how he had walked in his sleep with her in his arms across the Froom stream, at the imminent risk of both their lives, and laid her down in the stone coffin at the ruined abbey. He had never known of that till now.
‘Why didn’t you tell me next day?’ he said. ‘It might have prevented much misunderstanding and woe.’
‘Don’t think of what’s past!’ said she. ‘I am not going to think outside of now. Why should we! Who knows what tomorrow has in store?’
But it apparently had no sorrow. The morning was wet and foggy, and Clare, rightly informed that the caretaker only opened the windows on fine days, ventured to creep out of their chamber and explore the house, leaving Tess asleep. There was no food on the premises, but there was water, and he took advantage of the fog to emerge from the mansion and fetch tea, bread, and butter from a shop in a little place two miles beyond, as also a small tin kettle and spirit-lamp, that they might get fire without smoke. His re-entry awoke her; and they breakfasted on what he had brought.
They were indisposed to stir abroad, and the day passed, and the night following, and the next, and next; till, almost without their being aware, five days had slipped by in absolute seclusion, not a sight or sound of a human being disturbing their peacefulness, such as it was. The changes of the weather were their only events, the birds of the New Forest their only company. By tacit consent they hardly once spoke of any incident of the past subsequent to their wedding-day. The gloomy intervening time seemed to sink into chaos, over which the present and prior times closed as if it never had been. Whenever he suggested that they should leave their shelter, and go forwards towards Southampton or London, she showed a strange unwillingness to move.
‘Why should we put an end to all that’s sweet and lovely!’ she deprecated. ‘What must come will come.’ And, looking through the shutter-chink: ‘All is trouble outside there; inside here content.’
He peeped out also. It was quite true; within was affection, union, error forgiven: outside was the inexorable.
‘And—and,’ she said, pressing her cheek against his, ‘I fear that what you think of me now may not last. I do not wish to outlive your present feeling for me. I would rather not. I would rather be dead and buried when the time comes for you to despise me, so that it may never be known to me that you despised me.’
‘I cannot ever despise you.’
‘I also hope that. But considering what my life has been, I cannot see why any man should, sooner or later, be able to help despising me.... How wickedly mad I was! Yet formerly I never could bear to hurt a fly or a worm, and the sight of a bird in a cage used often to make me cry.’
They remained yet another day. In the night the dull sky cleared, and the result was that the old caretaker at the cottage awoke early. The brilliant sunrise made her unusually brisk; she decided to open the contiguous mansion immediately, and to air it thoroughly on such a day. Thus it occurred that, having arrived and opened the lower rooms before six o’clock, she ascended to the bedchambers, and was about to turn the handle of the one wherein they lay. At that moment she fancied she could hear the breathing of persons within. Her slippers and her antiquity had rendered her progress a noiseless one so far, and she made for instant retreat; then, deeming that her hearing might have deceived her, she turned anew to the door and softly tried the handle. The lock was out of order, but a piece of furniture had been moved forward on the inside, which prevented her opening the door more than an inch or two. A stream of morning light through the shutter-chink fell upon the faces of the pair, wrapped in profound slumber, Tess’s lips being parted like a half-opened flower near his cheek. The caretaker was so struck with their innocent appearance, and with the elegance of Tess’s gown hanging across a chair, her silk stockings beside it, the pretty parasol, and the other habits in which she had arrived
because she had none else, that her first indignation at the effrontery of tramps and vagabonds gave way to a momentary sentimentality over this genteel elopement, as it seemed. She closed the door, and withdrew as softly as she had come, to go and consult with her neighbours on the odd discovery.
Not more than a minute had elapsed after her withdrawal when Tess woke, and then Clare. Both had a sense that something had disturbed them, though they could not say what; and the uneasy feeling which it engendered grew stronger. As soon as he was dressed he narrowly scanned the lawn through the two or three inches of shutter-chink.
'I think we will leave at once,' said he. 'It is a fine day. And I cannot help fancying somebody is about the house. At any rate, the woman will be sure to come to-day.'
She passively assented, and putting the room in order, they took up the few articles that belonged to them, and departed noiselessly. When they had got into the Forest she turned to take a last look at the house.
'Ah, happy house—goodbye!' she said. 'My life can only be a question of a few weeks. Why should we not have stayed there?'
'Don’t say it, Tess! We shall soon get out of this district altogether. We’ll continue our course as we’ve begun it, and keep straight north. Nobody will think of looking for us there. We shall be looked for at the Wessex ports if we are sought at all. When we are in the north we will get to a port and away.'
Having thus persuaded her, the plan was pursued, and they kept a bee-line northward. Their long repose at the manor-house lent them walking power now; and towards mid-day they found that they were approaching the steepled city of Melchester, which lay directly in their way. He decided to rest her in a clump of trees during the afternoon, and push onward under cover of darkness. At dusk Clare purchased food as usual, and their night march began, the boundary between Upper and Mid-Wessex being crossed about eight o’clock.
To walk across country without much regard to roads was not new to Tess, and she showed her old agility in the performance. The intercepting city, ancient Melchester, they were obliged to pass through in order to take advantage of the town bridge for crossing a large river that obstructed them. It was about midnight when they went along the deserted streets, lighted fitfully by the few lamps, keeping off the pavement that it might not echo their footsteps. The graceful pile of cathedral architecture rose dimly on their left hand, but it was lost upon them now. Once out of the town they followed the turnpike-road, which after a few miles plunged across an open plain.
Though the sky was dense with cloud, a diffused light from some fragment of a moon had hitherto helped them a little. But the moon had now sunk, the clouds seemed to settle almost on their heads, and the night grew as dark as a cave. However, they found their way along, keeping as much on the turf as possible that their tread might not
resound, which it was easy to do, there being no hedge or fence of any kind. All around was open loneliness and black solitude, over which a stiff breeze blew.
They had proceeded thus gropingly two or three miles further when on a sudden Clare became conscious of some vast erection close in his front, rising sheer from the grass. They had almost struck themselves against it.
‘What monstrous place is this?’ said Angel.
‘It hums,’ said she. ‘Hearken!’
He listened. The wind, playing upon the edifice, produced a booming tune, like the note of some gigantic one-stringed harp. No other sound came from it, and lifting his hand and advancing a step or two, Clare felt the vertical surface of the structure. It seemed to be of solid stone, without joint or moulding. Carrying his fingers onward he found that what he had come in contact with was a colossal rectangular pillar; by stretching out his left hand he could feel a similar one adjoining. At an indefinite height overhead something made the black sky blacker, which had the semblance of a vast architrave uniting the pillars horizontally. They carefully entered beneath and between; the surfaces echoed their soft rustle; but they seemed to be still out of doors. The place was roofless. Tess drew her breath fearfully, and Angel, perplexed, said—
‘What can it be?’
Feeling sideways they encountered another tower-like pillar, square and uncompromising as the first; beyond it
another and another. The place was all doors and pillars, some connected above by continuous architraves.
‘A very Temple of the Winds,’ he said.
The next pillar was isolated; others composed a trilithon; others were prostrate, their flanks forming a causeway wide enough for a carriage; and it was soon obvious that they made up a forest of monoliths grouped upon the grassy expanse of the plain. The couple advanced further into this pavilion of the night till they stood in its midst.
‘It is Stonehenge!’ said Clare.
‘The heathen temple, you mean?’
‘Yes. Older than the centuries; older than the d’Urbervilles!
Well, what shall we do, darling? We may find shelter further on.’
But Tess, really tired by this time, flung herself upon an oblong slab that lay close at hand, and was sheltered from the wind by a pillar. Owing to the action of the sun during the preceding day, the stone was warm and dry, in comforting contrast to the rough and chill grass around, which had damped her skirts and shoes.
‘I don’t want to go any further, Angel,’ she said, stretching out her hand for his. ‘Can’t we bide here?’
‘I fear not. This spot is visible for miles by day, although it does not seem so now.’
‘One of my mother’s people was a shepherd hereabouts, now I think of it. And you used to say at Talbothays that I was a heathen. So now I am at home.’
He knelt down beside her outstretched form, and put his lips upon hers.
‘Sleepy are you, dear? I think you are lying on an altar.’
‘I like very much to be here,’ she murmured. ‘It is so solemn and lonely—after my great happiness—with nothing but the sky above my face. It seems as if there were no folk in the world but we two; and I wish there were not—except ‘Liza-Lu.’
Clare though she might as well rest here till it should get a little lighter, and he flung his overcoat upon her, and sat down by her side.
‘Angel, if anything happens to me, will you watch over ‘Liza-Lu for my sake?’ she asked, when they had listened a long time to the wind among the pillars.
‘I will.’
‘She is so good and simple and pure. O, Angel—I wish you would marry her if you lose me, as you will do shortly. O, if you would!’
‘If I lose you I lose all! And she is my sister-in-law.’
‘That’s nothing, dearest. People marry sister-laws continually about Marlott; and ‘Liza-Lu is so gentle and sweet, and she is growing so beautiful. O, I could share you with her willingly when we are spirits! If you would train her and teach her, Angel, and bring her up for your own self! ... She had all the best of me without the bad of me; and if she were to become yours it would almost seem as if death had not divided us... Well, I have said it. I won’t mention it again.’
She ceased, and he fell into thought. In the far north-east sky he could see between the pillars a level streak of light. The uniform concavity of black cloud was lifting bodily like the lid of a pot, letting in at the earth’s edge the coming day, against which the towering monoliths and trilithons began to be blackly defined.
‘Did they sacrifice to God here?’ asked she.
‘No,’ said he.
‘Who to?’
‘I believe to the sun. That lofty stone set away by itself is in the direction of the sun, which will presently rise behind it.’
‘This reminds me, dear,’ she said. ‘You remember you never would interfere with any belief of mine before we were married? But I knew your mind all the same, and I thought as you thought—not from any reasons of my own, but because you thought so. Tell me now, Angel, do you think we shall meet again after we are dead? I want to know.’ He kissed her to avoid a reply at such a time.
‘O, Angel—I fear that means no!’ said she, with a suppressed sob. ‘And I wanted so to see you again—so much, so much! What—not even you and I, Angel, who love each other so well?’
Like a greater than himself, to the critical question at the critical time he did not answer; and they were again silent. In a minute or two her breathing became more regular, her clasp of his hand relaxed, and she fell asleep. The band of silver paleness along the east horizon made even the distant
parts of the Great Plain appear dark and near; and the whole enormous landscape bore that impress of reserve, taciturnity, and hesitation which is usual just before day. The eastward pillars and their architraves stood up blackly against the light, and the great flame-shaped Sun-stone beyond them; and the Stone of Sacrifice midway. Presently the night wind died out, and the quivering little pools in the cup-like hollows of the stones lay still. At the same time something seemed to move on the verge of the dip eastward—a mere dot. It was the head of a man approaching them from the hollow beyond the Sun-stone. Clare wished they had gone onward, but in the circumstances decided to remain quiet. The figure came straight towards the circle of pillars in which they were.
He heard something behind him, the brush of feet. Turning, he saw over the prostrate columns another figure; then before he was aware, another was at hand on the right, under a trilithon, and another on the left. The dawn shone full on the front of the man westward, and Clare could discern from this that he was tall, and walked as if trained. They all closed in with evident purpose. Her story then was true! Springing to his feet, he looked around for a weapon, loose stone, means of escape, anything. By this time the nearest man was upon him.
‘It is no use, sir,’ he said. ‘There are sixteen of us on the Plain, and the whole country is reared.’
‘Let her finish her sleep!’ he implored in a whisper of the men as they gathered round.
When they saw where she lay, which they had not done till then, they showed no objection, and stood watching her, as still as the pillars around. He went to the stone and bent over her, holding one poor little hand; her breathing now was quick and small, like that of a lesser creature than a woman. All waited in the growing light, their faces and hands as if they were silvered, the remainder of their figures dark, the stones glistening green-gray, the Plain still a mass of shade. Soon the light was strong, and a ray shone upon her unconscious form, peering under her eyelids and waking her.
‘What is it, Angel?’ she said, starting up. ‘Have they come for me?’
‘Yes, dearest,’ he said. ‘They have come.’
‘It is as it should be,’ she murmured. ‘Angel, I am almost glad—yes, glad! This happiness could not have lasted. It was too much. I have had enough; and now I shall not live for you to despise me!’
She stood up, shook herself, and went forward, neither of the men having moved.
‘I am ready,’ she said quietly.
The city of Wintoncester, that fine old city, aforetime capital of Wessex, lay amidst its convex and concave downlands in all the brightness and warmth of a July morning. The gabled brick, tile, and freestone houses had almost dried off for the season their integument of lichen, the streams in the meadows were low, and in the sloping High Street, from the West Gateway to the mediæval cross, and from the mediæval cross to the bridge, that leisurely dusting and sweeping was in progress which usually ushers in an oldfashioned market-day.
From the western gate aforesaid the highway, as every Wintoncestrian knows, ascends a long and regular incline of the exact length of a measured mile, leaving the houses gradually behind. Up this road from the precincts of the city two persons were walking rapidly, as if unconscious of the trying ascent—unconscious through preoccupation and not through buoyancy. They had emerged upon this road through a narrow, barred wicket in a high wall a little lower down. They seemed anxious to get out of the sight of the houses and of their kind, and this road appeared to offer the quickest means of doing so. Though they were young, they walked with bowed heads, which gait of grief the sun’s rays smiled on pitilessly.
One of the pair was Angel Clare, the other a tall budding creature—half girl, half woman—a spiritualized image of Tess, slighter than she, but with the same beautiful eyes—Clare’s sister-in-law, ‘Liza-Lu. Their pale faces seemed to have shrunk to half their natural size. They moved on hand in hand, and never spoke a word, the drooping of their heads being that of Giotto’s ‘Two Apostles’.
When they had nearly reached the top of the great West Hill the clocks in the town struck eight. Each gave a start at the notes, and, walking onward yet a few steps, they reached the first milestone, standing whitely on the green margin of the grass, and backed by the down, which here was open to the road. They entered upon the turf, and, impelled by a force that seemed to overrule their will, suddenly stood still, turned, and waited in paralyzed suspense beside the stone.
The prospect from this summit was almost unlimited. In the valley beneath lay the city they had just left, its more prominent buildings showing as in an isometric drawing—among them the broad cathedral tower, with its Norman windows and immense length of aisle and nave, the spires of St Thomas’s, the pinnacled tower of the College, and, more to the right, the tower and gables of the ancient hospice, where to this day the pilgrim may receive his dole of bread and ale. Behind the city swept the rotund upland of St Catherine’s Hill; further off, landscape beyond landscape, till the horizon was lost in the radiance of the sun hanging above it.
Against these far stretches of country rose, in front of the other city edifices, a large red-brick building, with level gray roofs, and rows of short barred windows bespeaking captivity, the whole contrasting greatly by its formalism with the quaint irregularities of the Gothic erections. It was somewhat disguised from the road in passing it by yews and evergreen oaks, but it was visible enough up here. The wicket from which the pair had lately emerged was in the wall of this structure. From the middle of the building an ugly flattopped octagonal tower ascended against the east horizon, and viewed from this spot, on its shady side and against the light, it seemed the one blot on the city’s beauty. Yet it was with this blot, and not with the beauty, that the two gazers were concerned.
Upon the cornice of the tower a tall staff was fixed. Their eyes were riveted on it. A few minutes after the hour had struck something moved slowly up the staff, and extended itself upon the breeze. It was a black flag.
‘Justice’ was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess. And the d’Urberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely motionless: the flag continued to wave silently. As soon as they had strength, they arose, joined hands again, and went on.
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7535e928-3995-45be-a5df-22b1ee0c9d45
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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| 830,594
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OPĆINA DICMO
PRORAČUN ZA 2024. GODINU
Vodič za građane
Dicmo Kraj, prosinac 2023. godine
Poštovani mještanini,
Proračunski vodič za građane za 2024. godinu alat je kojim Vam približavamo pojmove iz područja financija lokalne samouprave, sadržaj proračuna, programe, projekte i aktivnosti koje planiramo financirati.
Prilikom izrade Proračuna Općine Dicmo za 2024. godinu i projekcija za 2024. i 2025. godinu cilj nam je bio da u uvjetima proračunskih mogućnosti isplaniramo i ostvarimo najvažnije kapitalne projekte, a da pri tom zadovoljimo i socijalne, društvene i ostale potrebe stanovnika.
Kapitalni projekti važni su za podizanje kvalitete života i stanovanja, te određuju životni standard u našoj općini. Među najznačajnijim kapitalnim projektima planiranim u proračunu Općine Dicmo za 2024. godinu su: Izgradnja i opremanje matičnog vrtića Dicmo, Izgradnja Kulturno interpretacijskog centra Dicmo, Građenje ceste od ŽC 6120 do RZ Dicmo, Izgradnja komunalne infrastrukture RZ – istok i mnogi drugi.
U proračunu se osiguravaju sredstva za izgradnju i održavanje komunalne infrastrukture: nerazvrstanih cesta, javnih prometnih površina na kojima nije dopušten promet motornim vozilima, javnih zelenih površina, građevina i uređaja javne namjene i groblja.
Značajan dio proračunskih sredstava odvaja se za školski i predškolski odgoj koji se odnosi na sufinanciranje prijevoza učenika i studenata, sufinanciranje nabavke radnih bilježnica za učenike osnovne škole i učenike srednjih škola s područja Općine Dicmo, stipendiranje učenika i studenata, sredstva za rad Dječjeg vrtića Ana Dicmo, sufinanciranje jaslica i vrtića izvan područja Općine Dicmo i dr.
Dio proračunskih sredstava odvaja se za socijalnu skrb i to za jednokratne novčane pomoći ugroženim samcima i obiteljima koji zbog trenutnih okolnosti nisu u mogućnosti djelomično ili u cijelosti zadovoljiti osnovne životne potrebe, zatim pomoći za nabavku drva za ogrijev, prigodnih poklon paketa za blagdane. Dio proračunskih sredstava odvaja se i za potpore za nabavku opreme za novorođenu djecu.
Značajan dio proračunskih sredstava odvaja se i za protupožarnu i civilnu zaštitu, kao što su sredstva za rad DVD-a sv. Jakov Dicmo, te sredstva za nabavku opreme za civilnu zaštitu, i dr.
Radi očuvanja zdravlja ljudi, poticanja mladih sportaša, okupljanja građana, očuvanja i promicanja kulturnog i umjetničkog stvaranja, te poticanja udruga i neprofitnih organizacija koje svojim aktivnostima promiču opće vrijednosti od interesa za Općinu Dicmo, dio proračunskih sredstava odvaja se za rad udruga iz područja sporta, kulture i civilnog društva.
Osim navedenih u proračunu Općine Dicmo za 2024. godinu i projekcijama za 2025. i 2026. godinu, planirana su sredstva i za druge aktivnosti od interesa za stanovnike Općine Dicmo.
OPĆINSKI NAČELNIK
Petar Maretić
OPĆENITO O PRORAČUNU
Proračun je jedan od najvažnijih dokumenata koji se donosi na razini jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave.
Proračun je temeljni financijsko-planski akt kojim se procjenjuju prihodi i primici te utvrđuju rashodi i izdaci jedinice lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave za jednu proračunska godinu. Uz Proračun donose se i projekcije prihoda i primitaka te rashoda i izdataka za slijedeće dvije godine. Proračunska godina počinje 01. siječnja i traje do 31. prosinca i poklapa se s kalendarskom godinom.
Prilikom izrade Proračuna potrebno je voditi računa o proračunskim načelima. Načela proračuna su:
- **načelo uravnoteženosti** – znači da prihodi trebaju biti jednaki rashodima te da se smije koristiti samo onoliko sredstava koliko ih se može prikupiti;
- **načelo jedne godine** – znači da se proračun donosi za jednu godinu za koju se planiraju prihodi i rashodi, a osim toga potrebno je planirati i sredstva za pokriće obveza preuzetih u prethodnim godinama;
- **načelo jedinstva i točnosti** – znači da se svi prihodi i rashodi svih proračunskih i izvanproračunskih korisnika trebaju iskazivati po bruto načelu, svi njihovi rashodi trebaju se iskazivati po funkcijama i programima u visini utvrđenoj proračunom, a svi prijedlozi zakona, uredbi i akata koje donose Vlada i Sabor trebaju sadržavati procjenu njihovog učinka na proračun;
- **načelo univerzalnosti** – znači da prihodi i primici služe za podmirivanje svih rashoda i izdataka, osim ako zakonima i odlukama nije drugačije propisano (za financiranje određenih rashoda i izdataka koriste se namjenski prihodi i primici);
- **načelo specifikacije** – znači da svi prihodi trebaju biti raspoređeni po ekonomskoj klasifikaciji i iskazani prema izvorima, a rashodi prema proračunskim klasifikacijama te uravnoteženi s prihodima;
- **načelo transparentnosti** – znači da proračuni i svi uz njih vezani dokumenti trebaju biti dostupni javnosti, odnosno objavljeni u Narodnim novinama ili drugim službenim glasilima lokalnih jedinica;
- **načelo dobrog financijskog upravljanja** – znači da se proračunska sredstva trebaju koristiti ekonomično, učinkovito i djelotvorno.
Propis kojim su regulirana sva pitanja vezana uz Proračun je Zakon o proračunu (Narodne novine 144/2021). Proračun donosi predstavničko tijelo odnosno općinsko vijeće. Prema Zakonu Proračun se mora donijeti najkasnije do kraja prosinca tekuće godine za iduću godinu, a prema prijedlogu kojega utvrđuje općinski načelnik i dostavlja predstavničkom tijelu do 15. studenog tekuće godine.
Proračun nije statican akt već se skladno Zakonu o proračunu može mijenjati tijekom proračunske godine. Ta izmjena se naziva rebalans Proračuna. Procedura izmjena/rebalansa Proračuna identična je proceduri njegova donošenja. Izmjene Proračuna predlaže općinski načelnik, a donosi ga općinsko vijeće.
Proračun se objavljuje u službenom glasniku Općine Dicmo i na službenim Internet stranicama Općine Dicmo, [www.dicmo.hr](http://www.dicmo.hr)
Zeleni park Dicmo
STRUKTURA PRORAČUNA
Proračun Općine Dicmo sastoji se od tri dijela:
- **Opći dio Proračuna** - Račun prihoda i rashoda i Račun financiranja sastoje se od strukture prihoda i primitaka te rashoda i izdataka po vrstama;
- **Posebni dio Proračuna** - sastoji se od rashoda i izdataka raspoređenih po programima (aktivnostima i projektima) unutar razdjela/glava definiranih u skladu s organizacijskom klasifikacijom Proračuna;
- **Plan razvojnih programa** - sadrži ciljeve i prioritete razvoja Općine Dicmo povezane s programskom i organizacijskom klasifikacijom proračuna.
Općinsko vijeće donosi Proračun za proračunska godina s projekcijama za sljedeće dvije godine i to na propisanoj razini ekonomske klasifikacije, odnosno na razini podskupine – trećoj razini za proračun, odnosno na razini skupine – drugoj razini za projekcije.
Proračunska klasifikacija – sustav prikazivanja proračunskih prihoda i rashoda po određenim kriterijima, a razlikuju se:
- **organizacijska** – sadrži povezane i međusobno usklađene cjeline proračuna i proračunskih korisnika koje odgovarajućim materijalnim sredstvima ostvaruju postavljene ciljeve;
- **programska** – sadrži rashode i izdatke iskazane kroz aktivnosti i projekte koji su povezani u programe temeljem zajedničkih ciljeva;
- **funkcijska** – sadrži rashode razvrstane prema njihovoj namjeni;
- **ekonomska** – sadrži prihode i primitke prema prirodnim vrstama te rashode i izdatke prema njihovoj ekonomskoj namjeni;
- **lokacijska** – sadrži rashode i izdatke razvrstane za RH i za inozemstvo;
- **izvori financiranja** – sadrži prihode i primitke iz kojih se podmiruju rashodi i izdaci određene vrste i namjen.
Tematski park povijesnih putova i željezničke postaje "Rera" Dicmo
OPĆI DIO PRORAČUNA
PRIHODI PRORAČUNA
Ukupni prihodi i primici Proračuna za 2024. godinu planirani su u iznosu od 9.680.190,66 eura, od toga:
prihodi poslovanja 6.520.807,05 eura
- prihodi od poreza - porez na dohodak, porez na promet nekretnina, paušalni porez na dohodak za djelatnosti iznajmljivanja i organiziranja smještaja u turizmu, općinski porezi: porez na potrošnju,
- pomoći – pomoći iz državnog i županijskog proračuna, pomoći od sredstva EU ili drugih međunarodnih organizacija, te pomoći od ostalih subjekata unutar općeg proračuna;
- prihodi od imovine – prihodi od zakupa, koncesije, kamate, ostali prihodi od financijske i nefinancijske imovine;
- prihodi od upravnih i administrativnih pristojbi, pristojbi po posebnim propisima i naknade: komunalna naknada i komunalni doprinos, upravne pristojbe, ostale pristojbe i naknade;
- kazne, upravne mjere i ostali prihodi
prihodi od prodaje nefinancijske imovine 2.761.214,61 eura
- prihodi od neproizvedene imovine, prihodi od proizvedene dugotrajne imovine, prihodi od prodaje građevinskog zemljišta u radnoj zoni Dicmo.
• primitci od zaduživanja 398.169,00 eura
U projekciji za 2025. godinu ukupni prihodi planirani su u iznosu od 7.960.422,72 eura, od čega su prihodi od poslovanja planirani u iznosu od 5.204.208,11 eura, dok su prihodi od prodaje nefinancijske imovine planirani u iznosu od 2.756.214,61 eura.
U projekciji za 2026. godinu ukupni prihodi planirani su u iznosu od 7.960.422 eura, od čega su prihodi poslovanja planirani u iznosu od 5.204.208,11 eura, dok su prihodi od prodaje nefinancijske imovine planirani su u iznosu od 2.756.214,61 eura.
Antička cesta na području Općine Dicmo
RASHODI PRORAČUNA
Ukupni rashodi i izdaci Proračuna za 2024. godinu planirani su u iznosu od 9.680.190,66 eura, od toga:
**rashodi poslovanja**
3.711.919,76 eura
- rashodi za zaposlene (plaće, naknade i doprinosi za djelatnike Jedinstvenog upravnog odjela, djelatnice u program Zaželi, djelatnici u program Javnih radova);
- materijalni rashodi (naknade troškova zaposlenicima, uredski materijal, energija, telefon, pošta, intelektualne usluge, reprezentacija, naknade vijećnicima, održavanje komunalne infrastrukture);
- financijske potpore proračunskim korisnicima Općine Dicmo (Dječji vrtić Ana, DVD Sv. Jakov Dicmo)
- financijski rashodi (platne usluge, bankarske usluge);
- subvencije (subvencije poljoprivrednicima i obrtnicima);
- pomoći (tekuće i kapitalne pomoći);
- naknade građanima i kućanstvima (pomoći obiteljima i kućanstvima, stipendije, pomoć za novorođenčad i sufinanciranje cijene prijevoza);
- ostali rashodi (tekuće i kapitalne donacije, naknade šteta i dr.).
**rashodi za nabavu nefinancijske imovine**
5.918.270,90 eura
- nabava neproizvedene imovine (materijalna imovina – prirodna bogatstva);
- nabava proizvedene dugotrajne imovine (gradevinski objekti, postrojenje i oprema, prijevozna sredstva, nematerijalna proizvedena imovina);
- Provedba projekata sufinanciranih iz EU i drugih fondova (Izgradnja matičnog vrtića Dicmo, opremanje matičnog vrtića Dicmo)
- dodatna ulaganja na nefinancijskoj imovini.
- Izdatci za fin.imovinu i otplate zajmova
50.000,00 eura
Rekonstrukcija općinske upravne zgrade na 1. katu za potrebe dječjeg vrtića. Svečano otvaranje
PLANIRANE KAPITALNE INVESTICIJE OPĆINE DICMO U 2024. GODINI
U 2024. godini u Općini Dicmo za značajnije kapitalne investicije planirano je ukupno 5.035.152,71 eura.
Među značajnijim kapitalnim investicijama su:
| Kapitalna investicija | Iznos/ eura |
|------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Izgradnja Kulturno interpretacijskog centra Dicmo | 1.730.000,00|
| Izgradnja matičnog vrtića Dicmo | 1.505.312,08|
| Građenje ceste od ŽC 6120 do RZ Dicmo | 600.000,00 |
| Izgradnja komunalne infrastrukture RZ - istok | 560.000,00 |
| Izgradnja groblja | 200.000,00 |
| Opremanje dječjeg vrtića | 150.000,00 |
| Izgradnja sekundarne vodovodne mreže | 100.000,00 |
| Komunalna infrastruktura RZ - zapad | 60.000,00 |
| Dječje igralište Kraj | 60.000,00 |
| Rekreativno igralište Botić | 39.840,63 |
| Uređenje ceste i parkirališta uz groblje Osoje | 30.000,00 |
Kulturno interpretacijski centar Dicmo – Idejni projekt
| JADRAN PROJEKTI j.d.o.o. | INVESTITOR: Ognjena Dicmo, 21 352 Zadar, 21 352 Zadar |
|--------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| LOKACIJA: 21 352 Zadar, 21 352 Zadar | FAZA IDEJNI PROJEKT |
| PROJEKTANT: Igor Blandišić dipl.ng.arh. | STRUKA ARHITEKTONSKI PROJEKT_MAPA1 |
| SURADNIKI: Srdan Živert mag.ng.arh. | SADRŽAJ |
| GLAVNI PROJEKTANT: Igor Blandišić dipl.ng.arh. | DATUM srpanj 2023 |
| | MUERILLO 1:200 |
| | UST L_6 |
r.a. = 0.00 = a.a. 350.40 mm
Matični vrtić u Dicmu – arhitektonski izvedbeni projekt
Tlocrt prizemlja dječjeg vrtića Dicmo
KLJUČNI PROGRAMI, PROJEKTI I AKTIVNOSTI KOJI SE FINANCIRAJU IZ PRORAČUNA
RAZDJEL 001 OPĆINSKO VIJEĆE, OPĆINSKI NAČELNIK I TIJELA OPĆINSKE UPRAVE
P1001 Program 01: Donošenje akta i mjera iz djelokruga predstavničkog tijela
Kroz ovaj program osiguravaju se sredstva za funkcioniranje općinskog vijeća Općine Dicmo. Planirana sredstva u iznosu od 56.978,75 eura planirana su za podmirenje rashoda za redovan rad općinskog vijeća, članarine udruga gradova i općina, sredstva za rad političkih stranaka, obilježavanje dana Općine, proslave i pokroviteljstva i dr.
P1002 Program 02: Javna uprava i administracija
Sredstva u iznosu od 898.029,69 eura planirana kroz ovaj program osiguravaju se za podmirenje rashoda za plaće, doprinose, materijalne rashode, naknade troškova zaposlenima, informatičku podršku-računarske usluge, bankarske usluge, nabavu uredskog nameštaja i opreme, informatizaciju, javne radove, obveze po sudskim sporovima, održavanje web stranica Općine Dicmo, financiranje programskih sadržaja elektroničkih medija.
U ovom programu osigurana je i tekuća rezerva proračuna u iznosu od 2.000,00 eura. Sredstva proračunske zalihe koriste se za nepredviđene namjene za koje u proračunu nisu osigurana sredstva ili za namjene za koje se tijekom godine pokaže da za njih nisu utvrđena dostatna sredstva jer ih pri planiranju Proračuna nije bilo moguće predvidjeti. O korištenju sredstava proračunske zalihe odlučuje općinski načelnik.
PROTUPOŽARNA I CIVILNA ZAŠTITA
P1003 Program: Protupožarna i civilna zaštita
Zakon o vatrogastvu propisuje način na koji se sufinancira vatrogastvo. Kroz ovaj program osiguravaju se sredstva za rad DVD-a Sv. Jakov Dicmo u iznosu od 80.000,00 eura, te sredstva za Civilnu zaštitu I HGSS u iznosu od 28.791,49
SUFINANCIRANJE UDRUGA NA PODRUČJU OPĆINE DICMO
Općina Dicmo će sufinancirati rad udruga na svom području te udruga čije aktivnosti su od općeg interesa za Općinu Dicmo u ukupnom iznosu od 53.320,05 eura i to za:
P1008 Program 08: Javne potrebe u sportu Općine Dicmo
A1008 01 Aktivnost: Sportska društva i udruge 26.992,03 eura
P1007 Program 07: Promicanje kulture
A1007 01 Aktivnost: Javne potrebe u kulturi 16.328,02 eura
P12 Program: Razvoj Civilnog društva
A1012 01 Aktivnost: Javne potrebe u Civilnom društvu 10.000,00 eura
ŠKOLSKI I PREDŠKOLSKI ODGOJ
P1004 Program 04: Javne potrebe u školstvu i predškolskom odgoju
Cilj ovog programa je podizanje standarda u obrazovanju i predškolskom odgoju, te je u tu svrhu planiran iznos od 2.039.620,60 eura. Sredstva su planirana za sufinanciranje prijevoza srednjoškolaca na relaciji Dicmo-Split i Dicmo-Sinj, stipendije učenicima i studentima, sufinanciranje nabavke radnih bilježnica učenicima osnovne i učenicima srednjih škola s područja Općine Dicmo, sredstva za rad Dječjeg vrtića Ana Dicmo, sufinanciranje jaslica i vrtića izvan područja Općine Dicmo. U ovom programu također su predviđena sredstva za izgradnju i opremanje matičnog vrtića u Dicmu.
SOCIJALN ASKRB
P1011 Program 11: Program javnih potreba u socijalnoj skrbi
Kako bi se pomoglo ugroženim kategorijama stanovništva na području Općine osigurana su sredstva za jednokratne novčane pomoći u iznosu od 19.920,32 eura, za pomoć za nabavku drva za ogrijev u iznosu od 1.195,22 eura, te za prigodne poklon pakete za blagdane u iznosu od 11.925,19 eura.
Kroz ovaj program također su osigurana sredstva za potpore za nabavku opreme za novorođeno dijete u iznosu od 33.200,53 eura.
KOMUNALNA INFRASTRUKTURA
P1006 Program 06: Izgradnja objekata i uređaja komunalne infrastrukture
U ovom programu planirana su sredstva u ukupnom iznosu od 4.205.355,88 eura za građenje komunalne infrastrukture od čega su značajniji projekti:
Za projektiranje i gradnju cesta planiran je iznos od ukupno 1.341.560,42 eura i to za:
- građenje dijela ceste s pripadajućom infrastrukturom u istočnom dijelu radne zone Dicmo (obuhvat DPU)
- građenje dijela ceste s pripadajućom infrastrukturom u zapadnom proširenom dijelu radne zone Dicmo (obuhvat UPU 12)
- građenje ceste od ŽC 6120 do radne zone Dicmo
- uređenje nerazvrstane ceste NC-PRI-113 od ŽC 6121 do NC-PRI-124 (projektna dokumentacija)
- uređenje nerazvrstane ceste NC-PRI-113 od ŽC 6116 do NC-PRI-121 (projektna dokumentacija)
- zaobilazna cesta Butiće
- uređenje nerazvrstane ceste iza crkve sv. Jakova
- uređenje ceste i parkirališta uz groblje Osoje
- cesta i parkiralište iznad škole
Za gradenje javne rasvjete planiran je iznos od ukupno 50.000,00 eura
Za gradenje javno prometnih površina na kojima nije dopušten promet motornim vozilima planiran je iznos od ukupno 332.496,67 eura i to za izgradnju:
- nogostupa
- biciklističke staze
- općinskog trga I šetnice
- tematsko interpretacijske staze Krušvar
- održivog naselja Dicmo
Za gradenje javnih zelenih površina planiran je iznos od ukupno 357.416,98 eura i to za građenje:
- građenje i opremanje tematskog parka RERA
- sportsko rekreativnog parka Sičane
- rekreativnog igrališta Botić
- dječjeg igrališta Kraj
- dječjeg igrališta Krušvar
- dječjeg igrališta Ercegovci
- dječjeg igrališta Prisoje
- sportsko rekreativnog igrališta Miluni
Za gradenje javnih parkirališta planiran je iznos od ukupno 30.000,00 eura i to za:
- uređenje parkirališta Krušvar
- uređenje parkirališta Kraj
Za građenje građevina i uređaja javne namjene planiran je iznos od ukupno 1.879.920,11 eura i to za izgradnju:
- nadstrešnica na autobusnim stajalištima
- tržnice
- kulturno interpretacijskog centra Dicmo
- garaže i skladišta
- uređenja prostora bivše željezničke postaje Dicmo
- azila za pse
- vidikovca Imber
- park svjetla
Za projektiranje i gradenje groblja planiran je iznos od ukupno 289.920,32 eura i to za:
- proširenje groblja u naselju Dicmo Osoje
- proširenje groblja u naselju Dicmo Krušvar (dokumentacija)
- proširenje groblja u naselju Dicmo Sušci (dokumentacija)
- izgradnja groblja Ercegovci (dokumentacija)
- prostorija za ispračaj Ercegovci (dokumentacija)
- prostorija za ispračaj Sušci (dokumentacija)
P1005 Program 05: Održavanje objekata i uređaja komunalne infrastrukture
1.267.849,88 eura planirano je za održavanje komunalne infrastrukture i to za održavanje nerazvrstanih cesta, održavanje šumskih i poljskih putova, održavanje javnih zelenih površina, javnih površina na kojima nije dopušten promet motornim vozilima, groblja i javne rasvjete.
KONTAKT
OPĆINA DICMO
Jedinstveni upravni odjel
Dicmo Kraj 43, 21232
Dicmo
Tel: 021/837-937
email@example.com
12. VEČER FOLKLORA - DICMO 2023.
"DA SE NE ZABORAVI"
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Abstract Form for
20th WADP congress / XXXIII International Symposium of the German Academy for Psychoanalysis (DAP) e.V., 16.04.2024 to 20.04.2024, Marrakech, Morocco "Social Challenges - Shared Responsibility in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"
Panel ☒
Name:
Bauer
First Name: Joachim
Title / Position:
Country:
Germany
Panel title: Preserving Mental Health in A Digitally Transformed World
Chair Person: Bauer, Joachim (Germany)
Co-Chair: ONEIB, BOUCHRA (MOROCCO)
Speaker 1: Name, First Name: Bauer, Joachim
Presentation title: Shifting Our Lives from the Analogue World to Virtual Realities:
What about Body, Nature, and Interpersonal Bonds ?
Speaker 2: Name, First Name: Spitzer, Manfred (Germany)
Presentation title: Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Risks
Speaker 3: Name, First Name: Botbol, Michel (France)
Presentation title: Digital Products and Applications:
Do They Affect Mental Health of Children and Adolescents?
Speaker 4: Name, First Name: Thomashoff, Hans-Otto (Austria)
Presentation title: The Regressive Pull of Digital Worlds: Solipsism, Splitting, and Paranoia
Overall Abstract Panel up to 40 lines in English:
This panel is dedicated to the reflexion of how digital products have changed the life of mankind and how these changes affect mental (and physical) health. In order to stimulate the discussion in the panel the following cases are made:
i. Smartphones have undoubtedly enriched human life. However, their shere presence marks the end of the undivided attention of their owners.
ii. Social Media have undoubtedly facilitated and enriched human communication. However, they have the potential to cause a serious addictive behavior, now designated by the WHO as Social Media Disorder. The prevalence and harmful effects of the latter on mental health prompted the Surgeon General of the United States to publish a severe warning (https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/05/23/surgeon-general-issues-newadvisory-about-effects-social-media-use-has-youth-mental-health.html)
iii. Gaming is a basic human behavior and may help humans to overcome the hardships of life. However, hundreds of millions of adolescents in the Western countries are severely addicted to videogaming, spending many hours per day in front of the screen or behind a headset, many gaming far into the night. Most gamers are exposed to and are practisising violent behaviors.
iv. Conversational Artificial Intelligence (CAI) devices for psychotherapeutic purposes are AI-Chatbots trained with contents of psychotherapeutic discourses. They may enlarge the arsenal of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic services. On the other hand, they may lead to new types of addiction and, in addition, may prompt the funding providers of medical institutions to displace human resources and replace the with machines.
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do what u luv
In Support of PORTER ELEMENTARY
For all available programs, forms and online registration
Please Visit: www.dowhatuluv.ca/PORTER
DO WHAT U LUV FOUNDATION (DWUL) is a registered charity (813896578RR0001) that provides local schools and youth programs with registration and administration support.
For all program registration info, please click the following link: [HERE](#)
### AFTERSCHOOL PROGRAMS: FALL 2018
| MONDAY | TUESDAY | WEDNESDAY | THURSDAY | FRIDAY |
|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Lasermasters + Mathematics | Young Performers | Lego: Serious Play | Moresports | Love2Dance |
| 3:00-4:30 pm | 3:00-4:30 pm | 3:00-4:15 pm | 3:00-4:30 pm | 3:00-4:30 pm |
| Sept 24, Oct 1, 15, 22, 29, Nov 5, 19, 26 | Oct 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, Nov 6, 13, 20 | Oct 3, 10, 17, 24, (31 Halloween) Nov 7 | Oct 4, 11, 18, 25, Nov 1, 8, 15, 22 | Sept 28, Oct 5, 12, 26, Nov 2, 16, 23, 30 |
| 8 Sessions (Music Rm 19) | 8 Sessions (Music Rm 19) | 6 Sessions (PAC Rm) | 8 Sessions (Gym) | 8 Sessions (PAC Rm) |
| Bricks4Kidz | Theatrix Lunchbox Theatre | Art A La Carte | Theatrix Lunchbox Theatre | MadScience |
| 3:00-4:00 pm | 12:05-12:50 pm | 3:00-4:15 pm | 12:05-12:50 pm | 3:00-4:30 pm |
| Oct 1, 15, 22, 29, Nov 5, 19, 26, Dec 3 | Oct 9, 16, 23, 30, Nov 6, 13 | Oct 3, 10, 17, 24, (31 Halloween) Nov 7, 14, 21, 28 | Oct 11, 18, 25, Nov 1, 8, 15 | Sept 28, Oct 5, 12, 26, Nov 2, 16, 23, 30 |
| 8 Sessions (PAC Rm) | 6 Sessions (Gym) | 8 Sessions (Music Rm 19) | 6 Sessions (Gym) | 8 Sessions (PAC Rm) |
| Pro-D/Holiday: Oct 8, Nov 12 | | | | Pro-D/Holiday: Oct 19, Nov 9 |
**Registration Note:**
All program providers operate independently with different registration methods and dates. For DWUL Partnered programs (highlighted red), registration can be processed directly by DWUL.
Bricks 4 Kidz LEGO® Robotics
After School S.T.E.M. Program
Located at Porter Elementary
Starting Monday Oct.1st – Dec.03th
(No class Oct.08, Nov.12)
3PM – 4PM (K-G5)
Our 1 hour weekly classes explore Engineering and Architecture using technique LEGO® bricks to build motorized models!
Cost: $105 including tax
To register, please email your name, name of the child, grade of the child attending to: email@example.com.
LEGO® Robotics
Laws of Motion
Who says physics is boring? Test out some of Sir Isaac Newton’s Laws of motion with models that illustrate the concepts of inertia, force, mass, acceleration and the observation that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Let’s get to build fun stuff out of LEGO Bricks and create a positive association that science is fun!
REGISTER ONLINE
www.bricks4kidz.com
For more information about After School program, Camps, Coding & Robotics, In-School Workshops, Field Trips, Birthday Parties, Pre-school program:
www.bricks4kidz.com/coquitlam
Bricks 4 Kidz Creativity Centre
104 – 3278 Westwood St, Port Coquitlam
LEGO® is a trademark of the LEGO® Company which is not affiliated with these classes.
Students Will Learn: Lasermaster Game + Chess + Math + English Puzzles + Strategy = Learning + More Fun 😊.
This programme increases strategic thinking skills, stimulates intellectual creativity, dramatically improves a child’s ability to think rationally, improves problem solving ability, and spatial visualization. Students’ performance will be evaluated by a World class rating system. Further Adventures: School Team Challenge, Invitational Tournament and Technology - Lasermaster Game + Laser Tag Summer Camps.
| Location | Porter Elementary School – Music room |
|----------|--------------------------------------|
| Day and Date | Mondays – September 24, Oct 1, 15, 22, 29, Nov 5, 19, anticipated end date November 26th, 2018. |
| Time | 3:00 pm To 4:30 pm |
| Instructor | Mr. Alex Thomas |
First Adventure
Achievement Awards
The minimum enrollment is 10, maximum enrollment is 16 students. If more than 16 students enroll, the past 3 high achievers from Conquers section who fully enroll will be accepted, remaining students are accepted according to earliest date they are fully registered.
Personalized Red Laser Trophies are awarded to 3 high achievers in each section and personalized certificates for all participants students.
| New Enrollment Cost | Tuition $100.00 + $30.00 Mathematical Lasermaster Game Puzzles (workbook) = Total payable $130.80 OR Payable to: Federation of Lasermasters |
|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Re-Enrollment Cost | Tuition $95.00 8 sessions 1, ½ hours each = Total tuition payable: $95.00 Payable to: Federation of Lasermasters |
How to Enroll Your Child
For your convenience you can pay by credit card. http://www.Lasermaster.org/porter.html
Refund
Full tuition refund is only available before the second session. For unavoidable withdraws after the second session, a $15.00 refund charge will apply to refund. Workbooks used will be charged.
Family Discount (Workbook not included)
25% off the second child’s tuition fee (Workbook is not included)
50% off the third child’s tuition fee (Workbook is not included)
Receive family discount email us, Peter will reply by email with a credit card payment link.
Notes: This programme is suitable for Grades 1 to 7. Keep Full Copy Of This Form For Tax Deduction
FEDERATION OF LASERMASTERS’ COPY
Porter Elementary School
1st Discovery Adventure 2018
Student’s Name: Please Print Name Clearly
Date of Enrollment:
Address
Number & Street: ____________________________
City: ____________________________ Postal Code: _______________
Birth Date and Age: _______________
School Grade: _______________
Phone #
Email (Please Print Clearly)
Enrolled students have the privilege of having their names and rankings associated with this programme published.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature: ______________________________________________________
Total Paid: ___________ Cheque #: ___________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Convenient enrollment of your children is through our secure online credit card processing link. Visa, Visa Debit, MasterCard, credit cards are accepted.
http://www.Lasermaster.org/porter.html
Peter W. Embleton is Federation of Lasermasters’ administrator for this service.
LUNCHBOX THEATRE
PRESENTS:
Sing, dance and learn musical theatre skills in a mini-production of:
Elf
This is a PAC Fundraiser for Porter Elementary.
The class can accommodate a maximum of 30 students grades 1-5.
Online registration: Sept 27 - Oct 1 at 7pm.
See below for full details.
Price includes all materials.
October 9 – November 15
Tuesdays and Thursdays from 12:00 to 12:45 pm in the gym.
*There will be a performance for family and the school on November 15 at 11 am.
Fee per student: $79
TO REGISTER AND PAY FEES: http://www.theatrixyouthetheatre.com
SOME HELPFUL HINTS TO SUCCESSFULLY REGISTER ONLINE:
1. CREATE account BEFORE your school’s registration link goes live.
2. Register for the correct school and only once. Register each child separately.
3. Fill out registration form. You will receive a confirmation. If more than 30 registrants are received, a computer-generated list will determine who will be in the class and those people will be sent a payment link. The rest will be notified that they are on the waitlist.
4. Payment options: Paypal, credit card
PLEASE NOTE: By registering for this program, your child is now considered a Theatrix member. The following policies are attached to this program. While directors take reasonable steps to prevent injuries to students, some degree of risk is inherent in the nature of activities, and may occur without fault on the part of the student, school board, its employees or agents, or the facility where the activity is taking place. By allowing your child to participate in this activity, you are agreeing that the activity described above is suitable for your child, and that there is a risk of injury associated with the activity. *** This is not a theatre production, but a work in progress, and the primary objective is to introduce the students to the performing arts in a safe and fun environment! ***
Young Performers
PORTER ELEMENTARY
WEDNESDAY, 2:55-4:10PM
8 Sess: Oct 2, 9, 16, 23, 30,
Nov 6, 13, 20
Join your friends for after-school fun and learn the tips and tricks of your favourite movie and TV show actors! What Can You Learn? Creating Characters, using Your Voice, Body Movement, Scene Acting, Improvisation, and Performance Skills. What’s So Great About Acting? Practice Co-operation, Gain Confidence, Learn Public Speaking, Get Exercise, Burn Off Energy, and Discover Your Talent.
Cost of Program — $85.00
Age Group — Grade 2 to 5
Program Capacity — 30 Students
Location — Porter Elementary, Music Room
Minimum: 15 students
Any Questions?
Program Related: firstname.lastname@example.org
Registration Related:
email@example.com
Taught by DAVID PAVANE Professional actor and musician with 25 years experience and his team of PROFESSIONAL ACTORS who live in your COMMUNITY!
OPTION 1 - REGISTER ONLINE
STEP 1: BOOK YOUR SPOT
DOWHATULUV.CA/PORTER
STEP 2: SUBMIT ONLINE PAYMENT
OPTION 2 - OFFLINE REGISTRATION
Complete the form below, attach your payment cheque and mail to:
*609 ARROW LANE, COQUITLAM BC, V3K 7C6
*Payable to DO WHAT U LUV FOUNDATION
Name (First/Last):
Email:
Guardian Name:
Emergency Contact:
Grade: Age: Birthdate (yy/mm/dd):
Mail Address:
Class Photo Permission (Y/N):
DO WHAT U LUV FOUNDATION is an independent Canadian Registered Charity (#813896578RR0001)
Learn about us: www.dowhatuluv.ca
ABC’s of Drama: Act, Build, Create
Grades 1 – 5
Play lively theatre games, learn various acting techniques and hone your storytelling skills in this dynamic drama class. Working as a group, learn how to write a short script, create some simple prop pieces and then put together a short performance for family and friends on the last day of class.
Instructor: Tiffany Chan
#22648 • W • Oct 3 – Nov 28 • 3:00-4:15pm • $108/student
*No class on Halloween Oct 31
Two Ways to Register!
by phone at 604.664.1636
in person at Place des Arts
1120 Brunette Ave, Coquitlam
Moresports is a neighbourhood based after school program that provides physical activity opportunities to children at their own school. The focus is on fun, inclusion and connecting kids to sport, other kids and older youth mentors. The partnership between School District 43, City of Coquitlam and a host of other supporters assures that the costs are kept low and that there are no barriers to anyone participating.
**Cost of Program — $40.00**
- Age Group — Grade K to 5
- Program Capacity — 30 Students
- 2 instructors
- Location — PORTER, Gym
Any Questions?
- Program Related: firstname.lastname@example.org
- Registration Related:
email@example.com
DO WHAT U LUV FOUNDATION is an independent Canadian Registered Charity (#813896578RR0001)
Learn about us: [www.dowhatuluv.ca](http://www.dowhatuluv.ca)
**OPTION 1 - REGISTER ONLINE (Preferred)**
STEP 1: BOOK YOUR SPOT
DOWHATULUV.CA/PORTER
STEP 2: ONLINE PAYMENT
**OPTION 2 - OFFLINE REGISTRATION**
Complete the form below, attach your payment cheque, and mail to:
*609 ARROW LANE, COQUITLAM BC, V3K 7C6
*Payable to DO WHAT U LUV FOUNDATION
| Name (First/Last): | __________________________________________________________ |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Email: | ____________________________________________________________ |
| Guardian Name: | ____________________________________________________________ |
| Emergency Contact:| ____________________________________________________________ |
| Grade: | Age: Birthdate (yy/mm/dd): | ______________________ |
| Mail Address: | ____________________________________________________________ |
| Class Photo Permission (Y/N): | ______________________ |
[High Five Logo] [School District 43 Logo] [Coquitlam Logo] [Do What U Luv Logo]
WHAT IS LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY®?
LEGO® Serious Play® is a communication and problem-solving process in which participants are led through a series of questions, probing deeper into a chosen subject. Each participant builds his or her own 3D LEGO® model in response to the facilitator’s questions using specially selected LEGO® elements. Imagination is the only limitation as there are no sets of instructions to follow. Participants use their own creative genius to tell their own stories. These 3D models serve as a basis for group discussion, knowledge sharing, problem solving and decision making.
Based on research which shows that this kind of hands-on, minds-on learning produces a deeper, more meaningful understanding of the world and its possibilities, the LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® methodology deepens the reflection process and supports an effective dialogue – for everyone from executives, teams, to young children. By utilizing visual, auditory and kinesthetic skills, the Method requires participants to learn and listen to each other, providing all participants with a voice. It is also a method that requires a certified LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® facilitator.
WHO IS LEADING THIS UNIQUE PROGRAM?
Kirsten Anderson, of Integrate Play Solutions, will be facilitating this FUN series of workshops. Kirsten is well known as the founder/former owner of The Village Toy Shop – also the resident Toyologist with Play Tips on Global News.
Currently she works with teams, organizations, and in education as a speaker, trainer, coach, facilitator using LEGO®Serious Play and other engaging tools. Empathy, Creativity, Innovation, Risk, Failure (messy play), and Culture are all areas Kirsten loves to dive into with both adults and children.
DETAILS?
Find out about available Spring and Fall Dates
Max 15. Minimum 10 per class
All LEGO® provided
Certificate on completion
Cost $86
For more information: dowhatuluv.ca/porter
DO WHAT U LUV: LOVE 2 DANCE
(Hip-Hop/ Breakdance)
PORTER STREET ELEMENTARY:
FRIDAY (Fall 2018)
8 Sessions: Sept 28, Oct 5, 12, 26,
Nov 2, 16, 23, 30
Time: 3:00 - 4:30PM
Hip-Hop & Breakdance Dance Class for beginners, learning the foundation elements of Hip-Hop/Urban dance, through a variety of grooves, exploration, body movements, group games and dance styles. **Note:** Programs are taught by professional Dance Studio teachers.
**Cost of Program — $85.00 (You pay)**
- Program Value $120.00 — Do What U Luv sponsors $35.00
- Age Group — Grade 2 to 5
- Program Capacity — 15 Students
- Minimum Requirement — 10 Student
- Location — Porter Elementary, Gym
DO WHAT U LUV FOUNDATION is an independent Canadian Registered Charity (#813896578RR0001)
Learn about us: www.dowhatuluv.ca
OPTION 1 - REGISTER ONLINE (Preferred)
STEP 1: BOOK YOUR SPOT
DOWHATULUV.CA/PORTER
STEP 2: ONLINE PAYMENT
OPTION 2 - OFFLINE REGISTRATION
Complete the form below, attach your payment cheque and mail to —
609 ARROW LANE, COQUITLAM BC, V3K 7C6
Payable to DO WHAT U LUV FOUNDATION
Name (First/Last):
Email:
Guardian Name:
Emergency Contact:
Grade: Age: Birthdate (yy/mm/dd):
Mail Address:
Class Photo Permission (Y/N):
MAD SCIENCE EIGHT-WEEK SCIENCE CLUB
Eight weeks of exciting hands-on science based activities. Watch fascinating demonstrations, join in enquiry-based discussions, participate in individual and group experiments, and make amazing take-homes. Mad Science will spark the curiosity and imagination of children with fun science activities that will help them understand the world around them.
School: PORTER STREET | Sessions: FRIDAY, 3:05 – 4:05 P.M. (GRADES K-7)
Dates: SEPTEMBER 28TH; OCTOBER 5, 12 & 26TH; NOVEMBER 2, 16, 23 & 30, 2018
No Session: OCTOBER 19TH - PRO-D; NOVEMBER 9TH - PRO-D
Space is limited so register early - $140 (includes tax) for 8 weeks
*** MONITOR FOR OUR eMAIL ONCE YOU REGISTER *** DEADLINE: FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 2018
PLANET AND MOONS
Explore the farthest reaches of our solar system in this “mad” planetary tour! Learn how the planets stack up!
ROCKET SCIENCE
This is your chance to be a rocket scientist! Investigate the four forces of flight with the help of a Unique Flying Object! Explore the science involved in rocket construction!
ATMOSPHERE AND BEYOND
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МНОГОКАНАЛЕН КАНТАР DOMASZ WKR09L
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Номер на обявата: 137304
ОСНОВНИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
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Модел:
Машини за зеленчуци МНОГОКАНАЛЕН КАНТАР DOMASZ
WKR09L
Предназначение: пакетиране на зеленчуци
Година:
2023
Автоматични многоканални кантари WKR04XL, WKR09L, WKR12L
Фирма „DOMASZ" въвежда на пазара автоматичени многоканални кантари (теглилки), който са идеално разрешение за предприемачи, които се занимават с опаковка на широка гама продукти от зеленчукова група. Автоматът има много положителни качества, които досега са били използвани при WE – 30 PLUS.
Преоборудван с повече канали за претегляне (четири, девет и дванадесет отделни секции за претегляне), позволява да се увеличи производителността на машината, но преди всичко повишава точността на претеглянето. Благодарение на използван модерен софтуер за контрол на машината (Mitsubishi), който създава съответната комбинация за претегляне, се получава точно претегляне не само на зеленчуци като картофи, лук или цвекло, но също и целина, моркови или магданоз. Много от техническите решения, приложени към устройствата са взети от големи, многоканални теглилки, произвеждани също от фирмата „ DOMASZ".
Всяка от теглилките е оборудвана с цветен сензорен екран, който благодарение на точен и разбираем софтуер осигурява управлението на машината в лесен и сигурен начин (многоезична версия).
Автоматичните кантар WKR са модерни и иновативни устройства, които са идеално решение за взискателни клиенти, на които многоканалният кантар дава възможност опаковката на зеленчуци да е със задоволителна производителност и точност на претеглянето.
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COMMUNIQUE DE PRESSE
15/11/2017
Reprise des dépôts d'huile de vidange à la déchetterie
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3ο ΦΔΣΗΒΑΛ ΠΑΡΑΓΟΗΑΚΩΝ ΥΟΡΩΝ ΓΖΜΟΤ ΗΩΑΝΝΗΣΩΝ
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ΠΔΡΗΟΥΖ ΕΑΓΟΡΗΟΤ: Πνηακηά, Πάπηγγν, Καπέζνβν, Καινλπρηηά – Γπξίζκαηα, Σίλνο λα ην πσ Γιδασκαλία: Γθαξηδνλίθαο Ζιίαο, Ννύζηαο Νίθνο (εθπαηδεπηηθνί Φπζηθήο Αγσγήο)
ΥΟΡΔΤΣΗΚΟ ΟΜΗΛΟ ΥΟΤΛΗΑΡΑΓΩΝ
ΠΔΡΗΟΥΖ ΥΟΤΛΗΑΡΑΓΩΝ: Κύθιεο κε ην ηξαγνύδη «Σώξα θη ν ήιηνο έγεηξε», Νά 'ρα λεξάληδη
λα 'ξηρλα, Βιέπεηο εθείλν ην βνπλό, Ράζη – Καξαθσζηαίτθν, Πνπ ήζνπλ πνπιί πνπιάθη κνπ
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ΠΟΛΗΣΗΣΗΚΟ ΤΛΛΟΓΟ ΣΑΤΡΑΚΗΟΤ
ΠΔΡΗΟΥΖ ΕΑΓΟΡΗΟΤ: Δβξατθή, Παιηό δαγνξίζην, Σζάκηθν, Φξάζηα, Εαγνξίζηα γπξίζκαηα Γιδασκαλία: Κακελάο Γεκήηξεο (εθπ. Φπζηθήο Αγσγήο)
ΑΓΔΛΦΟΣΖΣΑ ΚΛΗΒΑΝΗΣΩΝ ΗΩΑΝΝΗΝΩΝ
ΠΔΡΗΟΥΖ ΞΖΡΟΒΟΤΝΗΟΤ: Δζείο ηξηαληαθπιιάθηα κνπ, Νηειή παππάο, Ληάζθνο, Γθξίκπνβν
Γιδασκαλία: Σδόθαο Παλαγηώηεο
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| 1,979
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Outcomes from institutional audit
Institutions' frameworks for managing quality and academic standards
Second series
Sharing good practice
© The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education 2008
ISBN 978 1 84482 726 8
All QAA's publications are available on our website www.qaa.ac.uk
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Summary
Overall, the 59 institutional audit reports published between December 2004 and August 2006 find that institutions' frameworks for managing quality and standards are sound. Not uncommonly, existing frameworks had not long been in place or new frameworks were in the course of being implemented. The reports take account of this developmental context.
Many of the audit reports cite features of good practice. Strengths are most often associated with such areas as: documentary guidance on quality assurance and assessment procedures; the role of administrative and academic bodies and officers in disseminating quality assurance policies and procedures; and institutional oversight of assessment arrangements, with particular reference to assuring consistency. Other areas in which features of good practice are identified include: cohesion between the centre and other parts of the institution in managing quality and standards; support for and involvement of students; collaborative arrangements and initiatives; and aspects of externality, including those cases where institutions treat the advice of peers in the same institution as a form of 'internal externality'.
Concerns (expressed in two-thirds of the reports) encompass: the effectiveness with which quality and standards are monitored at institutional level, especially where institutions operate devolved arrangements; the specification of responsibilities in quality management; the appropriateness of responsibilities in quality management; committee structures and their rationales; parity of student experience, particularly in assessment and awards regimes; and oversight of collaborative provision. In many institutions, the quality of the linkage between the centre and faculties, schools and departments is a key to success in managing quality and standards.
Generally, the audit reports confirm positive engagement with the Academic Infrastructure and its embedding in quality and standards frameworks. The areas of institutions' arrangements most noted as having been informed by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education's (QAA's) *Code of practice for the assurance of academic quality and standards in higher education* (*Code of practice*) are assessment of students and collaborative provision. Some reports express concerns about institutions' capacity to manage 'substantial' or 'rapid' expansion of their collaborative provision. A number of reports identify good practice in strategies adopted by institutions to ensure effective cohesion between central and local (operational) responsibilities and local embedding of centrally derived initiatives. Other reports, however, have explicit concerns about arrangements in which significant responsibility has been delegated from the centre to faculties, schools or departments, or where departments have preserved much of their autonomy.
A recurrent concern of the audit reports is complexity and lack of clarity in deliberative arrangements for managing quality and standards, with some committees having ill-defined responsibilities. Many recommendations arise from this concern. For example, concerns about the assignment of responsibilities in managing quality and standards relate to potential conflicts of interest within the terms of reference of post-holders or committees, and to the relationship between deliberative and executive responsibilities.
Some audit reports note greater harmonisation of assessment policy and practices. However, many recommend that institutions address variability in assessment and classification processes, as this has implications for the comparability of standards and fair treatment of students. The value of clear guidance on quality procedures and assessment regulations is widely confirmed by the reports.
Preface
An objective of institutional audit is ‘to contribute, in conjunction with other mechanisms, to the promotion and enhancement of high quality in teaching and learning’. To provide institutions and other stakeholders with access to timely information on the findings of its institutional audits, QAA produces short working papers that describe features of good practice and summarise recommendations from the audit reports. Since 2005 these have been published under the generic title *Outcomes from institutional audit* (hereafter, *Outcomes…*). The first series of these papers drew on the findings of audit reports published between 2003 and November 2004. This paper is based on the findings of institutional audit reports published between December 2004 and August 2006.
A feature of good practice in institutional audit is considered to be a process, a practice, or a way of handling matters which, in the context of the particular institution, is improving, or leading to the improvement of, the management of quality and/or academic standards, and learning and teaching. *Outcomes…* papers are intended to provide readers with pointers to where features of good practice relating to particular topics can be located in the published audit reports. Each *Outcomes…* paper therefore identifies the features of good practice in individual reports associated with the particular topic and their location in the Main report. Although all features of good practice are listed, in the interests of brevity not all are discussed in this paper. In the initial listing in paragraph 6, the first reference is to the numbered or bulleted lists of features of good practice at the end of each institutional audit report, the second to the relevant paragraphs in Section 2 of the Main report.
Throughout the body of this paper, references to features of good practice in the institutional audit reports give the institution’s name and the paragraph number from Section 2 of the Main report. So that readers can readily refer to the relevant audit report, the name of the institution used when identifying references is the name that appears on the relevant audit report on QAA’s website. For those institutions where a change of name has subsequently taken place, this is noted in Appendix 1 (page 23), and is the correct name at the time of publication of this paper.
It should be emphasised that the features of good practice mentioned in this paper should be considered in their proper institutional context, and that each is perhaps best viewed as a stimulus to reflection and further development rather than as a model for emulation. A note on the topics identified for this second series of *Outcomes…* papers can be found at Appendix 3 (page 27).
As noted above, this second series of *Outcomes…* papers is based on the 59 institutional audit reports published by August 2006, and the titles of papers are in most cases the same as their counterparts in the first series of *Outcomes…*. Like the first series of *Outcomes…* papers, those in the second series are perhaps best seen as ‘work in progress’. Although QAA retains copyright in the contents of the *Outcomes…* papers, they can be freely downloaded from the QAA website and cited, with acknowledgement for educational and research purposes.
Introduction and general overview
1 This paper is based on a review of the outcomes of the 59 institutional audit reports published between December 2004 and August 2006 (see Appendix 1, page 23). A note on the methodology used to produce this and other papers in this second Outcomes... series can be found at Appendix 4 (page 29).
2 The Handbook for institutional audit: England (2002) described audit inquiries as falling into three main areas. One of these was to establish and analyse ‘the effectiveness of an institution’s internal quality assurance structures and mechanisms, in the light of the…Code of practice, and the way in which the quality of [the institution’s] programmes and the standards of its awards are regularly reviewed and the resulting recommendations implemented’ (Handbook, paragraph 11, page 3).
3 The second area for inquiry was to establish the accuracy, completeness and reliability of the information published by an institution about the quality of its programmes and the standards of its awards. The third area was the consideration of ‘several examples of the institution’s internal quality assurance processes at work at the level of the programme…or across the institution as a whole…in order to demonstrate the validity and reliability of the information being generated by [the institution’s] internal processes’ (Handbook, paragraph 11, page 3).
4 Like its predecessor in the first series of Outcomes…, this paper focuses on institutions’ frameworks for managing quality and the academic standards of awards as seen through the institutional audit reports. Consideration of the audit reports shows several different approaches to addressing the prompts that QAA provided for its audit teams. These prompts invited them to report on the following:
- the institution’s committee and executive structures
- how authority was distributed between the centre and faculties/departments
- how procedures were documented and whether there was something equivalent to a handbook or manual
- the institution’s framework for managing the academic standards of awards, including student assessment and how that was documented
- the use made of QAA’s Code of practice
- the institution’s approach to managing the collaborative provision with which it was associated.
The prompts also invited audit teams to provide a clear indication as to whether the framework adopted by the institution enabled it to manage quality and academic standards in a manner appropriate to its responsibilities.
5 As the corresponding paper in the first series of Outcomes… noted, this particular section of the audit report (within Section 2) provided an overview of the institution’s arrangements for managing quality and academic standards. Necessarily, therefore, the material contained in this section tended to be wide-ranging, and its analysis and synthesis tended to refer to matters dealt with in greater detail elsewhere in the audit report, where evidence was more properly located. This was particularly the case where such evidence derived from inquiries undertaken in the course of the discipline
audit trails. These provided helpful information on many matters, especially where conversations with staff and students at programme level offered insights into how institutional strategies and policies were given effect at operational level. For these reasons, this *Outcomes*... paper is both longer and more wide-ranging than most others in the series.
**Features of good practice**
6 Consideration of the 59 institutional audit reports published between December 2004 and August 2006 shows the following features of good practice relating to institutional frameworks for managing quality and standards:
**Relations between the centre and other parts of the institution**
- the institutional framework for the assurance of quality and standards which defines central control and the devolution of authority and responsibility and includes appropriate checks and balances [City University, paragraph 320 i; paragraphs 29-46]
- the articulation of the University College’s strategic direction and its management of change [University College Winchester, paragraph 257 i; paragraphs 36-7]
- the maintenance, during a period of considerable institutional expansion, of a strong, collegiate environment across the campuses and partner colleges [Canterbury Christ Church University College, paragraph 242 i; paragraph 42]
- the University’s demonstrable commitment to, and achievement of, an embedded quality culture [University of Ulster, paragraph 215 i; paragraph 29]
- the implementation of a unitary model linking all levels of the University in a common quality management structure based on and promoting a close working partnership between academic and support staff [Staffordshire University, paragraph 251 ii; paragraphs 44 and 61]
- the openness of senior managers in their engagements with staff and students [University of East London, paragraph 256 i; paragraph 39].
**How the introduction of new frameworks for quality and academic standards has been managed**
- the inclusive and collaborative approach to the development of the [Conservatoire’s] quality framework [Conservatoire for Dance and Drama, paragraph 134 i; paragraph 26]
- the well-planned and effective transition from school to faculty-based [Quality and Standards Management and Enhancement] systems and the clear and continuing engagement of staff in that process [Sheffield Hallam University, paragraph 202 i; paragraph 34].
**Administrative and deliberative support for the management of quality and academic standards**
- the proactive way in which faculty assistant registrars support the academic management of faculty activity, and their contribution to quality enhancement across the College [Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, paragraph 215 i; paragraph 35]
• [External and Internal Student Administration Division's] proactive role in the enhancement of the External System’s processes and procedures [University of London External System, paragraph 145, bullet 1; paragraph 29]
• the initiatives of the [Quality Affairs Office] in developing the College’s quality agenda, including staff development initiatives in collaboration with partner institutions [Goldsmiths College, paragraph 213 i; paragraphs 32 and 118]
• the commitment and proactive contribution of members of institutional and departmental support staff to the enhancement of the student experience [Goldsmiths College, paragraph 213 ii; paragraph 33]
• the sharing of good practice via regular meetings of the departmental administrators with representatives of the [Quality Affairs Office] and the Registry [Goldsmiths College, paragraph 213 iii; paragraph 33]
• the role of the Academic Audit Committee in evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of University procedures, and identifying matters needing action [University of Newcastle upon Tyne, paragraph 269 i; paragraph 36]
• the identification of, and staff development provided for, personnel who have a key role to play in supporting the devolution of the quality assurance and enhancement agenda as quality leaders, and as leaders in learning and teaching [University of East London, paragraph 256 ii; paragraph 38]
• the engagement of schools and central departments in sharing good practice across the institution, especially the work of the Enhancement Groups [University of Northumbria at Newcastle, paragraph 254 ii; paragraphs 33-4].
**Support for students, including research students**
• the responsive approach to student representation which promotes active student involvement in University processes at all levels in the institution [University of Nottingham, paragraph 302 i; paragraph 29]
• the University’s student support mechanisms, especially with respect to its policies and strategies for cultural and religious diversity [University of Westminster, paragraph 241 i; paragraph 29]
• the work of the [Research and Knowledge Transfer] Centre, especially in its support for postgraduate research students and in the enhancement of a postgraduate research culture [University College Winchester, paragraph 257 ii; paragraph 42].
**Documentation and electronic support arrangements**
• the clear, comprehensive yet concise nature of the QA Handbook [Queen Mary, University of London, paragraph 245, bullet 1; paragraph 41]
• the accessibility of information to staff and students through student handbooks and the Quality Handbook [University of Hull, paragraph 216 i; paragraph 27]
• the clarity, thoroughness, interrelatedness, management and presentation of documentation that supports the deliberative processes of the University College [Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, paragraph 238 i; paragraph 29]
• the responsiveness to staff development needs and the high quality of support documentation for staff, in particular the Programme Leader’s Handbook [University of Derby, paragraph 294, bullet 1; paragraphs 34 and 136]
the processes involving committee minutes and action plans which assist communication across the University and close quality loops [Staffordshire University, paragraph 251 i; paragraph 44]
- the comprehensiveness of the web-based Quality Assurance Manual and associated documents and the guidance given to staff on implementing the procedures that these contain [University of Bolton, paragraph 196, bullet 1; paragraph 22]
- implementation of the University’s Assessment Process Handbook [University of Bolton, paragraph 196, bullet 2; paragraph 32].
**Assessment arrangements**
- the introduction of Assessment Standing Panels…across the institution [University of Gloucestershire, paragraph 316 i; paragraph 51]
- the work of the Assessment Regimes Working Party in the development and documentation of assessment practice [Henley Management College, paragraph 213 i; paragraph 33]
- the effective use of curriculum mapping to ensure the integrity of programme learning outcomes within a modular scheme [Harper Adams University College, paragraph 189 i; paragraph 32]
- the careful use of assignment briefs, moderation and marking criteria to assist in measuring the attainment of standards and providing effective feedback to students [Harper Adams University College, paragraph 189 ii; paragraph 34]
- the use of post-examination board module reviews to enhance the link between learning outcomes, assessment and student achievement [University of Worcester, paragraph 250 vi; paragraph 36]
- the fully articulated linkage of module-level and award learning outcomes and assessment strategies mapping to external reference points [Staffordshire University, paragraph 251 iii; paragraph 46]
- innovations in student-centred assessment and learning [University of Northumbria at Newcastle, paragraph 254 i; paragraph 32].
**Externality**
- the developing role of the Research Degrees Committee in providing a collective view of quality assurance arrangements for research degrees as evidenced by the detailed examination of each precept in the revised *Code of practice, Section 1: Postgraduate research programmes* [University of London, paragraph 165 i; paragraphs 45 and 76]
- the role and use of professional advisers, and links with employers and professional bodies [Harper Adams University College, paragraph 189 iii; paragraphs 36, 56 and 61].
**Collaborative arrangements and institutional cooperation**
- the comprehensive quality assurance process that supports collaborative provision [University of Surrey, paragraph 221, bullet 1; paragraphs 32 and 120-6]
the approach to the establishment of the Hull York Medical School, in particular the establishment of effective and innovative collaborative policies and procedures [University of Hull, paragraph 216 ii; paragraph 29]
- the joint venture with Kingston University which allows transfer of good practice in quality assurance through joint membership of committees and shared procedures and practice [St George’s Hospital Medical School, paragraph 188 i; paragraph 33]
- the close and productive working relationships with collaborative partners, which are closely integrated into the quality and standards infrastructure at institutional and departmental level [University of Worcester, paragraph 250 v; paragraphs 128 and 204].
**Themes**
7 From the institutional audit reports it is possible to identify a group of overlapping themes, or factors, which determine the adequacy or otherwise of institutional frameworks for managing quality and academic standards. These factors/themes include:
- the centre's links with and overview of local operations
- local ownership of policy and procedure
- the clarity and appropriateness of responsibilities
- the effectiveness of committee structures
- consistency and parity in student experience
- externality and external reference points
- development and evaluation of quality management systems.
8 The following sections in this paper make some separation of the above factors or themes, while reflecting their connections. Hence they address:
- strategies and frameworks, further subdivided to cover
- vertical links
- horizontal links
- review and evaluation
- structures and responsibilities, further subdivided to cover
- committees
- posts
- deliberative and executive responsibilities
- managing academic standards
- guidance and support arrangements
- externality
- collaborative provision.
Strategies and frameworks
9 As described in the audit reports, institutional self-evaluation documents (self-evaluations) generally reflected a view of quality management as a compact between the deliverers of learning and the institution, with the latter being responsible for regulatory scrutiny. Many self-evaluations were stated in the relevant audit reports to refer to devolution (or delegation) of operational responsibilities in quality management from central to local bodies, and some to increasing devolution. One was cited as speaking of devolution as 'an incremental and continuing process'. Self-evaluations might identify this approach with aims of strengthening local and individual ownership and a collegial spirit. On the other hand, a range of institutions in which subject departments had some freedoms in managing matters of academic quality and standards had enhanced the purview of central regulation to bring about greater uniformity in practices and criteria. In either case, a common focus of self-evaluations was the balance to be struck between the scope given to local responsibility and the central monitoring oversight of the conduct of that responsibility in assuring quality and standards institution-wide.
10 A substantial majority of audit reports reached the judgement that, overall, institutional frameworks were sound and fit for purpose. However, this did not preclude them from giving advice on particular elements needing attention within these frameworks. Positive judgements emerged from a number of key findings relating to:
- balance and cohesion in the relationship between central and local responsibilities
- transparency of the institutional framework for managing quality and standards
- the clarity and effectiveness of central oversight of quality management across the institution
- consistency in assessment and classification methods
- the general consistency of faculty/school arrangements with institutional guidelines and requirements
- the dissemination and embedding of good practice in the assurance of quality and standards.
The prevalence of devolved or delegated responsibilities supplied a regular context for these findings.
11 One report identified as a feature of good practice 'the implementation of a unitary model linking all levels of the University in a common quality management structure based on and promoting a close working partnership between academic and support staff' [Staffordshire University, paragraph 61]. Another concluded that 'the framework represented good practice in its definition of central control and the devolution of authority and responsibility and the inclusion of appropriate checks and balances' [City University, paragraph 46]. Yet another indicated that the institution's committee structure supported its devolved approach to quality management 'with strong lines of vertical responsibility [which had] the capacity to strike an appropriate and effective balance between local autonomy and central oversight'.
12 In a further example, an institutional framework was judged to be 'clear and comprehensive, with clear terms of reference available to committees and a generally good understanding of roles and responsibilities in evidence at all levels'. Another report concluded that an institutional framework was 'well designed and generally enabled the [institution] to maintain "firm central control" in the monitoring of quality and standards'; similar comments could be found in several other reports. A further report commented on how a framework was effective 'particularly in securing the institutional overview of quality and standards'. One institution's 'inclusive and collaborative approach' to the development of its quality framework was a feature of good practice [Conservatoire for Dance and Drama, paragraph 26]. In another institution, the restructuring of schools into faculties had been accompanied by effective transition of the systems for managing quality and standards. The process, in which there had been 'clear and continuing engagement of staff', also represented good practice [Sheffield Hallam University, paragraph 34].
13 From the audit reports, instances of dissemination and embedding of good practice in the management of quality and standards included evidence that one institutional framework was 'engaging a significant number of staff in quality processes that resulted in a commitment to, and achievement of, a strong quality culture across the University' [University of Ulster, paragraph 29]. In another case, support for the role of school quality leaders both within and beyond their schools in 'disseminating good practice across the University' was noted as a feature of good practice in itself [University of East London, paragraph 38].
14 One institution's 'responsive approach to student representation', which was viewed as having promoted 'active student involvement in University processes at all levels in the institution', including quality management and the development of quality assurance policy, was noted as a feature of good practice [University of Nottingham, paragraph 29].
15 Concerns in audit reports about institutional frameworks focused on:
- the need for improved central oversight of the management of quality and standards, with particular reference to devolved arrangements and the assurance of consistency
- the specification of responsibilities in quality management
- the appropriateness of responsibilities in quality management
- committee systems and their rationales.
16 Regarding oversight and consistency, for example, one institution was recommended to 'promote a more effective central oversight of the operation of the [institution’s] devolved framework for academic quality and academic standards, thereby allowing the [institution] to be assured that any variability in the application of the relevant policies and procedures is within defined boundaries'. Another was recommended to 'review and develop the institutional oversight of quality and standards so that [it] can assure itself that the framework is fit for purpose, that it operates effectively and is implemented consistently across the institution'. Meanwhile, one report which noted that faculties exercised 'considerable flexibility'
in dealing with the quality management processes delegated to them judged that such flexibility presented a challenge to institutional oversight and the commitment to ensuring a comparable student experience across the institution. The report recommended the institution to keep the balance between conformity and flexibility in quality management under continuing review.
17 In the context of the assessment of students, one audit report recommended the relevant institution to ‘review its assessment policies and procedures to ensure clarity and consistency of application’. Another recommended the institution to ‘expedite the implementation of its common awards framework’, and ‘ensure consistency in assessment practices for students’. In another case, the report recommended the institution to ensure that there was ‘central oversight and assurance in the operation of its assessment boards’. For further consideration of assessment and awards frameworks, see paragraph 38 below.
18 A number of audit reports linked the need for clearer definition of responsibilities in quality management with matters to do with the deliberative system, executive authority and roles of post-holders at both institutional and local levels. In some instances, the need to review the appropriateness of responsibilities was linked with seemingly incompatible combinations of role within a deliberative body or post, or with imbalances between deliberative and executive functions. Responsibilities in quality management, and the responsibilities of committees and committee systems, are discussed in paragraphs 26-32 below.
Vertical links
19 The corresponding paper in Series 1 of *Outcomes*… noted the critical role played in frameworks by the strength of vertical links (see paragraphs 11-18 of that paper). The audit reports published between November 2004 and August 2006 also contained numerous references to ‘mirroring’ of institutional deliberative structures at faculty and school level. In addition, some referred to mirroring of management structures. More widely, a number of reports considered the integrative role in quality management frameworks of deans, associate deans or other senior post-holders with quality remits in faculties and/or schools.
20 Two separate audit reports commented that the respective institutions had provided for each school committee responsible for maintaining quality and standards to be chaired by an associate dean, who was also a member of the equivalent institutional committee. In this context, one of the reports noted that associate deans ‘provide important vertical links between school and [institutional] committees’; the other remarked that they ‘work very closely with central academic quality staff’, ensuring ‘a shared approach to quality assurance across the [institution]’. Similarly, other reports commented on provision for cross-membership of institutional and faculty or school quality committees, or on the conferring of membership of the institution-level committee on post-holders with operational responsibilities for quality and standards in faculties or schools. One report noted the developing quality management role of faculties at the interface between the centre and departments. Others commented on vertical linkages in executive responsibilities for quality management extending down from institutional to departmental levels, and between faculty and central managers with these responsibilities.
21 Some audit reports, reviewing the effectiveness of vertical links, gave instances of breaks or frailties in their operation. One, for example, found that the lack of a formal link between institutional bodies and school committees had diminished the effectiveness of the central quality committee’s coordinating role. The concern of another report was with the ability of deans to fulfil their responsibility for overseeing quality when departments had ‘reporting lines…directly to central committees’, including the institutional quality committee, of which deans were not necessarily members. In this instance, the report recommended reviewing the nature of the relationship between the roles of deans and heads of department, and how well the institution’s reporting structures assisted deans in the exercise of their responsibilities.
22 Again referring to vertical links, another audit report raised the question of deans’ formal responsibilities for quality assurance as against the de facto role that heads of department played in managing quality and standards. In this case, the formal responsibilities of heads of departments for quality and standards were unstated, but they had regular meetings concerning quality management with link members of the institutional executive. Two reports noted the absence of formal reporting arrangements between faculty boards and the centre. One was concerned about the weakening of central oversight of quality assurance by the length of the ‘chain of delegation’ through a series of links.
Horizontal links
23 Many of the audit reports commented on the support given to hierarchical structures by horizontal or networking initiatives involving academic and administrative staff, both separately and in combination. Thus, academic staff – particularly those assigned quality management responsibilities in their schools or faculties - might meet (with varying degrees of formality) in cross-institutional groups, or act as ‘external’ members of each other’s quality committees or panels. Several reports noted cross-membership of institutional quality committees and learning and teaching committees as a liaison device. One identified good practice in a collaboration between two institutions, which ‘allowed transfer of good practice in quality assurance through joint membership of committees and shared procedures’ [St George’s Hospital Medical School, paragraph 33].
24 Faculty or school administrative staff with quality management responsibilities also commonly met cross-institutionally, as well as with central quality administrators. One report commented on the linkage of administrative and academic staff, at institutional and local levels, in coordinating quality management and disseminating good practice [University of Northumbria at Newcastle, paragraphs 33-4].
Review and evaluation
25 As shown by the above examples, audit reports might recommend that institutions review overall systems or frameworks, particularly in cases where the system or framework had recently been introduced. Institutions might be recommended to review mechanisms in the light of structural change or, more generally, to evaluate their quality management strategies and arrangements. One report noted an institution undertaking ‘regular reviews of the effectiveness of its
governance structures', such as one then being conducted on the 'effectiveness and consistency of arrangements in the faculties'. Another noted that an institution had established an academic audit committee 'to act as an independent committee in order to audit all University mechanisms and processes that contribute to the quality of the student learning experience and the standard of awards'. The report found the committee: 'a valuable addition to the University's quality management structure, which enabled it to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of its procedures and identify action points for [institutional] consideration' [University of Newcastle upon Tyne, paragraph 36].
**Structures and responsibilities**
**Committees**
26 Features of institutional frameworks commonly singled out for concern in the audit reports included undue complexity and lack of transparency in the committee structure, with ill-defined responsibilities, making for inefficient and ineffective processes. In many cases, such concern was associated with recommendations. For example, one institution's committee structure was noted as being too complex, to involve substantial duplication in membership, and to lack clarity about committees' relationships, responsibilities and lines of accountability. The audit report recommended that the academic board's responsibilities for academic strategy, quality assurance and academic standards be more clearly stated. In another instance, the respective roles of an academic board and its quality committee needed clearer definition regarding both quality assurance and more generally. The same institution operated a complex structure of sub-committees within which relationships were stated to be elusive. Overall, the audit report recommended the institution to redefine the responsibilities and reporting lines of its committees and other deliberative bodies.
27 One audit report noted evidence of duplication of reporting among committees and a slow procedural tempo. It recommended that the institution 'streamline' its committee system in the interests of the effective and efficient conduct of its business. In another institution, discrepancies in institutional versions of its committee structure and reporting arrangements, as well as overlap in the composition of committees, led to a recommendation in the audit report that the structure be rationalised to ensure its effective operation, 'with clear lines of communication'. Some reports commented on the need for more systematic recording of action taken by committees in response to issues, monitoring of action taken, and evidence of its effectiveness. In this connection, one report identified good practice in 'the processes involving committee minutes and action plans which assist communication across the University and close quality loops' [Staffordshire University, paragraph 44].
28 Several audit reports commented on duplication and confusion of responsibilities between the remits of substantive committees and ad hoc working groups. Noting the potential for duplication, overlaps or misplacement of responsibilities, one report recommended to the institution concerned that it review the structure of committees and working groups, with a view to efficiency and to ensuring that 'key aspects of quality and standards [are] not being placed inappropriately with working groups of limited membership'. Another report considered that an institution's framework for the management of quality and standards would be enhanced if it were to 'clarify and codify the relationship between informal working groups and formal deliberative bodies'.
29 In some cases, risks to the fulfilment of responsibilities for quality and standards, whether by institutional or local committees, were linked with the volume of work being undertaken by a small core of staff. One audit report recommended that a review of the institution’s committee structure was needed to ensure that the structure fulfilled its regulatory and deliberative functions in an effective, economical way and took account of the perceived working difficulties of the central quality committee as the arrangements stood. Another institution, in the process of delegating a series of quality assurance functions to school boards, was recommended to monitor its school committee structure and, in particular, the volume of work of the school boards, to ensure their ability to fulfil these quality functions.
30 The matter of variability in committee arrangements below institutional level was discussed in many audit reports. In relation to devolved systems, a number of reports discussed the allowance within institutional frameworks of some local flexibilities in structures and procedures, which might be linked with subject needs or the disposition of programmes. Others indicated that the flexibilities permitted were too considerable to safeguard comparability in student experience, and recommended more effective central oversight of local practices.
Posts
31 Arrangements for leadership of institutional quality management gave rise to a number of recommendations as well as advice. In terms of federal institutions with several constituent members, some reports drew attention to the lack of any clearly designated staff member with overall responsibility for developing and overseeing quality assurance systems. One such report recommended that, ‘to ensure the effective and secure management of the framework’ the institution should ‘clarify the leadership and managerial responsibilities of all senior academic and administrative staff’. Another report noted that maintaining quality and standards in the institution was ‘a matter of partnership between deans and heads [of department]’, and that ‘no single office-holder’ held delegated responsibility for overall management of the applicable procedures. Elsewhere, another report commented on the need for clarification of the ‘respective lines of responsibility’ of two senior post-holders, each with wide quality management remits.
32 In two instances, audit reports indicated an undue concentration of functions, particularly chairing of key institutional committees, in the post responsible for quality and standards. One commented that such a concentration ‘narrowed the area of executive accountability’ and had the potential to weaken broader ownership. A third report recommended reconsideration of an arrangement in which responsibility for quality assurance, quality enhancement and the development of undergraduate and postgraduate schemes was combined in a single post-holder and a committee chaired by that post-holder. In this case, the report noted the potential conflict of interest between the regulatory and developmental responsibilities of the particular post, with evidence that the institutional priority being given to enhancement and development was coupled with a ‘lack of rigour’ regarding management of the standards of awards. Finally, noting an institution’s policy of electing the chair of its quality assurance committee, another report proposed that consideration be given to appointment from a senior substantive post, since it was ‘particularly important for the chair to have the necessary authority and independence’ to ensure the committee’s effectiveness.
Deliberative and executive responsibilities
33 The *Outcomes*... paper on institutional frameworks in the first series, which considered the 70 institutional audit reports published between 2003 and November 2004, found that the relationship between deliberative and executive responsibilities in the context of quality management raised issues largely for specialist institutions (see paragraph 32 of that paper). In the 59 audit reports published from December 2004 to August 2006, issues were raised almost entirely in respect of large general institutions.
34 Several of the audit reports published between December 2004 and August 2006 included recommendations regarding apparent imbalances or confusions in deliberative and executive responsibilities. Thus, upward reporting lines in one institution mostly converged on executive bodies at both institutional and faculty levels, even while deriving from academic committees or processes. In particular, the academic board’s link with quality management appeared tenuous, and the report expressed uncertainty ‘as to the extent that the [academic board] is in a position to be assured that the standards and quality of awards made in its name reach minimum threshold standards or better’. The institution concerned was recommended to review the reporting line to the academic board. It was also recommended to review ‘the balance of roles of deliberative and executive arrangements’ in developing its committee and management frameworks, while strengthening the role of the academic board and its sub-committees, especially as this concerned representation of the wider academic community’s views on academic matters.
35 Another audit report found that the distinction between executive and deliberative functions inscribed in the institution’s articles of government was ‘incompletely maintained in…practice’. In this case, an imbalance between executive and deliberative roles in quality management was linked with a lack of clarity about the formal standing within the executive or deliberative structures of key groups reporting on academic standards and quality matters through the executive route. The report recommended the institution to consider whether these groups were sufficiently independent of management to ensure the maintenance of standards on behalf of the institution’s senior deliberative body. It also observed the confined and confining terms of reference of the central institutional committee for quality assurance, and that much of that committee’s remit was duplicated by various ad hoc working groups. The report recommended that the institution review and monitor the structure of committees and working groups to provide clear terms of reference and lines of reporting which could be understood by staff at all levels.
36 Other audit reports also addressed the need for reappraisal or clarification of the systemic relationship between executive and deliberative roles in quality management. This applied particularly to the relationship between the senior executive body and the academic board in cases where the latter’s overview of quality and standards was open to question.
37 A number of audit reports commented on institutional rationales for - and the working of - the interface between executive and deliberative responsibilities. Some noted institutional policies of appointing senior executive members to chair key
deliberative bodies as an integrating measure. One report referred to the executive constituency within an academic board, which served as one of the means of linking the two arms. Another report noted an institution’s establishment of an ‘academic directorate’ composed of academic and administrative staff and including members of the senior executive. One reason for this arrangement (as set out in the directorate’s remit) was to link the executive and deliberative roles, including in strategic matters.
**Managing academic standards**
38 A key consideration for the audit reports when addressing the institutional management of academic standards was the consistency of assessment and classification methods obtained through undergraduate and postgraduate regulatory frameworks and their application. Many audit reports observed a process of review and change in assessment policy leading to greater harmonisation of practices and thus greater equity in student experience. Such reviews were often specifically associated with input from the Academic Infrastructure.
39 One audit report, for example, considered revision of a regulatory framework to have brought about a ‘higher level of consistency and equity of treatment in student progression and achievement’. New academic regulations in another institution were said by the relevant audit report to meet such aims as equitable treatment of students and rigorous control of assessment and academic standards, while also encouraging progression and achievement.
40 A review of the assessment regulations in another institution had sought to establish an appropriate relationship between consistency and flexibility, and a framework ‘within which faculties [could] determine local practice’. In a further institution, an extensive review undertaken in the light of a previous QAA audit report and the Academic Infrastructure had led, among other things, to the introduction of a unified assessment regime and generic grading criteria onto which subject criteria could be mapped. Advances made by institutions in the employment of assessment criteria, particularly generic criteria, were the subject of positive comments in a number of reports.
41 Several audit reports commented on the valuable role of institutional handbooks in codifying assessment regulations and procedures and disseminating them in a clear form to students. In one example, the institution’s handbook provided guidance on such activities as moderation, marking and feedback to students ‘within a framework suitable to the different subject areas’, and its implementation represented good practice [University of Bolton, paragraph 32]. Another institution’s well-established policy on assessment information for students dealt with such aspects as assessment methods, course components, submission deadlines, feedback on assessed work, and the requirements governing progression and final awards. In both these cases, the evidence from discipline audit trails revealed student satisfaction with assessment procedures, including feedback. Another report noted the institution’s use of an assessment handbook as one of the prime means of assuring consistency in assessment.
42 The careful use by one institution of assignment briefs, moderation and marking criteria to assist in measuring standards and providing effective feedback to students was a feature of good practice, as was its mapping of module learning outcomes on
to programme outcomes, thereby ensuring 'the integrity of programme learning outcomes within a modular scheme' [Harper Adams University College, paragraphs 32 and 34]. Another institution's 'fully articulated linkage of module-level and award learning outcomes and assessment strategies mapping to external reference points' was also judged to be a feature of good practice [Staffordshire University, paragraph 46].
43 Several reports noted as good practice institutional initiatives designed to provide an effective overview of the assurance of academic standards in the conduct of assessment. One institution employed a system of post-examination board module reviews, carried out by departmental or subject groups, to 'assist in the application of consistent standards' and 'enhance the link between learning outcomes, assessment and student achievement' [University of Worcester, paragraph 36]. Another had established assessment standing panels to scrutinise the academic appropriateness of examination papers in such aspects as intended learning outcomes and validated module descriptors. The audit report concluded that these panels provided the institution with a useful means of enhancing the consistency with which its assessment processes were conducted across the faculties [University of Gloucestershire, paragraphs 51-2].
44 One institution had employed a cross-institutional working group with the remit of providing guidance on assessment practice for the academic board, the board of examiners and staff as a whole, the work of which was seen as good practice [Henley Management College, paragraph 33]. In another case, institutional arrangements for annual review of the operation of assessment processes and regulations, and linked innovations in assessment and learning, were seen as representing good practice [University of Northumbria at Newcastle, paragraph 32].
45 Despite such evidence of a wide range of harmonising initiatives, the audit reports contained numerous recommendations to address continuing variability in assessment and classification processes, and the implications of this variability for comparability of standards and the equitable treatment of students. The continuing institutional employment of a plurality of awards frameworks and classificatory systems was found to involve variability in such matters as classification borderlines, pass/fail boundaries, year weightings, progression rules, and the use of academic discretion. In such cases, recommendations were directed to the need both to establish a common awards framework and to monitor consistency in the application of classification systems revised in the interests of commonality.
46 In some audit reports, the development of more unified frameworks was seen to have left continuing scope for inconsistencies in rules for progression and classification, and in the use of academic discretion by boards of examiners. Some reports recommended institutional monitoring of the exercise of discretion in progression and classification outcomes. One recommended the development of institutional guidelines to 'structure and confine' the exercise of discretion in such matters as interpreting plagiarism regulations, extenuating circumstances and assessing candidates with disabilities, as well as the introduction of a unified penalty system in the case of reassessment.
47 Other aspects of assessment practices linked with variability and giving rise to recommendations or advice included:
- the articulation of links between learning outcomes and assessment modes and criteria
- the alignment of assessment criteria and learning outcomes with the level of study
- the lack of generic guidelines on assessment criteria
- the management of late submissions
- the management of compensation
- information provided to students, including handbooks and programme specifications
- the internal moderation of assessment results
- the quality and timeliness of assessment feedback.
48 Some reports contained recommendations on the definition and exercise of responsibility for academic standards by institutional bodies. One institution was recommended to strengthen the terms of reference of its learning and teaching committee by making ‘specific references to the committee’s responsibility and authority for safeguarding academic standards’, and by explicit indications of the ways in which it discharged this responsibility and exercised this authority. Another report noted ‘considerable variation’ in the arrangements for chairing assessment boards and concluded that they were ‘insufficiently robust’ to allow the academic board full oversight and assurance in the operation of the institution’s assessment boards.
49 A further audit report raised a series of concerns about institutional treatment of the role of external examiners. These included: arrangements for external examiners’ access to assessment evidence (on which judgement of student achievement depended); and institutional oversight of and support for the processing of external examiners’ reports, including the provision of ‘adequate and complete responses’ to those reports. In the case of a federal institution, a series of recommendations addressed the centre’s accountability for the use made of its degree-awarding powers and the discharge by constituent colleges of their collective responsibility for the quality and standards of the institution’s awards.
50 In the context of international student admissions in particular, one report noted the ‘marked variation’ in entry qualifications, which it linked with variable student achievement. The report recommended that to safeguard academic standards, the institution would need to put in place more extensive and comprehensive learning support resources. Another institution was recommended to analyse student performance, progression and attrition in relation to entry profiles, and to reflect on its analyses in ‘ongoing management’ of policies and procedures for student admissions.
Guidance and support arrangements
51 In the audit reports, documentation and administrative arrangements supporting the management of quality and standards emerged as key strengths in institutional frameworks. Features of good practice exceeded recommendations in this area, and the reports described much other sound and enterprising activity in this area.
52 The value of full, clear, written guidance on quality procedures and assessment regulations was widely confirmed in the audit reports. Guidance was normally available in both hard copy and on-line, one report noting that the web contained ‘the most up to date version of the procedures’, and another noting an institution’s object of maintaining currency via the on-line version. Institutions varied in their approaches to the presentation mode for guidance on procedures. Some preferred to contain material within a single handbook or manual, others assigned separate handbooks to quality management and academic regulations, while others published suites of documents on different facets of the oversight of quality or the regulation of awards.
53 One audit report noted an institution’s replacement of a single handbook ‘covering all [its] quality processes’ with a series of guides providing ‘concise statements’ on particular aspects of quality assurance such as validation and approval or new provision. It commented that the guides offered ‘a comprehensive and user-friendly introduction to the [institution’s] quality assurance arrangements’. Conversely, in the environment of a devolved management model, another report - noting the lack of ‘a single quality manual or equivalent’ and the provision instead of ‘a series of documents’ - recommended that the institution consider the production of ‘a single information source equivalent to a quality manual’, to ensure the development of a shared understanding by staff of central quality assurance processes.
54 Endorsement of quality handbooks was accompanied in several audit reports by reference to their accessibility and usefulness to staff. One report, for example, noted an institution’s finding that its guides had been well received by external members of review panels. Another observed that an institution’s revised quality and standards handbook, which provided ‘comprehensive advice and guidance’, was the outcome of cooperative work by faculty staff, incorporating established good practice. In some cases, audit reports recommended better communication and awareness of quality management information, to guide local practice and ensure consistency. One institution conducted a periodic audit, monitoring the extent to which schools understood and complied with the provisions of the quality manual.
55 Two reports commented in particular on the regular review of quality and standards handbooks, which in each case had the object of ensuring either clarity and fitness for purpose or ‘full compatibility with the Code of practice…and other elements of the external academic framework’. Several other reports noted the alignment of quality and standards handbooks with QAA’s Code of practice and other aspects of the Academic Infrastructure.
56 The work of central support units in coordinating and monitoring quality management processes was widely noted in the audit reports. In several instances, such work was endorsed as good practice. A number of reports commented, for example, on the developmental role of quality units. One commended ‘the
initiatives of the [Quality Affairs Office] in developing the College's quality agenda' [Goldsmiths College, paragraphs 32 and 118], and another 'the proactive role of [the External and Internal Student Administration Division] in the evolution of the External System processes and procedures' [University of London External System, paragraph 29]. In other examples, an academic registry had a key role in developing and monitoring the institution's academic quality processes, while in another institution an academic office played a central part in developing, maintaining and implementing the systems for managing academic quality and standards.
57 In numerous instances, central support units knitted together the institutional and local levels of quality management. Some institutions had established robust networking arrangements involving central and faculty/school staff. In several institutions, good practice and oversight were shared through regular meetings of departmental administrators with representatives of central quality offices and registries [Goldsmiths College, University of London, paragraph 33]. In another example, proactive networking by faculty assistant registrars, who provided 'a bank of expertise' and by working together were able to 'share insights and spread good practice' through the College, was considered a feature of good practice [Royal Holloway and Bedford College, paragraph 35]. A further report noted the monitoring, facilitating and integrating activity of a quality administrators' network. In two institutions which had engaged in significant structural change, the audit reports found that the central support unit for academic policy had managed an effective balance between central requirements and local responsibility, and had mitigated the risks inherent in implementing such change.
58 Although there were few concerns in this area, two audit reports questioned the nature of central support arrangements for quality management. One considered that the presence of two central quality units, where the distinction between their roles was not transparent, might 'lead to confusion and misunderstanding'. In the other, the disbanding of a central quality assurance unit which, in the report's view, had been effective in developing quality and standards procedures and systems, and its replacement with deliberative (committee) structures, gave rise to a concern that the unit's 'specialist and responsive quality and standards perspective' might be lost.
**Externality**
59 Generally, the audit reports confirmed positive engagement with the various elements of the Academic Infrastructure and their embedding in quality and standards frameworks. Reports frequently observed that internal procedures and regulations had been linked with QAA's *Code of practice* and/or *The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland* (FHEQ) [Staffordshire University, paragraph 46]. The reports also contained numerous references to the role of subject benchmarks and programme specifications, sometimes linked with validation and review requirements.
60 The most widespread evidence of consultation and incorporation of the *Code of practice* into institutional policy and practice related to assessment (Section 6). The other area commonly noted as being informed by the *Code of practice* was collaborative provision (Section 2).
61 Some reports observed a gap between engaging with the Academic Infrastructure and ensuring the implementation of associated institutional procedures. Examples were given of variable approaches at local levels to the FHEQ, programme specifications and the *Code of practice*. One institution was recommended to expedite the alignment of its awards structure with the FHEQ.
62 Several audit reports commented on institutions' arrangements to review procedures as indicated by developments in QAA's *Code of practice* and elsewhere. In such cases, regulatory frameworks and guidelines were said to be evaluated and updated on a regular basis in the light of these external reference points. One report noted that an institution's object in reviewing the *Code* was to identify both established good practice and matters for improvement. Other reports commented on the role of the *Code* in informing the development of institutional processes and procedures, and its embedding in quality manuals. One report indicated that mechanisms to monitor developing institutional practices in the context of periodic revision to the *Code* were not fully in place, and that there was little evidence of regular mapping.
63 Several reports discussed where responsibility lay in institutions for overseeing consideration of and response to the Academic Infrastructure. This responsibility was generally associated with the academic board or the central quality and standards committee. It might also be located with other appropriate committees or with central administration. Oversight of a federal institution's response to Section 1 of the *Code of practice* by its research degrees committee had provided a 'collective view of quality assurance arrangements for research degrees as evidenced by the detailed examination of each precept in the revised *Code*, Section 1...'. The report identified this as constituting good practice [University of London, paragraphs 45 and 76]. In another case, however, an institution was recommended to clarify the locus of responsibility for ensuring consistent engagement with the Academic Infrastructure and its periodic revision.
64 Comments in audit reports on the influence of external reference points also noted the role of former or current validating institutions and of inputs from external examiners and professional advisers [Harper Adams University College, paragraphs 36, 56 and 61]. Some reports acknowledged the useful role played by internal academic audit committees in providing 'independent' evaluation and advice, thereby facilitating improvements in quality management [University of Newcastle, paragraph 36]. One such report suggested, however, a need to avoid blurring the distinction between the roles of audit and assurance.
**Collaborative provision**
65 Many of the audit reports which included collaborative provision tended to confine their accounts of it to the section dedicated to this topic. Those reports which contained references to collaborative provision in the section on institutional frameworks generally adopted a summarising, descriptive approach. For the most part, they excluded mention of any features of good practice or recommendations.
66 Of those audit reports which incorporated collaborative provision within the institutional frameworks section, a number commented on institutional application of standard internal quality management arrangements to collaborative partnerships.
In several cases, reports alluded to additional measures employed by institutions in recognition of the greater challenges that might be posed, especially by provision overseas. These further safeguards might involve processes for initial scrutiny of intended partners and their site resources, ongoing management review visits, or intensified programme monitoring by faculties. In one case, an institution was recommended to ensure that it had in place systems for managing quality and standards which would be adequate to handle a 'substantial' planned growth in the collaborative activity in which it had just begun to engage.
67 In another instance, regarding a projected expansion of overseas campuses, the institution in question was recommended to keep under review the continuing appropriateness of its policies and procedures for managing the quality and standards of its awards offered through such arrangements. A further report expressed concerns about the rigour of the deliberative arrangements for overseeing an 'ambitious' and 'rapid' development agenda embracing collaborative provision.
68 Some audit reports noted the establishment of sub-committees of the principal institutional academic committee to have charge of the assurance of quality and standards in collaborative provision. Others referred to institutional frameworks governing the conduct of collaborative arrangements, whether as part of an overall framework for managing quality and standards or as a discrete structure. One institution's framework of arrangements to support collaborative provision represented good practice [University of Surrey, paragraphs 32 and 120-126]. Several reports commented positively on documentary aspects of institutional frameworks. Nonetheless, one report noted a need to clarify the quality management responsibilities of a committee and a working group where these appeared to overlap and the group lacked formal terms of reference. In another instance, the lack of a contractual agreement meant that arrangements to meet the remaining needs of continuing students where a partnership had been terminated were not in place.
69 Various audit reports mentioned the use of quality assurance handbooks and/or the mapping of procedures against QAA's *Code of practice* in connection with collaborative arrangements. There was also some reference to the support for such arrangements provided by institutions' central administrations and by link tutors. One report noted that an institution's standard validation procedures were not equipped to consider the implications of the approval of a collaborative programme for delivery by distance learning methods. Another noted continuing concerns regarding the assurance of academic standards and the security of assessment processes.
70 The development of relationships with partner institutions received positive comment in several audit reports. One noted staff development initiatives in collaboration with partner institutions [Goldsmiths College, paragraphs 32 and 118]. Another cited good practice in the 'close and productive working relationships with collaborative partners, which are closely integrated into the quality and standards infrastructure at institutional and departmental level' [University of Worcester, paragraphs 128 and 204]. Elsewhere, the cooperation between two institutions in developing a joint school and award, in particular the establishment of effective and innovative collaborative policies and procedures, was also considered good practice [University of Hull, paragraph 29].
Collaborative provision where it is considered in the institutional audit reports is addressed at greater length in a separate *Outcomes…* paper. A later series of papers will focus on the outcomes from the collaborative provision audits undertaken by QAA between 2005 and 2007.
**Conclusions**
72 A substantial majority of the audit reports conclude that overall institutional frameworks for managing quality and standards are sound, although concerns about frameworks or aspects of them are also widely distributed. Advice on the need for review of frameworks is given for both established structures and procedures and those still in the first stages of implementation. The principal areas of concern associated with frameworks are: institutional oversight of quality and standards, with particular reference to devolved arrangements and the assurance of consistency; the specification and appropriateness of responsibilities in quality management; parity of student experience, with particular reference to assessment and awards regimes; and oversight of collaborative provision. This list is consistent with concerns identified in the corresponding *Outcomes…* paper on institutional frameworks covering the first set of institutional audit reports published between 2003 and November 2004.
73 Features of good practice are most widely linked with: documentary guidance on quality assurance and assessment procedures; administrative and deliberative support for disseminating and implementing quality assurance policies and procedures; and institutional oversight of assessment arrangements, with particular reference to the assurance of consistency. While the first two items corroborate the findings of the earlier *Outcomes…* paper, references to good practice in overseeing assessment have increased. The earlier paper recorded various instances of initiatives taken by institutions to harmonise practices and enhance parity, whether or not these were identified as features of good practice. The findings of the audit reports published between December 2004 and August 2006 would appear to show these initiatives continuing and developing, as the profile of features of good practice indicates. There remains, however, much evidence of residual variability in assessment practices.
Appendix 1 - The institutional audit reports
Note
In the period covered by these papers a number of institutions underwent a variety of scrutiny procedures for taught degree-awarding powers, university title and research degree-awarding powers. Reports of the individual scrutiny processes were provided to QAA’s Advisory Committee on Degree-Awarding Powers, and its Board of Directors, and formed the basis for advice to the Privy Council on the applications made by the respective institutions.
In most cases the scrutiny processes also provided information which, in the form of a bespoke report, QAA accepted as the equivalent of an institutional audit report. Only those reports which conform to the general pattern of the institutional audit reports are included in the list below.
2004-05
City University
Cranfield University
University of Hull
University of Leicester
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
University of Nottingham
The Queen’s University Belfast
University of Surrey
University of Ulster
Goldsmiths College, University of London
Queen Mary, University of London
Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (Royal Holloway, University of London)
University of London
University College London
Birkbeck College, University of London
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (Imperial College London)
St George’s Hospital Medical School
University of Derby
De Montfort University
University of Gloucestershire
University of Hertfordshire
Sheffield Hallam University
University of Huddersfield
Kingston University
London Metropolitan University
Leeds Metropolitan University
Liverpool John Moores University
University of Luton¹
University of Northumbria at Newcastle
Oxford Brookes University
University of Plymouth
Staffordshire University
London South Bank University
University of Sunderland
University of Teesside
University of East London
University of the West of England, Bristol
University of Westminster
Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College²
Canterbury Christ Church University College³
University of Chester
Liverpool Hope University
University College Winchester⁴
Henley Management College
Harper Adams University College
Conservatoire for Dance and Drama
American InterContinental University - London
¹ Now the University of Bedfordshire
² Now Buckinghamshire New University
³ Now Canterbury Christ Church University
⁴ Now the University of Winchester
2005-06
University of Manchester
Courtauld Institute of Art
Heythrop College
University of London External System
London School of Economics and Political Science
University of Bolton
Thames Valley University
University of Central England in Birmingham\(^5\)
University of Worcester
Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies
Dartington College of Arts
The Arts Institute at Bournemouth
\(^5\) Now Birmingham City University
Appendix 2 - Reports on specialist institutions
2004-05
Birkbeck College, University of London
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (Imperial College London)
St George's Hospital Medical School
Henley Management College
Harper Adams University College
Conservatoire for Dance and Drama
American InterContinental University - London
2005-06
Courtauld Institute of Art
Heythrop College
University of London External System
London School of Economics and Political Science
Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies
Dartington College of Arts
The Arts Institute at Bournemouth
Appendix 3 – Titles of *Outcomes from institutional audit papers*, Series 2
In most cases, *Outcomes…* papers will be no longer than 20 sides of A4. Projected titles of *Outcomes…* papers in the second series are listed below in provisional order of publication.
The first series of papers can be found on QAA’s website at www.qaa.ac.uk/enhancement
**Titles**
- Institutions’ frameworks for managing quality and academic standards
- Progression and completion statistics
- Learning support resources (including virtual learning environments)
- Assessment of students
- Work-based and placement learning, and employability
- Programme monitoring arrangements
- Arrangements for international students
- Institutions’ work with employers and professional, statutory and regulatory bodies
- Recruitment and admission of students
- External examiners and their reports
- Collaborative provision in the institutional audit reports
- Institutions’ arrangements to support widening participation and access to higher education
- Institutions’ support for e-learning
- Specialist institutions
- Student representation and feedback
- Academic guidance, support and supervision, and personal support and guidance
- Staff support and development arrangements
- Subject benchmark statements
- The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
- Programme specifications
- Arrangements for combined, joint and multidisciplinary honours degrees programmes
- The adoption and use of learning outcomes
- Validation and approval of new provision, and its periodic review
The self-evaluation document in institutional audit
The contribution of the student written submission to institutional audit
Institutions’ intentions for enhancement
Series 2: concluding overview
Appendix 4 - Methodology
The analysis of the institutional audit reports uses the headings set out in Annex H of the *Handbook for institutional audit: England* (2002) to subdivide the Summary, Main report and Findings sections of the audit reports into broad areas. An example from the Main report is ‘The institution’s framework for managing quality and standards, including collaborative provision’.
For each published report, the text is taken from the report published on QAA’s website and converted to plain text format. The resulting files are checked for accuracy and coded into sections following the template used to construct the institutional audit reports. In addition, the text of each report is tagged with information providing the date the report was published and some basic characteristics of the institution ('base data'). The reports are then introduced into a qualitative research software package, QSR N6®. The software provides a wide range of tools to support indexing and searching and allows features of interest to be coded for further investigation.
An audit team’s judgements, its identification of features of good practice, and its recommendations appear at two points in an institutional audit report: the Summary and at the end of the Findings. It is only in the latter, however, that cross references to the paragraphs in the Main report are to be found, and it is here that the grounds for identifying a feature of good practice, offering a recommendation and making a judgement are set out. These cross references are used to locate features of good practice and recommendations to the particular sections of the report to which they refer.
Individual *Outcomes*... papers are compiled by QAA staff and experienced institutional auditors. To assist in compiling the papers, reports produced by QSR N6® are made available to authors to provide a broad picture of the overall distribution of features of good practice and recommendations in particular areas, as seen by the audit teams.
The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
Southgate House
Southgate Street
Gloucester
GL1 1UB
Tel 01452 557000
Fax 01452 557070
Email firstname.lastname@example.org
Web www.qaa.ac.uk
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Objet : Mise en sécurité des centres de transit de déchets situés 45 Rte d’Allauch Marseille 11ème
Madame, Monsieur,
Dès décembre 2021, les élus de la Ville de Marseille, Jean-Pierre Cochet adjoint au Maire en charge de la Sécurité civile et Christine Juste, adjointe au Maire en charge de la lutte contre les pollutions ont sollicité les services de l’État pour les alerter de la situation des deux sites de transit de déchets situés 45 route d’Allauch dans le 11ème arrondissement de Marseille.
En effet, les sociétés exploitantes de ces deux sites contigus, initialement destinés à la collecte, au tri et au transit de déchets, n’ont pas respecté les conditions d’exploitation définies par la Préfecture. Elles y ont ainsi accumulé, en toute illégalité, environ 10 000 m3 de déchets divers, issus essentiellement d’activités économiques.
La Ville, restée à l’écoute des riverains, s’est faite régulièrement l’écho de leurs préoccupations auprès des autorités concernées en leur demandant de mettre un terme à cette situation.
C’est pourquoi, suite aux nombreuses alertes de la Ville de Marseille, sur propositions de l’Inspection des Installations classées pour la protection de l’environnement (ICPE) de la Direction régionale de l’environnement de l’aménagement et du logement (DREAL), qui a conduit plusieurs contrôles sur place en 2022, Christophe Mirmand, Préfet des Bouches-du-Rhône, a été amené dès janvier et avril 2022 à mettre en demeure les exploitants de respecter leurs obligations, puis à les sanctionner faute de réaction de leur part. Une action judiciaire a également été engagée sur le fondement des infractions relevées par les inspecteurs de l’environnement.
En complément, pour assurer la protection des populations, la Ville de Marseille a été contrainte d'instaurer un périmètre de sécurité avec comme conséquence une circulation alternée sur la route reliant Allauch à Marseille. Un suivi régulier de l'évolution de la stabilité des tas de déchets a, par ailleurs, été réalisé par les services de la Ville.
L'État, sous la maîtrise d'ouvrage de l'Agence de la transition écologique (ADEME), s'apprête ainsi à engager la mise en sécurité de ces deux sites de transit de déchets avec une opération d'évacuation des déchets, engagée sur fonds publics.
Suite à la prise des arrêtés préfectoraux associés, le 2 février 2024, les travaux de mise en sécurité sont donc programmés pour la rentrée scolaire 2024, et une restitution intégrale de la voirie à la circulation est prévue dès que possible, d'ici fin 2024.
Dans le cadre des travaux projetés, la Ville de Marseille en collaboration avec l'État, a le plaisir de vous inviter à participer à une réunion d'information visant à présenter et à répondre aux interrogations concernant les travaux prévus sur ces sites. Elle se tiendra :
Vendredi 13 septembre à 18h00
à la Maison pour Tous des Camoins
17 Chemin des mines - 13011 Marseille
Vous remerciant par avance pour votre participation.
Nous vous prions d'agréer, Madame, Monsieur, l'expression de nos respectueuses salutations.
Jean-Pierre COCHET
Adjoint au Maire de Marseille
En charge de la sécurité civile, la gestion des risques et du Plan communal de sauvegarde
Christine JUSTE
Adjointe au Maire de Marseille en charge de l'Environnement, la Santé Environnementale, la Lutte contre les Pollutions, la Propreté de l'Espace Public, l'Eau et l'Assainissement, les Espaces Naturels, la Biodiversité Terrestre l'Animardans la Ville
Hôtel de Ville – 13233 MARSEILLE Cedex 20 – TÉL. : 04 91 55 11 11
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review
Volume 14 • Number 2 • Autumn 2005
Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement
Cover photograph: TOTAL refinery, Antwerp
Foreword
Alain Heilbrunn, Secretary General, CONCAWE
2005 has been a year of positive developments for CONCAWE. Through its heavy involvement in the development of the CAFE programme and in the Fuels Directive review process, our Association has confirmed its established reputation as a professional organisation that can provide essential support for the legislative process. The data gathered by CONCAWE over the years and the modelling expertise it has acquired have proved to be essential building blocks in this respect. Contributing sound facts to the European legislative debate is increasingly vital if we are to ensure that decisions are based on solid foundations rather than on emotions.
One good example of what sound modelling can deliver is illustrated in this Review in the article on EU-wide BAT. Based on the Integrated Assessment Modelling undertaken under the CAFE programme, the article clearly demonstrates that only by taking into account regional and local conditions can the cost of environmental and public health targets be minimised.
The European Well-to-Wheels study, undertaken jointly by JRC, EUCAR and CONCAWE and published in December 2003, has gained wide recognition as a sound basis for policy development. In the emotional debate on alternative fuels, exacerbated by increasing oil prices, the key questions of cost and potential availability are often played down or forgotten. The Well-to-Wheels study has helped to better understand what alternatives are available in reality and to evaluate their likely impact. A second version of the study, to be published by year end, includes additional and updated fuel production pathways and revised engine technology data. The cost and availability chapters have also been fully reviewed and updated. An article in this Review highlights the main changes over the first version, then goes on to focus on the potential of bioethanol and biodiesel and prospects of more advanced biomass conversion options.
Another article presents best estimates of the economic and CO 2 impact on refineries of the ongoing sulphur reduction in road fuels. While sulphur-free fuels are fast becoming a reality, the associated costs and extra CO 2 emissions must now be compensated by expected— though yet to be demonstrated—benefits in vehicle emissions. The following article presents a similar analysis for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, an issue currently under debate in some EU countries.
The last two articles present an update on two of the traditional core areas of CONCAWE's activities. The final phase of an extensive work programme on hearing protection of oil industry workers has recently been completed, culminating in the publication of a CONCAWE report. CONCAWE's guidance for companies on oil product classification and labelling, first published in 1995, has been updated once again to reflect the latest changes in legislation.
In recent years evidence has been gathering that reducing air pollutants such as SO x , NO x , VOC, O 3 and PM may have a significant impact on climate. As a result, CONCAWE has decided to increase its knowledge in the crucial field of atmospheric chemistry by becoming a member of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's world-leading Global Change programme. Our lead article in this issue of the Review is by Prof. Ronald Prinn, one of the programme directors, who offers a detailed and enlightening analysis of the state of scientific understanding in this complex field.
I believe that this Review once again embodies CONCAWE's dual objective: maintenance of its expertise and historical knowledge in key areas, coupled with anticipation of, and research work on, those issues that will be at the heart of the future societal and legislative debates.
1
Contents
Impacts of air pollutant caps on climate
Could policies designed to address air pollution impact climate?
Air quality and climate are closely connected because of common atmospheric chemistry and shared generating processes. For example, ozone gas and sulphuric acid particles are not only common air pollutants but also contribute respectively to global warming and cooling. Could policies designed to address air pollution impact upon climate?
Enquiries to: email@example.com
The potential of biofuels for energy and GHG savings in road transport
Updated data from the joint European Well-to-Wheels study
EUCAR, the EU Commission's JRC and CONCAWE have updated their joint European Well-to-Wheels study of alternative road fuels and powertrains, first published in December 2003. The update includes many revised and new pathways, as well as greater emphasis on cost and availability of alternative fuels. This article summarises the revised and new features before focusing on biofuels.
Enquiries to: firstname.lastname@example.org
EU-wide BAT—an expensive suit that doesn't fit everybody!
What light does the CAFE programme shed on the concept of a common EU-wide BAT in the context of the IPPC Directive?
This article summarises the results of a CONCAWE Integrated Assessment Modelling study that demonstrates the significant increase in economic burden to the EU that would result from a move away from the notion of 'site-specific BAT' (as set forth in the current IPPC Directive) to the notion of a common EU-Wide BAT.
Enquiries to: email@example.com
Road fuels desulphurisation
How EU refineries are affected by the gradual move to a 10 ppm sulphur limit
CONCAWE has evaluated the impact on EU refineries of the changes in supply/demand and product specifications during this decade. The study, recently published in a full report, includes sensitivity cases and gives a range of estimated costs and extra refinery CO 2 emissions.
Enquiries to: firstname.lastname@example.org page 4
page 9
page 12
page 16
PAH content of diesel fuels
How EU refineries would be affected by a reduction of the current limit
CONCAWE has evaluated the potential impact on EU refineries of a reduction of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of diesel fuel. The study, recently published in a full report, highlights the high costs and extra CO 2 emissions that would be associated with such a change.
Enquiries to: email@example.com
Updated CONCAWE guidance for classification and labelling of petroleum substances
Impacts on petroleum substances containing benzene, 1,3-butadiene or toluene page 19
With the pending implementation of the 29th Amendment to Technical Progress to the Dangerous Substances Directive, CONCAWE has updated its guidance for the classification and labelling of petroleum substances with impacts on petroleum substances containing benzene, or 1,3-butadiene or toluene.
Enquiries to: firstname.lastname@example.org
Occupational risks to hearing reviewed
A review of CONCAWE's work programme and the European Directives on noise at work
An extensive CONCAWE work programme has recently been completed on the various factors that may influence the hearing of petroleum industry workers, including the issue of 'ototoxic' chemical exposure. This has been published as a CONCAWE report and provides guidance for health professionals on hearing risk factors that need to be considered as part of health management programmes.
Enquiries to: email@example.com
Abbreviations and terms used in this CONCAWE Review
CONCAWE contacts
CONCAWE publications
Reports published by CONCAWE from 2004 to date page 18
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
3
Impacts of air pollutant caps on climate
Could policies designed to address air pollution impact climate?
Ronald G. Prinn
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
A ir pollution is a major issue in an increasing number of megacities around the world, and new policies to address urban air pollution are likely to be enacted in many developing countries irrespective of the participation of these countries in any explicit future climate policies. The emissions of gases and aerosols 1 that are important in air pollution and climate are often highly correlated due to shared generating processes. Most important among the generating processes is combustion of fossil fuels and biomass which produces carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), black carbon (BC) aerosols, and sulphur oxides (SO x , comprised of some sulphate aerosols, but mostly SO 2 gas which subsequently forms reflective sulphate aerosols). In addition, the atmospheric lifecycles of common air pollutants such as CO, NO x and VOCs, and of the climatically important methane (CH 4 ) and sulphate aerosols, both involve the fast photochemistry of the hydroxyl free radical (OH). Hydroxyl radicals are the dominant 'cleansing' chemical in the atmosphere, annually removing about 3.7 Gt of reactive trace gases from the atmosphere; this amount is similar to the total mass of carbon removed annually from the atmosphere by the land and ocean combined.
Effects of pollution on climate
The climatic effects of atmospheric constituents are typically expressed by their contributions to radiative forcing, which is a measure of the imbalance between incoming solar energy and outgoing infrared energy for the Earth. We expect that air pollutant reductions will influence climate for several reasons. Specifically, placing caps on NO x alone, or NOx , CO and VOCs together, leads to lower ozone levels and thus less radiative forcing of climate change by this gas, and to less inhibition by ozone of carbon uptake by ecosystems which also leads
1 Aerosols are suspended particles in air (other than water droplets or ice).
to less radiative forcing (this time by CO 2 ). Less radiative forcing by these combined effects means less warming and less sea level rise. Capping NO x alone also decreases OH and thus increases CH 4 . These OH decreases and CH 4 increases are lessened (but not reversed) when there are simultaneous NO x , CO and VOC caps. Increases in CH 4 lead to greater radiative forcing. Placing caps on SO x leads to lower sulphate aerosols. This causes less reflection of sunlight back to space by these aerosols (direct effect) and by clouds seeded with these aerosols (indirect effect), and thus to greater radiative forcing of climate change. Enhanced radiative forcing by these aerosol and CH 4 changes combined leads to more warming and sea level rise.
In this article, recent exploratory calculations designed to quantify the above effects of specific global air pollutant emission caps on climate are reviewed. The key question is, could future air pollution policies help to decrease future climate change or increase it?
Integrated Global System Model
The connections between the chemistry of the atmosphere and climate are complex and require a systems modelling approach that considers urban, regional and global scales. The calculations by Prinn et al. (2005) 2 reviewed here utilise the MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM). The IGSM, as illustrated in Figure 1, consists of a set of coupled submodels of economic development and its associated emissions, natural biogeochemical cycles, climate, air pollution and natural ecosystems. It is specifically designed to address key questions in the natural and social sciences that are
2 Prinn, R.G., Reilly, J., Sarofim, M., Wang, C. and Felzer, B., 2005: Effects of air pollution control on climate, MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Report 118 (http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/reports.html#pubs). Also to appear in Integrated Assessment of Human-Induced Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
amenable to quantitative analysis and are relevant to environmental policy. Of particular importance to the calculations reviewed here, the urban air pollution submodel of the IGSM is based upon, and designed to simulate, the detailed chemical and dynamical processes in current three-dimensional urban air chemistry models. For this purpose, the emissions calculated in the economics submodel are divided into two parts: urban emissions which are processed by the pollution submodel before entering the global chemistry/climate submodel, and non-urban emissions which are input directly into the large-scale model.
IGSM runs with pollutant caps
To illustrate some of the possible impacts of controls of air pollutants on temperature and sea level, Prinn et al. (2005) carried out runs of the IGSM in which individual pollutant emissions, or combinations of these emissions, are held constant from 2005 to 2100. These are compared to a reference run (denoted 'ref') in which there is no explicit policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Specifically, in five runs of the IGSM, they considered caps at 2005 levels of emissions of the following air pollutants:
(1) NO x only (denoted 'NOx cap')
(2) CO plus VOCs only (denoted 'CO/VOC cap')
(3) SO x only (denoted 'SOx cap')
(4) Cases (1) and (2) combined (denoted '3 cap'),
(5) Cases (1), (2) and (3) combined (denoted 'all cap').
Cases (1) and (2) were designed to show the individual effects of controls on NO x and reactive carbon gases (CO, VOC), although such individual actions are very unlikely. Case (3) addresses further controls on emissions of sulphur oxides from combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, and from industrial processes. Cases (4) and (5) address combinations more likely to be representative of a real comprehensive air pollution control approach.
Impacts of air pollutant caps on climate
Could policies designed to address air pollution impact climate?
The MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM)
In interpreting their results, it is important to note that they are neglecting the effects of air pollutant controls on: (a) the overall demand for fossil fuels (e.g. leading to greater efficiencies in energy usage and/or greater demand for non-fossil energy sources); and (b) the relative mix of fossil fuels used in the energy sector (i.e. coal versus oil versus gas).
Figure 1
The ratios of the emissions of NO x , CO/VOCs, and SO x in the year 2100 to the reference case in 2100 are about 1/3, 1/2 and 3/5 respectively, when their emissions are capped at 2005 levels. For calibration, the reference global emissions of NO x , CO/VOCs, and SO x in 2100 are about 4, 2.5, and 1.5 times their 2000 levels. Because these chemicals are short-lived (hours to several days for NO x , VOCs, and SO x , a few months for CO), the effects of
Schematic illustrating the framework, submodels and processes in the MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM). Feedbacks between the component models that are currently included, or proposed for inclusion in later versions, are shown as solid or dashed lines respectively.
5
Impacts of air pollutant caps on climate
Could policies designed to address air pollution impact climate?
Table 1 Sign of the changes from the reference of O 3 , OH, CH 4 and sulphate aerosol levels in 2100 in the 5 capping cases
their emissions are largely restricted to the hemispheres in which they are emitted (and, for the shortest-lived pollutants, restricted to their source regions).
As summarised in Table 1, the major global effects of capping SO x are to decrease sulphate aerosols and slightly increase OH (due to lower SO 2 which is an OH sink). Capping of NO x leads to decreases in O3 and OH and an increase in CH 4 (caused by the lower OH which is a CH 4 sink). The CO and VOC cap increases OH and thus increases sulphate (formed by OH and SO 2 ) and decreases CH 4 . Note that CO and VOC changes have opposing effects on O 3 , so the net changes when they are capped together are small. Combining NO x , CO and VOC caps leads to an O 3 decrease (driven largely by the NO x decrease) and a slight increase in CH4 (the enhancement due to the NO x caps being partially offset by the opposing CO/VOC caps). Finally, capping all emissions causes substantial lowering of sulphate aerosols and O 3 and a small increase in CH 4 .
,
The two hemispheres generally respond somewhat differently to these caps due to the short air pollutant lifetimes and dominance of northern over southern hemispheric emissions. The northern hemisphere contributes the most to the global averages and therefore responds similarly. Because methane has a long lifetime (about 9 years) relative to the interhemispheric mixing time (about 1–2 years), its global concentrations are influenced by OH changes in either hemisphere alone, or in both.
Caps on air pollutants significantly affect the land ecosystem sink for carbon due to reductions in ozoneinduced plant damage. The land sink, which is the differ- ence between plant photosynthesis and the sum of plant respiration and soil respiration plus decay, increases when ozone decreases. This is evident in the case where all pollutants are capped, causing an ozone decrease of 13% globally, and a land sink increase of 30–49% or 0.6–0.9 Gt of carbon (in CO 2 ) in 2100 (the range of these values depends on assumptions about managed land fertilisation).
The Prinn et al. (2005) ecosystem calculations do not include the additional positive effects on the land sink of decreased acid deposition and decreased exposure to SO 2 and NO2 gas, that would result from the pollution caps considered. They also do not include the negative effects of decreasing nutrient nitrate and possibly sulphate deposition that also arise from these caps.
Effects of caps on climate
The effects of these pollutant caps on global and hemispheric mean surface temperature and sea level changes from 2000–2100 are shown in Figure 2 (Prinn et al. 2005) as percentages relative to the global average reference case changes of 2.7°C and 0.4 metres respectively. The largest increases in temperature and sea level occur when SO x alone is capped due to the removal of reflecting (cooling) sulphate aerosols. Because most SO x emissions are in the northern hemisphere, the temperature increases are greatest there. For the NO x caps, temperature increases in the southern hemisphere (driven by the CH 4 increases) but decreases in the northern hemisphere (due to the cooling effects of the decreases in O 3 exceeding the warming driven by the increases in CH 4 ). For CO and VOC reductions, there are small decreases in temperature driven by the accompanying aerosol increases and CH 4 reductions, with the greatest effects being in the northern hemisphere where most of the CO and VOC emissions (and aerosol production) occur.
The nonlinearity in the system is evidenced by the fact that the combined effects in the '3 cap' case are not simple sums of the effects from the individual caps. Ozone decreases and aerosol increases (offset only slightly by CH 4 increases) lead to even less warming and sea level rise than obtained by adding the CO/VOC and NO x capping cases. Finally the capping of all emissions yields temperature and sea level rises that are smaller than, but qualitatively similar to, the case where only SO x is capped. However, the rises are greater than expected from simple addition of the SO x -capped and CO/VOC/NO x -capped cases. Nevertheless, the capping of CO, VOC and NO x serves to reduce the warming induced by the capping of SO x .
The calculations for the five capping cases in Figure 2 omit the cooling effects of the CO 2 reductions caused by the lessening of the inhibition of the land sink by ozone. This omission is valid if we presume that anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, otherwise restricted by a climate policy, are allowed to increase to compensate for these reductions. This is the basis for the economic analysis discussed below. To illustrate the lowering of climate impacts if the sink-related CO 2 reductions actually occur, Prinn et al. (2005) considered a sixth case ('allcap+sink') which combined the capping of all air pollutant emissions with the enhanced carbon sink (Figure 2). The enhanced sink is sufficient for the sign of the warming and sea level rise seen in the 'allcap' case to be reversed in the 'allcap+sink' case. If this lowering of climate impacts could be valued, it would provide an alternative to the economic analysis discussed below.
To summarize, the study by Prinn et al. (2005) showed that the impacts on climate of pollutant caps partially cancel each other. Specifically, depending on the capping case, the 2000–2100 reference global average climate changes are altered only by +4.8 to –2.6% (temperature) and +2.2 to –2.2% (sea level). Except for the NO x alone case, the alterations of temperature are of
Impacts of air pollutant caps on climate
Could policies designed to address air pollution impact climate?
Effects of five air pollution capping cases on average temperature and global sea level between 2000 and 2100
the same sign but significantly greater in the northern hemisphere (where most of the emissions and emission reductions occur) than in the southern hemisphere.
Figure 2
Economic consequences
One approach to estimating some of the economic effects of air pollutant caps is to value the above increases in carbon storage in ecosystems in terms of the avoided costs of fossil fuel CO 2 reductions needed to achieve an atmospheric stabilisation target. The above extra annual carbon uptake (due to avoided ozone damage) of 0.6–0.9 Gt of carbon is only 2–4% of year 2100 reference projections of anthropogenic fossil CO 2 emissions (which reach nearly 25 Gt C/year in 2100). However, this small level of additional uptake can have a surprisingly large effect on the cost of achieving a climate policy goal. Prinn et al. (2005) used a 5% discount rate, and adopted the policy costs associated with 550 ppm CO 2 stabilisation, to estimate the policy cost savings that would result from the increased carbon
Impacts of air pollution caps in the five capping cases on the global, northern hemispheric and southern hemispheric average temperature increases, and the global sea level rise, between 2000 and 2100 are shown as percent changes from their average values (global or hemispheric) in the reference case from Prinn et al. (2005). Also shown are the percent changes for the case where the enhanced sink due to the ozone cap is included along with the caps on all pollutants. For this case, they assume the average of the computed range of sink enhancements.
7
Impacts of air pollutant caps on climate
Could policies designed to address air pollution impact climate?
uptake through 2100 in the 'allcap' compared to the 'ref' scenarios. The savings are $2.5 to $4.7 trillion (1997 dollars). These implied savings are 12 to 22% of the total cost of a 550 ppm stabilisation policy. There are two reasons for the large economic value of the additional carbon uptake. One reason is that the fossil carbon reduction savings are cumulative; the total additional 2000–2100 carbon uptake is 36 to 75 Gt, or about 6–13 years of fossil carbon emissions at current annual rates. The second reason is that the additional uptake avoids the highest marginal cost options.
Concluding remarks
To further check on the validity of the Prinn et al. (2005) conclusions, future work should include:
(1) the effects of air pollution policy on overall demand for fossil fuels and individual demands for coal, oil and gas;
(2) the effects of caps on black carbon (as a regulated air pollutant) on climate (there are multiple, regionally variable and partially-offsetting effects of black carbon on absorption and reflection of sunlight, reflectivity of clouds and the strength of lower tropospheric convection); and
(3) the effects on ecosystems of changes in deposition rates of acids, nitrates and sulphates, and levels of exposure to SO 2 and NO2 resulting from air pollution reductions.
Nevertheless, the Prinn et al. (2005) calculations suggest that, while urban air pollution policies are obviously beneficial for human health and downwind ecosystems, they may have only a small influence, either positive or negative, on mitigation of global-scale climate change. However, even small contributions to climate change mitigation can be disproportionately beneficial in economic terms as they may take the place of the highest cost climate change mitigation measures, i.e. those occurring at the margin.
The potential of biofuels for energy and GHG savings in road transport
Updated data from the joint European Well-to-Wheels study
In December 2003, a consortium of JRC, EUCAR and CONCAWE published the first version of a comprehensive Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis of fuels and powertrains in the European context, focusing on energy efficiency, GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, costs and potential availability issues. The fields of alternative fuels as well as motor vehicles are in constant development. From the outset, the consortium agreed to update the study at regular intervals, taking into account comments and suggestions from interested third parties. The second version of the study is about to be released, and now includes both updated and new pathways as well as revised cost and availability estimates (see Table 1). While a full presentation of all results would be beyond the scope of this short article, we focus on the potential of biofuels with particular emphasis on ethanol and biodiesel, the two short-term alternatives currently being promoted in the EU, and look briefly at the prospects for more advanced biomass conversion options.
Ethanol and biodiesel: the first generation of biofuels
In the short term, and for most of the next 5 to 10 years, there are only two serious contenders for biomassderived road fuels in Europe, namely ethanol as a substitute for gasoline and biodiesel (esterified vegetable oil) as a substitute for diesel fuel. In Europe, these biofuels will be produced from traditional agricultural crops: sugar beet and wheat for ethanol; predominantly rapeseed for biodiesel.
In all these pathways, only a fraction of the plant biomass is used to produce the desired fuel. The fate of the remaining biomass has a large impact on the overall energy and GHG balance. Looking at the different routes to ethanol from wheat gives a good illustration of the wide range of energy and GHG benefits that can be obtained when producing the same biofuel from the same raw material.
Table 1 Main additions and modifications to the joint WTW study
Full report with detailed results and analysis at: http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/WTW
9
The potential of biofuels for energy and GHG savings in road transport
Updated data from the joint European Well-to-Wheels study
Ethanol from grain is obtained through hydrolysis of starch, followed by fermentation and distillation of the alcohol. The overall process requires a large amount of energy chiefly in the form of heat (mostly steam) and, to a lesser extent, electricity. There are several practical options for supplying that energy.
Figure 1 All schemes yield a saving of fossil energy, although potential savings vary widely between schemes. The wider uncertainty range for GHG emissions is due to the large variations in nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture.
In the most basic (and low capital) scheme, representative of many existing facilities (in Europe and elsewhere), a simple, usually gas-fired, boiler provides the steam while electricity is taken from the grid. However, because the heat is required at low temperature, ethanol plants offer good opportunities for combined heat and power (CHP) schemes. Combining this with a natural gas (NG) fired gas turbine (GT) results in a very energy-efficient if capitalintensive process. In areas where coal or lignite is cheap and abundantly available, a simpler CHP scheme based on a coal-fired steam boiler combined with a backpressure steam turbine can also be envisaged. Finally surplus straw from the wheat itself can, in principle, be used as fuel through a similar CHP scheme. If this is likely to be a winner in terms of GHG emissions, this is also a very expensive and largely untested scheme to set up and to operate. Figure 1 shows the fossil energy and GHG savings for each pathway, compared to conventional gasoline.
WTW fossil energy and GHG savings of: a) various ethanol pathways; and b) biodiesel pathways, compared to conventional fuels
All schemes yield a saving of fossil energy but the potentials are very different; from 11% in the simplest scheme to 72% when using straw. The variations are even greater in terms of GHG emissions, the lignite pathway actually producing a net increase! The wider uncertainty range for GHG emissions is due to nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture which are subject to large variations depending on soil type and agricultural practices.
It is important to keep in mind that the above schemes are not all equivalent from a cost point of view. For a 100 kt/a ethanol plant, the total capital investment would start at around 60 M€ for the basic scheme increasing to about 80 M€ for a NG turbine CHP and above 100 M€ for the solid fuel schemes. This is partly compensated by the different fuel costs and the potential revenues from surplus electricity sales. Our calculations suggest that the NG gas turbine CHP scheme is likely to be the most attractive from an overall cost point of view, even in a high fossil fuel price scenario. Although the straw pathway achieves the greatest reduction in GHG emissions, it is unlikely to be selected; besides the high costs, a straw burning scheme also involves issues of continued straw availability, transport logistics, complex and less reliable solid fuels handling and combustion systems, making it relatively unattractive.
In most of these pathways the fate of by-products is crucial to the final energy and GHG balance. DDGS (Distillers Dried Grain with Soluble), the biomass left over after fermentation of the grain, is a high-protein product suitable as an animal feed component. This is overwhelmingly the way it is used today, typically as a substitute for soy meal. After drying, it could also, in principle, be used as fuel e.g. co-fired with coal in a power plant, now replacing coal and generating a much increased fossil energy saving and, to a lesser extent, GHG saving. The economics are however unlikely to favour this application in the foreseeable future.
For reference, Figure 1 also shows that the typical savings achieved with sugar cane in Brazil are considerably higher than what can be hoped for in Europe. The main reason for this attractive balance is the use of 'bagasse', the leftover after extraction of the sugar, which
is a convenient and abundant fuel for which there is no alternative use. In the best cases surplus electricity can be produced, further boosting the energy balance.
Figure 1 also shows the same data for RME, the methyl ester produced from rape seed oil and methanol. This process splits the tri-glyceride molecule, separating out glycerine as a by-product and producing a fuel which boils at around 350°C and can be blended into diesel fuel. Pure vegetable oil is very viscous and unstable, so unsuitable as a component in road diesel fuel.
RME can save up to around 55% of fossil energy and 50% GHG emissions compared to conventional diesel fuel. The fate of the glycerine by-product has a discernable but limited impact on the balance. Field nitrous oxide emissions have a particularly large effect on the GHG balance because rape requires a lot of nitrogen fertiliser.
The future: advanced biofuels
There are two promising routes to turn more biomass into liquid road fuels. Cellulose can be broken down into fermentable sugars, serving as raw material for ethanol. This opens the possibility of large scale conversion of various cellulosic materials such as wheat straw, wood etc. Biomass can also be used as the raw material for production of synthetic diesel via gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (the so-called biomass-toliquids or BTL process). Although these processes are energy-intensive, they use part of the biomass feed to generate the process energy, resulting in very low fossil energy usage (mostly for agriculture, transport and the like) and very favourable GHG balances.
Various processes are in the development stage but there are still many technological and economic issues to be resolved before commercial scale plants are a reality. BTL in particular requires complex and capitalintensive plants for which scale is likely to be a major economic argument, whereas the feasibility of providing the biomass feed to a large plant and the associated logistics are a challenge.
The potential of biofuels for energy and GHG savings in road transport
Updated data from the joint European Well-to-Wheels study
Availability and cost
Because they rely on traditional food crops and are obtained from only a fraction of the available biomass, there is limited potential for first generation biofuels. Our estimates suggest that Europe will only be able to produce the net equivalent of about 5% of its road fuels demand (energy content basis). Production costs are high while GHG emissions avoidance is limited. As a result the cost per tonne of CO 2 avoided is substantial.
Second generation biofuels offer better prospects. A range of biomass feedstocks can be used including various waste products but also farmed biomass using crops specially selected for their capacity to efficiently metabolise biomass.
Figure 2 shows the relative costs of CO 2 avoidance versus the potential for CO 2 savings (100% represents the CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels meeting the same energy demand for transport). Even in this high crude oil price scenario, the cost of CO 2 avoidance remains high. The BTL option offers the highest savings albeit at a somewhat higher CO 2 cost than most other options, as these routes are penalised by the high capital required. Because they are in development, the investment figures are only estimates at this stage: it is clear that process improvements and economies of scale will be required to make these routes viable.
Figure 2 Even in a high oil price scenario, the cost of CO 2 avoidance remains high.
Cost and potential for CO 2 avoidance of selected biofuels pathways (50€/bbl crude oil) compared to conventional fuel case
2
EU-wide BAT—an expensive suit that doesn't fit everybody!
What light does the CAFE programme shed on the concept of a common EU-wide BAT in the context of the IPPC Directive?
The 'Clean Air For Europe' (CAFE) programme, carried out over the past three years by the EU Commission's DG Environment, has resulted in the recent publication of the 'Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution' (TSAP) which provides a 'road map' for the review of existing Directives and the drafting of any new legislation. CAFE addressed multi-pollutant, multi-effects issues with the declared goal to identify cost-effective solutions. A major building block of the programme has therefore been the use of Integrated Assessment Modelling (IIASA's RAINS model) to inform and shape the resulting policy initiatives. RAINS employs an 'effect driven' optimisation strategy aimed at delivering given environmental improvements in the most cost-effective manner.
In this article we affirm the importance of retaining this notion of 'local BAT' in any future revision of the IPPC Directive. Indeed this is fully consistent with the effect-driven, cost-effective approach underpinning the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution, while contributing to a better alignment of health and environmental legislation with the Commission's drive to ensure EU competitiveness.
One of the existing Directives to be reviewed is the socalled IPPC Directive (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Council Directive 96/61/EC) which tackles pollutants to air, water and soil. The major thrust of this Directive is the concept of 'Best Available Techniques' (BAT) for industrial installations. In setting forth the notion of BAT, the Directive recognises:
(a) the importance of focusing on the health/ environmental impact of a given installation's emissions rather than on their emission levels per se;
(b) the need to consider the influence of the technical characteristics of the installation on applicability/ costs of a given abatement technique.
To quote from Article 9.4 of the Directive:
" … the emission limit values and the equivalent parameters and technical measures … shall be based on the best available techniques, without prescribing the use of any technique or specific technology, but taking into account the technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographical location and local environmental conditions."
The IPPC Directive clearly recognises that the notion of BAT is local rather than universal or EU-wide.
Using a relevant example, we show that, in contrast, an 'EU-wide BAT' (expressed as a common emission limit) would seriously depart from the approach underpinning the TSAP. For a given improvement ambition, it would result in significantly higher financial burdens both for the EU as a whole and for many individual Member States (MS).
We have chosen the case of exposure to fine particulates because, within CAFE, it (a) represents the priority concern; and (b) involves controlling four of the five pollutants considered (SO 2 , NO x , NH 3 and Primary PM2.5 ). The results that follow are derived from a side-by-side analysis using the following two basic strategies to bring about a reduction in the exposure of EU citizens to fine particulates:
1. The progressive application of increasingly stringent 'Common EU-wide BATs' (expressed as common emission limits). In the analysis, this was achieved by applying the same marginal cost threshold to the emission reduction cost curve for each Member State, then reading across the corresponding emission reduction. This is indeed a fair representation of a common BAT inasmuch as the cost of a given technology is similar in all Member States. The process was repeated for each of the four pollutants, with a progressively increased cost threshold to generate the curve of cost versus reduction in exposure to fine particulates.
2. The so-called 'optimum EU solution' approach. Here the emission reductions for each Member State and each pollutant were determined in such a way that a
EU-wide BAT—an expensive suit that doesn't fit everybody!
What light does the CAFE programme shed on the concept of a common EU-wide BAT in the context of the IPPC Directive?
given reduction in PM exposure was achieved at the lowest overall cost to the EU. This approach is in line with the Integrated Assessment modelling work undertaken in CAFE, using IIASA's RAINS model.
In both cases, the databases and algorithms used in the analysis are entirely consistent with those of the RAINS model. We also made full use of the results of the final round of scenario analysis undertaken by IIASA as input to DG Environment's development of the TSAP.
the statistic that the EU is seeking to improve. This is because the relationship between emission level and exposure is very different amongst the Member States, i.e. the environmental potency of a tonne of pollutant (YOLL/tonne) varies significantly between different areas of Europe. This is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
In essence the first approach is 'Technology Driven' and the second 'Environmental Quality Driven'. Before looking at the resulting overall cost burdens, it is worth exploring the principal differences in burden sharing between the two approaches in a little more detail.
EU-wide BAT: a 'Technology-driven' approach
Figure 1 shows, for a common cost threshold of 5000 €/t, the actual marginal cost per unit reduction in emissions for NO x and PM pollutant by individual Member State (the variations around 5000 are due to the discrete increments in the IIASA cost curves i.e. the nearest point to 5000 is chosen). In Figure 2 the corresponding marginal cost per unit YOLL (€/YOLL) is shown. As seen from the plot (note it is a logarithmic scale), a seemingly even burden sharing (per tonne of pollutant emitted) results in widely different costs towards solving the problem at hand, some Member States, particularly those in southern Europe, paying up to an order of magnitude higher contribution per unit reduction in YOLL than others.
As explained above, this approach is based on setting the same marginal cost level for emission reduction (€/tonne) in each Member State. When set against the overall objective to reduce human exposure and its impact on health e.g. the 'years of life lost' (YOLL) concept, this approach results in a very different burden sharing between Member States from a 'polluter pays' principle, i.e. what each Member State is paying for a unit improvement in
Figure 1 (below left) Marginal costs per unit reduction in NO x and Primary PM 2.5 emissions for each Member State, and …
Figure 2 (below right)
This illustrates the economic inefficiency of the technology-driven approach as a means of delivering a given improvement in YOLL. The implications in terms of increased burden to the EU and to individual Member States are explored later. For now let's turn to the alternative 'Optimised EU' or environmental quality driven approach.
Marginal cost of emission reductions based on 'EU-wide BAT'
… the corresponding marginal costs per unit reduction in YOLL. This illustrates the economic inefficiency of an 'EU-wide BAT' approach as a means of delivering a given improvement in YOLL.
Marginal cost per unit reduction in YOLL resulting from 'EU-wide BAT'
€
(based on IIASA data from RAINS and '5000
/t' scenario)
€
(based on IIASA data from RAINS and '5000
/t' scenario)
EU-wide BAT—an expensive suit that doesn't fit everybody!
What light does the CAFE programme shed on the concept of a common EU-wide BAT in the context of the IPPC Directive?
Marginal cost per unit reduction in YOLL based on 'local BAT' (based on IIASA data from RAINS and CAFE scenario A 'PM Only')
Marginal cost of emission reductions based on 'local BAT' (based on IIASA data from RAINS and CAFE scenario A 'PM Only')
Figure 3 (above left)
A 'local BAT' approach results in virtually the same cost per unit change in YOLL for all Member States.
Figure 4 (above right)
The marginal cost of emission reductions now varies significantly between Member States.
Local BAT: an 'environmental qualitydriven approach'
Comparison of the two approaches
In this approach the first step is to define the environmental or health target for the EU. Emission reductions by pollutant/Member State are then determined using optimisation techniques to achieve the target at the least cost to the EU as a whole. Fundamentally, this represents a commitment to the 'polluter pays' principle, where individual Member State burdens are based on an equal cost per unit improvement towards meeting the environmental or health-based target.
The foregoing demonstrates that a common emission standard by pollutant, i.e. an 'EU-wide BAT', cannot deliver the least cost solution for the EU. This is confirmed by the resulting cost burden versus gap closure 1 plots that follow.
Figure 5 provides a comparison of the two approaches in terms of annual cost to EU-25 as a whole for various improvement ambitions (the so-called 'gap closure'). Consistent with the scope of the IPPC Directive the measures considered here are exclusively those applicable to stationary sources.
As illustrated in Figure 3, the application of this 'least cost' concept results in virtually the same cost per unit change in YOLL for all Member States (within the minor scatter stemming from the discrete steps in the cost curve). This indeed represents the minimum cost case since no Member State is spending either more or less than any other Member State for a unit improvement in YOLL. As such the plot serves to demonstrate that the RAINS optimiser has found the optimum for this ambition level. The consequence of this 'optimised approach' however, is that the marginal cost for a unit reduction in emissions now varies significantly between Member States (Figure 4).
Figure 5 clearly shows the significant increase in economic burden to the EU as a whole in moving away from the optimised approach of CAFE to the application of common emission limits ('EU-wide BAT'). At a gap closure ambition of 65%, the economic burden to the EU roughly doubles. This represents an additional burden of more than 3 G€/a, increasing to 5 G€/a at 75% gap closure. This additional cost does not achieve any further improvement, but simply represents the economic consequence of an inefficient means of delivering the benefits!
1 With a starting point of 2020, the 'Gap' is defined as the maximum further reduction in impacts that can be achieved by the application of all available technical abatement measures (Maximum Technically Feasible Reductions). The 'Gap Closure' is the extent to which further measures move toward this point expressed as a percentage.
EU-wide BAT—an expensive suit that doesn't fit everybody!
What light does the CAFE programme shed on the concept of a common EU-wide BAT in the context of the IPPC Directive?
Figure 5 Costs v. PM2.5 gap closure: annual costs of 'EU-wide BAT' and 'local BAT' approaches compared for EU-25
2.5
At the individual Member State level, the impact of a shift to the concept of 'EU-wide BAT' varies significantly. The shift has little impact on Germany which, as a result of the cross-boundary effects of reductions in neighbouring countries, would in fact face a lower economic burden at ambitions beyond 75% (Figure 6). Similar curves apply for both Belgium and the Netherlands.
This stands in stark contrast to the situation in southern European countries and new Member States. For Poland (Figure 7) the shift to an 'EU-wide BAT' would represent a twofold increase in the economic burden, a similar ratio applying to Italy. For Spain (Figure 8) and Greece the increase would be as much as seven to tenfold.
CONCAWE believes that the results of this analysis strongly support the need to retain and strengthen the concept of 'local BAT' in any future revision of the IPPC Directive. The dramatic differences in costs between the 'EU-wide' BAT approach and the 'Optimum EU Solution' approach, at both overall EU level and in many Member States, clearly demonstrates the economic inefficiency of the 'EU-wide BAT' concept. In contrast, the retention and strengthening of the concept of 'local BAT' ensures that legislation designed to tackle human health and environmental concerns is better aligned with the Commission's commitment to ensure EU competitiveness.
Figures 5–8
The Figures compare an 'EU-wide BAT' approach (application of equal EU-25 BAT) with a 'local BAT' (minimum cost to EU-25) approach in terms of the cost burden to the EU-25, Germany, Poland and Spain, respectively.
Figure 5 shows the significant increase in cost to the EU in moving away from the optimised approach of CAFE to the application of common emission limits ('EU-wide BAT').
Road fuels desulphurisation
How EU refineries are affected by the gradual move to a 10 ppm sulphur limit
For many years CONCAWE has maintained a model of the European refining system in order to be able to evaluate the potential impact of major changes, such as more stringent product specifications or shifts in crude supply and/or product demand patterns. Although the original focus was on costs, the model has now been adapted to also estimate impacts on CO 2 emissions, both from the refinery sites and globally, i.e. including the impact of changes in fuels' carbon/hydrogen ratio on inuse emissions. Originally focused on EU-15 (plus Norway and Switzerland), the model has been extended to cover new member countries as well as near-future members (Bulgaria and Romania).
A reference case was established with the 2010 product demand, road fuels sulphur specifications unchanged from 2000 (i.e. 150/350 ppm for gasoline and diesel fuel respectively), and all other specifications set at the current limit or the already legislated limit for 2010 (e.g. heating oil at 0.1% m/m sulphur maximum). Comparison with a 2000 base case featuring 2000 demand and specifications gives an estimate of the impact of changes in demand and non-sulphur specifications. Further study cases included sulphur limit reduction to 50 and 10 ppm for gasoline and diesel fuel either separately or together.
This particular study aimed to evaluate the cost and CO 2 emissions associated with the reduction of sulphur in EU road fuels to the 10 ppm level, using the year 2000 specifications as the starting point. From this point of view, it is an update of the estimates produced in 2000 (CONCAWE report 00/54). Since this reduction is occurring alongside other specification changes (e.g. gasoline aromatics), as well as evolution of the crude basket and of the product demand, these factors were also incorporated into the study. A full report has recently been published (report 8/05) and is available on the CONCAWE website.
The main estimates were produced on the basis of a relatively favourable core scenario including:
* no change in the crude diet between 2000 and 2010;
* a 1% per year overall energy efficiency improvement in refineries; and
* no change in the specification for non-road diesel fuel.
A number of sensitivity cases were run to show the potential additional effects of these factors, taken individually and combined. Because cracked gasoline desulphurisation is central to the production of 10 ppm sulphur gasoline and because the processes are still relatively new, an additional sensitivity case was considered involving 50% higher energy consumption for such plants.
Table 1 summarises the results in terms of incremental annualised cost and CO 2 emissions from the refining sites.
Reduction of the sulphur specification of road fuels to less than 10 ppm will require an estimated refinery capital expenditure of 6.7 to 7.5 G€. Gasoline and diesel share the burden roughly equally.
These investment figures are in addition to another 7.3 G€ required to meet the evolution of demand and the changes to other specifications between 2000 and 2010. This figure would rise to nearly 8.8 G€ with a heavier crude slate.
The EU refineries will emit an estimated additional amount of CO 2 of 7.3 to 9.2 Mt/a. Gasoline is responsible for 65% and diesel fuel for 35% of the increase.
In order to cope with demand evolution and with the changes in other specifications between 2000 and 2010, EU refineries will further increase their CO 2 emissions by 13.3 Mt/a, increasing to 26.8 Mt/a in the worst scenario considered.
The annualised costs to EU refineries will increase by 1.8 to more than 2 G€/a. This is equivalent to around 6.2 € per tonne of sulphur-free fuel produced.
Road fuels desulphurisation
How EU refineries are affected by the gradual move to 10 ppm sulphur limit
Table 1 Capital investment, incremental annualised cost and CO 2 emissions from EU refineries
Sensitivities: 1: Heavier crude slate (5% shift towards heavy crude) 2: 50% higher energy consumption for FCC gasoline desulphurisation 3: Energy efficiency unchanged from 2000 4: Non-road diesel at AGO specification 5: Combined changes (*) 138 when excluding petrochemicals
When considering the change from 50 to 10 ppm sulphur for both gasoline and diesel, the new estimates represent about 2/3 of the overall costs and of the additional CO 2 emissions estimated in the 2000 CONCAWE study. These changes are the result of the very significant technology developments that have taken place in the intervening period, as well as changes in predicted 2010 demands and crude slate.
other constraints. When expressed as a percentage of the total, the increased CO 2 emissions estimated by the model should therefore only be regarded as an average of a wide range of values. Individual circumstances (crude intake, refinery technology, product mix) will dictate the scale of the actual increase for any given refinery.
It must be kept in mind that the model estimates the overall effect of a change on the industry. In practice, each refinery will seek the most cost-effective route to address its own specific set of technical, financial and
PAH content of diesel fuels
How EU refineries would be affected by a reduction of the current limit
Using the EU-refinery model introduced in the previous article, CONCAWE has evaluated the potential consequences of a reduction of the diesel fuel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) specification on the European refining industry from the point of view of costs and CO 2 emissions, both from the refineries and from a global point of view i.e. including the impact of changes in fuels carbon/hydrogen ratio on in-use emissions. A full report has recently been published (report 7/05) and is available on the CONCAWE website.
Reducing PAH in European diesel fuel is technically feasible but would entail at least either major revamps of existing desulphurisation facilities (for the more modest reduction figures) or, more generally, installation of dedicated de-aromatisation plants.
The PAH content of diesel blending components depends on many factors, notably the operating conditions of desulphurisation plants, the severity of operation of cracking units and, to a lesser extent, the crude origin. As a result there are considerable variations between regions and refineries. Indeed, in their present configurations, the vast majority of refineries do not have a direct way to control the PAH level of diesel fuel. The value obtained is a result of the effect of the desulphurisation processes which go some way towards converting polyinto mono-aromatics. The extent of this is a complex function of feed properties, catalyst performance and operating conditions. As refineries gradually reduce the sulphur content of diesel fuel, the average PAH content is also reduced. Even at the 10 ppm sulphur level a wide range will remain, reflecting individual refinery circumstances. We have therefore approached the modelling of PAH on the basis of current and forecast levels, indicated by a survey of some 30 refineries, and after consultations with catalyst technology suppliers.
The current diesel fuel PAH specification is 11% m/m max. The move to the 10 ppm sulphur specification will result in a reduction of the average measured PAH level to about 4% m/m, with maximum values up to 8% m/m. As a result of the variability, any specification below 8% m/m would entail costs and additional CO 2 emissions for the industry.
The further the specification falls below this level, the more refineries would need to install additional process units, essentially in the form of dedicated de-aromatisation and hydrogen production facilities. Investment would be required, gradually increasing to nearly 9 G€ at 1% m/m with total annualised costs of 2.2 G€/annum representing 12.4 €/t of diesel fuel.
A reduction of the diesel fuel PAH specification below 8% m/m would cause refineries to emit additional CO 2 , up to 15.9 Mt/a for a 1% m/m limit, corresponding to an increase of more than 10% of the total refinery emissions in the reference case. Even after accounting for end-use emission reduction due to the lower CO 2 emission factor of the de-aromatised diesel fuel, a net effect of up to 9.2 Mt/a can be expected.
Table 1 summarises the evolution of costs and CO 2 emissions as a function of the PAH specification level.
Table 1 Costs and CO 2 emissions as a function of the PAH specification level
* Assuming an annual capital charge of 15%
Updated CONCAWE guidance for classification and labelling of petroleum substances
Impacts on petroleum substances containing benzene, 1,3-butadiene or toluene
Introduction
The 29th Amendment to Technical Progress (ATP) to the Dangerous Substances Directive (DSD) was published in 2004, and introduced specific changes to the hazard classification (Annex 1 entries) for Petroleum Gases and for certain individual hydrocarbons present in Low Boiling Point Naphthas (LBPN, including gasoline). CONCAWE guidance on hazard classification and labelling for petroleum substances has recently been updated and re-issued to take account of these changes (Report No. 6/05). The purpose of CONCAWE's recommendations is to promote harmonisation in the classification and labelling of petroleum substances throughout Europe and thereby to help in the safe handling and use of petroleum substances.
cause heritable genetic damage. Since petroleum gases containing more than 0.1% of 1,3-butadiene were previously classified as Carcinogenic Category 2 - R45, the inclusion of the new hazard classification (R46) does not require the application of additional precautions regarding exposure.
As previously, the guidance includes details of mandatory hazard classification (as presented in Annex 1 to the DSD), along with recommendations for industry self-classification for the full range of safety, health and environment endpoints according to the criteria laid down in the DSD. The 29th ATP is due to be implemented into Member States' legislation for compliance by 31 October 2005.
Summary of changes
Petroleum Gas entries: Revised entries now appear in the 29th ATP as a result of the revised hazard classification for 1,3-butadiene in the 28th ATP. Both 1,3-butadiene and Petroleum Gases containing more than 0.1% m/m of 1,3-butadiene are now classified as Carcinogenic Category 1 - R45 and Mutagenic Category 2 - R46: May
EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE
EC Label
Petroleum gas - EC No. 270-704-2 May cause cancer. May cause heritable genetic damage.
Avoid exposure – obtain special instructions before use.
In case of accident, or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).
Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.
Restricted to professional users.
COMPANY NAME, ADDRESS and TELEPHONE No.
Low Boiling Point Naphthas (Gasolines): Changes follow from updating of the hazard classifications for benzene and toluene in the 29th ATP. Benzene is now classified as Mutagenic - Category 2, and CONCAWE recommends inclusion of self-classification Mutagenic Category 2 - R46: May cause heritable genetic damage to LBPN when benzene is present at more than 0.1% m/m. Since LBPN containing more than 0.1% of benzene are already classified as Carcinogenic Category 2 - R45, the inclusion of this classification does not require the application of additional precautions regarding exposure.
Low boiling point naptha - unspecified, EC No. 289-220-8
EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE
DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
May cause cancer.
May cause heritable genetic damage.
Possible risk of harm to the unborn child.
Also harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed.
Irritating to skin. Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
[Keep out of the reach of children.]
Do not breathe vapour.
Avoid exposure – obtain special instructions before use.
In case of accident, or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).
[If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.]
In case of fire, use … (
indicate in the space the precise type of fire-fighting equipment. If water inreases risk,
add - 'Never use water'
).
Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sheets.
EC Label
COMPANY NAME, ADDRESS and TELEPHONE No.
Similarly, following updating of the hazard classification for toluene (now classified as Reproductive toxicant Category 3), CONCAWE recommends inclusion of selfclassification Reproductive toxicant Category 3 - R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child to LBPN when toluene is present at more than 5% m/m. In view of the other hazards of LBPN, the inclusion of this additional hazard classification does not require the application of additional precautions regarding exposure.
Updated CONCAWE guidance for classification and labelling of petroleum substances
Impacts on petroleum substances containing benzene, or 1,3-butadiene or toluene
For both LBPN self-classifications, the recommendations follow the precedent established by the Member States Classification and Labelling Working Group (application of the administrative rules of the Dangerous Preparations Directive) for hydrocarbon constituents of complex petroleum substances. However, in relation to both of these health end-points, there are test data to indicate that LBPN are neither mutagenic nor toxic to reproduction. The application of the administrative rules and inclusion of these additional Risk Phrases should not be taken to indicate that the underlying hazards of these products have changed in any way.
It is CONCAWE's intention to formally discuss with Member States the decision to self-classify LBPN in this way.
Future changes to hazard classification
This latest edition of the CONCAWE classification guidance highlights that there are two issues potentially impacting on the classification and labelling of petroleum substances that remain under discussion— the use of 'Indication of Danger' on labels for substances classified as carcinogenic and the environmental hazards of heavy fuel oil components.
The European Commission has also already signalled its intention to publish at least one further ATP that is likely to have relevance for petroleum substances.
Any changes resulting from these initiatives will be incorporated in a future update to the classification guidance.
Occupational risks to hearing reviewed
A review of CONCAWE's work programme and the European Directives on noise at work
With the publication of CONCAWE report 5/05 an extensive work programme on the factors potentially affecting the hearing of petroleum industry workers has recently been completed by the CONCAWE Health Management Group. It was initiated some seven years ago when it became clear that the 1986 European Directive on noise at work would be revised. Noise at work legislation has been in place for many years in most countries with the principal aim of protecting workers' hearing. The legislation in most EU Member States is directly based on Directive 86/1898/EEC which contained an undertaking to review its provisions in the light of experience and developments in scientific and technical knowledge about the effects of noise exposure on health. In February 2003 a new Directive (2003/10/EC) was issued with lowered noise exposure limits. Member States are required to transpose the provisions of the Directive by 15 February 2006.
In the past decade researchers have reported effects from some organic solvents on the hearing function of exposed workers, and similar findings have been reported in experimental toxicology studies. Several of these socalled ototoxic solvents are also constituents of gasoline. Ototoxic solvents interact, after inhalation and distribution in the body via the blood, with sensory cells in the inner ear or with the auditory nerves involved in transmission of the signals to the brain. Toluene, in particular, has been implicated as having the potential to cause effects on hearing. Directive 2003/10/EC requires that attention be given to ototoxic substances as part of workplace health risk assessment for noise exposure, but offers no further guidance on how this should be achieved.
The CONCAWE work programme comprised:
* A recommendation for a health-based limit value for noise exposure to protect hearing, by the University of Southampton, UK (CONCAWE Report 01/52).
* An inventory of typical noise exposure ranges in a variety of European downstream oil industry operations using exposure data from CONCAWE
member companies (CONCAWE Report 01/56).
* An analysis of hearing test results of refinery workers, by the Catholic University of Louvain (UCL) in Brussels, using data collected by the medical departments of CONCAWE member company refineries. These reported no general detectable hearing loss attributable to refinery noise exposure since the introduction of national legislation based on the 1986 Directive or, for that matter, to chemical exposures over the same period (CONCAWE Report 00/55).
* A review of the scientific evidence on ototoxic effects of gasoline constituents, by the UCL in collaboration with the University of Milan (CONCAWE Report 5/05).
Report 5/05 presents a full review of all risk factors that may affect a worker's hearing, including noise exposure (occupational and leisure), disease, some therapeutic drugs, smoking and alcohol consumption. The report addresses human and experimental studies of presumed ototoxic chemical exposures. It concludes that, in the only reported study on petroleum refinery workers, the evidence is unconvincing. Well-conducted studies of workers from other industries, where exposures to toluene and other solvents occur within current limits, do not report hearing losses. Exposures to potential ototoxic constituents of gasoline in modern European operations are usually well below these chemical exposure limits (see CONCAWE report 9/02).
Report 5/05 concludes that the scientific understanding of potential interactions between chemicals and noise is limited and it is not possible to make specific recommendations on health risk assessment or to set a limit value for the combined exposure to noise and to certain hydrocarbons that may cause ototoxic effects at high exposure levels. It does recognise, however, the irreversible nature of hearing loss and recommends remaining alert in occupational health surveillance programmes to the possibility of a combined effect of noise and solvent exposure.
Abbreviations and terms used in this CONCAWE Review
AGO Automotive Gas Oil (diesel fuel)
ATP
Adaptation to Technical Progress
BAT
Best Available Technique
BC
Black Carbon
BTL
Biomass-To-Liquid
C
Carbon
CAFE Clean Air For Europe
CCS
CO
2
Capture and Storage
CH 4
Methane
CHP Combined Heat and Power
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CO Carbon monoxide
CO 2
Carbon dioxide
DDGS
Distillers Dried Grain with Soluble (biomass remaining after grain fermentation)
DG-AGRI
European Commission's Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development
DME Dimethyl Ether
DSD Dangerous Substances Directive
EPER
European Pollutant Emissions Register
EPPA Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis
ETBE
Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
EUCAR European Council for Automotive R&D
FCC
Fluidised Catalytic Cracking
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GT
Gas Turbine
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
IGO
Industrial Gas Oil (heating oil)
IGSM Integrated Global System Model
IIASA
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
IPPC
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (EU Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996)
JRC
European Commission's Joint Research Centre
LBPN Low Boiling Point Naphtha
LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
N
2
O Nitrous oxide
NEM Natural Emissions Model
NG Natural Gas
NH 3
Ammonia
NO
x
Nitrogen oxides
NPP
Net Primary Productivity NPP = Photosynthesis Rate – Plant Respiration Rate (expressed in units of gram carbon/m 2 /year).
O 3
Ozone
OH Hydroxyl free radical
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PFC
Perfluorocarbon
PISI
Port Injection Spark Ignition (engine)
PM 2.5
Particulate with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm
PRTR Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
RAINS
Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation model (A tool developed by IIASA for analysing alternative strategies to reduce acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone in Europe)
RME Rapeseed Methyl Ester
SF
6
Sulphur hexafluoride
SO 2
Sulphur dioxide
SO x
Sulphur oxides
TEM Terrestrial Ecosystem Model
TSAP Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
WTW Well-to-Wheels
YOLL Years Of Life Lost
CONCAWE contacts
Secretary General
Technical coordinators
Air quality Lourens Post Tel: +32-2 566 91 71 Mobile: +32-494 52 04 49 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Secretarial support
Office administration and management
We are pleased to welcome George Stalter of BP as our new Technical Coordinator for Water & Waste, replacing Philip Chown, and Sophie Bornstein who takes over from Anne-Laurence Voiseux as Office Manager.
Petroleum products • Risk assessment Bo Dmytrasz Tel: +32-2 566 91 65 Mobile: +32-485 54 41 12 E-mail: email@example.com
Water and waste George Stalter Tel: +32-2 566 91 83 Mobile: +32-495 26 14 34 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Sandrine Faucq Tel: +32-2 566 91 75 E-mail: email@example.com
Barbara Salter Tel: +32-2 566 91 74 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
CONCAWE publications
Reports published by CONCAWE from 2004 to date
* Available shortly
Up-to-date catalogues of CONCAWE reports are available via the Internet site, www.concawe.org
New reports are generally also published on the website.
CONCAWE
Boulevard du Souverain 165, B–1160 Brussels, Belgium
Telephone: +32-2 566 91 60 • Telefax: +32-2 566 91 81
email@example.com • www.concawe.org
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Témoignage du papa d'un petit garçon de 5 ans souffrant de TSA
Le jeudi 25 janvier 2018
Avec ma femme, nous sommes tombés sur votre témoignage par hasard en recherchant des vidéos sur l'autisme.
En effet, notre fils de 5 ans corresponds à 90% à la description que vous faites, il a été diagnostiqué autiste et est suivi par le CMPP, bénéficie d'une aide d'Orthophonie et est assisté depuis son entrée en grande section par une AVS. En vous écoutant, nous avons pris conscience de notre erreur, les écrans sont effectivement un frein au développement, nous l'admettons aujourd'hui, et c'est pourquoi, nous avons décidé d'établir de nouvelles règles.
Le dimanche 28 janvier 2018 :
Mon fils de 5 ans représente bien ce que vous décrivez, j'ai donc adopté de nouvelles règles dans mon foyer:
-Plus d'écran
-Mise en place d'activités commune (parents et enfants)
-Jeux de rôles
-Histoire du soir
-Musique d'ambiance apaisante quand nous devons rester plusieurs heures dans le foyer (impossibilité de sortir ou de jouer s'il pleut ou autre)
Le dernier visionnage d'écran a été Jeudi 18 janvier midi (ayant vu votre vidéo le Jeudi après-midi).
Le résultat est sans appel :
– mon fils dort mieux,
– il ne s'énerve presque plus « pour rien »,
– se couche sans crise
– parle plus (en variant les sujets)
– prend des responsabilités (aller chercher des vêtements et s'habiller seul)
Je vous remercie donc pour cette alerte et cette sensibilisation que vous avez faites, nous faisant prendre conscience des risques auxquels nous exposions nos enfants quotidiennement.
J'ai donc pris l'initiative d'en parler autour de moi, de partager vos vidéos et votre site, de sensibiliser d'autres parents, d'en parler à l'école, afin que nous puissions petit à petit corriger nos erreurs, et, espérons-le, réduire le nombre d'enfants impactés au fil des années, afin que nos enfants, qui sont l'avenir de demain, ne soient pas des produits lobotomisés des multinationales.
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Нашата борба се започна и продължава при невъзможни условия. Иденти ни не се цензурират, не се ограничават, а чисто и просто се намират под абсолютно запрещение. Тая "политика", за дото, ако ни се удаде, ще кажем думаживи, ни заставлява да дърим други фамилици крайно трудни и несгодни. Рисковете сме готови да понесем всекога но маката от потискането на нашата мисъл в голъма и непосносима. Дълг е на ония, въ чиито ръце попадне този бюлетин да го предавам на всички, които трябва да го прочетат, защото го пускаме в крайно ограничено количество. Въ него друго не можем да сторим освен да зачекнем нашите идеи, а просветените тяхн съчувственици нека ги доразвиват и обясняват дълго трябва.
Представителството.
Съобщение от Париж. Нашият представител в Париж ни държи редовно в течение на всичко, което ни интересува. По понятни причини много от свързанията не можем да разгласяваме. "Не губете въра" — казва той в заключителната част на последната си кореспонденция. Въпросът е поставен и стигнал до най-високото място. Силно впечатление прави навсякъде, че идеята излиза от вътрешната революционна организация, чиято история в кратка форма печатана тукъ е вече разделена дълго трябва".
"Подчертава се особено, че тя се явява като незанимечуван фактор във вълканските спорове и факторът със голъма морална сила".
Жашият въпрос.
Той не датира от въстното пораждение на България, както мнозина мислят тук и както упорито поддържат пред европейския свят враговете на българското племе.
Историческият конгрес във Берлин, който отхвърли без особени усилия руския проект за С. Стефанска България и създаде вместо него ново териториално разръпление и разграничене на част от турските владения в Европа, зарегистрира чрез въта си върху източнит проблеми формулата, че на Балканите — това кръстопътнище на всевъзможни икономически и политически състояния — се допуска условно съществуването на малки държави върху извънства национална база и със чужди примики, но във някой случай и една силна и просторна средиземно-морска държава до стъпване на Цариград.
От тая формула пострада най-много българската народност, макар и да не бъше извършила за това никакъв гръб пред никого. Гръбът й бъше само тя, че бъше разпълна въ центъра на балканските лактища със юг и изток, а последствието от това фатално орязване и разложване на същата народност, придалена в известни свои части към територията на съсъщите балкански държави, бъше осъществено елементът на непрекъснатото съперничество между тях и България, кря на което още не се вижда. Характерът на това съперничество се подчертава от първото върхуто стъпкване между българи и сърби на 1885 година Румелийския въпрос и с той фактът идеалът за обединението на всички българи получи удара на първата топка. Топила, изляха не от Бълград, а от берлинската конгресна формула.
Българите, останали под турско владичество, отдалеч почувствуваха болката от удара, отправен към кораба на България, към бълга за нейното въстание.
От ония първи години след паметния конгрес, когато вси още не бяха загърнали спомена за новородената и веднага одушевена национална България, македонските българи свързваха много естествено своя порив за свобода, съ бълга си да се видят под покрителството на единна България. Нивност, простен за един народ, който идеалнина мечтат си, но къто по-какво биде засегнато доволно ограждано от суровия език на последвалите събития във всички и около ня. И никакъ не бъше нуждено да се дойде до втора и трета война, за да се разбере, че това, което бъше Сърб-Стефанска България за Берлин, едното това е Македония за Атина, Бълград и Букрец, а също така и целна Македония по местоположение и географска осро...
беностъ представлява за Сърбия, Гърция и Романия сума от страхове и опасности на десет Румелии вкупом.
Тая печална истина, тая непръвдомима фаталност виждана и съзнавана добре пръв призмата на суровата македонска дъбвителност, остана, за съжаление, не-разбрани до край от строителите на българската държавна политика. Резултатът са известни. Два страшни погрома докарани от двата политически системи на българското държавничество доведоха до България и българската част от Македония до фалита на националнит им тъжения дори и като идея, а българската дипломация едва след тия шеметни удари трябва да по-чувствува истината, която тръгвата обществена македонска мисъл отдавна сочеща на България. Тя бива и е, че над Македония нито съ взможни, нито съ допустими полюбовни етнографически разграниченя, че тя, макар и повече българска, не е само българска и на е българска тъкмо тамъ, дъто добива истинската си цяла, т. е. пълното си географическо и економическо очертание и че поради това, България и която и да било от балканскит държави може да завладее тая Македония само като пръвна пръв труповете на останалият от тях и то като получи мандат да се наложи чрез въоръжение прот кротът надъ целия Балкански полуостров.
Дъ тая сила? Отъ дъ тоя мандат?
Отъ Берлин го отказаха, когато германското оръжие търкествуваше надъ своитъ победи. Отказаха го и за Македония и за Добруджа.
А едно в едно сътрудничество съ Съглашенето и съ балканскит му съюзници би ли ни довело до Сърбия, Кукуш, Костур и Скопие, особено при наличността на фанозия дължнически договор отъ 1912 г.?
Но българската държавна политика, или по-право политиката на едно дъв лицо отъ министър на "нова" България, не се показа разположена да тегли последиците отъ пръвнениет катастрофи. И изков оръжия за "добра" по същия отъклон път. Първото отъ тяхъ беше бруталното потълкване на самостоятната македонска мисъл, всръх емиграцията и бъжаниетъ въ България. Вътру това оръжие по дълъг ще се спирате по-често. Другит оръжия за борба съ външния свят слушаме да се дръжат непръстно отъ 6 месеца насамъ, безъ да плаватъ някого. Тъ съ: национална принципъ, историческит документи и правото за самоопредяване на народит. Ако го е малко — и договора отъ 1912 г. Ако и той е малко — тогава и теорията на външния министър за растоянието на македонският градове отъ старитъ български граници. Ето едно оригинало смъщение на права, принципи, договори и теории, които не съ нищо друго, освенъ добър начертана стратегия за отстъпление, чрезъ която българската държавна политика при нищожността на своитъ перспективи, ще гледа да не изгуби всичко.
Зашо се иска тогава македонскит българи да свържат съдбата си съ България, макар и да имъ е тя мила и скъпа? И особено когато за тяхъ има изходъ отъ тоя трагичъм, когато има едно разрешение, за което съ се борили и въ миналото?
Въ момента много по-благоприятни, тъ въстанаха решително дори и противъ договора отъ 1912 год., който и съ съ безъ приложението на теорията за растоянието на първия министър хъвря български земи подъ чуждо владичество.
Днес тоя договор е идеалъ за българската държавна политика. За да го направи реалност поне теоретически, тя е готова да "пожертвва" Костур и Лерини, а по аналогия и Струга и Охридъ и други центрове въ Македония, макар и безспорни, защото съ много оползотворени, за да вплътят въ границить на "обединена" България...
Това ли е националния принципъ и правото за самоопредяване на народит? Защо една фалирала държавна политика иска отъ цяла едноименен народ някаква жестока жертва — да се обрече чрезъ безволие мъчане на национално самоубийство?
Тоя позор добрит негови синове не можаха понесатъ. И въпреки всичко, успях да пробият съ ната и да го поведатъ по свой собственъ път.
Перспективитъ?
Тъмно е, много е тъмно надъ македонската вавена земя. Зловещи са облакит виши се надъ! И ако съдбата въ близкия вече час се излее върху съвята последна жестокост и забие ножа въ гърлото й, която демонът отъ тъминитъ на вселената ще могатъ съ своитъ кръвсъ и виения да заглушатъ сгрешния писъкъ на една поругана народна светът, на съвята на македонскит българи, които съ миналото си, съ историята си, съ борбите си и съ героизма си ще подвиятъ връзъ чуждо владичество, колкото поради една историческа фаталност, толкова и поради неща честваниетъ пръвръжения на българската политика, ко- направи всичко, за да имъ попръчъ и въ последния час да се проявятъ пръвъ свята тъм, както бъ потребно, за да бъдатъ разбрани отъ него?
Изпълнителниятъ комитетъ.
Неговото бързо сглобяване веднага слъв септемврийската погромъ се дължи само на една единствен причина: ръшението на българската държавна политика да съвърне непръвно пръвъ външния святъ каузата на македонскит българи съ оная на България. За тая цъл нужно обаче да има въ София и едно "македонско" учреждение, което да потърси общността на двете каузи. При тия условия, на изпълнителния комитетъ се дала всичката възможност отъ дъво трябва за да изпълни съя ята мисия и я изпълни достойно. Само едно условие липсваше, но то не беше необходимо за цълвът, които се пресълваватъ. Липсваше къмно основания елементъ, който единствено можеше да оправдае македонския характеръ на това учреждение — широката поддръжка на широката маса отъ емиграцията и бъжаниетъ въ България. Отъ името на тази емиграция и особено на бъжаниетъ, а най-вече отъ името на българитъ въ Македония представители на бившата революционна организация на няколко пъти апелираха към родолюбовете на хората отъ комитета да пръвстановятъ своята дейностъ, за която нямаха нито пълномощия, нито фактическа поддръжка отъ грамадната част на Българитъ въ Македония и на нейнитъ няганци. Увъщаваха се по-най енергиченъ начинъ, че избранъ отъ тяхъ пътъ въ нищо няма да засили позициитъ на България, но отъ друга страна ще докара
неправима пакость на собственото имь отечество, за което положението не е съвсем безизходно, стига да се спръдли и обедини единодушно около лозунга на отдълно съществуване. И когато нищо не похожа, дълг нашът общо да изобличим публично и съществуването на комитета и неговата дейност като чужда на действителните желания на македонскитъ българи и като съзнателно изопачаване волята на Македония. Пръв фактът че няма днес македонски българи, независимо в своите уми, в своето чувство и своето идеал, който да смята изпълнителят комитет за свое представителство, той последния няма моралното право да съществува, освен за ония високи кръгове, които му дадоха и ролита, и влиятът, и средствата. Нека тия кръгове възнаградят неговата упоритост да служи тъмъ, а не на родината си. А так последната и всички нейни синове няма окачествяват ролата му от гледящите на свои идеал и своето бъдеще.
Двете автономии.
Лекомислено една част от нашия етнородници живущи по-отдавна в България, се увлечат по едно фалишино свашане на въпроса за автономията на Македония, като не правят никаква разлика между "автономията" на обединистите и принципа за самостоятелно съществуване на Македония, който ни поддържаме. Не е думата тукът за хората и привържениците на изпълнителят комитет, който в своите официални органи и публикации държи само за обединение съ България, а на приказки добавя, че ако то не стане, тога се иска автономия. Това е маниерът на нелоялна борба съ нас, което започна също като македонската емиграция се обединява масово около нашето знаме. Думата ни е за оня колеблив още елемент от емиграцията, който продължава да се държи на страна от двата лагера съ мнението, че нищо не ги дължи, че няма между тях съществено различие, щом се постави по сръдата едно становище вечно пословично на всекидневно "ако". Това е едно големо заблудяване. Между двете автономии лежи цяла пропаст и за потвърждение на това даваме във скриран вид потвърдителни мотиви и основания:
1. Автономията като условно искаема означава една бессилина, която опорочава принципа във неговата основа. То значи още да се декламира и да не се държи никакъв смътка за фактическото положение, защото съ това позицият на Гърция и Сърбия, най-големите противници на автономията, не само не се разлашват, но се и засилват.
2. Да се почва от присъединяване и ако не стане — да се иска автономия, това означава, че автономията ще обхване само българската част от Македония, а това е едно искаемо, което хора с нормални умствени способности не могат да поддържат и да смятат за съществено. По-скоро силият на деня ще окръжат България съ тия земи, отколкото да създадат ново румелийско недомислие...
3. Ако обединисто-автономистите възприемат автономията за цяла Македония до Места съ Халкидон и цялото българско крайбрежие съ спорни и безспорни зони и съ всички народности, които я населяват, както я възприемаме ние, тогава и тъ скажват съ държавната политика на България като насъ съ тая само разлика, че нямат кураж на мисълта и убеждението си да го кажат открыто пред света и да го обявят във формата, което да убеждава и да налага. Но и в тяхното случай, какъв е възможно той сорт "автономисти", които искаха едновременно и обединение и автономия да добият довършено на чуждите народности във Македония, а най-главно да узвърят съдържание на човешеството във Париж, че та не свързват съдържата си съ ония на България, а съ търпело убеждение се раздържат окончателно съ една държавна каза осъдена една ли не исторически като неосъществими и недопустими?
4. Условият положения за правото на самопредъдление на народите не разчитват никакъв път за обединението на България, защото тия положения съвсем не държат съмтка само за етнографските данни, а цялата съгласуването им съ институционални и социални нужди съ оглед на географията и реди други съображения и възможности различни за всяко спорно място.
Тия съдържат положения, от друга страна, възвъртени в едно време когато страната до на бъде във своя разгрът и съ явната цел да се срази противника и идентно, нямат днес, след привършването на войната, силата и значението, което падналата се доволна да имъ припаде. Най-много, на тия принципи може да се очаква едно условно приложение съ оглед на създаленото положение и при мащаб допустимо върху противъречието на интереси и желания на силни и слаби, на победители и побеждени.
Тъкмо това малко значение на въпросните принципи, за които лекомислено се държи българската държавна политика като давящия за спамката, би могло най-направно да се използува именно за казута на Македония като се иска нейното самостоятелно съществуване подъ международна охрана и независимо от всички българска политика във това число и на първо място оная на България.
Направено ли е всичко за тая възможна и постижима цел?
И ако не е направено, или се пръчи на това, което е направено и се прави, какъв ще определят поведението си военни ония синове на Македония, които волно и неволно съ в услуга на разбиране, сърбуване и действия отиващи във разръзъ съ здравия смисъл на времето и на една политика която руши дългото на Македония, безъ последната да нащърбва съ своя идеал добръ разбираят интереси на българското племе и на България?
Прочее, избирайте между автономията и изживаването — сърдно положение няма!
"Обединистите" върху ролта си.
Подмятанията идящи от среди взели от край отрицателно становище по нашия въпрос, добиват особено некрасив вълн при положението, във което сме поставени да не можем да ги отблъсваме своевременно и както ползобава. Но и при тая неразна борба моралът и силата на нашето убеждение стоят много високо, за да бъдат заставнати от патоса на злобата и от мавнеритът на съзнателната заблуда. На личните закачки
нашитъ противници отговорь нѣма да получатъ. На това поле могатъ свободно да си разиграватъ коня. Но срѣщу крадициомъ подхвърляната иначествия мисль, че сме наливели вода за срѣбската и грѣцка воденица, ние вѣстставаме съ чувство на най-гольмо възмущение и омерзение. Не се ли вижда велинага какъ големи патриоти съ отрѣзани крила и оскудани пера бѣзъразъ да прикриватъ своята страшна отговорност като я изземватъ отъ гърба си и я прѣхвръятъ върху другъ такъвъ? И каква гениална, безплодобно гениална стратегия! Не тѣрсете вече другъ да причинителитъ на погрома на българскитѣ национални идеали. Тѣ сѫ автономиститѣ! За утрѣшния крахъ на националното обединене каквѣтъ другъ виновникъ ще тѣрсите? Той е единъ — автономиститѣ! Ако не бѣше той, ако не бѣха тѣ — автономиститѣ — обединенето е всѣ кърпа вързано, Драма, Костур, Скопие . . . но на тая скрѣбна тема шеговитъ тонъ не подходжа.
Нѣма по-долно и по-недостойно обвинение отъ това. На такова обвинение, което си позволяватъ да отправятъ къмъ насъ хора и срѣди, които не сѫ казали още нито една дума срѣщу дѣйствителнитѣ виновници на племенната катастрофа, защото и тѣ сѫ участвали въ това страшно дѣяніе, ето нашата краткѣтъ отговоръ:
Не само вода, но и усьрдни воденичици се даватъ отъ тукъ за срѣбско-грѣцката воденица, но това не сме ни, които ги даваме. Това сѫ обединиститѣ отъ всички лагери, това сѫ меморандътъ на Каранжуюови и Протогерови, съ които Вениалосъ и Пашичъ остърятъ и назъмватъ своитѣ оръжия срѣщу България, това сѫ искателитѣ на "цѣлостното и непрѣдно присъединяване" които сами не врѣвратъ нито въ едното, нито въ другото, нито въ третото. Това сѫ всички поклонники на националната принципъ, които томе не врѣвратъ въ неговото приложение, но които извѣзъ него нѣматъ друга сила и друга надежда.
Е, добре! Гърция и Сърбия не се боятъ ни най-малко отъ това. За тяхъ то е по-скоро удѣление отъ колкото затруднение толкова повече, че тѣ отлично виждатъ какъ българската державна политика и всичкиятъ малки и големи служители сами сѫ разколебани въ своитѣ позиции и готови за отстъпление въ широкъ машабъ и по всички линии.
Съмнава ли се нѣкой въ това?
А когато кѣмъ тая вода идяща направо отъ България се прибавятъ и воденичици идящи отъ Македония съ претенции да бѫдатъ нейни "единствени" представители и съ "мандатъ" да съмвватъ сѫбата и съ оная на България, вѫобразявате ли си какъ бѣзо и колко хубаво ще дѣйствуватъ воденицитѣ, за които става дума?
Тази е истината, сѫщинската истина по въпроса кѫму служи.
А за да бѫде тя нѣлица, нужно е да се добави, че за Сърбия и Гърция нѣма нищо по-страшно и по-тревожно отъ издѣннатия лозунгъ за една обща на народноститѣ и самостоятелна Македония, за каквата се боимъ и ние.
Зашто, — това всѣки е въ състояние да разбере.
И що въ сѫщностъ врѣвашъ очия бѫлгари, които вѣстставатъ срѣщу тоя лозунгъ и му прѣчватъ да се проявятъ, разширятъ и затвѣрдятъ — това сѫщо всѣки е въ състояние още по-доброѣ да разбере.
Двѣтѣ емиграции.
Силни бѫха изразитѣ на Гомуруджинския позивъ къмъ извѣстна часть стъ македонската емиграция въ България, но той позивъ като първо проявлене на пробуждащата се широка македонска мисль бѫше въ сѫщото време и първото констатиране на една тѣмна точка въ дѣлото на македонскитѣ бѫлгари. Едно състояніе на духа, лесно объяснимо, но дѣлбоко печално, сѫ имали прѣдъ видъ бѫжанитѣ отъ Гомуруджин, когато излѣзаха съ своя позивъ да разкажатъ едниятъ добрѣ ствѣнѣтъ сѫбърѣ и да изразятъ болкитѣ и желанитѣ на всички македонски изгнанницѣ, проплѣнени отъ отечеството си слѣдъ финала на възниятъ сѫбити. Това бѫ състояніето на духа въ ония емиграционни критове тукъ, които отдава сѫ, скъсвали врѣзки съ Македония и чието македонско произхождене е само прѣдметъ на исторически спо-менъ. Думата е за оная стара и зарѣпостена емиграция, която е свързала веченъ свѣто духовно и материально бѫдание сѫ вѫтрѣшнитѣ услови на бѫлгарската держава и която, по отношене македонската проблема, не е въ сѫстояніе да се издигне надъ себе си, надъ своято ново бѫтие. Психологически нѣвъзможно е тази частъ отъ емиграцията въ България, която има веченъ свѣто дѣлгото-дѣшно леговище въ ней и всичкия врѣзки, взѣдействия и интереси, които сѫздава едно затвѣрдено стопанско сѫществуване, да се проникне отъ идеитѣ на рѣмненитъ изгнанницѣ и да прясви борчески идеализъмъ на чисто платонически начала. Този изгубенъ отдана за Македония слог отъ нейната емиграция, колько и въ извѣстни свѣти интелегенти и популитетеленти части да проявява нѣкаква заграженостъ за своято първо отечество, тая негова заграженостъ не излиза, обаче, отъ рамкитѣ на една най-обикновена симпатия къмъ ония, сѫ които го свързва спомена на далечно минало. А въ прѣживяванитѣ днесъ трагични часове, когато надъ македонскитѣ бѫлгари виси една страшна опасностъ, която България нѣма силы да прѣмхаха, старятъ македонски емиграция не смѣе да помисли за нѣщо по-друго отъ сѫва, което сѫставя на националнополитическото вѫзврѣнѣ на порядъчнъ сѫденѣ бѫлгаринъ отъ сѫщинска България.
Ето това е тѣмното въ кризисъ, който Македония прѣживѣва, това е черното въ борбита за нейното бѫдание. Зашто при натискъ на едни особени условия, които бѫлгарската державна политика умышлено сѫздале се откроха вѫзможноститъ това тѣмно и черно да се облече въ македонска носия и да претендира на доминираща роль въ настоящия гласъ на македонския бѫлгаринъ останалъ тамъ, или забѣгналъ сѫ голи рѫцѣ, самъ, сѫ половина или цѣло сѫмѣство отъ тиранията на завоевателитѣ.
Така и само така бѫше вѣзможно да се яви на сцената извѣстнитѣ комитети на македонскитѣ (1) братства, и сѫщо само така можеше около него и задъ него да се изправятъ и фигуриратъ на извѣстнитѣ двама македонски авантюристи на царизма въ България и Македония.
Чии изразители сѫ тѣ и кого въ сѫщностъ прѣставляватъ? Всичко друго, само не и Македония!
Двама-трина бѫвши, настоящи и бѫдящи министри отъ македонско произхождене, вѣрни на своято призванѣ, вѣркло души дипломати, карьеристи и школуващи...
такива, сжо отъ македонско произхождение, върни освън на своето признание, още и на своя борократически кариеризъм, една порядчна фаланга гольми и по-дребни чиновници, някои отъ тях доти бивши дългатели и революционери, а сега спокойни математики въ изчисленията на утръщият си пенсии и друга една фаланга отъ общественици, писатели и въстаници, все македонци, но увлечени беззавърнато отъ водата на българския политически живот, някои отъ тях дото погребали сами едно инанло на голъм робън идеализъм — его основата, върху които можа да изникне тъй съвтъкавично това което и сега още минава за манатъръ на... Македония. И до единъ всички тия синове на Македония нямать друга ръчъ за устата си отъ тая: Македония цяла и недългима да се пристедин къмъ България. Около тоя лозунгъ не бъ мначо за тия мъже да привлекат и една част отъ емиграцията съ свободно занятие въ България. Голяма е изобщо тази емиграция въ своята целост и тя отдъли значителна партида, които, безъ да върва въ обединистическъ фрази, спокойно акламираще ония, които не се уморяваха да ги декламиратъ. Друга партид отъ няя не се подаде на фразата, но, обладана отъ скептицизъмъ, остана безволна и беззавърна да чака без помощно повелениета на сълдабата.
Това е едната емиграция.
Но ето въ той моментъ се надигна вълна идяща отъ другата, отъ сжцинската емиграция или по-право отъ македонскитъ бългани, които инстинктивно схвана още въ началото, че лозунгът на бившът сърбски революционери за самостоятелното съществуване на Македония като единствено средство за спасяване върхата, езикът и свободата на българското плъме, около който по-късно се сплотиха и всички непокарени и съ несъмнена извъстност дългатели на вътрешната революционна организация, съ лозунги, които трябва да се взрпремят отъ всички македонски българи. Ограждането започна съ трескавична бързина и пръдъ него се пръвиха колебанията въ много глави, съмненията въ много умове. Това го почувствуваха особено силно съмнениетъ представители на Македония и отъ него моментъ насъмъ тъ се мъчат да спасяват своято положение.
Има ли нужда да се кажа коя е сжцинската емиграция на Македония и сжцинскитъ нейни възделения? Има ли нужда да се доказа сжо така, колко безплодна е мисията на така нареченитъ помирители, които идат да хармонизиратъ огъня съ водата?
Емиграциятъ сж дъв, но Македония е само една и тя се представлява отъ оная емиграция, които на е сжкала връзки съ нея, които живее за нея и която брои минутитъ, за да се върне въ нея.
Лъвътъ партии по македонския въпросъ.
Разбираме много добре колко тежко е да се ликвидиратъ двете разорителни войни безъ да донесатъ на воюващия народъ и на държавата, му никакви придобития доти и когато тъ се налагатъ отъ историческата правда. Това е единъ трагизъмъ, който унътвява душата и на най-голямия идеалистъ въ живота. И за него, макаръ да схвана, че войната е въ основата си инструментъ за материалини интереси и въ вдобрътежа и често народътъ играятъ слъпна роля, все пакъ е мъчително и болно да наблюдава безплодностът на една дългогодишна кървава война, особено когато разрушениятъ й съ дълбоки и неизличими.
Това естествено чувство като че доминира днесъ наляв непокарената обществена съвестъ въ България. И то е толкова силно, че затъмнява даже разума и пръв на спокойното анализиране на събитията.
Подобно психологическо състояние наблюдаваме главно върху лъвътъ политически течения въ страната, които, въ всъки случай, не могатъ да се сочатъ като пряки виновници за заличането на България въ войнитъ и за катастрофи, които има нещастното да пръживаве.
Обяснимо е, казахме, това състояние на духа, но все пакъ е твърдъ страно, че лъвътъ партии, които управяватъ редомъ съ дяснитъ и които по дълъг идатъ да дадатъ нова насока въ живота на България, се отнасятъ къмъ въпроситъ отъ външната политика на България съвсъмъ само съ чувство или, което е още по-лошо, въобще не се занимаватъ съ тъхъ, а ги заеквачатъ отъ време на време безъ страстъ и безъ интересъ въ духа на клишетата на министриятъ отъ старата формация.
Записано по въпросът отъ вътрешенъ характеръ, както заявяватъ по-първиятъ имъ хора, за да оправдяватъ очевидно безгрижното си по външнитъ проблеми, не схващатъ ли тия партии, че задачитъ, съ които се нагърбватъ достънно корененото политическо и социално пръстурство на страната, че стремежитъ имъ да демократизиратъ напълно живота, ако е нуждено доти и пръв промяна на държавна конституционенъ строй, че мисятъ изобщо, които спорятъ тъхъ, имъ възлага новото време, зависи изключително отъ начина, по който ще се ликвидиратъ националнитъ въпроси и териториалнитъ разграничения при склучването на общия миръ?
При предположението, на кого стоятъ и тъ, че съветъ, въпръв данъкъ, които доброволно ще платъ на общочовешкия страдания, все пакъ ще запази свой старъ кълъбъ, че народитъ и държавитъ няма да вънгътъ границитъ по между си, нито ще изоставятъ чувството да се грижатъ най-първо за себе си и да пазятъ съ всички сили това, което веднъжъ е прогласено за тъхъ, въ какво положение ще изпаднатъ лъвътъ партии и какво ще стане съ тъхътъ лозунги, ако утъръ българската частъ отъ Македония мине формално подъ гръцко и сърбско владичество, подъ което фактически се намира днесъ? Едно отъ двете: или ще тръба да еволюирайтъ на дъсно и да ориентирайтъ политиката си, вътрешна и външна, по стария курсъ и по старитъ методи на дъствие, или пъкъ да отстъпятъ местата си на ония, които иматъ вече практика и опитностъ въ той курсъ и тия методи.
Зачислюватъ ли се лъвътъ партии както тръба по той важенъ въпросъ и търсятъ ли пътя, по който могатъ да избягнатъ тая дилема?
За съжаление, малко признаки има за това. По въпроситъ отъ външенъ характеръ и главно по въпроса за бъдещето на българското плъме, тия партии почти не се занимаватъ. По-удобно имъ се вижда да абдикиратъ отъ тъхъ, да абдикиратъ отъ тоя безвкусенъ «специалитетъ», за който си има "подготовенъ" хора.
А между това наляв въпросъ за националното обединение на българското плъме, които ще си остане само едно желание и една мечта безъ никакви перспективи, стои другия въпросъ, който пръдършава и бъдящитъ
политични, културни и социални проблеми на възраждащата се ова България. Той въпрос е съхранението на това памет, запазващо му в оная част, която остава вън от границите на България.
Ако то е възможно и постижимо, или най-малко, ако то е по-възможно и по-постижимо от националното обединение, какво напрежка и какво правят лъвите партии, за да разчистят пътищата към него?
Да обвиняваме не смееме, макар и да имаме достатъчно основание. Ние македонските българи е доста-тъчно да констатираме само факти, особено когато се отнася до политически течения, гръбът на които не тежи много над нашата страшна съдба.
Ще ни бъде ли позволено поне в последния час тая съдба да се поласкаем съ надеждата, че ще дадем подпомогнати в едно свещено дело от тамът дълго помощът няма да бъде подозрителна и че тая помощ ще бъде еднакво в услуга и на той който я дава и на той комуто се дава?
ОТЗИВИ.
Раздвижване на край време. До като идеята за самостоятелно съществуване на Македония все сочени от мърдани места за предателска и оснителна и се за-плешаха с преследвания и изпълждане от България, добри поклонници на своето служебно и домашно спокойствие, часливо прослуха цял ред месеци през което време истински представители на Македония и на нейната бивша революционна организация употребиха свърхчовешки усилия, за да изнесат както трябва и да го трябва каузата на македонските българи. И когато тия представители по дълъг и в интереса на дългото трябва да оповестят по нашкоро в България из-между емиграцията, това което бяха извършили и продължават да вършат, а едновременно с това да изобличат дълбочина на изпълнителния комитет и стоящия зад него и около него Александрови и Протогерови, спишат до този момент родолюбиви патриоти се видяха пръв опасността да останат непласирани в съдъносните събития. И его, оснити се вече слухове за помирителни инициативи, за ново свикване делегати на братствата, на даже и конгресът на македонската емиграция. Ако всичко това не бъде тъжно, църце да бъде много забавно и смешно. Нещастна Македония! Ако ти бяше навършила толкова пръвляни синове, които да се прихватят един пръв друг, кой кога завърне и както завърне за твоята участь, тя не би била толкова трагична.
Ще се повърнем по въпроса, когато узнаеме добръ и по-определимо замислят на новите месеци.
Из Македония. Всички сведения говорят, че режима на завоевателите е непосимен по своята бруталност и насилия. Чудно би било, ако бъше иначе. Представителството изпълни своето дългът и донесе дълго трябва за всичко. То изтъква повелителната нужда от обуздаване на гръцко-сръбската администрация и на въплътящите комитаджийски банди.
Специално по слуховете за силни албански движения и за големи междуусъзнически сълкновения, установява се, че са твърде много пръввлечени. Все пакъ известни търкания има и какъто ще се развият събитията рано е да се пръввлече.
Никакъ не ни изненада обстоятелството, че известните наши македонструщи авантюристи излъзваха от скривалищата си за да попаридрат по случай на всичката "македонска революция".
Нашъ дългъ е да следим и да бдим, а дългът на емиграцията е да бъде спокойна и тръгвана всекога и на всеки дълг.
Към по-правъ пътъ. Конгресът на широко-социалистическата партия, по въпроса за мира, се отклонил значително от становището на партийния орган "Народъ", вместо за "националното обединение", подържало безрезервно от "Народъ" конгресът се застъпва за право на националното самопредъдление чрез плебисцит. От гледна точка на национализма, тъй както се разбира той у нас, това е еднозъмно отклонение от националния принцип. И ако това отклонение се е наложило по някакви съображения, които са оцънени както трябва, макар и късно, все пакъ е крака напредъ. По-важно е, обаче, дали и до колко министрият на партията ще се опита да приложи на практика това ново върху на последната.
По въпроса ще се повърнем.
Изпълнили мисията си. Така със се изказали видни членове от изпълнителния комитет пръв ония наивни помирители, които въвеждо нахлушиха кучули, след като дълбочь бъше отдавна пръввалът. Работа на съминъ помирители е да си теглят заключението, сълъ като и от ляво и от дясно има се казва, че със се явили много касно. Колкото се отнася до мисията на изпълнителния комитетът, не ще съмнваме, че е вече свършена, щом е поднесен меморандър от негово име. Но чия е тая мисия? На какви интереси служи тя? Каква била ползата от нея и какво могат да очакват от нея македонските българи, като мисия на учреждение, което си приписва правото да се нарича и пръвставя като македонско?
На тия въпроси близкото бъдеще ще даде своя отговор. В тая минута, обаче, можем да кажеме, че мисия като горната бяха били най-полезни, ако не съществуваха никакъ. А щом тая мисия е вече свършена, тя е мисия само за ония, които със ся продълкували, а по отношение бъдещето на Македония и македонските българи, от чиято име е започната и завършена, тя съвсем не е мисия, а пакостничество, ако не и измъна.
Македонската емиграция в Америка. Даде се широка гласност на ръшенията и, взати в една съборъ във Чикаго. Не можем да отричаме автентичността на станалото в той събор, но ще забълвяме, че на-шитът съобщения, потвърдени многократно, говорят за по-друго становище на българите в Америка, които искаха да си останат пръдди всичко българи. Подобно на наши съотечественици в Одеса, Швейцария и на всеки дългъ извън България, тия от Америка също тъй се възнувава поне за племето, отколкото за политиката. Във всички случаи, ще бдеме скоро във състояние да узнаеме същността на работата и ще се повърнем, ако това е необходимо.
Борба или кликуарство. Една добра фаланга галени чиновници от външното министерство, които открито
играят довършени роли по нашия въпрос в качеството си представители на "братства" и "емиграции" и за които никой от патриотарите около известна редакция не смее да каже, че са канцеларски пълномощни и държавни чиновници, със се заеми със една голяма упоритост да държат по кръчми и кафенета всевъзможни измислици и клокотства по наш адрес. Всичко проявяваме, всичко отминаваме и ще отминаваме със мълчание и спокойствие. Стигна ни до слуха, обаче, че е пустято във ходът едно ново средство за агитация, едно нечувано по цялата и безсръбие клокотство, което не застава лично нас, но цели да опорочава нашата дейност и на което дължим отговор. Пръв някой от съглашенските представители се явява, разправяй със ужасът тия чиновници, една македонска делегация (алозията е за нас, разбира се) и му заявила, че по никакъв начин не желаят присъединението на Македония към България. Потребно ли е да се кажа, че подобни изявления не биха излязли от устата и на най-свирепия интернационалист? Защо така недостойно се измества въпроса и му се дава тъй карикатурен вид? Съжаляв Македония я вече дават, съжаляв за нея се готви вече кръстопътен актъ, съжаляв тя би била ладена и на една България победителка, та да е възможно подобен отговор на несъществующа въпрост.
Тая маневра цели да внесе смут и във македонски и във български сръди и да закръпии изветните позиции, които от ден на ден се разкълват. Има да се постигне обаче това, което са гони. Осъщено е вече. Ясни са нашият положение, тяхъ всички ги вече разбират, а най-вече нашият съюзнически. Всички до един, знаямо се нас, искат и заявяват само едно на всеки къде и пръв всички: по никакъв начин не желаем разпокъсването на Македония, защото нискаме да запазим своя език, своята въра и своята националност. Ако пък чиновниците от външното министерство не следят това нача... то тогава готови сме да признаем, че македонските българи някои не биха пожелали и приели доброволно да заплатят едно разширение на България съ цялата на своето отечество или части от него.
Тук има трагизъм, господа начинаещи дипломати, а не вражда и кръчмарски сепаратизъм. Още ли не желаете да разберете тая тъй проста истина? Ще се повърнем.
Характерно. Кукушкото братство във гражданото си большинство решава да скажа със едно направено представителство като изпълнителния комитет, и отнема мандата на делегатите си, посочени и избрани пръв една мъртва епоха преди няколко месеца. Тия делегати, обаче, теоретизират сега, че придошли някакъв нов избирателен елемент, който не разбира от висока политика и че, следователно, "в интереса на дългото", мандатите им трябва да се запазят. Нека се запазят. Само с такива мандати и делегати, разбирачи от висша дипломация, бъвше възможно да се роди и действува изпълнителния орган на официалната политика във България. Да има със честити!
Македонското дъло и дългите му. Така е оглавена една част от вътрешния пръстел на брой 29 от списанието "Сила". Никакъв не сме от приятелите на Протогерови и Александровци, за миналото на които се дават доста интересни сведения във въпросния пръстел, но мислим, че стойността на всичко писано за тях се нацърпва твърде много от обстоятелството че писача обявява само "качеството си на бивш член на организацията", а замълчува своето име. Ако това е случайно опущение, ще очакваме то да се поправи. Касае се за въпрос от особена важност, за дейстия, които цял народ утръщ ще иска да отседи и във такива случаи борбата не бива да се води анонимно и съ обикновен въстаничарски манерът.
Две думи и по съдържанието на статията. Че въпросните господа със господари на големи суми от особено произхождение — това го знаем и дъщата. Но защо българското правителство не туря ръка на тия средства, ако не сме да посъвне на тяхните "собственици" — това никой не знае...
А за комисията, която авторът пръвпорича да изслуша "наглежден отчет" от тях и за резултата да се състави "надлежен протокол", който да се публикува за "успокояние" на обществото, ще кажем, че това е едно някакво желание на този автор, който изглежда, че не си лава самът смътка за обвиненията, които отправя. Не отчетът е потръбен някому, а ще трябва след да се признае върху тяхнит дъла
Анонимният автор много лексомично е прогласил организацията за мъртва. Тя е жива, но имаше да пръвжне една дъга и болезнена криза, която вече пръвмина. Ако има някъм дъщци, които чувствуват себе си за умрели, това не имъ да право да хвърлят смътно прикривало и върху цяла организация, която въпреки всичко, е пак жива и ще живее.
Висша политика. Както узнаваме, в последния "македонски събор", изпълнителният комитет на няколко от софийските македонски братства пръвложил да се пръстани на вечно съживяването на нови "сбори", защото от тях нямало нужда след като той изпълнил мисията си да представи волята на "Македония" (софийската Македония б. р.) пред европейската светът. Срамът обаче, от това чудовищно пръвложение надявъл и то било оттеглено.
Но и друга една криза е била също така шастливо пръвжната във този събор. Чрез намащата на висок фактори и съ пръвка на "дипломатическото" положение, възникналата конфликт между комитета и "загражниното представителство" на македонската организация се уравнял съдоброволното подаване оставката от делегатството на Протогеров и Александров. Македония може да биде спокойна!
Трети един дипломатически акт на Комитета е бил пръвложението му да не се допуска и за напръдъ участието в събора на никаква емиграция освен Софийската. Тя била достатчна да пръвставява цялата, както до сега. Срамът и тук попръчил да се доде до протоколиране на това решение, което, обаче, си остава във сила.
И така стотинки и хиляди македонски изгнаници във от София могат да бъдат спокойни за съдбата си и нека още от сега промислят какви паметници да издигнат на гениалните свои "представители" в София, ако провидението им помогне да "присъединят" татковината им към България по начин, какъвто се крои от българското външно министерство...
Старъ занаятъ. Освен клейменичеството и клюкарство по клейменият, добър плащане ордия на "единствените" представители на организацията си позволяват чрез втора и трета ръка да отправят и закани по нашъ адресъ. Едно старо средство, което, ако обичате, може пакъ да опитате. Не ни се върва въ куража имъ, но си вземаме бължка. Борбата, обаче, е е борба и тя ще се продължава съвсемъ независимо от каквито и да било заплашвания.
Безкритичностъ въ пръцниката на положението. Една голяма тревога бъ обладала обществото въ България, а също и македонската емиграция по повод фантастичнит сълухове за гръцкия и сръбския териториални претенции. Самата чудовищност на тия претенции зъвъ от долн дали аргументират въ Македония и Гърция. Биха се осмелили сериозно да ги поддържат предъ конференцията за мира, тръбаше да подсказахе на разсъдливите хора, че подобна опасност, която, ако е дълговечна, би накарала да тръгне всичко българско, е недопустима. Ако въ един Букурешть на 1913 година необуздания сръбско-гръцки империализъм намери за възможно и необходимо да не се остави България без излизъ на Бяло море, сега ли, при едно съвсемъ ново положение когато цяла Европа се пръвва подъ натиска на накипилит социални задача и нужда, че се даде ходъ на въздълженето отъ сръдно въковен стилъ? Нашитъ съотечественици тръбаше да бъдат, прочее спокойни и да гледат на събитията по-трезво. А най-вече нека не зарават, че ако Венизелос и Нашитъ опръни на своето военна сила и незасилятъ още отъ все по-засилявящъ се вълнения въ сръбката на изстрълвани тяхни народи, все още продължават да живеятъ съ похвата на миналото и да дълговечуват съ тия похвати, това се дължи особено много на лозунгит, които македонскитъ българи издигатъ предъ свята и сръдъ които няма силни оръжия за борба предъ сада на народитъ дори и отъ гледна точка на правото на победителя. Ако тия маневрирания и диверсии на гръцкото и сръбско правителства не разколебяватъ нашия духъ и не ослабятъ нашата борба, целъта имъ, единствената имъ целъ, остава непостижимата.
Пътъ човеческия Светъ е в България очаква съ трепетъ всъ написътъ ще се даде замълчаното на всички политически и други фактори, които причиниха погрома на страната, и вместо това публична тайна е вече, че въ известни краяве се работи трескаво за образуването на военна линя, цвънтъ на която са толкова "по-страшни" колкото са "по-тостинени". Не се бъркаме по дълъг въ вътрешнитъ работи на България, но считаме че можемъ, задно и единодушно съ обществената съвестъ въ нея, да издигнемъ гласъ на предупреждениет, че е време да се турне голямъ кръстъ на "дългостъ" и "задачи", които както въ миналото, така и сега съ свързвали и ще свързватъ съ позоръ и разгромъ. Днесъ особено, полъ маката на "патриотизма" могатъ да конспиратъ само хора, които няма какво друго да спасяватъ, осъвъ себе си. Няма вече ни съвка отъ идеи, които да увлъкнатъ дълговечни елементи въ служба на котеринитъ интереси. Всичко е свършено! Даваме той отливъ, защото подобна дългостъ засъга и на наша въпросъ и още защото, до колкото знаемъ, въ тази дългостъ участвуватъ известни македонистъщи лица, които, по понятия съображения, се мъчатъ да простиратъ задачатъ на лигата не само върху революционни елементи въ България, но и противъ дългото и дълготъ на вътрешната македонска революционна организация. Олично! Ние сме готови!
Разни.
— За свъдъния Представителството няма и не може до полъръка редовни пощенски съобщения по причини извънъ на всички. Желаящите да възятъ въ сошението, тръбва да са служатъ или съ пътици или чрезъ легаленъ достъпенъ ходъ въ ем гърцийнитъ превозе. До като се легализира неговото съществуване, яко въобще се легализира, налага се той първобитенъ начинъ на съобщение и всички приятели и съчувственици тръбва го спазватъ.
— Отрадно. Голямъ е подема между широката маса на нашитъ съотечественици отъ всички краища. Това ни насърчава да вървимъ търдо по избрания пътъ. Около нашото знаме се нареждатъ бързо всички изгнаници на Македония и всъки денъ ставатъ по-целни въ своята морзина подкръвъ. Но тежката борба налага да бъдемъ подкръвени и материално. Дайте тази подкръвъ, които е подкръвъ на собственото ви дъло!
Отръзяване. Бързо някои отъ старитъ македонски братства, завършили въ единъ моментъ на защемяване въ услуга на една изсипирани дългостъ, които се вече руши като безпощена, се окопитватъ и се отръзватъ окончателно отъ своето досегашно "заблуждение. Тъ за силватъ редовътъ на смущенитъ многохилядна емиграция, а задно съ това и дълго на възлата отново съживата въ ръцътъ си бълша вътрешна революционна организация. Всички съ няя, всички подъ нейното знаме!
Поправка. Чрезъ въ "България" г-нъ Владиславъ Ковачевъ извъстява, че е авторъ на написаното въ си. "Сила" и че случайно подписа му е пропуснатъ. Това му прине частъ. Съ благодарностъ отговаря напрежената отъ наше бължка по същия случай.
Отдавна е излязло отъ печатъ обависното изложение по македонения въпросъ "Назадъ къмъ автономията" като коментър на декларацията на бившитъ сърски революционери. Всички интелегенити съотечественици тръбва да изпратятъ да прочетатъ тая книга."
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0cd961e2-18e4-4e21-a995-b00e6833adb1
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train
|
finepdfs
|
bul_Cyrl
| 43,832
|
12
Præsentation af K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade
Det er med glæde, at vi kan præsentere ejendomsprojektet K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade.
Projektet består af følgende ejendomme i 8800 Viborg:
* Sct. Mathias Gade 17A, 1.039 m 2
* Sct. Mathias Gade 19A, 2.733 m 2
Sct. Mathias Gade 19A, der har fungeret som byens posthus frem til 2012, er tegnet af Hack Kampmann og er blandt by ens flotteste og mest karakteristiske bygninger.
De to ejendomme (benævnes herefter tilsammen "ejen dommen") har en unik beliggenhed på byens gågade og indeholder samlet 9 erhvervslejemål (butik og kontor/klinik) + en antenneposition, samt 7 boliglejemål.
89% af de samlede lejeindtægter i K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade er på baggrund af lejeindtægten fra erhvervslejemå lene.
Projektet udmærker sig på en lang række punkter, herunder særligt:
* Unik ejendom og beliggenhed på gågaden i Viborg.
* God lejersammensætning - og dermed spredning af risiko.
* Ejendommens startafkast er på 5,79%.
* Der forventes løbende udlodninger allerede fra år 2019.
* Starthæftelse over for K/S'ets finansieringsgiver på DKK 1.864.600,- v/10% ejerskab.
Samlet understreges projektets høje standard ved, at der trods en stram kreditpolitik er opnået tilsagn om finansie ring af købet gennem finansieringsgiver som beskrevet side 42.
Projektet udbydes på 100 anparter, hvoraf maksimalt 10 in vestorer kan deltage.
Blue Capital A/S, d. 6. november 2018.
Særlige bemærkninger vedr. overtagelse af ejendom og anparter i K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade
Sælger af ejendommen er KK Vest ApS (CVR-nr. 29623538). KK Vest ApS havde ved seneste regnskabsaflæggelse pr. 31.12.2017 en egenkapital på DKK 58,15 mio.
For Køber, K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade, er der taget forbe hold, da købet er betinget af fuldtegning af projektet med kreditgodkendte investorer inden 15.12.2018.
Fuldtegnes projektet ikke inden 15.12.2018, må Blue Capital A/S derfor tage forbehold for, at projektet realiseres.
Potentielle investorer i K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade vil på ingen måde blive pålagt forpligtelser i forbindelse med ind levering af underskrevet købsaftale, hvis projektet - mod for ventning - ikke realiseres.
Det bemærkes i overstående sammenhæng, at Blue Capital A/S siden stiftelsen i 2010 har annonceret 44 projekter - og alle er gennemført.
Overtagelse af ejendom
K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade overtager ejendommen den 31. december 2018.
Investeringsresumé
Ejendommens købesum:
DKK 99.000.000,-
2
Pris pr. m (3.772 m
2
) - medfølgende byggeret på tagetagen er ikke medregnet :
DKK 26.246,- pr. m
2:
Anvendelse:
Årlig lejeindtægt (2019):
Leje pr. m
2
Butikker
(60,13% af den samlede lejeindtægt)
DKK 3.638.498,-
DKK 2.548,- pr. m
2
Kontor/klinik
*
(28,48% af den samlede lejeindtægt)
DKK 1.723.108,-
DKK 1.079,- pr. m
2
Bolig
**
(11,39% af den samlede lejeindtægt)
DKK 689.413,-
DKK 923,- pr. m 2
I alt
DKK 6.051.019,-
* Lejeindtægten fra antenneposition af medtaget under "Kontor/klinik".
** Lejeindtægten fra 5 af boliglejemålene reguleres den 1. januar 2019 med stigningen i nettoprisindekset (NPI) fra oktober 2017 til oktober 2018. Denne stigning i NPI kendes ikke på
udbudsdatoen for nærværende prospekt, hvorfor der antages en stigning på 1,50%, hvilket svarer til budgetforudsætningen for den årlige stigning i NPI i budgetperioden.
I budgetterne reguleres den årlige lejeindtægt med de i lejekontrakterne aftalte minimumsreguleringer. For de af lejekontrak terne, hvor lejen alene reguleres med den årlige stigning i NPI, budgetteres denne lejestigning årligt at være 1,50%. Dette giver en gennemsnitlig årlig stigning i den samlede lejeindtægt på 2,73% i budgetperioden.
Forrentning:
*** Værdiregulering af ejendom og handelsomkostninger.
Investorindskud v/10% ejerskab ****
:
DKK 3.705.000,-
Der er mulighed for op til 50% finansiering af investorindskuddet. Budgettet på side 63 og 65 er udarbejdet til hhv. en privat- og selskabsinvestor, der ønsker at få finansieret halvdelen af investorindskuddet, hvorefter investor blot skal indbetale kontant DKK 1.852.500,- fra projektets start v/10% ejerskab.
Der er ingen løbende indbetalinger til K/S Viborg, Sct. Mathias Gade.
**** Indskuddet på DKK 5.000,- til komplementaren er inkluderet i investorindskuddet.
Finansiering:
1. prioritet (46,8%) DKK 46.365.000,- Realkredit: Optages som et F10 lån med 10 års indledende afdragsfrihed og 30 års løbetid
2. prioritet (15,6%) DKK 15.455.000,- Realkredit: Optages som et F5 lån med 30 års løbetid uden indledende afdragsfrihed
3. prioritet (7,1%) DKK 7.000.000,- Banklån: Optages som en driftskredit med variabel rente
Depositum (1,9%) DKK 1.854.405,- Reguleres årligt tilsvarende den respektive leje, første gang 1. januar 2019
Hæftelse v/10% ejerskab:
Hæftelse over for K/S'ets finansieringsgiver (pro rata)
Hæftelsen nedskrives delvist som beskrevet side 44.
Indskudt kapital
Samlet hæftelse tillagt indskudt kapital
Formueforøgelse ved kontantindskud og 10% ejerskab:
Formueforøgelse for privatinvestor efter topskat 2038 ekskl. ejendomsværdistigning
DKK 1.864.600,-
DKK 3.705.000,-
DKK 5.569.600,-
DKK 4.054.655,-
Formueforøgelse for privatinvestor efter topskat 2038 inkl. ejendomsværdistigning
DKK 7.165.914,-
Formueforøgelse for privat- og selskabsinvestor efter selskabsskat 2038 ekskl. ejendomsværdistigning DKK 7.757.319,Formueforøgelse for privat- og selskabsinvestor efter selskabsskat 2038 inkl. ejendomsværdistigning DKK 13.280.784,-
Udlodninger v/10% ejerskab:
Akkumuleret udlodning i 2019
DKK 174.349,-
Akkumuleret udlodning i 2028
DKK 3.623.653,-
Akkumuleret udlodning i 2038
DKK 9.999.711,-
Budgetperioden løber frem til år 2038. Den enkelte anpartshaver kan naturligvis til enhver tid sælge sin anpart, ligesom den samlede ejerkreds til enhver tid kan beslutte at påbegynde et salg af ejendommen. Udlodning af provenu fra et salg af ejendommen er ikke medtaget i ovenstående opgørelse af udlodninger.
13
|
<urn:uuid:500539fd-079f-48ab-a780-609fcd69a583>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
dan_Latn
| 5,996
|
Návod na šití dámského trička Mia
Návod na šití najdete zdarma na stránkách www.fazonetka.cz. Střih je chráněn autorským právem a bez souhlasu není dovoleno jej volně šítit nebo prodávat. Není určeno pro komerční účely. Vytvořila Bc. Jana Coufalová
Než se pustíte do střihání, projděte si pečlivě tento nákres ať víte, kam správně kolik přidat švové přídavky a záložky. Tyto přídavky jsou doporučené a jsou určené pro úpletové materiály.
1. Neprve si nastřiháme přední díly dle střihu
2. A 1x zadní díl na přeložku. Dále si střihneme lemovací proužek široký 3,5cm.
3. Poté levou stranu zadního dílu zastřihneme podle zaoblení, které je ve střihu naznačené.
4. Na pravý přední díl si na šikmý přední kraj vyznačíme 2cm linii křídou.
5. Detail naznačení
6. Poté položíme levý přední díl na pravý LS na LS a sešpendlíme k sobě. U dolního kraje levého předního dílu podehneme záložku dolního kraje 2cm do RS
7. Detail špendlení
8. Sešíjeme overlockem. Šijeme od náramenice až k zahnutému dolnímu kraji levého předního dílu.
9. Kraj pravého předního dílu zažehlíme podle naznačené linie a zašpendlíme. Vznikne nám takový malý záhyb.
10. Detail zažehlení z RS.
11. Z LS pak prošíjeme v kraji coverlockem nebo dvojjehlou. šijeme 1,5cm od přehybu a šijeme až dolů k dolnímu kraji pravého předního dílu.
12. Detail prošití z LS
13. Detail z RS
14. Poté se špendlíme pravou náramenici
15. A sešíjeme ji.
16. Dále si olemujeme výstřih proužkem na třetiny. Případně můžete začistit výstřih i nápalem.
17. Sešpendlíme si levou náramenici
18. A sešíjeme jí.
19. Záložky přinechaných rukávů zažehlíme 2cm do RS a dolní kraj rukávů prošijeme.
20. Detail prošití z LS.
21. Dále si sešpendlíme boční švy trička.
22. Boční švy sešíjeme
23. Pak zahneme dolní kraj trička 2cm do RS, zažehlíme a prošíjeme.
24. U levé náramenice u návaznosti lemování uděláme uzávěrku proti párání.
25. Stejné uzávěrky doporučuji i u rukávu v návaznosti bočního švu.
26. Uzávěrku udělám i u začátku prošití dolního kraje u cípu, aby se prošití nepáralo.
27. A tričko je hotové :-)
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Comune di Alassio
Riviera dei Fiori
www.comunealassio.it – email@example.com
SETTORE II UFFICIO GARE E APPALTI
Agli Ordini degli avvocati:
Provincia di Savona firstname.lastname@example.org
Provincia di Imperia email@example.com
Provincia di Genova firstname.lastname@example.org
Provincia di La spezia email@example.com
Oggetto: elenco dei professionisti per l'attività di assistenza legale del Comune di Alassio.
In riferimento all'oggetto, si rende noto che è stato istituito presso il Comune di Alassio l'elenco dei professionisti per l'attività di assistenza legale.
La documentazione per chi fosse interessato ad iscriversi è disponibile sul sito del Comune di Alassio al seguente link: https://gare.comunealassio.it/PortaleAppalti/it/ppgare_avvisi_lista.wp
Cordiali saluti.
IL DIRIGENTE DEL II SETTORE
Dott. Alfredo Silvestri
Documento firmato digitalmente ai sensi del D.Lgs. n.82/2005 s.m.i. e norme correlate.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train
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| 935
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Regionalt års-hjul for politiske og administrative arenaer, møteplasser og arrangement i Agder 2019
Arenaer og møteplasser januar
februar mars
april mai
juni august
september oktober
november
desember
11/18
06/13
04/13
10,17/3
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train
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Днес, .................. г., в гр. София се сключи настоящият договор между:
СО – РАЙОН МЛАДОСТ, с ЕИК 0006963270614, със седалище и административен адрес в гр. София, бул. „Свето Преображение“ №1, представляван от арх. Румен Русев, в качеството му на ВрИД Кмет на Район Младост - СО и Ваня Дилкова – главен счетоводител, наричан по-долу за краткост „ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛ“
и
„.................................................................“, регистрирано в ТРРЮЛНЦ/Регистър БУЛСТАТ при Агенцията по вписванията с ЕИК/БУЛСТАТ ..........................................., със седалище и адрес на управление в ......................................................., представлявано от ......................................................., в качеството му на ......................................................., наричано по-долу за краткост „ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛ“, от друга страна,
се сключи настоящият договор за следното:
I. ПРЕДМЕТ НА ДОГОВORA
Чл.1. (1) ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ възлага, а ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ приема да изпълни дейности по инженеринг – проектиране и изпълнение на СМР за въвеждане на мерки за енергийна ефективност в сграда с административен адрес гр. София, Район Младост, ж.к. „Младост 2“, бл. 201, както и упражняване на авторски надзор по време на строителството.
(2) Изпълнението на поръчката, предмет на настоящия договор ще се извърши с материали на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, при точно съобразяване от негова страна на: изискванията на Техническата спецификация по проведената от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ по реда на ЗОП открита процедура за възлагане на обществената поръчка, на Техническото и Ценовото си предложения, неразделна част от настоящия договор и в съответствие с действащото законодателство и Методическите указания на Министерство на регионалното развитие и благоустроявството за изпълнение на Националната програма за енергийна ефективност на многофамилни жилищни сгради (НПЕЕМЖС).
(3) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ носи отговорност изпълнението на проектирането да е съобразно условията на Наредба № 4 за обхвата и съдържанието на инвестиционните проекти, а изпълнението на строителните и монтажни работи, предмет на договора да е в съответствие с изискванията на Закона за устройство на територията (ЗУТ), касаещи категорията на строителния обект, Наредба № 2 от 2003 г. за въвеждане в експлоатация на строежите в Република България и минимални гаранционни срокове за изпълнени строителни и монтажни работи, съоръжения и строителни обекти, Наредба № 3 от 2003 г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството и на всички други действащи нормативни актове в Република България, приложими към дейностите от предмета на възлагане, както и изискванията, свързани с опазването на околната среда и безопасността на строителните работи, изискванията на евростандартите и условията на настоящия договор.
Чл.2. В предметния обхват на възлагане с настоящия договора е включено изпълнението на следните дейности:
2.1. Изготвяне на инвестиционен проект във фаза „работен проект“ с обхват и съдържание, съгласно Заданието за проектиране на Възложителя, инкорпорирано в Техническата спецификация, приложена като неразделна част от настоящия договор, а именно:
- част „Архитектурна“;
- част „Конструктивна“;
- част „Електрическа“;
- част „ВиК“;
- част „Енергийна ефективност“;
- част „Пожарна безопасност“;
- част „План за безопасност и здраве“;
- част „План за управление на строителните отпадъци“;
- част „Сметна документация“.
2.2. Извънение на строително-монтажните работи по реализацията на инвестиционния проект за въвеждане на мерки за енергийна ефективност в следния обхват:
- мърка за енергоспестяване № 1: Топлинно изолиране на външните стени;
- мърка за енергоспестяване № 2: Подмяна на съществуващата дограма с PVC профили, остъклени с двоен стъклопакет;
- мърка за енергоспестяване № 3: Топлинно изолиране на покрив;
- мърка за енергоспестяване № 4: Топлинно изолиране на под.
2.3. Упражняване на авторски надзор по време на изпълнението на строителните и монтажни работи - в изпълнение на задълженията си проектантите, изготвили работния проект в отделните му части трябва да осигуряват непрекъснат надзор на строителството, да участват при изготвянето и подписването на актовете и протоколите, съставени по време на строителството и екзекутивната документация. Проектантите носят отговорност за всички свои действия при упражняване на авторския надзор по време на строителството.
II. СРОКОВЕ ПО ДОГОВОРА
Чл.3. (1) Срокът на договора е периода от датата на подписването му от двете страни до подписване на Констативен акт, образец 15 към Наредба № 3/2003 г. за състяване на актове и протоколи по време на строителството.
(2) Настоящият договор влиза в сила след осигуряване на финансов ресурс от страна на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, за което обстоятелство ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ ще бъде уведомен писмено.
(3) В съответствие с чл. 114 от ЗОП изпълнението на настоящия договор ще се счита за възложено под отлагателно условие, което е обвързано с осигуряването на финансирание, с каквото към момента на подписване на настоящия договор, Възложителят не разполага. В случай, че не бъде осигурено финансирание, дейностите предмет на възлагане няма да се изпълняват. В тяхнък случай никоя от Страните не дължи обезщетение за вреди или пропуснати ползи на другата страна.
(4) Действието на договора може да се спре по причини, независещи от Страните, необусловени от виновно поведение на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ или ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, при извършване на проектирането и/или съгласувателните процедури. Спирането и възобновяването на действието на договора се констатира с двустранно подписани протоколи от упълномощени представители на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ и ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, като срокът за изпълнението му се удължава с времетраенето на периода, през който не е осъществявано ефективно изпълнение на дейностите от обхвата му.
Чл.4. (1) Срокът за изготвяне и предаване на работния инвестиционен проект е ……………… (…………………………..) календарни дни, съгласно Техническото предложение на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, представено при участието му в обществената поръчка (Приложение №2).
(2) **Срокът за проектиране** започва да тече, считано от датата на предаване от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ на необходимите изходни данни за обекта на изпълнение и документите, необходими за изработването и одобряването на проектната разработка, при наличие на осигурено финансиране за изпълнение на поръчката, до подписване на констативен приемо-предавателен протокол за пълно одобрение от страна на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ на изготвения проект, при условията на настоящия договор.
(3) В срока по ал. 1 не се включва изпълнението на задължението на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ по съгласуване с компетентните органи и инстанции на изготвения инвестиционен проект, както и издаването на съответните разрешителни (ако са необходими). Срокът за изпълнение спира да тече при непреодолима сила, както и при забавяне на произнасянето на компетентните органи в нормативно определените срокове за съгласуване и одобрене на изготвения проект.
**Чл.5.** (1) **Времетраенето на строително-монтажните работи е …………… календарни дни,** съгласно Техническото предложение на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, представено при участието му в процедурата за възлагане на обществената поръчка (Приложение №2), считано от датата на откриване на строителната площадка и определяне на строителна линия и ниво (подписване на Протокол обр. 2, 2а) до съставяне и подписване на Констативен акт, образец 15 за установяване годността за приемане на обекта съгласно Наредба №3/2003 г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството.
(2) Срокът за изпълнение на възlagаното строителство е обоснован с представения по процедурата и приет от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ Линеен календарен график, придружен с Диаграма на работната ръка, които са неразделна част от настоящия договор.
(3) В срока по ал. 1 се включва и изпълнението на непредвидените работи, в случай че такива възникнат и изпълнението им бъде възложено от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, както и времето за неблагоприятни климатични условия при изпълнение на строителните и монтажни работи.
(4) В срока по ал. 1 не се включва времето, необходимо за приемане на изпълнените строително-монтажни работи от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
(5) Срокът по ал. 1 спира да тече в следните случаи:
1. при спиране на строителството по нареддане на общински или държавен орган;
2. в хипотеза на отказан на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ достъп до обекта от оправомощени лица и институции по причина, които не се дължат на негово действие или бездействие. В този случай ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен незабавно да уведоми писмено ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ;
3. след изтичане на законоустановените срокове за издаване на съответните удостоверения и/или разрешения от компетентните органи – до момента на тяхното издаване (в приложимите случаи);
4. при временно спиране на строителството на обекта от страна на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, поради настъпване на неблагоприятни метеорологични условия, непозволяващи изпълнение на възложените СМР;
5. по причини на непреодолима сила и/или непредвидени обстоятелства, независещи от волята на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(6) При спиране на срока за изпълнение на договора на някое от основанията, посочени в ал. 5, Страните чрез определените с настоящия договор лица съставят констативен протокол, в който се отразяват следните обстоятелства: причината за спирането; периода, за който срока спира да тече; каква част от срока за изпълнението не е изтекла към момента на спирането.
В случаите по ал. 5, т. 4, неразделна част от протокола по предходното изречение е представена от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ официална справка, издадена от Националния институт по метеорология и хидрология (НИМХ), удостоверяваща наличието на посочените обстоятелства на неблагоприятни метеорологични условия.
(7) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ няма право да иска удължаване на срока за изпълнение на договора поради наличие на форсмажорно обстоятелство и/или непреодолима сила, ако това
обстоятелство засяга само определени етапи и ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ може да ускори работата си по други етапи в рамките на цената за изпълнение на договора, включително чрез прехвърляне на лица и оборудване от етапите, засегнати от такова закъснение.
(8) След отпадане на причината за спиране на срока, Страните, чрез определените с настоящия договор лица, подписват нов констативен протокол, в който се посочва продължителността на спирането, като въз основа на частта от срока за изпълнение, която не е изтекла към момента на спирането се определя кога изтича срока по ал. 1, а ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ представя актуализиран план-график за оставащата част от срока за изпълнение на строежа.
(9) Забавянето на плащанията от страна на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ не е основание за спиране или за забавяне изпълнението на строително-монтажните работи от страна на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(10) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не изпада в забава за времето, в което за ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ е необходимо да осигури оптималните условия за изпълнение на строително-монтажните работи и/или за провеждане на изпитвания.
(11) За периода на спиране на изпълнението плащания по договора не се дължат.
Чл.6. Срокът за осъществяване на авторски надзор по време на изпълнението на строителните и монтажни работи на обекта, е целия период на изпълнение на строителството от датата на съставяне на Протокол за откриване на строителната площадка и заверка на Заповедна книга до датата на съставяне и подписване на Констативен акт, обр. 15 за установяване годността за приемане на строежа, съгласно Наредба №3/31.07. 2003 г. на МРРБ.
III. ВЪЗНАГРАЖДЕНИЕ И НАЧИН НА ПЛАЩАНЕ
Чл.7. (1) Общата цена за изпълнение на възложените работи (проектиране, изпълнение на СМР и упражняване на авторски надзор), определена съгласно Ценовото предложение, предоставено от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ при участието му в процедурата за възлагане на обществената поръчка, приложено като неразделна част от настоящия договор (Приложение №1), съставлява обща крайна сума в размер на ............ лв. (...................... лева), без включен ДДС, или ............ лв. (...................... лева), с включен ДДС, която сума е формирана на базата на следните цени по видове дейности:
1. Цена за изготвяне на инвестиционен проект във фаза „работен проект“ в размер на ............ лв. (...................... лева), без включен ДДС, или ............ лв. (...................... лева), с включен ДДС, в което число и съгласуване на изготвения работен инвестиционен проект с всички компетентни органи и експлоатационни дружества;
2. Цена за изпълнение на възlagаните строителни интервенции, в размер на обща крайна цена от ................. лв. (.......................... лева), без включен ДДС, или .................. лв. (........................................... лева), с вкл. ДДС, в което число:
- цена за изпълнение на възlagаните строително-монтажни работи, в размер на .................. лв. (.......................... лева), без включен ДДС, или .................. лв. (.......................... лева), с вкл. ДДС;
- непредвидени разходи\(^1\) в размер на до 5 % от стойността на строително-монтажните работи, в размер на .................. лв. (.......................... лева), без включен ДДС, или .................. лв. (.......................... лева), с вкл. ДДС.
3. Цена за авторски надзор, осъществяван от проектираните по време на изпълнението на строително – монтажните работи на обекта, в размер на ............
---
\(^1\) Непредвидени разходи за строителни и монтажни работи са разходите, свързани с увеличаване на заложени количества СМР и/или добавяне на нови количества или видове СМР, които към момента на разработване и одобряване на работния инвестиционен проект обективно не са могли да бъдат предвидени, но при изпълнение на дейностите са обективно необходими за въвеждане на обекта в експлоатация. Разходите, които биха могли да бъдат верифицирани като непредвидени, следва да отговарят на условията за допустимост на разходите по НПЕЕМЖК.
лв. (.......................... лева), без включен ДДС, или ............. лв. (.......................... лева), с включен ДДС.
(2) Цената по предходната алинея е за цялостно извършване на дейностите, включени в предмета на възлагане и включва стойността на всички свързани с изпълнението на поръчката разходи, в това число: разходи за мобилизация, хонорари, възнаграждения, социални и здравни плащания, свързани с работата на екипите на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ (проектантски, инженерно-технически и изпълнителски), плащания към подизпълнителите и третите лица (в хипотеза, че са предвидени в офертата), осигуряване на офис, оборудване, консумативи, изготвяне на строителна документация, съгласуване на изготвения инвестиционен проект с всички компетентни органи и експлоатационни дружества, вложени материали, оборудване, разходи за труд и доставки, механизация, енергия, складиране, подготовка на строителството, извънреден труд, осигуряване на нормативно определените безопасни условия на труд на строителната площадка по време на извършване на строителните работи, освобождаването на площадката от строителни отпадъци, необходимите за строителството помощни видове СМР и материали [товаренето, разтоварването (ръчно и/или механизирано)], както и хоризонталното и вертикалното пренасяне на материали, строителни отпадъци и други подобни, извозване на строителните отпадъци на посочените от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ места, провеждане на проби и изпитвания и всички други присъщи разходи, неупоменати по-горе, включително печалба за ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(3) Цената за изпълнение на договора е окончателна, не подлежи на предоговаряне и не се променя при промени в цените на труда, строителните материали и др.
(4) Окончателната стойност за изпълнение на строителството, предмет на възлагане с настоящия договор се определя след извършване на всички строително-монтажни работи. Окончателната стойност не може да надвишава сумата по ал. 1, т. 2 и се изчислява съгласно представените от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, проверени и приети от определеното от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ с настоящия договор лице Отчети за действително извършени количества и видове СМР, придружени от Актове и Протоколи, съставени по реда на Наредба № 3/2003 г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството, протоколи от проведени изпитвания (когато се изискват) и декларации за вложените строителни продукти, за осигурено изпълнението на основни изисквания към строежите, съставени по реда на Регламент (ЕС) 305/2011, респективно Наредба № РД-02-20-1 от 2015.
Чл.8. (1) Договореното в чл. 7, ал. 1 възнаграждение подлежи на заплащане от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ чрез „Българска банка за развитие“ АД (ББР) по банков път, по посочена от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ банкова сметка, по следния начин:
1. **Авансово плащане** в размер на 35% от стойността на договора, без стойността на допълнително възникнали видове непредвидени разходи в размера по чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 2, предл. второ, което авансово плащане е в размер на ...................... лв (................................................. лева), без включен ДДС, или .................... лв. (................................................. лева), с вкл. ДДС, платимо в срок до 30 (тридесет) дни от датата на уведомяване на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за осигурено финансиране, срещу издадена неотменима и безусловна банкова гаранция за авансово плащане, открита в същия размер в полза на „Българска банка за развитие“ АД. Гаранцията върху авансовото плащане се освобождава след отчитане разходването на целия размер на аванса.
2. **Цена за изпълнение на работното проектиране**, в пълния й размер (100%) по чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 1, платима на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ в срок до 10 (десет) календарни дни от влизане в сила на разрешението за строеж.
3. **Междинни плащания** за изпълнение на СМР по настоящия договор, в размер до 55% от предвидените СМР се извършват по одобрената подробна КСС към работния проект, след подписване на съответен протокол за установяване на качествено изпълнени видове и количества работи, при наличие на осигурено финансиране за изпълнените дейности и представяне на следните документи:
- протокол за приемане на действително извършените и приети работи, удостоверяващ, че същите са изпълнени съгласно изискванията на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, на одобряния
инвестиционен проект и съответните нормативни разпоредби, подписан от страните по договора, както и от други лица, когато това е необходимо, съгласно действащото законодателство;
- сертификати и декларации за съответствие на вложените в обекта материали, доставени от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
- протоколи за изпитвания на извършените СМР, с които се доказва съответствието им с изискванията на приложимите нормативни актове;
- оригинала фактура, издадена от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
- всички необходими документи, съгласно действащото законодателство за приемане и въвеждане на обекта в експлоатация.
4. Окончателно плащане - в размер, равен на реално изпълнените и приети с протокол (подписан от Сраните) дейности съгласно КСС по работния проект, платимо в 30 (тридесет) дневен срок след подписване на Констативен акт за установяване годността за приемане на строежа и наличие на осигурено от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ финансиране като се приспадат междинните плащания и преведения аванс. От окончателното плащане се приспадат всички суми за начислени неустойки, в случай че има такива.
5. Плащането на непредвидените разходи (ако е приложимо), се реализира при окончателното плащане на СМР.
6. Плащането на стойността на авторския надзор ще се извърши в пълния й размер (100%) по чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 3, в срок до 10 (десет) работни дни след въвеждане в експлоатация на обекта на възлагане, представяне на екзекутивна документация, приемо - предавателен протокол за действително извършени и подлежащи на заплащане услуги по осъществен авторски надзор, подписан от страните, доклад за упражнен авторски надзор през периода на изпълнение на СМР на сградата и оригинала фактура за стойността на дължимата сума.
(2) Всички плащания се извършват с платежно нареждане в сроковете по предходната алинея (точки 1-6), при наличие на представени съответно посочените документи, удостоверяващи извършеното и прието изпълнение и на основание представена от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ оригинала фактура. Плащанията се извършват по следната банкова сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ: IBAN: ……………………., ВИС: ………………., Банка: ………………
(3) В случай на промяна в банковата сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, последният е длъжен да уведоми ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ незабавно. В случай че ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не уведоми ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ незабавно, страните ще считат, че плащанията са надлежно извършени.
(4) Сроковете за плащане по т. 1 - т. 6 на ал. 1 се спират, когато ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ бъде уведомен, че фактурата му не може да бъде платена, тъй като сумата не е дължима, поради липсващи и/или некоректни придружителни документи или наличие на доказателства, че разходът не е правомечен. ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ трябва да даде разяснения, да направи изменения или представи допълнителна информация, след като бъде уведомен за това. Периодът за плащане продължава да тече от датата, на която ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ получи правилно оформена фактура, или правилно изготвени документи, или достатъчни доказателства за правоменно извършен разход.
(5) За извършване на плащанията ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ изготвя фактура на български език, в съответствие със Закона за счетоводството, подзаконовите нормативни актове по прилагането му и указания на МРРБ по Националната програма за енергийна ефективност на многофамилни жилищни сгради, която следва да съдържа следната задължителна информация:
Получател: Сдружение на собствениците на бл. 201 в ж.к. „Младост 2“, гр. София;
Адрес: гр. София, Район Младост, ж.к. „Младост 2“, бл.201;
Получил фактурата: ……………………………………….;
Номер на документа, дата, място
(6) Преведените средства от „Българска банка за развитие“ АД, но неусвоени от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, както и натрупаните лихви и глоби, в изпълнение на този договор,
подлежат на възстановяване по следната банкова сметка (IBAN): ……………………, ВИС: ………………., Банка: „Българска банка за развитие“ АД.
(7) В случай, че договорът за целево финансиране по Националната програма за енергийна ефективност на многофамилни жилищни сгради, склучен между Кмета на СО и „Българска банка за развитие“ АД се прекрати или „Българска банка за развитие“ АД не финансира частично или напълно дейности по този договор, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ не дължи каквото и да било плащане към ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ нито по време на изпълнение на договора, нито след изтичане на срока му.
(8) В случай, че за парично вземане по този договор и/или по договор за подизпълнение (когато е приложимо) е налице прехвърляне, залагане или принудително изпълнение, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да уведоми писмено ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ в 3-дневен срок от настъпването на съответното обстоятелство, като представи надлежно заверено копие от съответните документи.
Чл.9. (1) ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ не заплаща суми за непълно и/или некачествено извършени от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ работи, като в случай на несъответствия на документацията с реално извършените строителни дейности на обекта по отношение на актувани количества, изисквания за качество и др., съответното плащане се извършва в срок до 10 (десет) работни дни след отстраняване на всички несъответствия/недостатъци.
(2) Отстраняването на недостатъците е за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ и се удостоверява с двустранно подписан протокол, въз основа на който се извършва дължимото плащане. До отстраняването на всички несъответствия/недостатъци, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ може да задържи дължимата за тях сума. Задържането на сумата не е забава за ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ и не влече последици поради просрочване на плащането.
Чл.10. (1) Посочените количества на видове изпълнени СМР се доказват двустранно с подробни протоколи, съставени в процеса на изпълнението. За завършени и подлежащи на разплащане ще се считат само тези видове работи, които са приети от инвеститорския контрол и СН и са отразени в съответния протокол. Всички плащания ще се извършват срещу актуване на действително изпълнени строителни работи.
(2) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не може да иска заплащането на изпълнени от него работи (като при проектирането, така и за изпълнени СМР), когато:
- не са напълно завършени;
- са извършени преди и без предварително одобрение/съгласуване с ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ;
- са следствие на несъгласувани предварително с ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ отклонения от Техническата документация (Техническата спецификация и Техническото предложение);
- са следствие на нарушение на относимите правила и норми (вкл. строителните, техническите и/или технологичните);
- са следствие на отстраняване на допуснати от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ недостатъци;
- са следствие на вlagането на некачествени или неподходящи материали.
(3) При доказана необходимост и целесъобразност, в хода на изпълнение на договора, отделни видове и/или количества строително-монтажни работи могат да бъдат заменени с други, без да се променя общата стойност на договора по чл. 7, ал. 1. Замяната се извършва въз основа на подписани от Страните корекционни сметки.
Чл.11. (1) В случай, че при изпълнение на възложените му дейности, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ установи необходимост от изпълнение на видове и/или количества СМР, които не са били и не е било възможно да бъдат предвидени към момента на разработване и одобряване на работния инвестиционен проект, но чисто изпълнение е необходимо за точното изпълнение на предмета на договора и за въвеждане на обекта в експлоатация (непредвидени работи), той уведомява незабавно писмено ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ за това. Непредвидените работи се извършват след изрично писмено съгласие от страна на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
(2) За извършването на работите по ал. 1 се съставят констативни протоколи между ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛ, Строителен надзор, Инвеститорски контрол и ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛ, в които се посочва вида, обема, единичните цени, ценообразуващите показатели и общата стойност на
непредвидените количества и/или видове работи и се обосновава и доказва необходимостта от тяхното извършване.
(3) При изпълнение на непредвидени работи, плащането ще става въз основа на следните ценообразуващи показатели, посочени в Ценовото предложение на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, а именно:
| | | |
|---|-----------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| 1.| Разход на труд - по УСН със средна часова ставка | .................. лв./ч.ч. |
| 2.| Допълнителни разходи върху труда | .................. % |
| 3.| Допълнителни разходи върху механизация | .................. % |
| 4.| Доставно – складови и транспортни разходи върху стоимостта на материалите | .................. % |
| 5.| Печалба | .................. % |
| 6.| Разход на материали | по УСН и доказуеми фактурни цени |
Чл.12. Когато ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ предвижда използването на подизпълнители, директни плащания към същите могат да се извършват само при условията и реда на чл. 66, ал. 7 - ал. 9 от ЗОП.
IV. ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗА ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕ НА ПРОЕКТИРАНЕТО
Чл.13. (1) Работният проект за нуждите на обновяването следва да бъде изготвен съгласно ЗУТ, Наредба № 4 от 2001 г. за обхвата и съдържанието на инвестиционните проекти и друга свързана подзаконова нормативна уредба по приложимите части, в зависимост от допустимите и одобрени за финансиране дейности.
(2) Работният проект следва да бъде надлежно съгласуван с всички експлоатационни дружества и други съгласувателни органи (при необходимост) и одобрен от Главния архитект на Район Младост - СО.
(3) Проектът следва да бъде придружен с подробни количествено-стойностни сметки (КСС) по приложимите части. Стойността на КСС не може да бъде по-висока от стойността за извършване на строително-монтажните работи, посочена в Ценовото предложение (Приложение №1) на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ и в чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 2 на настоящия договор. В обяснителните записки към проекта следва подробно да бъдат описани необходимите изходни данни, дейности, технико-икономически показатели, спецификация на предвидените за влагане строителни продукти (материали, изделия, комплекти и системи) с технически изисквания към тях, в съответствие с действащите норми и стандарти и технологията на изпълнение.
(4) При изготвяне на проектната документация, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ следва да ползва предписанията за обновяване, посочени в изготвените за сградата техническо и енергийно обследване с енергоспестяващи мерки (ECM). Работният проект трябва да обхваща само задължителните мерки, предписани в изготвеното енергийно обследване за допустими дейности по Националната програма за енергийна ефективност на многофамилни жилищни сгради.
(5) Предвидените в инвестиционния проект интервенции по сградата, следва да включват:
- всички енергоспестяващи мерки с пряк екологичен ефект, предписани в обследването за енергийна ефективност, с оглед постигане на минималните изисквания за енергийна ефективност;
- съпъстващите мерки, които са допустими по проекта и без изпълнението на които не може да бъдат постигнати завършеност и устойчивост на конкретния обект.
(6) В инвестиционния проект следва да се предвидят продукти (материали и изделия), които съответстват на техническите спецификации на действащите в Р. България
нормативни актове. Продуктите трябва да имат оценено съответствие със съществените изисквания определени в Закона за техническите изисквания към продуктите (ЗТИП). Предложените продукти и материали за енергийното обновяване (топлоизолационни системи, дограми и др.) трябва да са с технически характеристики, съответни на заложените в Обследването за енергийна ефективност за конкретната сграда.
(7) Инвестиционният проект следва да е съобразен с решенията за цветово оформление на сградата, предоставено от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
(8) Обемът и съдържанието на документацията и приложените към нея записки и детайли следва да бъдат достатъчни за изпълнение на обновителните дейности по обекта.
(9) Проекто-сметната документация следва да бъде изработена, подписана и съгласувана от проектантът с правоспособност да изработват съответните части, съгласно Закона за камарата на архитектите и инженерите в инвестиционното проектиране.
V. ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗА ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕ НА СТРОИТЕЛСТВОТО
Чл.14. (1) След откриване на строителната площадка и определяне на строителна линия и ниво с подписването на Протокол обр. 2, 2а, съгласно изискванията на чл. 157 и чл. 158 от ЗУТ, по реда и при условията на Наредба № 3/2003 г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ може да изгради временната си строителна база, в която следва да осигури най-малко следните складови площи и офиси:
- временни складове за доставяните от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ материали, с оглед изискванията за съхранението им;
- площадки за складиране на строителни отпадъци;
- офиси и битови помещения за персонала на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
Чл.15. ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ следва да извърши всички работи във връзка със строежа в съответствие с:
- Разрешението за строеж, издадено от Главния архитект на Район Младост - СО;
- одобрения и съгласуван работен проект,
- при точно спазване на клаузите на договора и приложенията към него, а също така и при съблюдаване изискванията на:
- Наредба №2 от 2003г. за въвеждане в експлоатация на строежите в Република България и минимални гаранционни срокове за изпълнени строителни и монтажни работи, съоръжения и строителни обекти,
- Наредба №3 от 2003г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството,
- Наредба №2 от 2004 г. за минимални изисквания за здравословни и безопасни условия на труд при извършване на строителни и монтажни работи,
- всички други действащи нормативни актове в Република България, приложими към дейностите по предмета на договора.
Чл.16. (1) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ трябва да вземе всички необходими мерки за опазване на околната среда (на и извън строителната площадка и на временната си строителна база), както и за недопускане на щети и отрицателно въздействие върху хора и имущество, вследствие замърсяване, лъчения, шум и други вредни последици от работите по предмета на договора.
(2) Възложените му СМР трябва да бъдат извършвани по начин, че да не създават пречки за достъпа до или за ползването на пътища, тротоари или имоти, собственост на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ или на трети лица. Всички разноски във връзка с изпълнението на това задължение са за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(3) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен преди започване на изпълнението на каквито и да било работи по строежа и до неговото приключване, за своя сметка да вземе необходимите мерки за осигуряване на безопасността на гражданите, като постави предупредителни знаци,
указания за отбиване на движението, подходящо осветление и др. подобни, съгласно изискванията на нормативните актове.
**Чл. 17.** ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да уведомява незабавно компетентните органи и съответното експлоатационно дружество за:
- открити при изпълнение на строителството подземни и наземни мрежи и съоръжения, необозначени в съответните специализирани карти и регистри, както и да вземе необходимите мерки за запазване на същите от повреди и разместване;
- евентуални повреди на мрежите и съоръженията, произлезли при извършване на СМР, както и да поеме за своя сметка разходите по възстановяване на причинените вреди.
**Чл.18.** (1) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се задължава да доставя и да влага в строежа висококачествени материали и строителни изделия, в съответствие с определените в работния проект изисквания и конкретните предложения, съдържащи се в офертата му за изпълнение на поръчката. Същите трябва да отговарят на техническите изисквания и на количествата, определени в инвестиционния проект, както и на изискванията на приложимите стандарти. Доставяните материали трябва да са придружени със съответните сертификати за качество и производ, декларации за съответствие от производителя/от негови представители, вкл. и други документи, съгласно изискванията на Закона за техническите изисквания към продуктите и други подзаконови нормативни актове, относно тези видове документи.
(2) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се задължава да осигури регулярност на доставките на строителните материали, необходими за изпълнението на строежа, по начин, който да обезпечава навременно, качествено и ефикасно извършването на СМР и спазването на Графика за изпълнение на СМР.
(3) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ няма право да промения на свой риск строителните материали, които ще влага в строежа. Промяната може да се извършва само след писмено разрешение на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ. Промяна на строителните материали може да се наложи и извърши в случай на изменение на инвестиционния проект.
(4) Ако в следствие на замяна на строителни материали качеството на СМР се влоши, отговорността за това ще бъде изцяло на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(5) След приключване на работите по предмета на договора, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ своевременно трябва да демонтира от временната си база всичките си съоръжения (складове, офиси и битови помещения), да изтегли цялата си механизация и невложени материали и да я почисти за своя сметка от строителни отпадъци.
### VI. ПРАВА И ЗАДЪЛЖЕНИЯ НА ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ
**Чл.19.** (1) По време на изготвянето на работния проект, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право:
1. да получи проектната разработка (работен проект във всички части, изброени по-горе), предмет на възлагане, в уговорените срокове и при условията на настоящия договор, включително и да ползва авторските права върху всяка част от тях.
2. при поискване да получава незабавно информация за хода на проектирането и ползването от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ експерти.
3. при установяване на грешки и/или непълноти в инвестиционния проект и/или отделни негови части - да определи срок, в който ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ следва да отстрани същите.
4. да изисква от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ преработване или доработване на всяка от частите на проекта, в случайте, когато същата е непълна или не съответства като съдържание и качество на изискванията на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
5. да не приеме проектната разработка или която и да е нейна (проектна) част, ако същата не съответства в значителна степен като обем и качество на неговите изисквания и не може да бъде изменена и/или допълнена.
6. при неотстраняване на грешките и/или непълнотите в срока по т. 3., ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право да упражни правата си по предоставената от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ гаранция за изпълнение на договора, включваща и обезпечаване отговорността на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за качеството на проектната разработка.
(2) По време на изпълнение на строителните интервенции, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право:
1. на достъп до обекта по всяко време, за извършване, съвместно с Консултанта, упражняващ строителен надзор, Инвеститорския контрол и Представителя на сдружението на собствениците на проверка на качеството на извършваните работи, както и да контролира изпълнението на възложените СМР, по начин, незатрудняващ работата на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
2. да изисква информация за хода на изпълнението на възложените строително-монтажни работи;
3. да проверява изпълнението на предмета на договора относно качеството на видовете СМР, вlagаните материали, спазване правилата за безопасна работа, както и да проверява годността и безопасността на съоръженията, без да се намесва в оперативната самостоятелност на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
4. да дава указания по изпълнението на предмета на договора, които указания са задължителни за ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, освен ако са в нарушение на строителните правила и норми или излизат извън предмета на поръчката;
5. да прави възражения по изпълнението на отделни видове работи и/или комплекс от дейности, в случай на неточно изпълнение;
6. да откаже приемане и заплащане на част или на цялото възнаграждение, в случай че ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се е отклонил от поръчката или работата му е с недостатъци;
7. да откаже приемане на изпълнението и при изрично писмено несъгласие на представителя на Сдружението на собствениците;
8. да откаже заплащане на част или на цялото възнаграждение, в случай, че установи неизпълнение на задължението на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за сключване и поддържане на застраховката по чл. 171, ал. 1 от ЗУТ - до отстраняване на нарушението.
9. при констатиране на некачествено изпълнени работи, да изисква същите да бъдат отстранени или поправени в определен от него подходящ срок, за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
10. да развали договора и да претендира уговорената в настоящия договор неустойка за пълно неизпълнение, когато недостатъците са толкова съществени, че работата е негодна за нейното предназначение;
11. в случай на настъпване на вреди от извършените строително-монтажни работи – да предяви претенция за тяхното обезщетяване от предвидените застрахователни суми по представената от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ по реда на настоящия договор застраховка и независимо от дължимите неустойки от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ по този договор;
12. да спира извършването на отделни видове работи, когато установи вlagането на нестандартни/некачествени материали и/или некачествено изпълнение и да иска поправката им и вlagането на стандарти/качествени материали за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ. Указанията на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ са задължителни за ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
Чл.20. При констатиране на недостатъци, които не е открил по време на изпълнение на възложените строително-монтажни дейности и е констатирал в течение на оферираните от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ гаранционни срокове, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯт има право да поисква от него да ги поправи, без да дължи на същия заплащане за това.
Чл.21. ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯт не носи отговорност за действия или бездействия на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, в резултат на които възникнат:
- смърт или злополука на работник на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ или на трето лице;
- загуба или нанесена повреда на каквото и да е имущество в следствие изпълнението предмета на договора през времетраенето на строително-монтажните дейности. В тази
връзка ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се задължава да отстрани повредата или да възстанови паричната равностойност на загубата.
Чл.22. ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен:
1. да заплаща на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ уговореното в договора възнаграждение в размера, сроковете и при условията, предвидени в него.
2. да оказва съдействие на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ в рамките на своята компетентност, при изпълнение на задълженията му по този договор, като му предоставя своевременно цялата информация, необходима за изпълнение на работното проектиране, след предварително искане за това от страна на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
3. да предоставя на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ допълнителни данни, необходимостта от които е възникнала в процеса на изпълнение на договора, както и да предостави на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ достъп до цялата документация за обекта;
4. да предаде строителната площадка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ с Протокол за откриването й и за определяне на строителна линия и ниво (обр. 2 и 2а) съгласно Наредба №3 от 2003г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството и да му осигурява необходимия достъп до нея;
5. да определи свой представител, който да има правата и задълженията да го представлява пред ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ при изпълнението на договора;
6. да оказва съдействие на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за изпълнение на възложеното му строителство, като своевременно решава всички възникнали в процеса на работа технически проблеми;
7. да участва със свои представители в съставянето на съответните Актове и Протоколи по изпълнението и да отправя писмена покана до другата страна за съставянето им, при условията и по реда на действащата нормативна уредба;
8. да организира и насрочи Комисия за съставяне на Констативен акт по смисъла на чл. 176, ал. 1 от ЗУТ (акт обр. 15), след писмено искане на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, както и да подпише съставения акт, когато няма забележки по изпълнението на строителните и монтажни работи;
9. да уведомява писмено ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за проявилите се в оферираните от него гаранционни срокове недостатъци (дефекти) на извършеното в изпълнение на настоящия договор – в 7 (седем) дневен срок от установяването им;
10. ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯт е длъжен да приеме изпълнените работи в присъствието на представителя на Сдружението на собствениците, в случай, че възложеното с настоящия договор е изпълнено от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ в договорените срокове и съответства по вид, количество и качество на изискванията в проекта.
VII. ПРАВА И ЗАДЪЛЖЕНИЯ НА ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ
Чл.23. (1) По време на изготвянето на работния проект, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен:
1. да изпълни възложеното му работно проектиране качествено, с необходимия професионализъм, спазвайки условията на настоящия договор, Техническата спецификация, предоставена от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, в частта ѝ, съдържаща заданието за проектиране, в пълно съответствие с изискванията на Наредба №4 от 21.05.2001 г. за обхвата и съдържанието на инвестиционните проекти и всички действащи относими и приложими нормативни изисквания,
2. да изработи инвестиционния проект в работна фаза, чрез експертите (основни проектанти и евентуално допълнителни), посочени в офертата,
3. да внесе исканите поправки, съответно – да извърши преработка на документите и проектната разработка за своя сметка в срок, определен от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ,
4. да извърши всички необходими съгласувания и получи съответните положителни становища за одобряне на проекта, съгласно изискванията на Закона за устройството на територията.
5. да изготви и предаде отделните части на проекта (в конкретно възложената фази на разработването му – работна), комплектовани в 4 (четири) екземпляра на хартиен и един - на електронен носител.
(2) По време на изпълнение на възложеното му строителство, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен:
1. да изпълни качествено, на свой риск и със свои материали всички дейности по предмета на възлагане, в обхвата, сроковете и при спазване условията, съдържащи се в клуазите на настоящия договор и приложенията към него и на изискванията на действащите нормативни актове, относими към и релевантни за тези дейности. Всички строителни материали (продукти), които се влагат в строежа на етап изпълнение трябва да са придружени с декларации за съответствие, съгласно Наредба № РД-02-20-1/2015 г. за условията и реда за вlagане на строителни продукти в строежите на Република България и/или сертификати, удостоверяващи съответствието на материалите с действащите стандарти – БДС; БДС ЕН, които въвеждат международни или европейски стандарти; БДС ЕН, които въвеждат хармонизирани европейски стандарти; Българско техническо одобряние и Европейско техническо одобрение;
2. да изпълни строително-монтажните работи, доставката и монтажа на материалите, предмет на договора, като спазва изискванията на строителните, техническите и технологични правила, норми и стандарти за съответните дейности и съобразно заложените условия в Техническото му предложение (Приложение № 2) за изпълнение на поръчката, както и в съответствие с одобрения и съгласуван инвестиционен проект;
3. да не нарушава нормалния жизнен и работен ритъм на жителите на сградата и работещите в района на строителната интервенция, а в случайте когато това е обективно невъзможно – да го нарушава в минимална степен (функционално и времево), като за всеки такъв случай е длъжен да уведоми писмено ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ най-малко 3 (три) календарни дни предварително, с цел да се организира по подходящ начин уведомяването на засегнатите лица;
4. да спазва всички действащи норми, стандарти, инструкции и правила за безопасност на труда и да осигури за своя сметка обезопасяване на обекта;
5. да определи упълномощен свой представител, който да има правата и задълженията да го представлява пред ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ при изпълнението на настоящия договор;
6. да осигурява винаги достъп до строежа на съответните контролни органи и на представителите на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, на Консултанта, с когото ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ има сключен договор за строителен надзор, на Инвеститорския контрол и Представителя на сдружението на собствениците;
7. да уведомява периодично ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ за хода на изпълнението на отделните видове строително-монтажни работи, като осигури възможност на упълномощените представители на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, на Строителния надзор, на Инвеститорския контрол и Представителя на сдружението на собствениците да упражняват контрол върху изпълнението на възложените дейности;
8. да оформи, съхранява и предоставя при поискване от представители на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ и на специализираните kontrolни органи, Заповедната книга на строежа, съгласно чл. 170, ал. 3 от ЗУТ, съответно подписана и подпечатана от Консултанта – независим строителен надзор;
9. да осигури изискванияте се здравословни и безопасни условия на труд при изпълнение на ръководените от него строително-монтажни работи. Щетите, настъпили в резултат от неспазване на това задължение са изялоза на сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
10. да ограничи действията на своя персонал и механизация в границите на строителната площадка, като не допуска навлизането им в съседни терени;
11. да поддържа валидна за срока на изпълнение на договора застраховка имуществена отговорност за вреди, причинени на другите участници в строителството и/или на трети лица, вследствие на неправомерни действия или бездействия при или по повод изпълнение на задълженията му, съгласно чл. 171, ал. 1 от ЗУТ. При поискване от страна на
ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ или при промяна на обстоятелствата, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ представя в тридневен срок копия от документи, удостоверяващи валидността на застраховката му за професионална отговорност;
12. да отстранява със собствени сили и технически средства и за своя сметка допуснати грешки, недостатъци и/или други несъответствия на извършената работа с нормативните изисквания за този вид дейност и/или изискванията, произтичащи от настоящия договор и/или приложениета към него, констатирани от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, Консултантата, упражняващ строителен надзор, органи на местната и/или държавната власт и др., включително и такива, установени или проявил се в срока на гаранционна поддръжка. ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не отговаря и не поема гаранции за извършената работа, в случай че по няя се появят механични повреди, разкъсвания, възникнали в следствие от монтаж на различни съоръжения или при форсмажорни обстоятелства;
13. да монтира на обекта информационна табела, съгласно нормативните изисквания на чл. 157, ал. 5 от ЗУТ;
14. да уведоми ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ при откриване на пропуски, неточности и/или неясноти в чертежите, спецификациите и да поиска съответните инструкции;
15. да изготви 4 (четири) комплекта екзекутивни чертежи, отразяващи всички изменения и допълнения към проектната документация;
16. да изпълни възложените му допълнителни количества нови видове работи и/или непредвидени строително - монтажни работи. Непредвидените работи, които се изпълняват по настоящия договор не могат да надвишават размера, посочен в чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 2, предп. второ по-горе;
17. да съхранява доставените материали до вlagането им на строежа в складове на строителната площадка или на друго място, съобразно изискванията за съхранение;
18. да извърши всички необходими замервания, проби, изпитвания, тестове и други подобни на всички инсталации;
19. да отстранява със собствени сили и технически средства и за своя сметка всички недостатъци, получени в резултат на неизпълнение на задълженията по договора, отклонение от проекта и спецификацията, констатирани от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, респективно определено от него с настоящия договор лице, в определен от него срок. За целта се издава писмена инструкция. Некачествено или лошо изпълнение, неотговарящо на стандартите в строителството не се заплаща;
20. да отстранява проявилите се по време на гаранционния период дефекти/повреди;
21. да участва в съставянето на всички Актове и Протоколи съгласно Наредба №3 от 2003 г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството;
22. да извърши за своя сметка всички работи по отстраняването на виновно допуснати грешки, недостатъци и др., констатирани от Инвеститорския контрол на обекта, НСН, други държавни органи и приемателната комисия;
23. преди приемане на завършенния обект от страна на Комисията, назначена от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се задължава да почисти и отстрани от обекта излишните материали, отпадъци и различните видове временни работи.
24. да охранява обекта за своя сметка до предаването му на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ;
25. да възстанови за своя сметка всички нанесени поражения върху елементите на градското обзавеждане, уличната и пътна мрежа, проводи и съоръжения към тях, озеленяване, дървесна, цветна и тревна растителност, освен ако не е получил изричното съгласие на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ за обратното.
26. да подготви, съгласува с институциите и при съставяне на Констативен акт образец 15 да представи на Консултантата, осъществяващ строителен надзор и на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, екзекутивна документация отговаряща на изискванията в ЗУТ за всички открити по време на строителството подземни елементи на инфраструктурата и на новоизградените, в резултат от изпълнението на поръчката подземни и надземни елементи. Документацията трябва да е
изготвена от правоспособно по смисъла на ЗКИР (Закона за кадастръа и имотния регистър) лице.
**Чл.24.** ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ няма право да се позвое на незнание и/или непознаване на обекта, предмет на този договор, поради която причина да иска подписването на допълнително споразумение към същия.
**Чл.25.** (1) Екипът на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за изготвяне на работния проект се състои от проектантите, посочени в представения поименен списък, който е неразделна част от настоящия договор.
(2) Оттеглянето, замяната и привличането на други експерти, извършващи проектирането извън списъка представен с офертата е допустимо само със съгласието на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
(3) Оттегляне на експерт-проектант и замяната му с друг се допуска само по сериозни здравословни причини, които не позволяват на експерта да продължи да работи по изпълнението на поръчката.
(4) В случая по ал. 3, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен своевременно да осигури нов проектант или проектант с равностоен опит, умения и квалификация като оттеглилия се експерт.
**Чл.26.** (1) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да осигури изпълнението на строителството посредством предложения в офертата му инженерно-технически състав.
(2) В случай на обективна невъзможност на експерт да изпълнява задълженията си по настоящия договор, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен писмено да уведоми ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, като удостовери по надлежен начин настъпването на обективна невъзможност, като съответно поисква замяна на експерт, с експерт, който притежава същата професионална квалификация и чиито професионална компетентност и специфичен професионален опит съответстват на тези на заменения експерт и на поставените изисквания в настоящата обществена поръчка, както и да представи доказателства за това. ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право мотивирано да откаже замяната или да поисква друг заменящ експерт.
(3) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ носи пълна отговорност за безопасността на работниците и други лица, при изпълнение на всички видове работи и дейности на обекта, съгласно действащите норми.
**Чл.27.** (1) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да направи всичко необходимо по време на строителството за недопускане на повреди или разрушение на инженерната инфраструктура в и извън границите на обекта при осъществяване на действията по изпълнение на договора.
(2) В случай, че по своя вина ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ причини щети по предходната алинея, то възстановяването им е за негова сметка.
**Чл.27а.** (1) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да склучи договор за подизпълнение с подизпълнителя/подизпълнителите, посочени от него при участието му в процедурата за възлагане на обществената поръчка\(^2\).
(2) В срок до три дни от склучването на договор за подизпълнение, както и на допълнително споразумение за замяна на посочен в офертата подизпълнител, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ изпраща на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ копие на договора/допълнителното споразумение, заедно с доказателства, че са изпълнени условията на чл. 66, ал. 14 от ЗОП\(^3\).
(3) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ носи пълна отговорност за действията и/или бездействията на подизпълнителя/ите си, като участието му/им при изпълнението на поръчката, не изменя или намалява задълженията на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, съгласно настоящия договор;
(4) В отношенията си с подизпълнителя/ите, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да предвиди гаранции, че:
---
\(^2\) Клаузите на чл. 27а са приложими, само в случаите, когато в процедурата Изпълнителят е деклариран, че ще ползва подизпълнители при изпълнение на обществената поръчка. В хипотеза на самостоятелно изпълнение на договора (без ползване на подизпълнител/и), клаузите на чл. 27а се заличават.
\(^3\) В зависимост от това дали е склучен договор за подизпълнение или допълнително споразумение за замяна на подизпълнителя/включване на подизпълнител, се представят доказателства по чл. 66, ал. 14 от ЗОП.
известие от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, като започне работа не по-късно от 3 (три) работни дни след получаване на известието.
(5) При проявени дефекти преди края на гаранционните срокове, в резултат на вложени некачествени материали, доставени от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ или некачествено извършени от него работи, същият ще ги отстрани за своя сметка в срок, определен от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ. В случай, че ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не стори това, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ може да ги отстрани за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, удовлетворявайки вземането си, чрез упражняване на правата, произтичащи от гаранцията по чл. 30, ал. 1, т. 2 от настоящия договор.
(6) Гаранционните срокове не текат и се удължават с времето, през което строежът е имал проявен дефект, до неговото отстраняване.
IX. ГАРАНЦИЯ ЗА ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕ НА ДОГОВОРА
Чл.30. (1) При подписване на договора, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ предоставя на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ гаранция, обезпечаваща изпълнението на възложените му дейности, в размер на 5 % (пет на сто) от стойността по чл. 7, ал. 1, представена в два отделни документа, както следва:
1. гаранция, обезпечаваща срочното изпълнение на договора, в размер на 4 % (четири на сто) от стойността по чл. 7, ал. 1 и
2. гаранция, обезпечаваща гаранционната поддръжка, в размер на 1 % (едно на сто) от стойността на договора.
(2) Гаранцията за изпълнение на задълженията си по договора, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ представя в една от следните форми:
1. Депозит на парична сума в лева, за стойностите по ал. 1, т. 1 и т. 2, платим по следната банкова сметка на Възложителя:
IBAN BG64SOMB91303317609501,
Банков код: SOMBBGSF,
Банка: „Общинска банка“ АД
или
2. Банкова гаранция в лева за всяка от сумите по ал. 1, т. 1 и т. 2. Гаранцията трябва да бъде безусловна, неотменима, с възможност да се усвои изцяло или на части, в зависимост от претендираното обезщетение. Гаранцията трябва да съдържа задължение на банката гарант да извърши безусловно плащане при първо писмено искане от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, в случай че ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не е изпълнил някое от задълженията си по договора, в съответствие с определеното в него.
или
3. Застраховка, която обезпечава изпълнението чрез покритие на отговорността на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, в лева, за всяка от сумите по ал. 1, т. 1 и т. 2. ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ трябва да предостави валидни застрахователни полици, които покриват единствено рисковете, свързани с реализацията на договора и не могат да бъдат използвани за обезпечаване на отговорността на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ по друг договор. Застраховката следва да бъде направена при застраховател, който е местно лице или е установен в държава членка на ЕС, или в страна по споразумението за Европейското икономическо пространство, или в Конфедерация Швейцария, или при друг застраховател, който съгласно действащото законодателство може да осъществява застрахователна дейност на територията на Република България.
(3) Срокът на валидност на банковата гаранция, респ. застраховката, обезпечаваща срочното изпълнение на договора трябва да е минимум 1 (един) месец, след изтичане срока за изпълнение на строително-монтажните работи.
(4) В хипотеза на удължаване срока за изпълнение по чл. 5, ал. 1, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да удължи срока на валидност на банковата гаранция, респ. застраховката, обезпечаваща срочно изпълнение на договора за период от минимум 1 (един) месец, след изтичане на удължения срок за изпълнение на строително-монтажните работи.
(5) Срокът на валидност на банковата гаранция, респ. застраховката, обезпечаваща гаранционното поддържане трябва да е минимум 1 (един) месец, след изтичане на най-дългия срок на гаранционна поддръжка.
Чл.31. Разходите по откриването на депозита, банковата гаранция или застраховката са за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, а разходите по евентуалното им усвояване - за сметка на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
Чл.32. (1) Гаранцията за изпълнение на договора се освобождава по следния начин:
- 5% от стойността по чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 1. от настоящия договор, в размер на .............лв. се освобождава в срок до 30 (тридесет) календарни дни след приемане от Възложителя без забележки на изготвения работен проект и подписване на протокола по чл. 35, ал. 2;
- 5% от стойността по чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 2. и т. 3 от настоящия договор, в размер на .............лв. се освобождават в срок до 30 (тридесет) календарни дни от датата на съставяне на Конститутивен акт обр. 15 по Наредба №3 от 31.07.2003 г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството за приемане на сградата, предмет на настоящия договор.
(2) Гаранцията за изпълнение на договора, съобразно формата й на представяне се освобождава по един от следните начини:
1. при парична сума - чрез превеждане по банкова сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
2. банкова гаранция/застрахователна полица - чрез предаване на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ на оригинала на документа за учредяването/сключването й.
(3) В 30-дневен срок след изтичане на срока за гаранционна поддръжка, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ освобождава гаранцията, обезпечаваща гаранционната отговорност на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, съобразно формата й на представяне, по един от следните начини:
1. при парична сума - чрез превеждане по банкова сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
2. банкова гаранция/застрахователна полица - чрез предаване на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ на оригинала на документа за учредяването/сключването й.
(4) ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право да задържи в пълен размер гаранцията, обезпечаваща срочното изпълнение и/или гаранцията, обезпечаваща гаранционната поддръжка, когато в процеса на изпълнение на настоящия договор възникне спор между страните, който бъде внесен за решаване от компетентен съд - до разрешаването на спора, а когато гаранцията, обезпечаваща срочното изпълнение и/или гаранцията, обезпечаваща гаранционната поддръжка е под формата на банкова гаранция/застрахователна полица – ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ представя анекс за удължаване със срок от една година.
Чл.33. ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ не дължи на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ лихви върху сумите по гаранцията за изпълнение, за времето, през което тези суми законно са престояли при него.
Х. ЗАСТРАХОВАНЕ И ОБЕЗЩЕТЕНИЯ
Чл.34. (1) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ носи пълна отговорност за изпълняваните от него и подизпълнителите му (ако има такива) дейности, от датата на подписване на договора, до деня на изтичане на гаранционните срокове за строежа. В случай на повреди и/или щети, възникнали поради някаква причина при изпълнение на работи по строежа, или на части от тях, или на неговата механизация, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ ще ги отстрани за своя сметка.
(2) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ дължи обезщетение на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ и неговия персонал при претенции за щети или смърт, претенции за загуба или повреда на каквато и да е собственост, извън собствеността, представляваща част от строежа, които претенции могат да възникнат при или по повод изпълнение или неизпълнение задълженията на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ по договора.
(3) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е отговорен за всички застраховки и обезщетения по отношение на своя персонал и собственост.
(4) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се задължава да поддържа валидна Застраховка за професионална отговорност в проектирането и строителството по чл. 171, ал. 1 от ЗУТ и
посочените в ал. 5 застраховки за периода на изпълнение на поръчката и да представя на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ при поискване всички застрахователни документи в оригинала, както и да го уведомява за всички обстоятелства, относно изпълнението на задълженията си по застрахователните договори.
(5) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се задължава в срок до 7 работни дни от подписване на договора да сключи застраховка за обекта (страховка за строително – монтажните рискове, съгласно договорената стойност на изгражданя обект) с клуази, включващи видовете СМР и Застраховка, които да обезпечи покриването на вредите към трети лица във връзка с осъществяваните СМР за целия срок на изпълнение на СМР (до подписване на Констативен акт обр. 15 за строежа, без забележки по изпълнението). Застрахователната премия по тази застраховка следва да се заплати в пълен размер при сключването ѝ.
(6) В случай, че ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ констатира неизпълнение на задължението на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за поддържане на застраховките по предходните алинеи до подписване на Констативен акт обр. 15, той може да спре всички плащания, които дължи на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ до отстраняването на неизпълнението.
(7) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е отговорен за застраховането на неговите подизпълнители в съответствие с този раздел.
XI. РЕД ЗА ПРИЕМАНЕ НА РАБОТАТА
Чл.35. (1) Готовият работен проект се приема от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ или негов представител след като е съгласуван във всичките му части със съответните органи и експлоатационни дружества по смисъла на ЗУТ. За приемането се съставя протокол, подписан от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ и ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ или техни представители.
(2) В случай, че ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ одобри и приеме изготвения от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ работен проект за изпълнение на СМР за въвеждане на енергоефективни мерки на сградата и съответстващите строително-ремонтни работи, се съставя констативен протокол за качественото и в срок изпълнение на конкретната дейност, подписан от оторизираните представители на страните по договора.
(3) Когато бъдат установени несъответствия на изпълнените дейности с нормативните изисквания, с Техническата спецификация или бъдат констатирани някакви недостатъци, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ може да откаже приемането на изработеното и да върне документацията на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за отстраняване на несъответствията. Констатираните отклонения и недостатъци се описват в протокол, в който се посочва и подходящ срок за отстраняването им за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ. ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да нанесе необходимите промени и да го предостави отново за съгласуване от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
(4) В случай, че в определения срок ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не отстрани недостатъците, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ може да ги отстрани сам за негова сметка или да иска съразмерно намаление на цената.
(5) ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен писмено да уведоми ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за установените в съответствие с ал. 3 и ал. 4 недостатъци.
Чл.36. (1) ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен да завърши строителството и да предаде строежа в срока по чл. 5, ал. 1 от настоящия договор.
(2) Приемането на изпълнените дейности се удостоверява с Протокол за приемане на изпълнени строително-монтажни работи, одобрен от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ и подписан от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ и от Консултанта, упражняващ строителен надзор по реда, регламентиран в чл. 168 от ЗУТ.
(3) Подписването от страна на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ на Протокол за приемане на изпълнени СМР се извършва след пълна проверка на място и по документи. За извършената проверка и резултатите от нея се изготва двустранен констативен протокол, удостоверяващ съответствието между заложени, актувани и реално изпълнени строително-монтажни работи (СМР). На заплащане подлежат само действително извършени количества и видове СМР, приети от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ по договорения ред.
(4) За удостоверяване изпълнението на завършени видове строителни и монтажни работи се съставят и всички изискваеми, според категорията на строежа и съгласно Наредба №3/31.07.2003 г. Актове и Протоколи. С Актовете и Протоколите, участниците в строителството удостоверяват спазването на изискванията към строежите по чл. 169, ал. 1 и ал. 3 от Закона за устройство на територията.
(5) Изпълнението на строително – монтажните работи, предмет на настоящия договор завършва със съставянето и подписването на Констативен акт обр. 15, съгласно Наредба №3/31.06.2003 г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството, без забележки по изпълнението.
(6) В случай, че при съставяне на Констативен акт обр. 15 бъдат установени забележки (неизвършени, незавършени или недобре извършени работи), същите се описват и подлежат на отстраняване до подаване на искане за издаване на Разрешение за ползване на обекта, за което се съставя двустранен констативен протокол. В този случай, изпълнението на СМР се счита за завършено съгласно договореното с подписване на протокола за отстраняване на констатираните забележки.
(7) Обектът на поръчката, предмет на настоящия договор, се счита окончателно завършен с въвеждането му в експлоатация.
Чл.37. (1) Когато при проверката на място и по документи, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ констатира, че ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ се е отклонил от поръчката или работата му е с недостатъци, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право да откаже нейното приемане и заплащане на съответна част от дължимото възнаграждение, докато ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не отстрани недостатъците или не извърши необходимите и уговорени работи точно в качествено и количествено отношение.
(2) В случаите по предходната алинея ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ и ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ подписват двустранен констативен протокол, в който се описват установените отклонения/недостатъци, причините за тях, като ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ разполага с едно от следните права по избор:
- да определи подходящ срок, в който ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ да поправи работата си за своя сметка;
- да отстрани сам за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ отклоненията от поръчката, респективно недостатъците на работата;
- да намали възнаграждението съобразно с намалената цена или годност на изработеното.
(3) Когато отклоненията от поръчката или недостатъците на работата са толкова съществени, че правят работата негодна, съобразно договореното, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право да развали договора.
(4) Рискът от случайно погиване на обекта преминава от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ върху ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ от момента на предаването на строежа с Констативен акт образец 15, изготвен съгласно Наредба №3/31.07.2003г. за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството.
ХII. ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ И ПРЕКРАТЯВАНЕ НА ДОГОВОРА
Чл.38. Договорът може да бъде изменян само в случаите по чл. 116 от Закона за обществените поръчки.
Чл.39. (1) Настоящият договор се прекратява:
1. с окончателното му изпълнение;
2. по взаимно съгласие между страните, изразено в писмена форма.
3. при настъпване на обективна невъзможност за изпълнение на възложената работа, което обстоятелство следва да се докаже от страната, която твърди, че такава невъзможност е налице.
4. при условията на чл. 114, изр. второ от ЗОП;
5. при виновно неизпълнение на задълженията на една от страните по договора – с 10-дневно писмено предизвестие от изправната до неизправната страна;
6. в хипотезите на чл. 118 от Закона за обществените поръчки;
7. в хипотеза, че ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ ползва подизпълнител, без да е декларирал това в офертата си, или използва подизпълнител, който е различен от този, посочен в офертата му;
8. при започване на процедура по ликвидация на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ или на член на Обединението\(^5\);
9. при откриване на производство за обявяване в несъстоятелност на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ или на член на Обединението, както и при обявяване в несъстоятелност на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ или член на Обединението\(^6\);
(2) ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ може да прекрати договора едностранно, след изпращане на 15-дневно писмено предизвестие, в случай, че:
1. се констатират съществени отклонения от офертата, допуснати от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
2. в хипотезата на чл. 37, ал. 3 от настоящия договор;
3. при грубо неизпълнение от страна на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ на други негови задължения по договора;
4. при незапочване на строителството в едномесечен срок от датата на предаване на обекта на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ с протокол за предаване на строителната площадка;
5. по преценка на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, когато след започване на работа и на всеки последващ етап от изпълнението на обекта, се установи, че:
- има несъответствие с предложена от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ Работна програма,
- се установи отклонение (забава) от приложения Линеен график с повече от 15 (петнадесет) дни.
Договорът не се прекръпява, ако в срока на предизвестието нарушението бъде отстранено за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(3) В случаите на ал. 2, т. 4 за незапочване на работата се счита непредприемането на действия, съобразно предложения Линеен график за изпълнение на поръчката или предприемане на частични или такива действия, които показват отклонение от одобрения Линеен график. На 15-тия ден, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ се задължава да уведоми ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ за незапочването или изоставането. Ако до 30-тия ден ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ не приведе изпълнението в предвидения график, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ предприема действия по прекръпяване на договора. Прекръпяването на договора става едностранно от страна на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, който изготви протокол с установяване на незапочването на дейността или започването на частични дейности в драстично отклонение с приетия Подробен Линеен график. Договорът се прекръпява само с уведомяването на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ след изтичането на едномесечния срок от предаването на обекта и се счита за прекратен от момента на достигане на уведомяването до ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(4) В случаите на ал. 2, т. 5, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ дава 15-дневен срок на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ да приведе изпълнението на обекта в съответствие с постите от него ангажименти и ако в този срок ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ не приведе обекта в това състояние, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ може да прекрати договора с едностранно уведомление. Договорът се счита за прекратен от момента на получаване на уведомлението от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
(5) В случаите на ал. 3 и ал. 4 от настоящия член, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯт може и да не прекрати договора, ако прецени и ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ докаже, че временните отклонения и междинното забавяне могат да бъдат преодолени и крайният срок ще бъде спазен, както и качественото и количествено изпълнение на обекта на договора. Във всички случаи, обаче, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯт си запазва правото на преценка и може да прекрати договора по реда на ал. 3 и ал. 4 на настоящия член, независимо от обосновката на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ.
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\(^5\) Последното се записва в случай, че участникът, избран за изпълнител е обединение.
\(^6\) Хипотезата за член на обединението се вписва в договора, когато участникът, определен за изпълнител е Обединение.
(6) В случай на прекратяване на договора по взаимно съгласие или в резултат на форсмажорни обстоятелства или объективна невъзможност за изпълнение, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ извършва частично плащане на дължими суми съгласно двустранно подписан Протокол за действително изпълнение на видове и количества работи към датата на прекратяване на договорните отношения, съобразен с изискванията на Договора и заплатените вече изпълнени строително - монтажни работи.
(7) При прекратяване на договора, договорните гаранции за успешно завършените работи се запазват, като за целта ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ издава Гаранционен протокол.
Чл.40. При прекратяване на договора, независимо от причината за това, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ е длъжен:
1. незабавно след узнаването да направи всичко необходимо за приключване на започнатите работи до степен да бъдат годни за ползване от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ;
2. да предаде цялата строителна документация, машини, съоръжения и материали, за които ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ е заплатил;
3. да предаде всички строително-монтажни работи, изпълнени от него до датата на прекратяването;
4. да обезопаси строителната площадка.
Чл.41. (1) ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ може да прекрати настоящия договор, ако в резултат на обстоятелства, възникнали след сключването му не е в състояние да изпълни своите задължения. В този случай ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ дължи на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ обезщетение за претърпените вреди от сключването на договора.
(2) Когато са настъпили съществени промени във финансирането на обществената поръчка, предмет на договора, извън правомощията на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, които той не е могъл или не е бил длъжен да предвиди или предотврати, същият може да прекрати договора с писмено уведомление, веднага след настъпване на обстоятелствата.
XIII. НЕПРЕОДОЛИМА СИЛА
Чл.42 (1). Страните се освобождават от отговорност за неизпълнение на задълженията си, когато невъзможността за изпълнение на договора се дължи на непреодолима сила. Никоя от страните не може да се позовава на непреодолима сила, ако е била в забава и не е информирала другата страна за възникването й.
(2) Страната, засегната от непреодолима сила, е длъжна да предприеме всички необходими мерки, за да намали до минимум понесените вреди и загуби, както и да уведоми писмено другата страна незабавно при настъпване на непреодолимата сила.
(3) Докато трае непреодолимата сила, изпълнението на задължението се спира.
(4) Не може да се позовава на непреодолима сила онази страна, чиято небрежност или умишлени действия или бездействия са довели до невъзможност за изпълнението на договора.
(5) Липсата на парични средства не представлява непреодолима сила.
(6) В случай на непреодолима сила, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ ще заплати на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ само стойността на извършените и приети към момента на установяване на непреодолимата сила услуги.
XIV. НЕИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕ. ОТГОВОРНОСТ. САНКЦИИ
Чл.43. В случай че не заплати в договорените срокове дължимо възнаграждение за изпълнение на съответна от дейностите от предмета на възлагане, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ дължи на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ неустойка в размер на 0,5% за всеки ден просрочие, но не повече от 10% от общата стойност на съответната дейност, установена в чл. 7, ал. 1 от договора.
Чл.44. В случай че не извърши в срок възложените му дейности по изготвяне на инвестиционния проект и/или на строително - монтажните работи, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ дължи
на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ неустойка в размер на 0,5% от общата стойност на съответно възложените работи, установена в чл. 5 от договора за всеки ден просрочие, но не повече от 10% от общата стойност на съответната дейност, установена в чл. 7, ал. 1 от договора за всеки ден просрочие.
Чл.45. При отказ да отстрани появилите се дефекти при изпълнение на поръчката в рамките на гаранционния срок, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ дължи на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ направените разходи по отстраняването им, доказани с финансово-счетоводни документи.
Чл.46. (1) При забава за изпълнение на СМР в междинен срок, съгласно Линейния план – график за изпълнение, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ дължи неустойка в размер на 0,5% от стойността на неизпълнените и забавени работи за всеки просрочен ден, но не повече от 10% от общата стойност на строителните работи, установена в чл. 7, ал. 1, т. 2 от договора. ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ начислява дължимата неустойка, като има право да я удържа от дължими суми по този договор или от стойността на предоставената гаранция за изпълнение на договора. ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ има право в случай, че ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ успее да навакса закъснението и да завърши СМР в договорения краен срок, да му възстанови задържаните суми.
(2) При частично неизпълнение на възложената работа, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ дължи неустойка в размер на стойността на неизпълнените работы, ведно с 1% (един процент) от стойността на договора.
(3) При неотстраняване на появилите се дефекти в рамките на съответния гаранционен срок, съгласно чл. 29, ал. 1 от настоящия договор, ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ дължи на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ направените разходи по отстраняването им, доказани с финансово-счетоводни документи, както и неустойка в размер на 10 % от тяхната стойност.
(4) В хипотеза на пълно неизпълнение предмета на договора от страна на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, същият дължи на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ връщане на всички авансово платени суми по договора, както и неустойка в размер на 20 % от общата стойност на договора. Възстановяването на дължимите суми и неустойката се заплащат от ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ в 14-дневен срок, считано от датата на получаване на покана за доброволно изпълнение, като при неизпълнение ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ пристъпва към принудително събиране на дължимите суми по законоустановения ред.
(5) При прекратяването на договора по вина на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, същият има право да получи цената само на успешно завършените преди прекратяването строителни работи, дължейки и неустойка в размер на 20 % върху разликата между общата стойност на договора и стойността на извършените работи.
(6) При некачествено или неточно изпълнени работи по договора, освен задължението за отстраняване на дефектите се прилагат и другите възможности, предвидени в чл. 265 от ЗЗД, както и възможностите, предвидени в настоящия договор.
(7) Страните се съгласяват, че неустойките по настоящия договор се кумулират по отношение на различни хипотези и случаи на неизпълнение.
Чл.47. В случай на констатирани и вписани в заповедната книга от Инвеститорския контрол и НСН неспазване на правилата за изпълнение на СМР и „Здравословни и безопасни условия на труд”, ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯТ може да удържи окончателно до 0,5% от договорената стойност по чл. 7, ал. 1.
Чл. 48. (1) Отговорността на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ по този раздел се прилага самостоятелно и независимо от възможността на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ да прекрати договора.
(2) За претърпени от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ вреди, последният се обезщетява от предвидените с настоящия договор застраховки.
(3) Всяка от Страните има право да претендира по общия ред обезщетения за претърпените от нея вреди и пропуснати ползи над уговорените размери на неустойките на общо основание.
XV. ПОДСЪДНОСТ
Чл. 49. (1) Всички спорове, които могат да възникнат във връзка с настоящия договор, по повод неговото изпълнение или тълкуване, включително споровете, породени или отнасящи се до неговата недействителност или прекратяване, страните ще решават чрез договаряне помежду си.
(2) В случай на невъзможност за разрешаване на споровете по пътя на договарянето, те подлежат на разглеждане и решаване по съдебен ред от компетентния съгласно българското законодателство съд.
XVI. ОБЩИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
Чл. 50. Договорът се склучва на основание чл. 112, ал. 1, ал. 4 и ал. 6 от ЗОП и Решение № ……………./………….. г. на ВрИД Кмет на Район Младост - СО по чл. 108, т. 1, предложение първо от ЗОП за определяне на изпълнител по проведена открита процедура за възлагане на обществена поръчка.
Чл. 51. Промяна във видовете и количества на СМР, допустими като дейности по проекта, се извършва само при следните условия и ред: ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯТ изготвя протокол за корекция на КСС, корекционна сметка и други необходими доказателствени документи (фотоматериали, анализи на единични цени, копие от заповеди, екзекутиви и др.), които се одобряват от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ, Проектант, СН, при условията регламентирани в ЗУТ и Наредба №23 за съставяне на актове и протоколи по време на строителството.
Чл. 52. Всяка от страните по този договор се задължава да не разпространява информация за другата страна, станала й известна при или по повод сключването и изпълнението на този договор.
Чл. 53. (1) Цялата кореспонденция между страните във връзка с настоящия договор, следва да бъде в писмена форма. Кореспонденцията ще се получава на следните адреси от посочените лица за контакт:
1. за ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ: ………………………………гр. ……… – ………., ул. „………” № ………., факс: …………………., e-mail: …………………., тел.: ……………;
2. за ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ: ………………………………гр. ……… – ………., ул. „………” № ………., факс: …………………., e-mail: …………………., тел.: …………….
(2) При промяна на данните, посочени в предходната алинея, всяка от Страните е длъжна незабавно да уведоми писмено другата страна.
(3) Определените в ал. 1 лица за контакт са упълномощени да упражняват мониторинг и контрол по изпълнението на договора, да подават заявки, да подписват констативни и други протоколи, предвидени в настоящия договор, когато в договора или в Техническата спецификация не е предвидено друго лице за това.
Чл. 54. (1) Когато в договора е предвидено, че страните извършват определено действие „незабавно”, същото следва да бъде извършено непосредствено след пораждане, настъпване или узнаване на събитието или действието, което поражда отговорност, но не по-късно от 3 (три) дни.
(2) Когато в този договор е предвидено, че определено действие или отговорност е за сметка на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ, то разходите за това действие или отговорност не могат да се искат от ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ като допълнение към цената за изпълнение на договора.
Чл. 55. Нищожността на някоя от клauзите по договора или на допълнително уговорени условия не води до нищожност на друга клauза или на договора като цяло.
Чл. 56. За неурядените в този договор въпроси се прилагат разпоредбите на Търговския закон, Закона за задълженията и договорите и разпоредбите на действащото българско законодателство, относими към възлаганите дейности.
Договорът се състави и подписа в 3 (три) еднообразни екземпляра – един за ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ и два за ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ.
Приложения:
Приложение №1 – Ценовото предложение на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
Приложение №2 – Техническото предложение на ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛЯ;
Приложение №3 – Линеен график и диаграма на работната ръка;
Приложение №4 – Техническата спецификация на ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛЯ;
Приложение №5 – Застрахователни полици за склучени застраховки по чл. 171 от ЗУТ за проектантите и строителя;
Приложение №6 – Списъци на лицата от проектантския екип, инженерно-техническия състав и персонала, които ще изпълняват поръчката, предложени в офертата, въз основа на която е избран за ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛ, съгласно чл. 64, ал. 1, т. 6 от ЗОП и документи, които доказват професионалната им компетентност;
Приложение №7 - Гаранция за срочно изпълнение на договора;
Приложение №8 – Гаранция за гаранционна поддръжка.
ВЪЗЛОЖИТЕЛ: ИЗПЪЛНИТЕЛ:
(арх. Румен Русев) (.................................)
Главен счетоводител:
...............................................
(Вания Дилкова)
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Rok akademicki:
Grupa przedmiotów:
Numer katalogowy:
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Zało wprowadzaj
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Literatura podstawowa i uzupełniająca 23) :
1. Roland H.E. R., Moriarty B.:System safety engineering and management . A Wiley-Interscience publication.
3. Radkowski S.: Podstawy bezpiecznej techniki. Oficyna wydawnicza PW, Warszawa 2003.
2. Kite G.W. Frequency and risk analysis in hydrology, Water Resources Publications, 1998.
UWAGI 24) :
kształcenia
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Tabela zgodności kierunkowych efektów kształcenia efektami przedmiotu 26)
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NOPSEMA Submissions GPO Box 2568 PERTH WA 6001
By email
30 August 2019
Dear NOPSEMA
SCARBOROUGH OFFSHORE PROJECT PROPOSAL
Western Gas, Operator and 100% owner of the Equus Gas Project, welcomes the opportunity to comment on Woodside Energy's Offshore Project Proposal (OPP) for Scarborough.
Western Gas holds a Retention Lease (WA-70-R) and four Exploration Permits in the Carnarvon Basin (WA-390-P, WA-474-P, WA-518-P and WA-519-P), which are located about 200 km north west of Onslow, Western Australia. The titles are adjacent to Woodside's Scarborough titles.
Western Gas became Operator of the titles following the acquisition of the Equus Gas Project from Hess Corporation in 2017. The Equus fields contain an independently certified 2 Tcf of gas and 42 MMbbl of condensate.
Planning is well advanced for the Equus Gas Project, with technical advisers McDermott and Baker Hughes GE recently completing an integrated development plan for the Project, comprising three production wells tied back to an infield floating production storage and offtake (FPSO) facility, a 200 km dry gas export pipeline, a nearshore 2 MTPA floating LNG facility and an onshore pipeline connection near Onslow. First gas is planned from 2024.
Our engineering studies also assessed a range of alternate development concepts focused on collaboration with existing and proposed infrastructure owners, and we have engaged other resource owners, including Woodside, on exploring commercial opportunities. We acknowledge and are encouraged by Woodside's statement it is engaging other resource owners on future development opportunities (OPP Section 4.1) but we note that details of these opportunities were not included as alternate development options in the OPP.
With respect to consultation activities for the OPP, and future environmental approvals for specific activities, we would encourage Woodside to undertake a deeper level of consultation with Western Gas to ensure potential impacts are well understood for our respective projects, as well as to support efficient planning and execution given the similar development timeframes for Equus and Scarborough.
By way of example, the proposed export pipeline route runs through Western Gas operated titles WA-518-P, WA-474-P and WA-70-R and is adjacent to Western Gas discoveries. These details have not been shown in the OPP, nor has the proposed route been shared with Western Gas.
www.westerngas.com.au
Western Gas supports timely resource development and would be pleased to work closer with Woodside in support of accelerating Western Australia's known gas discoveries.
Thank you again for the opportunity to comment on the Scarborough OPP and we look forward to responses to our comments.
Yours sincerely
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GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A.
Gas Natural SDG, S.A. (GAS NATURAL FENOSA), en cumplimiento de lo establecido en el artículo 82 de la Ley 24/1988, de 28 de julio, del mercado de valores, mediante el presente escrito comunica a la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores, la siguiente
INFORMACIÓN RELEVANTE
Adjunto se acompaña escrito presentado en el día de hoy a la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores atendiendo a la petición realizada por dicha Comisión.
Barcelona, 1 de diciembre de 2015.
ASUNTO: CONTESTACIÓN AL REQUERIMIENTO DE LA CNMV DE FECHA 12 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2015 EN RELACIÓN CON EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE DETERMINADOS ASPECTOS DE LA LEY DE SOCIEDADES DE CAPITAL (LSC).
Estimados Sres.,
En respuesta a su requerimiento de fecha 12 de noviembre de 2015, Registro de Salida nº 2015155162, recibido el día 16 de noviembre de 2015, dentro del plazo al efecto concedido, pongo en su conocimiento lo siguiente:
1º.- El Consejo de Administración de la Compañía sometió a la Junta General Ordinaria de Accionistas celebrada el día 14 de mayo de 2015 una modificación del Reglamento de la Junta General para adaptar su contenido a la Ley 31/2014. Dicha modificación, una vez aprobada, fue inscrita en el Registro Mercantil y remitido el texto íntegro del Reglamento a la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores.
2º.- El artículo 6.1 del Reglamento del Consejo de Administración de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., prevé que el Consejo de Administración aplicará el principio de paridad de trato en sus relaciones con los accionistas. La convocatoria de la Junta general de accionistas establece un número mínimo de acciones para poder participar en la misma, sea de forma individual o agregada, si bien ello no restringe ningún otro derecho, como por ejemplo el de información.
3º.- La Junta General Ordinaria de Accionistas celebrada el día 14 de mayo de 2015 fue convocada mediante anuncios publicados el día 9 de abril de 2015 en el Boletín Oficial del Registro Mercantil (BORME), en la página web de la Compañía.
(www.gasnaturalfenosa.com) y en la página web de la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (www.cnmv.es). Se acompaña fotocopia del anuncio aparecido en el BORME, e impresión de la convocatoria publicada en la página web de la Compañía.
4º.- GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. publicó el día 18 de mayo de 2015 en su página web los acuerdos aprobados y el resultado de las votaciones de la Junta General celebrada el día 14 de mayo de 2015.
5º.- En la Junta General ordinaria de Accionistas celebrada el día 14 de mayo de 2015 el Presidente del Consejo de Administración recibió la representación 119.618.404 acciones, titularidad de más de tres accionistas. En relación a dichas acciones representadas:
- No se produjo ningún conflicto de intereses en el ejercicio del derecho de voto.
- En el caso de las delegaciones que contenían instrucciones precisas del sentido del voto, ejerció el derecho de voto de acuerdo con las mismas. En los restantes casos en la tarjeta de representación ya se previó que, salvo conflicto de interés, en el supuesto de que el accionista no hiciera constar manifestación expresa, y se entendería que el voto era a favor de las propuestas de acuerdo del Consejo o asumidas por éste.
- La delegación incluía, salvo que el accionista no estuviera de acuerdo, aquellos puntos que, aun no previstos en el orden del día de la convocatoria, hubieran sido tratados por así permitirlo la ley en la Junta. El accionista podía oponerse a esta extensión de la delegación.
6º.- El Consejo de Administración de la Compañía aprobó la modificación del Reglamento de organización y funcionamiento del Consejo de Administración de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. y sus Comisiones para adaptar su contenido de la Ley 31/2014. Dicha modificación, una vez aprobada, fue inscrita en el Registro Mercantil y remitido el texto íntegro del Reglamento a la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores.
7º.- GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. tiene publicado en su página web el período medio de pago a proveedores
8º.- La Secretaría del Consejo de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. no conoce ningún pacto parasocial, de los regulados en los artículos 530 y siguientes de la LSC, y que afecte a la Sociedad, adicional a aquellos que figuran publicados en la página web de la CNMV.
9º.- Con carácter previo a la celebración de la Junta General que tuvo lugar el día 14 de mayo de 2015, GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. ha tenido habilitado en su página web un foro electrónico de accionistas.
Tanto el requerimiento recibido como la respuesta al mismo han sido entregados a los Sres. Consejeros en la sesión del Consejo de Administración del día 27 de noviembre de 2015 habiendo quedado debida constancia en acta.
Atentamente,
Fdo.: Manuel García Cobaleda.
Secretario del Consejo de Administración.
GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A.
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CONVOCATORIAS DE JUNTAS
1999 GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A.
Junta General Ordinaria de Accionistas:
El Consejo de Administración de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. ha acordado, en su sesión del día 27 de marzo de 2015, convocar Junta General Ordinaria de Accionistas de la Sociedad, según se indica a continuación:
Fecha, hora y lugar de celebración:
Día: jueves, 14 de mayo de 2015. Hora: 12:00.- Lugar: Barcelona, Auditori del Palau de Congressos de Catalunya, Avda. Diagonal, números 661-671, en primera convocatoria.
En el supuesto de que no pudiera celebrarse la Junta General Ordinaria en primera convocatoria, por no alcanzarse el quórum de asistencia requerido por la Ley y los Estatutos Sociales, se celebrará en segunda convocatoria el siguiente día viernes, 15 de mayo, en el mismo lugar y a la misma hora, siendo válidas para la segunda convocatoria las tarjetas expedidas para la primera.
Orden del día
Primero.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de las Cuentas Anuales y del Informe de Gestión de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. correspondientes al ejercicio cerrado el 31 de diciembre de 2014.
Segundo.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de las Cuentas Anuales Consolidadas y del Informe de Gestión del Grupo Consolidado de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. correspondientes al ejercicio cerrado el 31 de diciembre de 2014.
Tercero.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de la propuesta de aplicación del resultado del ejercicio 2014.
Cuarto.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de la gestión del Consejo de Administración durante el ejercicio 2014.
Quinto.- Reelección de los auditores de cuentas de la Sociedad y de su Grupo Consolidado para el ejercicio 2015.
Sexto.- Reelección, ratificación y, en su caso, nombramiento de miembros del Consejo de Administración.
6.1.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Ramón Adell Ramón.
6.2.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Xabier Añoveros Trias de Bes.
6.3.- Nombramiento como Consejero de D. Francisco Belil Creixell.
6.4.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Demetrio Carceller Arce.
6.5.- Nombramiento como Consejero de D. Isidro Fainé Casas.
6.6.- Nombramiento como Consejera de Dª Benita María Ferrero-Waldner.
6.7.- Nombramiento como Consejera de Dª Cristina Garmendia Mendizábal.
6.8.- Nombramiento como Consejero de D. Miguel Martínez San Martín.
6.9.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Heribert Padrol Munté.
6.10.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Miguel Valls Maseda.
6.11.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Rafael Villaseca Marco.
Séptimo.- Voto consultivo en relación al Informe Anual sobre las remuneraciones de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
Octavo.- Política de remuneración de los Consejeros de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A.
Noveno.- Remuneración de los Consejeros de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. en su condición de tales.
Décimo.- Modificación de determinados artículos de los Estatutos Sociales y refundición en un solo texto de su contenido, incorporando las modificaciones acordadas por la Junta General.
10.1.- Artículo 9: Dividendos pasivos y mora del accionista.
Artículo 17: Reducción del capital social.
10.2.- Artículo 24: Junta General.
Artículo 28: Convocatoria de la Junta General.
Artículo 29: Facultad y obligación de convocar.
Artículo 37: Deliberación y adopción de acuerdos.
Artículo 38: Derecho de información.
10.3.- Artículo 42: Duración y cooptación.
Artículo 47: Constitución del Consejo de Administración.
Artículo 48: Cargos del Consejo de Administración.
Artículo 49: Deliberación y adopción de acuerdos.
Artículo 51: Composición de la Comisión Ejecutiva.
Artículo 51 bis: Comité de Auditoría.
Artículo 51 ter: Comisión de Nombramientos y Retribuciones.
Artículo 52: Atribuciones del Consejo de Administración.
Artículo 53: Impugnación de los acuerdos del Consejo de Administración.
10.4.- Artículo 44: Retribución.
10.5.- Artículo 71: Liquidación de la Sociedad.
10.6.- Refundición de los Estatutos Sociales.
Undécimo.- Modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas y refundición en un solo texto de su contenido, incorporando las modificaciones acordadas en la Junta General.
11.1.- Artículo 2: Competencias de la Junta General de Accionistas.
Artículo 4: Convocatoria de la Junta General.
Artículo 6: Información disponible desde la fecha de la convocatoria.
Artículo 7: Derecho de información.
Artículo 16: Solicitudes de intervención.
Artículo 18: Información.
Artículo 19: Propuestas.
Artículo 20: Votación de las propuestas de acuerdos.
Artículo 21: Adopción de acuerdos y proclamación del resultado.
11.2.- Refundición del Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas.
Duodécimo.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, del Balance de segregación que se corresponde con el Balance de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. cerrado a 31 de diciembre de 2014, verificado por los Auditores de Cuentas de la Sociedad, del Proyecto de Segregación de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. a favor de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U. y de la operación de segregación de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. (sociedad segregada) a favor de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U. (sociedad beneficiaria de la segregación), todo ello ajustándose al Proyecto de Segregación.
Decimotercero.- Autorización al Consejo de Administración para la emisión de bonos, obligaciones o valores similares, simples o garantizados, no convertibles en acciones, o valores perpetuos subordinados, en la modalidad y cuantía que decida la Junta, de conformidad con la Ley, dejando sin efecto la autorización acordada por la Junta General Ordinaria de 20 de abril de 2010.
Decimocuarto.- Autorización al Consejo de Administración para la adquisición derivativa de acciones propias, directamente o a través de sociedades del Grupo de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., en los términos que acuerde la Junta General y con los límites legalmente establecidos, dejando sin efecto la autorización acordada por la Junta General Ordinaria de 20 de abril de 2010.
Decimoquinto.- Delegación de facultades para complementar, desarrollar, ejecutar, interpretar, subsanar y formalizar los acuerdos adoptados por la Junta General.
Derecho de información
En cumplimiento de lo establecido en los artículos 272 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital y del artículo 6 del Reglamento de la Junta General y demás de pertinente y general aplicación, a partir de la presente convocatoria, los accionistas, tendrán derecho a examinar en el domicilio social (08003 Barcelona, Plaça del Gas nº 1, Unidad de Relaciones con Inversores), a consultar en la web www.gasnaturalfenosa.com y, en los casos en que legalmente proceda, a obtener o solicitar la entrega o envío gratuito, en forma impresa, de los documentos siguientes:
1. Cuentas Anuales e Informe de Gestión de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., correspondientes al ejercicio 2014.
2. Cuentas Anuales e Informe de Gestión del Grupo Consolidado de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., correspondientes al ejercicio 2014.
3. Informes emitidos por la firma de auditoría respecto a las Cuentas Anuales de la Sociedad y de su Grupo Consolidado correspondientes al ejercicio 2014.
4. Informe Anual de Gobierno Corporativo de la Sociedad correspondiente al ejercicio 2014.
5. Informe de la Comisión de Auditoría y Control sobre las actividades realizadas durante el ejercicio 2014.
6. Propuestas de acuerdos correspondientes a cada uno de los puntos del Orden del Día de la Junta General.
7. Informe Anual sobre las remuneraciones de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
8. Propuesta sobre la política de remuneración de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
9. Informe de la Comisión de Nombramientos y Retribuciones de la propuesta sobre la política de remuneración de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
10. Informe sobre la modificación de determinados artículos de los Estatutos Sociales.
11. Informe sobre la modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas.
12. Informe sobre la modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento de organización y funcionamiento del Consejo de Administración de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. y sus Comisiones.
13. Informe de Responsabilidad Corporativa.
14. Identidad, currículo y categoría de Consejero de las personas cuya ratificación, nombramiento o reelección como Consejeros se someta a la aprobación de la Junta General.
15. Informes de la Comisión de Nombramientos y Retribuciones y del Consejo de Administración en relación a la ratificación, nombramiento o reelección de los Consejeros que se sometan a la aprobación de la Junta General.
Además de a las personas mencionadas en el párrafo primero del presente apartado, se pone, asimismo, a disposición de los obligacionistas, titulares de derechos especiales y representantes de los trabajadores, en el domicilio social y en la página web de la Compañía (www.gasnaturalfenosa.com), con posibilidad de descargarlos e imprimirlos, los siguientes documentos:
1. El Proyecto común de segregación.
2. Informe de los Administradores de las sociedades intervinientes en la segregación.
3. Informe del experto independiente sobre el Proyecto común de Segregación.
4. Las cuentas anuales y los informes de gestión de los tres últimos ejercicios de las sociedades intervinientes en la segregación, así como los correspondientes informes de los auditores de cuentas de las sociedades en las que fueran legalmente exigibles.
5. Los Estatutos Sociales vigentes de las sociedades intervinientes en la segregación.
6. Texto íntegro de las modificaciones que hayan de introducirse en los Estatutos Sociales de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U.
7. La identidad de los administradores de las sociedades que participan en la operación de segregación, la fecha desde la que desempeñan sus cargos y, en su caso, las mismas indicaciones de quienes vayan a ser propuestos como administradores como consecuencia de la operación de segregación.
De conformidad con el art. 40.2 de la Ley de Modificaciones Estructurales (LME), se indica que los documentos mencionados anteriormente han sido publicados en la página web de la Compañía el día 7 de abril de 2015.
Los accionistas podrán solicitar al Consejo de Administración, por escrito hasta el quinto día anterior al previsto para la celebración de la Junta, o verbalmente durante su celebración, las informaciones o aclaraciones que estimen precisas, acerca de los asuntos comprendidos en el Orden del Día de la Junta, de la información accesible al público que la Sociedad ha facilitado a la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores desde la celebración de la última Junta General (11/04/2014) y acerca del informe del auditor.
En las peticiones de información, el solicitante deberá acreditar su identidad, mediante fotocopia de su Documento Nacional de Identidad o Pasaporte, y si se tratara de persona jurídica, documento de acreditación suficiente de su representación. Además, el solicitante deberá acreditar su condición de accionista.
Complemento de la convocatoria y nuevas propuestas de acuerdo.
De conformidad con el artículo 519.1 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital, los accionistas que representen, al menos, el tres por ciento del capital social podrán solicitar que se publique un complemento a la presente convocatoria incluyendo uno o más puntos en el Orden del Día. El ejercicio de este derecho deberá hacerse mediante notificación fehaciente que habrá de recibirse en el domicilio social dentro de los cinco (5) días siguientes a la publicación de la presente convocatoria.
Asimismo y conforme al artículo 519.2 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital, los accionistas que representen al menos el tres por ciento del capital social podrán, en el mismo plazo señalado en el párrafo anterior, presentar propuestas fundamentadas de acuerdo sobre asuntos ya incluidos o que deban incluirse en el Orden del Día de la Junta. La Sociedad asegurará la difusión de estas propuestas de acuerdo y de la documentación que en su caso se adjunte, entre el resto de accionistas, a medida que se reciban.
Derecho de Asistencia
Podrán asistir a la Junta General los accionistas poseedores de por lo menos 100 acciones o aquellos que, teniendo menos de 100 acciones, se agrupen y designen quién debe representarles y con cinco (5) días de antelación (08.05.2015) como mínimo a la fecha prevista de celebración de la Junta General en primera convocatoria acrediten hallarse inscritos en los registros de detalle de las entidades participantes de la Sociedad de Gestión de los Sistemas de Registro, Compensación y Liquidación de Valores, S.A. (IBERCLEAR), y se provean, a través de la entidad participante, de la tarjeta de asistencia emitida por la Sociedad.
El registro de tarjetas de asistencia comenzará una hora antes de la señalada para el inicio de la Junta.
Representación
Los accionistas podrán hacerse representar en la Junta General por medio de otra persona, aunque no sea accionista, dando cuenta de la representación a la Sociedad con tres (3) días de anticipación, cuando menos, a la fecha prevista de celebración de la Junta General en primera convocatoria. El nombramiento de representante, la notificación del nombramiento a la Sociedad y, en su caso, la revocación del nombramiento del representante, deberá ser por escrito. La representación deberá conferirse con carácter especial para cada Junta, salvo lo dispuesto en el artículo 187 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital.
El accionista podrá obtener la tarjeta de representación solicitándola a la entidad participante de IBERCLEAR en la que tenga depositadas sus acciones, o a la Sociedad o bien podrá descargarla de la página www.gasnaturalfenosa.com
(Junta General Ordinaria 2015). El accionista deberá remitir a la Sociedad a través de correspondencia postal (Unidad de Relaciones con Inversores, Plaça del Gas nº 1, 08003 Barcelona) o por vía electrónica en formato pdf. a email@example.com la tarjeta de representación debidamente cumplimentada.
Las personas físicas accionistas que no se hallen en pleno goce de sus derechos civiles y las personas jurídicas accionistas podrán ser representadas por quienes ejerzan su representación legal, debidamente acreditada. No será válida ni eficaz la representación conferida a quien no pueda ostentarla con arreglo a la Ley. La representación es siempre revocable. La asistencia personal a la Junta General del representado tendrá valor de revocación.
La representación deberá ser cumplimentada y firmada por el accionista y, además, habrá de ser aceptada por el representante. El representante a cuyo favor se confiera la representación deberá ejercitarla asistiendo personalmente a la Junta, haciendo entrega de la tarjeta de asistencia y de representación en las mesas de registro de entrada de accionistas, en el lugar y día señalado para la celebración de la Junta General y con la antelación prevista para el inicio de la reunión.
En el supuesto de delegación a favor del Consejo de Administración, se entenderá que la representación ha sido otorgada a favor del Presidente. El documento en el que conste la representación contendrá o llevará anejo el Orden del Día, así como la solicitud de instrucciones para el ejercicio del voto y la indicación del sentido en que deberá votar el representante en el caso de que no se impartan instrucciones precisas. En el supuesto de no hacer constar manifestación expresa, se entenderá que el voto es a favor de las propuestas de acuerdos que haga el Consejo de Administración.
La validez de la representación conferida estará sujeta a la comprobación por parte de la Sociedad de la condición de accionista del representado.
En el caso de que un accionista realice varias delegaciones, prevalecerá la delegación que haya sido realizada, dentro del plazo estatutario, en último término.
A efectos de acreditar la identidad de los accionistas o de quien válidamente los represente, en la entrada del local donde se celebre la Junta se podrá solicitar a los asistentes la acreditación de su identidad mediante la presentación del Documento Nacional de Identidad o cualquier otro documento oficial generalmente aceptado a estos efectos.
Presencia de Notario
El Consejo de Administración requerirá la presencia de Notario para que levante acta de la reunión.
Protección de datos
Los datos de carácter personal que los accionistas remitan a GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. para el ejercicio de sus derechos de asistencia, delegación y voto en la Junta General, o que sean facilitados por las entidades bancarias y sociedades y agencias de valores en las que dichos accionistas tengan depositadas sus acciones, a través de la entidad legalmente habilitada para la llevanza del registro de anotaciones en cuenta, IBERCLEAR, serán tratados a estos únicos efectos. Asimismo, se informa a los accionistas que dichos datos se incorporarán a un fichero informático propiedad de la Sociedad y los accionistas tendrán la posibilidad de ejercer su derecho de acceso, rectificación, cancelación y oposición, mediante comunicación escrita dirigida al domicilio social de la Sociedad sito en
Barcelona, C.P. 08003, Plaza del Gas nº 1, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal 15/1999.
Información General
Con el fin de dar cumplimiento al artículo 539 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital, a partir de la publicación de esta convocatoria se habilita un Foro Electrónico de Accionistas en la página web de la Sociedad. Las normas de su funcionamiento y el formulario que debe rellenarse para participar en el mismo se encuentran disponibles en la página web de la Sociedad.
Al Foro Electrónico de Accionistas podrán acceder tanto los accionistas individuales como las asociaciones voluntarias que puedan constituir. En el Foro Electrónico de Accionistas podrán publicarse: (i) las propuestas que pretendan presentarse como complemento del Orden del Día anunciado en la convocatoria, (ii) las solicitudes de adhesión a tales propuestas, (iii) las iniciativas para alcanzar el porcentaje suficiente para ejercer un derecho de minoría previsto en la Ley y (iv) las ofertas o peticiones de representación voluntaria.
Para los aspectos relativos a la Junta General no contemplados en el presente anuncio, los accionistas podrán consultar el Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas, así como las instrucciones para la participación en la misma, que se encuentran a su disposición en la página web de la Sociedad (www.gasnaturalfenosa.com).
Se comunica a los accionistas que se prevé que la celebración de la Junta General tenga lugar en primera convocatoria.
Las menciones mínimas del Proyecto de Segregación son las siguientes:
La Sociedad segregada es GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., domiciliada en Barcelona, Plaza del Gas nº 1, CIF nº A-08015497. Inscrita en el Registro Mercantil de Barcelona, al tomo 22.147, folio 147, hoja B-33.172.
La Sociedad beneficiaria es GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S. L. Unipersonal, domiciliada en Barcelona, Plaza del Gas nº 1, CIF nº B-86010766. Inscrita en el Registro Mercantil de Barcelona al tomo 44.326, folio 186, sección 8, hoja B-452.839.
Están comprendidos en el perímetro de la segregación la totalidad de activos y pasivos afectos al negocio de generación de electricidad nuclear de la Sociedad segregada, así como los derechos y obligaciones, autorizaciones administrativas y relaciones contractuales y laborales afectas al mismo, el cual constituye una unidad económica en el sentido del artículo 71 de la LME, que se transmitirá en bloque y por sucesión universal a la Sociedad beneficiaria.
No existen aportaciones de industria ni prestaciones accesorias en ninguna de las sociedades participantes en la operación y, en consecuencia, no se hace necesario otorgar compensaciones por ese concepto.
No se otorgarán en la Sociedad beneficiaria derechos especiales como consecuencia de la segregación, al no existir titulares de derechos especiales ni tenedores de títulos distintos del capital.
No se atribuirá ninguna ventaja en la Sociedad beneficiaria a los administradores de ninguna de las sociedades participantes en la segregación ni a los expertos independientes que intervengan en la misma.
La fecha de los efectos contables de la segregación será el 1 de enero de 2015.
Los estatutos de la Sociedad beneficiaria de la segregación serán los que tiene
actualmente con la modificación del artículo 5º que se indica más adelante.
A los efectos de valorar los elementos del activo y pasivo que se segregarán, se ha tenido en cuenta el valor real del patrimonio segregado. El valor de los elementos del activo y del pasivo que se segregarán se incorporará en el patrimonio de la beneficiaria al valor de la aportación al consolidado del grupo al que pertenecen a 31 de diciembre de 2014 de conformidad con la normativa general contable vigente.
En virtud de lo dispuesto en el artículo 71 de la LME, la Sociedad segregada no experimentará ninguna reducción de su capital social y recibirá a cambio de su patrimonio segregado las participaciones resultantes del aumento de capital que experimentará la Sociedad beneficiaria, que es una Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada íntegramente participada, de forma directa, por la Sociedad segregada.
El valor de los elementos del activo y del pasivo que se escinden es de TRESCIENTOS SESENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS NOVENTA Y OCHO MIL CIENTO CINCUENTA Y TRES CON VEINTINUEVE EUROS (361.698.153,29 euros).
La Sociedad beneficiaria ampliará su capital social en CINCUENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y TRES MIL CUATROCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y CINCO EUROS (51.653.455 euros), creando un total de cincuenta y un millones seiscientas cincuenta y tres mil cuatrocienas cincuenta y cinco participaciones, de la número 500.003.007 a la número 551.656.461, ambas incluidas, con una prima de asunción total de 310.044.698,29 euros, correspondientes a 6,0024 euros por participación.
De acuerdo con todo lo anterior, GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., socio único de la Sociedad beneficiaria, recibirá participaciones nuevas de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN S.L.U., numeradas de la número 500.003.007 a la número 551.656.461 ambas incluidas, de 1 euro de valor nominal, con una prima de asunción de 6,0024 euros por participación.
En consecuencia el Socio Único de la Sociedad beneficiaria deberá tomar un acuerdo del siguiente tenor:
Aumento de capital social.- Aumentar el capital, que en la actualidad es de QUINIENTOS MILLONES TRES MIL SEIS EUROS (600.003.006 euros), hasta la cifra de QUINIENTOS CINCUENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y SEIS MIL CUATROCIENTOS SESENTA Y UN EUROS (551.656.461 euros), es decir en CINCUENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y TRES MIL CUATROCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y CINCO EUROS (51.653.455 euros).
Como consecuencia del aumento de capital, el artículo 5º de los Estatutos Sociales pasa a tener la siguiente redacción:
"ARTÍCULO 5º.- El capital social se fija en la cantidad de 551.656.461,00 euros, y está representado por 551.656.461 participaciones sociales nominativas de un euro de valor nominal cada una, íntegramente suscritas y desembolsadas."
En el momento del otorgamiento de la escritura pública de segregación, deberá haberse anotado en el Libro Registro de Socios de la Sociedad beneficiaria la identidad y domicilio del titular de las nuevas participaciones. Las nuevas participaciones darán derecho a participar en las ganancias sociales a partir del 1 de enero de 2015.
De acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el artículo 36 de la LME serán considerados como Balances de Segregación los balances de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. y GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U., cerrados a 31 de diciembre de 2014 y
que fueron formulados por los Consejos de Administración de la primera y de la segunda en fecha 30 de enero de 2015. Se utilizarán dichos balances a los efectos de establecer las condiciones en que se realizará la segregación.
Dado que las Sociedades participantes están obligadas a auditar sus cuentas anuales, los balances de segregación irán acompañados del preceptivo informe de auditoría. Los Balances de Segregación serán sometidos a su aprobación por la Junta General de Accionistas de la Sociedad segregada y el Socio Único de la Sociedad beneficiaria, que deberán deliberar y en su caso aprobar la segregación.
No se prevé que la segregación tenga consecuencia alguna sobre el empleo dado que se trata de un supuesto de sucesión de empresa previsto en el art. 44 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores y la Sociedad beneficiaria de la segregación se subrogará en los derechos y obligaciones laborales de los trabajadores de la Sociedad segregada vinculados a la unidad económica constituida por el patrimonio objeto de segregación. No se alterarán los órganos de administración de las sociedades participantes y, en consecuencia, no tendrá ningún impacto de género en ellos. Tampoco tendrá incidencia en la responsabilidad social de dichas empresas.
El artículo 76.3 de la Ley 27/2014 de 28 de Noviembre define la presente operación como "Aportación no dinararia de rama de actividad" por lo que, cumpliéndose los requisitos establecidos en el artículo 89 del mencionado texto normativo, a la presente operación le será de aplicación el régimen fiscal especial previsto en el Capítulo VII del Título VII de la Ley 27/2014 de 28 de Noviembre.
De acuerdo con lo previsto en el artículo 89.1 de la Ley 27/2014, la mencionada operación será comunicada a la Agencia Tributaria por la Sociedad adquirente en los términos exigidos reglamentariamente.
Barcelona a, 27 de marzo de 2015.- El Presidente del Consejo de Administración, Salvador Gabarró Serra.
ID: A150014165-1
Junta General Ordinaria de Accionistas de Gas Natural SDG, S.A.
El Consejo de Administración de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. ha acordado, en su sesión del día 27 de marzo de 2015, convocar Junta General Ordinaria de Accionistas de la Sociedad, según se indica a continuación:
Fecha, hora y lugar de celebración:
Día: jueves, 14 de mayo de 2015 – Hora: 12:00.- Lugar: Barcelona, Auditori del Palau de Congressos de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal, números 661-671, en primera convocatoria.
En el supuesto de que no pudiera celebrarse la Junta General Ordinaria en primera convocatoria, por no alcanzarse el quórum de asistencia requerido por la Ley y los Estatutos Sociales, se celebrará en segunda convocatoria el siguiente día viernes, 15 de mayo, en el mismo lugar y a la misma hora, siendo válidas para la segunda convocatoria las tarjetas expedidas para la primera.
ORDEN DEL DÍA
PRIMERO.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de las Cuentas Anuales y del Informe de Gestión de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. correspondientes al ejercicio cerrado el 31 de diciembre de 2014.
SEGUNDO.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de las Cuentas Anuales Consolidadas y del Informe de Gestión del Grupo Consolidado de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. correspondientes al ejercicio cerrado el 31 de diciembre de 2014.
TERCERO.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de la propuesta de aplicación del resultado del ejercicio 2014.
CUARTO.- Examen y aprobación, en su caso, de la gestión del Consejo de Administración durante el ejercicio 2014.
QUINTO.- Reelección de los auditores de cuentas de la Sociedad y de su Grupo Consolidado para el ejercicio 2015.
SEXTO.- Reelección, ratificación y, en su caso, nombramiento de miembros del Consejo de Administración.
6.1.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Ramón Adell Ramón.
6.2.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Xabier Añoveros Trias de Bes.
6.3.- Nombramiento como Consejero de D. Francisco Beilí Creixell.
6.4.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Demetrio Carceller Arce.
6.5.- Nombramiento como Consejero de D. Isidro Fainé Casas.
6.6.- Nombramiento como Consejera de Dª Benita María Ferrero-Waldner.
6.7.- Nombramiento como Consejera de Dª Cristina Garmendia Mendizábal.
6.8.- Nombramiento como Consejero de D. Miguel Martínez San Martín.
6.9.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Heribert Padrol Munté.
6.10.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Miguel Valls Maseda.
6.11.- Reelección como Consejero de D. Rafael Villaseca Marco.
SÉPTIMO.- Voto consultivo en relación al Informe Anual sobre las remuneraciones de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
OCTAVO.- Política de remuneración de los Consejeros de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A.
NOVENO.- Remuneración de los Consejeros de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. en su condición de tales.
DECIMO.- Modificación de determinados artículos de los Estatutos Sociales y refundición en un solo texto de su contenido, incorporando las modificaciones acordadas por la Junta General.
10.1.- Artículo 9: Dividendos pasivos y mora del accionista.
Artículo 17: Reducción del capital social.
10.2.- Artículo 24: Junta General.
Artículo 28: Convocatoria de la Junta General.
Artículo 29: Facultad y obligación de convocar.
Artículo 37: Deliberación y adopción de acuerdos.
Artículo 38: Derecho de información.
10.3.- Artículo 42: Duración y cooptación.
Artículo 47: Constitución del Consejo de Administración.
Artículo 48: Cargos del Consejo de Administración.
Artículo 49: Deliberación y adopción de acuerdos.
Artículo 51: Composición de la Comisión Ejecutiva.
Artículo 51 bis: Comité de Auditoría.
Artículo 51 ter: Comisión de Nombramientos y Retribuciones.
Artículo 52: Atribuciones del Consejo de Administración.
Artículo 53: Impugnación de los acuerdos del Consejo de Administración.
10.4.- Artículo 44: Retribución.
10.5.- Artículo 71: Liquidación de la Sociedad.
10.6.- Refundición de los Estatutos Sociales.
DECIMOPRIMERO.- Modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas y refundición en un solo texto de su contenido, incorporando las modificaciones acordadas en la Junta General.
11.1.- Artículo 2: Competencias de la Junta General de Accionistas.
Artículo 4: Convocatoria de la Junta General.
Artículo 6: Información disponible desde la fecha de la convocatoria.
Artículo 7: Derecho de información.
Artículo 16: Solicitudes de intervención.
Artículo 18: Información.
Artículo 19: Propuestas.
Artículo 20: Votación de las propuestas de acuerdos.
Artículo 21: Adopción de acuerdos y proclamación del resultado.
11.2.- Refundición del Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas.
**DECIMOSEGUNDO.-** Examen y aprobación, en su caso, del Balance de segregación que se corresponde con el Balance de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. cerrado a 31 de diciembre de 2014, verificado por los Auditores de Cuentas de la Sociedad, del Proyecto de Segregación de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. a favor de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U. y de la operación de segregación de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. (sociedad segregada) a favor de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U. (sociedad beneficiaria de la segregación), todo ello ajustándose al Proyecto de Segregación.
**DECIMOTERCERO.-** Autorización al Consejo de Administración para la emisión de bonos, obligaciones o valores similares, simples o garantizados, no convertibles en acciones, o valores perpetuos subordinados, en la modalidad y cuantía que decida la Junta, de conformidad con la Ley, dejando sin efecto la autorización acordada por la Junta General Ordinaria de 20 de abril de 2010.
**DECIMOCUARTO.-** Autorización al Consejo de Administración para la adquisición derivativa de acciones propias, directamente o a través de sociedades del Grupo de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., en los términos que acuerde la Junta General y con los límites legalmente establecidos, dejando sin efecto la autorización acordada por la Junta General Ordinaria de 20 de abril de 2010.
**DECIMOQUINTO.-** Delegación de facultades para complementar, desarrollar, ejecutar, interpretar, subsanar y formalizar los acuerdos adoptados por la Junta General.
**Derecho de información**
En cumplimiento de lo establecido en los artículos 272 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital y del artículo 6 del Reglamento de la Junta General y demás de pertinente y general aplicación, a partir de la presente convocatoria, los accionistas, tendrán derecho a examinar en el domicilio social (08003 Barcelona, Plaça del Gas nº 1, Unidad de Relaciones con Inversores), a consultar en la web [www.gasnaturalfenosa.com](http://www.gasnaturalfenosa.com) y, en los casos en que legalmente proceda, a obtener o solicitar la entrega o envío gratuito, en forma impresa, de los documentos siguientes:
1. Cuentas Anuales e Informe de Gestión de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., correspondientes al ejercicio 2014.
2. Cuentas Anuales e Informe de Gestión del Grupo Consolidado de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., correspondientes al ejercicio 2014.
3. Informes emitidos por la firma de auditoría respecto a las Cuentas Anuales de la Sociedad y de su Grupo Consolidado correspondientes al ejercicio 2014.
4. Informe Anual de Gobierno Corporativo de la Sociedad correspondiente al ejercicio 2014.
5. Informe de la Comisión de Auditoría y Control sobre las actividades realizadas durante el ejercicio 2014.
6. Propuestas de acuerdos correspondientes a cada uno de los puntos del Orden del Día de la Junta General.
7. Informe Anual sobre las remuneraciones de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
8. Propuesta sobre la política de remuneración de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
9. Informe de la Comisión de Nombramientos y Retribuciones de la propuesta sobre la política de remuneración de los miembros del Consejo de Administración.
10. Informe sobre la modificación de determinados artículos de los Estatutos Sociales.
11. Informe sobre la modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas.
12. Informe sobre la modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento de organización y funcionamiento del Consejo de Administración de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. y sus Comisiones.
13. Informe de Responsabilidad Corporativa.
14. Identidad, currículo y categoría de Consejero de las personas cuya ratificación, nombramiento o reelección como Consejeros se someta a la aprobación de la Junta General.
15. Informes de la Comisión de Nombramientos y Retribuciones y del Consejo de Administración en relación a la ratificación, nombramiento o reelección de los Consejeros que se sometan a la aprobación de la Junta General.
Además de a las personas mencionadas en el párrafo primero del presente apartado, se pone, asimismo, a disposición de los obligacionistas, titulares de derechos especiales y representantes de los trabajadores, en el domicilio social y en la página web de la Compañía (www.gasnaturalfenosa.com), con posibilidad de descargarlos e imprimirlos, los siguientes documentos:
1. El Proyecto común de segregación.
2. Informe de los Administradores de las sociedades intervinientes en la segregación.
3. Informe del experto independiente sobre el Proyecto común de Segregación.
4. Las cuentas anuales y los informes de gestión de los tres últimos ejercicios de las sociedades intervinientes en la segregación, así como los correspondientes informes de los auditores de cuentas de las sociedades en las que fueran legalmente exigibles.
5. Los Estatutos Sociales vigentes de las sociedades intervinientes en la segregación.
6. Texto íntegro de las modificaciones que hayan de introducirse en los Estatutos Sociales de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U.
7. La identidad de los administradores de las sociedades que participan en la operación de segregación, la fecha desde la que desempeñan sus cargos y, en su caso, las mismas indicaciones de quienes vayan a ser propuestos como administradores como consecuencia de la operación de segregación.
De conformidad con el art. 40.2 de la Ley de Modificaciones Estructurales (LME), se indica que los documentos mencionados anteriormente han sido publicados en la página web de la Compañía el día 7 de abril de 2015.
Los accionistas podrán solicitar al Consejo de Administración, por escrito hasta el quinto día anterior al previsto para la celebración de la Junta, o verbalmente durante su celebración, las informaciones o aclaraciones que estimen precisas, acerca de los asuntos comprendidos en el Orden del Día de la Junta, de la información accesible al público que la Sociedad ha facilitado a la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores desde la celebración de la última Junta General (11/04/2014) y acerca del informe del auditor.
En las peticiones de información, el solicitante deberá acreditar su identidad, mediante fotocopia de su Documento Nacional de Identidad o Pasaporte, y si se tratara de persona jurídica, documento de acreditación suficiente de su representación. Además, el solicitante deberá acreditar su condición de accionista.
**Complemento de la convocatoria y nuevas propuestas de acuerdo.**
De conformidad con el artículo 519.1 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital, los accionistas que representen, al menos, el tres por ciento del capital social podrán solicitar que se publique un complemento a la presente convocatoria incluyendo uno o más puntos en el Orden del Día. El ejercicio de este derecho deberá hacerse mediante notificación fehaciente que habrá de recibirse en el domicilio social dentro de los cinco (5) días siguientes a la publicación de la presente convocatoria.
Asimismo y conforme al artículo 519.2 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital, los accionistas que representen al menos el tres por ciento del capital social podrán, en el mismo plazo señalado en el párrafo anterior, presentar propuestas fundamentadas de acuerdo sobre asuntos ya incluidos o que deban incluirse en el Orden del Día de la Junta. La Sociedad asegurará la difusión de estas propuestas de acuerdo y de la documentación que en su caso se adjunte, entre el resto de accionistas, a medida que se reciban.
**Derecho de Asistencia**
Podrán asistir a la Junta General los accionistas poseedores de por lo menos 100 acciones o aquéllos que, teniendo menos de 100 acciones, se agrupen y designen quién debe representarles y con cinco (5) días de antelación (08.05.2015) como mínimo a la fecha prevista de celebración de la Junta General en primera convocatoria acrediten hallarse inscritos en los registros de detalle de las entidades participantes de la Sociedad de Gestión de los Sistemas de Registro, Compensación y Liquidación de Valores, S.A. (IBERCLEAR), y se provean, a través de la entidad participante, de la tarjeta de asistencia emitida por la Sociedad.
El registro de tarjetas de asistencia comenzará una hora antes de la señalada para el inicio de la Junta.
**Representación**
Los accionistas podrán hacerse representar en la Junta General por medio de otra persona, aunque no sea accionista, dando cuenta de la representación a la Sociedad con tres (3) días de anticipación, cuando menos, a la fecha prevista de celebración de la Junta General en primera convocatoria. El nombramiento de representante, la
notificación del nombramiento a la Sociedad y, en su caso, la revocación del nombramiento del representante, deberá ser por escrito. La representación deberá conferirse con carácter especial para cada Junta, salvo lo dispuesto en el artículo 187 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital.
El accionista podrá obtener la tarjeta de representación solicitándola a la entidad participante de IBERCLEAR en la que tenga depositadas sus acciones, o a la Sociedad o bien podrá descargarla de la página www.gasnaturalfenosa.com (Junta General Ordinaria 2015). El accionista deberá remitir a la Sociedad a través de correspondencia postal (Unidad de Relaciones con Inversores, Plaça del Gas nº 1, 08003 Barcelona) o por vía electrónica en formato pdf. a firstname.lastname@example.org la tarjeta de representación debidamente cumplimentada.
Las personas físicas accionistas que no se hallen en pleno goce de sus derechos civiles y las personas jurídicas accionistas podrán ser representadas por quienes ejerzan su representación legal, debidamente acreditada. No será válida ni eficaz la representación conferida a quien no pueda ostentarla con arreglo a la Ley. La representación es siempre revocable. La asistencia personal a la Junta General del representado tendrá valor de revocación.
La representación deberá ser cumplimentada y firmada por el accionista y, además, habrá de ser aceptada por el representante. El representante a cuyo favor se confiera la representación deberá ejercitarla asistiendo personalmente a la Junta, haciendo entrega de la tarjeta de asistencia y de representación en las mesas de registro de entrada de accionistas, en el lugar y día señalado para la celebración de la Junta General y con la antelación prevista para el inicio de la reunión.
En el supuesto de delegación a favor del Consejo de Administración, se entenderá que la representación ha sido otorgada a favor del Presidente. El documento en el que conste la representación contendrá o llevará anejo el Orden del Día, así como la solicitud de instrucciones para el ejercicio del voto y la indicación del sentido en que deberá votar el representante en el caso de que no se impartan instrucciones precisas. En el supuesto de no hacer constar manifestación expresa, se entenderá que el voto es a favor de las propuestas de acuerdos que haga el Consejo de Administración.
La validez de la representación conferida estará sujeta a la comprobación por parte de la Sociedad de la condición de accionista del representado.
En el caso de que un accionista realice varias delegaciones, prevalecerá la delegación que haya sido realizada, dentro del plazo estatutario, en último término.
A efectos de acreditar la identidad de los accionistas o de quien válidamente los represente, en la entrada del local donde se celebre la Junta se podrá solicitar a los asistentes la acreditación de su identidad mediante la presentación del Documento Nacional de Identidad o cualquier otro documento oficial generalmente aceptado a estos efectos.
**Presencia de Notario**
El Consejo de Administración requerirá la presencia de Notario para que levante acta de la reunión.
**Protección de datos**
Los datos de carácter personal que los accionistas remitan a GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. para el ejercicio de sus derechos de asistencia, delegación y voto en la Junta General, o que sean facilitados por las entidades bancarias y sociedades y agencias de valores en las que dichos accionistas tengan depositadas sus acciones, a través de la entidad legalmente habilitada para la llevanza del registro de anotaciones en cuenta, IBERCLEAR, serán tratados a estos únicos efectos. Asimismo, se informa a los accionistas que dichos datos se incorporarán a un fichero informático propiedad de la Sociedad y los accionistas tendrán la posibilidad de ejercer su derecho de acceso, rectificación, cancelación y oposición, mediante comunicación escrita dirigida al domicilio social de la Sociedad sito en Barcelona, C.P. 08003, Plaza del Gas nº 1, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal 15/1999.
**Información General**
Con el fin de dar cumplimiento al artículo 539 de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital, a partir de la publicación de esta convocatoria se habilita un Foro Electrónico de Accionistas en la página web de la Sociedad. Las normas de su funcionamiento y el formulario que debe rellenarse para participar en el mismo se encuentran disponibles en la página web de la Sociedad.
Al Foro Electrónico de Accionistas podrán acceder tanto los accionistas individuales como las asociaciones voluntarias que puedan constituir. En el Foro Electrónico de Accionistas podrán publicarse: (i) las propuestas que pretendan presentarse como complemento del Orden del Día anunciado en la convocatoria, (ii) las solicitudes de adhesión a tales propuestas, (iii) las iniciativas para alcanzar el porcentaje suficiente para ejercer un derecho de minoría previsto en la Ley y (iv) las ofertas o peticiones de representación voluntaria.
Para los aspectos relativos a la Junta General no contemplados en el presente anuncio, los accionistas podrán consultar el Reglamento de la Junta General de Accionistas, así como las instrucciones para la participación en la misma, que se encuentran a su disposición en la página web de la Sociedad (www.gasnaturalfenosa.com).
Se comunica a los accionistas que se prevé que la celebración de la Junta General tenga lugar en primera convocatoria.
Las menciones mínimas del Proyecto de Segregación son las siguientes:
La Sociedad segregada es GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., domiciliada en Barcelona, Plaza del Gas nº 1, CIF nº A-08015497. Inscrita en el Registro Mercantil de Barcelona, al tomo 22.147, folio 147, hoja B-33.172.
La Sociedad beneficiaria es GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S. L. Unipersonal, domiciliada en Barcelona, Plaza del Gas nº 1, CIF nº B-86010766. Inscrita en el Registro Mercantil de Barcelona al tomo 44.326, folio 186, sección 8, hoja B-452.839.
Están comprendidos en el perímetro de la segregación la totalidad de activos y pasivos afectos al negocio de generación de electricidad nuclear de la Sociedad segregada, así como los derechos y obligaciones, autorizaciones administrativas y relaciones contractuales y laborales afectas al mismo, el cual constituye una unidad económica en el sentido del artículo 71 de la LME, que se transmitirá en bloque y por sucesión universal a la Sociedad beneficiaria.
No existen aportaciones de industria ni prestaciones accesorias en ninguna de las sociedades participantes en la operación y, en consecuencia, no se hace necesario otorgar compensaciones por ese concepto.
No se otorgarán en la Sociedad beneficiaria derechos especiales como consecuencia de la segregación, al no existir titulares de derechos especiales ni tenedores de títulos distintos del capital.
No se atribuirá ninguna ventaja en la Sociedad beneficiaria a los administradores de ninguna de las sociedades participantes en la segregación ni a los expertos independientes que intervengan en la misma.
La fecha de los efectos contables de la segregación será el 1 de enero de 2015.
Los estatutos de la Sociedad beneficiaria de la segregación serán los que tiene actualmente con la modificación del artículo 5º que se indica más adelante.
A los efectos de valorar los elementos del activo y pasivo que se segregarán, se ha tenido en cuenta el valor real del patrimonio segregado. El valor de los elementos del activo y del pasivo que se segregarán se incorporará en el patrimonio de la beneficiaria al valor de la aportación al consolidado del grupo al que pertenecen a 31 de diciembre de 2014 de conformidad con la normativa general contable vigente.
En virtud de lo dispuesto en el artículo 71 de la LME, la Sociedad segregada no experimentará ninguna reducción de su capital social y recibirá a cambio de su patrimonio segregado las participaciones resultantes del aumento de capital que experimentará la Sociedad beneficiaria, que es una Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada íntegramente participada, de forma directa, por la Sociedad segregada.
El valor de los elementos del activo y del pasivo que se escinden es de TRESCIENTOS SESENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS NOVENTA Y OCHO MIL CIENTO CINCUENTA Y TRES CON VEINTINUEVE EUROS (361.698.153,29 euros).
La Sociedad beneficiaria ampliará su capital social en CINCUENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y TRES MIL CUATROCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y CINCO EUROS (51.653.455 euros), creando un total de cincuenta y un millones seiscientas cincuenta y tres mil cuatrocientas cincuenta y cinco participaciones, de la número 500.003.007 a la número 551.656.461, ambas incluidas, con una prima de asunción total de 310.044.698,29 euros, correspondientes a 6,0024 euros por participación.
De acuerdo con todo lo anterior, GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A., socio único de la Sociedad beneficiaria, recibirá participaciones nuevas de GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN S.L.U., numeradas de la número 500.003.007 a la número 551.656.461 ambas incluidas, de 1 euro de valor nominal, con una prima de asunción de 6,0024 euros por participación.
En consecuencia el Socio Único de la Sociedad beneficiaria deberá tomar un acuerdo del siguiente tenor:
Aumento de capital social.- Aumentar el capital, que en la actualidad es de QUINIENTOS MILLONES TRES MIL SEIS EUROS (500.003.006 euros), hasta la cifra de QUINIENTOS CINCUENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y SEIS MIL CUATROCIENTOS SESENTA Y UN EUROS (551.656.461 euros), es decir en CINCUENTA Y UN MILLONES SEISCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y TRES MIL CUATROCIENTOS CINCUENTA Y CINCO EUROS (51.653.455 euros).
Como consecuencia del aumento de capital, el artículo 5º de los Estatutos Sociales pasa a tener la siguiente redacción:
“ARTÍCULO 5º.- El capital social se fija en la cantidad de 551.656.461,00 euros, y está representado por 551.656.461 participaciones sociales nominativas de un euro de valor nominal cada una, íntegramente suscritas y desembolsadas.”
En el momento del otorgamiento de la escritura pública de segregación, deberá haberse anotado en el Libro Registro de Socios de la Sociedad beneficiaria la identidad y domicilio del titular de las nuevas participaciones. Las nuevas participaciones darán derecho a participar en las ganancias sociales a partir del 1 de enero de 2015.
De acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el artículo 36 de la LME serán considerados como Balances de Segregación los balances de GAS NATURAL SDG, S.A. y GAS NATURAL FENOSA GENERACIÓN, S.L.U., cerrados a 31 de diciembre de 2014 y que fueron formulados por los Consejos de Administración de la primera y de la segunda en fecha 30 de enero de 2015. Se utilizarán dichos balances a los efectos de establecer las condiciones en que se realizará la segregación.
Dado que las Sociedades participantes están obligadas a auditar sus cuentas anuales, los balances de segregación irán acompañados del preceptivo informe de auditoría. Los Balances de Segregación serán sometidos a su aprobación por la Junta General de Accionistas de la Sociedad segregada y el Socio Único de la Sociedad beneficiaria, que deberán deliberar y en su caso aprobar la segregación.
No se prevé que la segregación tenga consecuencia alguna sobre el empleo dado que se trata de un supuesto de sucesión de empresa previsto en el art. 44 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores y la Sociedad beneficiaria de la segregación se subrogará en los derechos y obligaciones laborales de los trabajadores de la Sociedad segregada vinculados a la unidad económica constituida por el patrimonio objeto de segregación. No se alterarán los órganos de administración de las sociedades participantes y, en consecuencia, no tendrá ningún impacto de género en ellos. Tampoco tendrá incidencia en la responsabilidad social de dichas empresas.
El artículo 76.3 de la Ley 27/2014 de 28 de Noviembre define la presente operación como “Aportación no dineraria de rama de actividad” por lo que, cumpliéndose los requisitos establecidos en el artículo 89 del mencionado texto normativo, a la presente operación le será de aplicación el régimen fiscal especial previsto en el Capítulo VII del Título VII de la Ley 27/2014 de 28 de Noviembre.
De acuerdo con lo previsto en el artículo 89.1 de la Ley 27/2014, la mencionada operación será comunicada a la Agencia Tributaria por la Sociedad adquirente en los términos exigidos reglamentariamente.
Barcelona, a 27 de marzo de 2015.
El Presidente del Consejo de Administración. Salvador Gabarró Serra.
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Navarro House
COVID19 Reopening Plan
1. Describe the type of signage you will have and locations.
We have signage as you enter and at the front of our guest book describing the steps we are taking and asking guests to wash hands with soap often, and/or to use hand sanitizer and wipes (provided by us).
2. Describe the PPE you will provide to your employees and guests.
Our housekeeper and maintenance person have a supply of disposable gloves and masks and. We will inform guests to bring their own masks. We will provide hand sanitizer, soap, paper towels, tissues, and laundry detergent for guests.
3. Describe your plans for training employees and temporary workers on the use of PPE; disinfection; sanitation and other cleaning techniques.
We have shared the lodging guidelines from the covid19 website with our housekeeper and also Airbnb's cleaning protocol, which includes the proper use of PPE. Our cleaner agreed to follow these cleaning procedures, followed by disinfection, while using the PPE that we have provided. We have provided several EPA-approved disinfectants in addition to our regular cleaning products.
4. Describe your plans for protecting your employees' health.
We are telling everyone who books that they must cancel if they are ill or have been around someone who has been ill to protect the health of our cleaner, our caretaker and the community. We are asking guests to tell us if they become sick in the weeks after their stay. We are providing PPE to our housekeeper and caretaker. We do not foresee the need for any service providers to enter the home at this time or in the near future. If there is an emergency requiring a service repair person, we will require that person to follow all rules as outlined in the current Order of the Health Officer of Mendocino County.
5. Describe your plans for protecting the health of guests.
All transactions and communication will be done electronically through the Airbnb platform. Our house cleaner will follow all cleaning protocols outlined above in item #3 including but not limited to cleaning of the property followed by disinfection of all high-touch surfaces (light switches, cabinet
pulls/handles, appliances, door knobs, remote controls, faucets, toilets, etc.). Guests will be instructed to read, understand, and sign an acknowledgment of the current Mendocino County Public Health Order.
6. Describe how you will prevent crowds gathering at your facility.
Prior to arrival, we will inform all guests about the current Mendocino County Public Health Order and require that they observe the order including occupancy limits. We will monitor our outdoor camera to make sure that only the number of people in the reservation are present at the property. If more persons gather, we will notify the guest of the violation and ask them to comply. If they fail to comply, we will notify Airbnb about the violation to help mitigate without contact. If the guest still does not comply, we will ask our local contact to visit and request the immediate departure of any extra persons.
7. Describe how your will enforce physical distancing at your facility.
We will only rent the entire property to one family unit. If a single family unit rents our Main House, we will block off our Guest House and vice versa if a single family unit rents our Guest House, we will block off our main house so there is no chance of overlap or interaction with anyone other than family members while at our property. Check-in and check-out are done with no interaction from us or our housekeeper.
8. Describe the payment methods you will use (contactless is preferred).
We only accept online payments, in advance, through Airbnb and Venmo. No cash, checks, or credit cards are needed or accepted.
9. Provide the name and phone number of the person or persons you have designated as the COVID19 contacts for your property. In your response, state whether they are on-site or available within one hour of a call.
Scott Shepley, 707-357-8700. Available within a one hour call.
10. Reservations are required. What are your methods for taking reservations and appointments?
Reservations are made online through vacation rental booking sites or directly with us via phone and/or email. No reservations are allowed at the last minute, and no reservations are made onsite.
11. Describe the limit on the number of guests permitted in each room, unit, or vacation rental (regardless of size).
Two adults plus their children, as required by the June 12, 2020, public health order.
12. Describe the occupancy limitations for your hotel or vacation rental.
Two adults plus their children, as required by the June 12, 2020, public health order.
13. How many hours are necessary between separate room or unit occupancies on your property? 72, as required by the June 12, 2020, public health order.
14. Describe the signed agreement you have with guests regarding compliance with County of Mendocino Public Health Orders.
We will have all adult guests sign and acknowledge the latest Public Health Order and comply with all Shelter-in-Place and isolation/quarantine orders
15. If your property has a sauna, hot tub or steam room, is it operational?
No, as required by the June 12, 2020, public health order.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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§ 1 Öppnande av stämman och val av ordförande vid stämman
Bolagsstämman förklarades öppnad av styrelseordförande Olof Sandén.
Beslutade stämman på förslag av valberedningen att utse Olof Sandén till ordförande vid dagens stämma.
Redogjorde ordföranden för att Marcus Andersson, erhållit uppdraget att såsom sekreterare föra dagens protokoll.
§ 2 Upprättande och godkännande av röstlängd
Bilagd förteckning, Bilaga 1, över närvarande aktieägare, ombud och biträden samt antalet företrädda aktier och röster godkändes att gälla som röstlängd vid stämman. Beslöts vidare att godkänna att övriga närvarande enligt Bilaga 1 hade rätt att närvara på stämman.
§ 3 Godkännande av dagordning
Den föreslagna dagordningen godkändes.
§ 4 Val av minst en justeringsman
Beslutade stämman att protokollet skulle justeras, förutom av ordföranden, av Bengt Pende.
§ 5 Prövning av om stämman blivit behörigen sammankallad
Sedan det upplysts bl.a. om att kallelse till bolagsstämman skett genom annonsering i Post- och Inrikes Tidningar och funnits tillgängligt på bolaget samt varit tillgänglig på bolagets webbplats den 4 september 2017, och att det samma dag annonserades i Dagens Industri om att kallelse har skett konstaterades stämman vara behörigen sammankallad.
§ 6 Framläggande av årsredovisningen och revisionsberättelsen samt VDs rapport
Årsredovisningen och revisionsberättelsen för räkenskapsåret 2016/2017 framlades.
Verkställande direktören Görgen Nilsson och CFO Catarina Arkebäck, höll ett anförande om bolagets verksamhet under det gångna verksamhetsåret.
Föredrog bolagets revisor, närvarande genom auktoriserade revisorn Per Hammar, revisionsberättelsen.
§ 7 Beslut
Stämman beslutade:
a) att fastställa resultaträkningen och balansräkningen för räkenskapsåret 2016/2017;
b) att, i enlighet med styrelsens förslag, ingen utdelning ska ske samt att resultatet balanseras i ny räkning; samt
c) att bevilja envar av styrelsens ledamöter och verkställande direktören ansvarsfrihet gentemot bolaget för räkenskapsåret 2016/2017. Noterades att personerna i fråga inte deltog i beslutet.
§ 8 Fastställande av antalet styrelseledamöter och styrelsesuppleanter
Beslutades, i enlighet med valberedningens framlagda förslag, att bolagets styrelse skulle bestå av fem styrelseledamöter, utan suppleanter.
§ 9 Fastställande av arvoden till styrelse och revisorer
Beslutades, i enlighet med valberedningens förslag, att arvode till styrelsen ska utgå med 550 000 kr varvid styrelseordföranden ska erhålla ett arvode om 250 000 kr och styrelseledamöter som inte är anställda i bolaget ska erhålla arvode om 100 000 kr.
Beslutades, i enlighet med valberedningens förslag, att arvode till revisorn ska utgå enligt löpande räkning.
§ 10 Val av styrelse och revisor
Beslutades, i enlighet med valberedningens förslag, att intill utgången av nästa årsstämma omvälja hela den sittande styrelsen, d v s Ingemar Wiberg, Olof Sandén, Björn Zackrisson, Yvonne Petersson och Anders Qvarnström samt att till ordförande i styrelsen omvälja Olof Sandén.
Beslutades, i enlighet med valberedningens förslag, att intill ulgången av nästa årsstämma som hålls 2018 omvälja KPMG till revisor för bolaget. För den tiden utsågs fortsatt Per Hammar till huvudansvarig revisor.
§ 11 Val av valberedning inför nästa årsstämma
Framlades valberedningens förslag för val av valberedning.
Beslutades om riktlinjer avseende val av valberedning i enlighet med valberedningens förslag, Bilaga 2.
§ 12 Beslut om bemyndigande
Framlades styrelsens förslag om bemyndigande för styrelsen att fatta beslut om emission av aktier, teckningsoptioner och/eller konvertibler.
Beslutades att bemyndiga styrelsen att fatta beslut om emission av aktier, teckningsoptioner och/eller konvertibler i enlighet med styrelsens förslag, Bilaga 3.
§ 13 Beslut om införande av incitamentsprogram genom riktad emission av teckningsoptioner
Framlades aktieägarnas förslag om införande av incitamentsprogram genom riktad emission av teckningsoptioner.
Beslutades att införa incitamentsprogram genom en riktad emission av teckningsoptioner i enlighet med aktieägarnas förslag, Bilaga 4.
§ 14 Stämmans avslutande
Sedan det konstaterats att samtliga beslut varit enhälliga förklarade ordföranden stämman avslutad.
__________________________
Signaturer på nästa sida.
Vid protokollet:
Marcus Andersson
Justeras:
Olof Sandén
(Ordförande)
Bengt Pende
Förslag för val av valberedning inför nästa årsstämma (punkt 11 på dagordningen)
Valberedningen föreslår att årsstämman beslutar att Bolaget även inför den årsstämma som kommer att hållas 2018 ska ha en valberedning. Det föreslås härvidlag att ledamöterna i valberedningen inför årsstämman 2018 utses genom att styrelsens ordförande kontaktar de tre största aktieägarna i Bolaget och ber dem utse en representant vardera för att jämte styrelsens ordförande utgöra valberedning. Om någon aktieägare avstår från sin rätt att utse representant ska den aktieägare som därefter är den till röstetalalet största ägaren erbjudas att utse en representant.
Styrelsen föreslår att valberedningen ska ha till uppgift att arbeta fram förslag i nedanstående frågor att föreläggas årsstämman 2018 för beslut:
• förslag till styrelsemedlemmar
• förslag till styrelseordförande
• förslag till styrelsearvoden till icke anställda styrelseledamöter med uppdelningen mellan ordförande och övriga ledamöter i styrelsen samt ersättning för utskottsarbete
• förslag till revisor
• förslag till revisorsarvode
• förslag till ordförande på årsstämman, och
• förslag till riktlinjer för tillsättande av valberedning
Förslag om beslut om bemyndigande (punkt 12 på dagordningen)
Styrelsen föreslår att bolagsstämman bemyndigar styrelsen att, vid ett eller flera tillfällen under tiden fram till nästa årsstämma, fatta beslut om att öka Bolagets aktiekapital med högst 137 500 kronor (motsvarande 2 750 000 aktier, vilket betyder en utspädning på ca 9 procent, beräknat efter den nyligen offentliggjorda riktade nyemissionen på 2 500 000 aktier) genom nyemission av aktier, utgivande av teckningsoptioner och/eller upptagande av konvertibelt lån. Styrelsen ska kunna besluta om emission av aktier, teckningsoptioner och/eller konvertibler med avvikelse från aktieägarnas företrädesrätt och/eller med bestämmelse om apport eller kvittning.
Emission i enlighet med detta bemyndigande ska ske på marknadsmässiga villkor. Styrelsen ska ha rätt att bestämma villkoren i övrigt för emissioner enligt detta bemyndigande samt vem som ska ha rätt att teckna aktierna, teckningsoptionerna och/eller konvertiblerna. Skälet till att styrelsen ska kunna fatta beslut om emission med avvikelse från aktieägares företrädesrätt är att Bolaget ska kunna emittera aktier, teckningsoptioner och/eller konvertibler i samband med förvärv av bolag eller verksamheter, samt kunna genomföra riktade emissioner i syfte att införskaffa kapital till Bolaget.
För beslut i enlighet med styrelsens förslag krävs att beslutet bitrads av aktieägare med minst två tredjedelar av såväl de avgivna rösterna som de aktier som är företrädda vid stämman.
Förslag till beslut om införande av incitamentsprogram genom riktad emission av teckningsoptioner (punkt 13 på dagordningen)
A. Bakgrund
Aktieägare representerande ca 17 procent av rösterna i ScandiDos AB (publ), org.nr 556613-0927 ("Bolaget"), föreslår att årsstämman beslutar om införande av ett incitamentsprogram genom en riktad emission av teckningsoptioner till de anställda och styrelsen i Bolaget. Varje teckningsoption ska ge innehavaren rätt att teckna en ny stamaktie i Bolaget.
Styrelsen bedömer att det är angeläget och i alla aktieägares intresse att de anställda och styrelsen, vilka bedöms vara viktiga för Bolagets vidare utveckling, har ett långsiktigt intresse av en god värdeutveckling på aktien i Bolaget. Ett personligt långsiktigt ägarengagemang kan förväntas bidra till ett ökat intresse för Bolagets verksamhet och resultatutveckling samt höja deltagarnas motivation och samhörighet med Bolaget och dess aktieägare.
Baserat på befintligt antal aktier i Bolaget blir utspädningen till följd av det föreslagna incitamentsprogrammet, med antagande av att samtliga teckningsoptioner utnyttjas för nyteckning av stamaktier, cirka 0,40 procent av aktierna.
Detta förslag har beretts i styrelsen.
B. Riktad emission av teckningsoptioner
Aktieägare representerande ca 17 procent av rösterna i Bolaget föreslår att årsstämman fattar beslut om en riktad emission av högst 100 000 teckningsoptioner enligt följande villkor.
1. Rätt att teckna teckningsoptionerna ska, med avvikelse från aktieägarnas företrädesrätt, tillkomma nuvarande anställda och styrelse i Bolaget enligt följande. Rätt att teckna teckningsoptioner har Bolagets vd, styrelseledamöter och anställda, eller av dessa personer helägda bolag, enligt följande princip:
- Bolagets ledningsgrupp (bestående av Görgen Nilsson, Jan Gustavsson, Anders Adolfson, Catarina Arkebäck och Thomas Matzen): 5 263 teckningsoptioner per person.
- Styrelse och anställda: 3 508 teckningsoptioner per person.
2. För det fall någon teckningsberättigad avstår från att teckna sina optioner har övriga teckningsberättigade rätt att teckna dessa optioner (med samma förhållande mellan kategorierna som ovan).
3. Skälet till avvikelsen från aktieägarnas företrädesrätt är att emissionen och incitamentsprogrammet ger Bolagets anställda och styrelse möjlighet att ta del av en positiv utveckling i Bolaget. Förekomsten av ett sådant program bedöms öka möjligheten att attrahera och behålla kvalificerade medarbetare och styrelseledamöter.
4. Teckning av teckningsoptionerna ska ske genom teckning på teckningslista senast den 2 november 2017. Styrelsen ska emellertid ha rätt att förlänga teckningstiden.
5. För varje teckningsoption ska erläggas en premie som motsvarar optionens marknadsvärde beräknat marknadsvärde med tillämpning av Black & Scholes värderingsmodell (optionspremie). Premien har beräknats till 1,00 kronor per teckningsoption. Premien ska erläggas kontant i samband med tilldelning. Exempel: 3 508 teckningsoptioner ger en total premie på 3 508 kronor.
6. Varje teckningsoption ska medföra en rätt att teckna en ny stamaktie i Bolaget till en teckningskurs motsvarande 13,30 kronor.
7. Teckning av aktier med stöd av teckningsoptionerna ska kunna ske i enlighet med villkoren för teckningsoptionerna från och med registrering på Bolagsverket till och med den 2 november 2021.
8. Om samtliga teckningsoptioner utnyttjas för teckning av aktier kommer Bolagets registerade aktiekapital att öka med 5 000 kronor (med hänsyn till nuvarande kvotvärde om 5 öre/aktie och förutsatt att ingen omräkning sker enligt optionsvillkoren).
9. Aktie som tillkommit på grund av nyteckning medför rätt till vinstdelning första gången på den avstämningsdag för utdelning som infaller närmast efter det att nyteckningen har registrerats hos Bolagsverket och aktierna införts i aktieboken hos Euroclear Sweden AB.
10. För teckningsoptionerna ska i övrigt gälla de villkor som framgår av Bilaga A.
C. Kostnader för incitamentsprogrammet
Incitamentsprogrammet har utformats i samråd med externa legala och finansiella rådgivare och kostnaderna för denna rådgivning beräknas uppgå till högst 75 000 kronor (exklusive mervärdesskatt).
Utöver rådgivningskostnaderna bedömer styrelsen att incitamentsprogrammet kommer att föranleda vissa administrativa kostnader i samband med registrering, överlåtelse och aktieteckning med stöd av teckningsoptionerna.
D. Tidigare incitamentsprogram i bolaget
I april 2013 utfärdade Bolaget teckningsoptioner till förmån för Bolagets anställda och styrelsemedlemmar. Teckning skedde under augusti månad 2017. Därutöver föreligger inga utestående teckningsoptioner, konvertibler eller andra aktierelaterade incitamentsprogram i Bolaget.
E. Majoritetskrav
Besluten enligt ovan ska fattas som ett beslut och är således villkorade av varandra. För giltigt beslut krävs biträde av aktieägare med minst nio tiondelar (9/10) av såväl de avgivna rösterna som de aktier som är företrädda vid stämman.
F. Övrigt
Verkställande direktören, eller den styrelsen utser, ska ha rätt att vidta de smärre justeringar som krävs för beslutets registrering och verkställande.
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<urn:uuid:501ad65f-7352-4281-89d1-9d08c5e8b9de>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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swe_Latn
| 12,290
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ЦЕНОВА ЛИСТА
LG
Валидна от: 01.05.2017г.
Забележки: 1. Всички цени са в български лева и с включен ДДС.
предупреждение. 2. Еъркон Системс ООД запазва правото си да ивършва промени в ценовата листа без
3. Всички инверторни климатици от битовата серия на LG до 31.12.2017г. се предлагат с 5 години пълна гаранция!
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<urn:uuid:1405394e-3d1f-4ba7-8159-228f71d7d3ba>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train
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finepdfs
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bul_Cyrl
| 314
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LIBREVIEW
Customer Support 1-800-461-8481
https://pat.libreview.io/support
Option 1: If you have received an email:
1. You will receive an email invitation from LibreView to share your readings with LMC
2. Open the email and accept
3. Sign into your LibreView account and click accept
Option 2: adding in LMC to your LibreView Profile
1. The Practice ID # for LMC is 01668191
2. Long into www.LibreView.com . Go to Account settings found on the right navigation menu
3. Choose My Practice
4. Enter Practice ID and click add
Smart phone as a Reader
- Nothing is required once you have set up your account on LibreView and shared your data with LMC with 1 of the steps listed above
Using the Reader to scan
- the reader comes with a yellow cable (USB cord). Use the yello USB cable to connect to a computer or laptop
- sign on to your account on LibreView
- there is a 1 time driver installation which will come up on the website. Once installed, click upload the morning of your appointment
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<urn:uuid:892f992f-ea8f-4098-b858-111d089ab178>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 1,002
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Ote Kaupunkirakennelautakunnan 16.2.2016 § 27 ohje yksittäisten puiden kaatamiseen asemakaavatonteilla
Kaikessa puun kaatamisessa tulee aina varmistua toimenpiteen turvallisuudesta (huom. sähkölinjat yms.). Terveitä puita ei saa kaataa lintujen pesimäaikana.
Tontilta tai rakennuspaikalta voidaan kaataa puita ilman kaupungin lupaa, kun kaikki seuraavat ehdot täyttyvät:
1. Puut sijaitsevat hallitsemallasi tontilla.
2. Puita kaadetaan enintään kolme kpl ja kaadettava määrä on alle puolet tontin puista ja puut sijaitsevat tontin sisäosassa, ei kadun puolella.
3. Asemakaavassa ei ole puita koskevia suojelumääräyksiä tai puu ei ole luonnonsuojelulain perusteella tehdyllä päätöksellä rauhoitettu.
4. Puut eivät kasva sellaisella tontin osalla, jolla asemakaavan mukaan tulee olla puita.
5. Poistettavat puut sijaitsevat näkemä- tai ajoalueilla.
6. Puut eivät ole maisemakuvallisesti merkittäviä. Merkittäviä puita ovat esimerkiksi komeat vanhat yksittäispuut, puuryhmät, puukujanteet ja vastaavat, joiden häviämisellä on ympäristöä olennaisesti köyhdyttävä vaikutus ja ne ovat lajiltaan harvinaisia Suomessa.
7. Kaataminen on kertaluontoinen toimenpide, eikä jatkuvaa toimintaa.
8. Rajalla tai rajan läheisyydessä (alle 1 m:n etäisyys) kasvavien puiden kaatamiselle saadaan naapurin kirjallinen suostumus.
Vastuu toimenpiteen luvanvaraisuuden harkinnasta on ensisijaisesti toimenpiteen suorittajalla.
Pienpuuston, pensaiston poisto ja puiden hoitoleikkaukset, taimikon harvennukset, harvennushakkuut ja ylispuidenpoistot (maisemaa vähäisesti muuttavat hakkuut) ovat maankäyttö- ja rakennuslain 128 § 2-4 mom. mukaan vähäisiksi tulkittuja toimenpiteitä, eivätkä vaadi maisematyölupaa.
Asemakaava-alueella kotitarvekäyttöön tapahtuva puiden poisto tai maa-ainestenotto, jolla on maisemaa muuttava vaikutus, maa-ainesten läjittäminen, päätehakkuut (avo-, suojuspuu-, siemenpuu-, kaistale- ja erikoishakkuut), sekä kaavoissa tai luontoselvityksissä todetuilla ja metsälain 10 §:n mukaisilla arvokkailla alueilla tapahtuvat maisemaa muuttavat toimenpiteet ovat MRL 128 § 2-4 mom. mukaan toimenpiteitä, jotka vaativat aina maisematyöluvan.
Ympäristölle vaarallisen puun voi kaataa ilman lupaa, kun toimenpide on tarpeen välittömän vaaran poistamiseksi. Puun vaarallisuus on tarvittaessa pystyttävä todistamaan myös jälkeenpäin.
Esimerkiksi pelkkä uhka siitä, että lumikuormalla puun oksia saattaa revetä ja pudota maahan, ei ole kaatoperuste. Kaupunki voi velvoittaa istuttamaan vaarallisena kaadetun puun tilalle uuden vastaavan puun. Mikäli välitöntä vaaraa ei ole, noudatetaan huonokuntoistenkin puiden kohdalla normaalia harkinta- ja lupamenettelyä.
Kiinteistön haltija on velvollinen valvomaan kiinteistön puiden kuntoa ja ryhtymään tarvittaessa toimenpiteisiin. Kaatuneen puun muille aiheuttamista vahingoista vastaa pääsääntöisesti kiinteistön haltija.
Maisematyölupa tai lausunto tarvitaan puiden kaatamiseen, mikäli edellä mainitut ehdot eivät täyty.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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fin_Latn
| 2,965
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LEGENDA SITUACE
STAVAJÍCÍ ŘADY
STAVAJÍCÍ SPLAŠKOVÁ KANALIZACE PODZEMNÍ
STAVAJÍCÍ VODOVODNÍ POTRUBÍ RTNE VODY PODZEMNÍ
STAVAJÍCÍ TELEFON PODZEMNÍ
STAVAJÍCÍ VENOVNÍ SILOVE VEDENÍ NIZKÉHO NAPĚTI NADZEMNÍ
NOVÉ SÍŤE
NOVA VODOVODNI PIPOMKA PE 100RC 30,30 – 11,75M
NOVA KANALIZACI PIPOMKA PVC KG150 SR8 – 5,50M
NOVA SIL PLNOWNI PIPOMKA PET100 sn=2 – 3,75M
NOVE DESTOVA KANALIZACE PODZEMNÍ
BOURANÉ KONSTRUKCE
NAVHROVANY OBJEK – ZASTAVENA PLOCHA 155,85M2
NAVHROVANY VEZD
VSAKOVACI OBJEK 2x 2,5M2
REZVNI SACHTA SPLAŠKOVE KANALIZACE
VO
RŠ
ZASAH DO KOMUNIKACE
NAPØEKN NA PLNOVOD
NAPØEKN NA KANALIZACI
SDH DOMANSYLICE
- OBJEK BYVALE PRADELNY
AUTORIZOVAL: ROSTISLAV KOLDA
VYPRACOVAL: ROSTISLAV KOLDA
KRESIL: ROSTISLAV KOLDA
MISTO: k.ú Domansylice, parc.c. 247/ 417/1
OBEČ: Prostějov
INVESTOR: Státními městy Prostějov, nám. T.G. Masaryka 130/4, Prostějov, IČ 00288659
STAVEBNÍ OBJEK:
PARE:
FORMAT: A4
DATUM: říjen 2017
ZÁK:C: 392/2017
MĚŘITKO: 1: 200
ÚČEL: Výkres č.: C3
OSNAH: KOORDINAČNÍ SITUACE
DÚR+DSP
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<urn:uuid:b09d332f-9b67-427e-a37e-e22fc33d9cb9>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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ces_Latn
| 1,001
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Inter-University Council Purchasing Group 10 West Broad Street, Suite 450 Columbus, Ohio 43215
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Web Page: www.iucpg.com
To:
All IUC-PG Member Institutions American Education Supply
May 3, 2021
Hospitality Products and Services Agreement #UN21-118
This Price Agreement covers a full line of Hospitality Products and Services (Including Dormitory Mattresses) for the State of Ohio Institutions of Higher education as listed on the IUC-PG roster. American Education Supply is the selected vendor for this project. This agreement was originally bid and established by the E&I Cooperative and has now been adopted by the IUC-PG membership.
This Agreement shall commence on the fifteenth day of April 2021 and terminate on the thirty-first day of January 2026. This agreement may be extended for to one (1) additional five year period, subject to the mutual agreement of the IUC-PG, E&I, and American Education Supply.
The provisions expressed in the E&I agreement (#EI00069) with the American Education Supply and the IUC-PG negotiated changes and clarifications are hereby made a part of this price agreement which includes the deletion of the late fee charges under the payment terms section of the contract.
Administration Fee: Supplier will provide to the Inter-University Council Purchasing Group (IUC-PG), a Contract Administrative Fee (CAF), to be calculated quarterly, which is equivalent to one-half of one percent (.50%) of the total invoice amounts of all orders shipped pursuant to this Agreement during the previous quarter. These fees are to offset the expenses of the IUC-PG in administering this Agreement and are disclosed to and approved by its Members. The selected vendor is required to submit quarterly usage reports via the IUC-PG online report process. The Administrative Fee shall be made payable to The Inter-University Council Purchasing Group within 30 days from the end of each quarter. The above referenced payments are to be sent to the IUCPG, C/O Inter-University Council of Ohio, Attention: Cindy McQuade, 10 West Broad Street, Suite 450, Columbus, OH 43215.
To see pricing and other additional information or details of the IUC-PG Hospitality Products and Services (Including Dormitory Mattresses) price agreement, (#UN21-118), please contact IUC-PG.
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
American Education Supply Stephanie Casale National Account Manager
Inter-University Council of Ohio, Purchasing Group Jennifer March-Wackers, CPPO Executive Director
The Public Universities of Ohio
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Bildungseinrichtungen der Region stellen sich vor
17. Stuttgarter Weiterbildungstag
www.stuttgarter-weiterbildungstag.de
Zeit für Ihr Upgrade!
28. September 2018 11–17 Uhr
TREFFPUNKT Rotebühlplatz
Rotebühlplatz 28, 70173 Stuttgart
Mehr Infos zu der Veranstaltung: www.stuttgarter-weiterbildungstag.de und auf Facebook: „Stuttgarter.Weiterbildungstag“
VERANSTALTER: Netzwerk für berufliche Fortbildung Stuttgart und Regionalbüro für berufliche Fortbildung Ludwigsburg Rems-Murr und Stuttgart in Kooperation mit der Agentur für Arbeit und dem Netzwerk für berufliche Fortbildung Ludwigsburg und Rems-Murr
Gefördert aus Landesmitteln
Netzwerk Fortbildung
Baden-Württemberg
Bundesagentur für Arbeit
Agentur für Arbeit Stuttgart
firstname.lastname@example.org
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CITTA' DI PINEROLO
(Città Metropolitana di Torino)
SETTORE LAVORI PUBBLICI
BITUMATURE STRADE COMUNALI ANNO 2016
Codice CIG 6868338BCF
PROGETTO DEFINITIVO/ESECUTIVO RELAZIONE GENERALE- QUADRO ECONOMICO DI SPESA
DIRIGENTE LL.PP.
PROGETTISTA/RUP
Ing. Antonio Morrone
Ing. Franco Caresio
DIRETTORE OPERATIVO
Arch. Anna Lisa Infantino
Novembre 2016
Nel programma triennale delle OO.PP. 2015-2017, per l'anno 2016, l'Amministrazione Comunale ha previsto la realizzazione dei lavori denominati "Bitumature strade comunali – anno 2016" per l'importo complessivo di Euro 300.000,00.
Con Deliberazione n.124 del 6/04/2016 la Giunta Comunale ha approvato il progetto preliminare dei lavori di "Bitumature strade comunali – anno 2016".
Al fine di garantire la sicurezza della circolazione stradale adeguata alla normale mobilità cittadina al flusso turistico, si rende necessaria l'esecuzione di lavori di manutenzione e adeguamento del manto stradale e aree pubbliche presenti sul territorio.
L'intervento è indispensabile a fronte sia delle numerose richieste e segnalazioni di utenti della strada e di cittadini sia per l'approssimarsi della stagione estiva con conseguente incremento dell' utenza veicolare derivante dal flusso turistico legato alle manifestazioni e fiere che periodicamente si ripetono.
Sulla scorta dell'esame della situazione in cui versano le strade e aree pubbliche di competenza comunale, si evidenzia la fattibilità dell'intervento previsto, che peraltro non si prefigge di affrontare e risolvere tutte le esigenze del territorio, ma una parte molto limitata delle stesse da individuarsi con appositi ordini di servizio del direttore dei lavori che terrà conto delle più urgenti necessità d'intervento, legate principalmente all'importanza delle arterie stradali e della loro vetustà.
Trattandosi di lavori da eseguirsi su aree e pubbliche vie, l'Ente committente si trova nella piena disponibilità e accessibilità delle stesse. Inoltre, per la natura degli interventi da effettuarsi con il presente appalto, si attesta la conformità al P.R.G.C.
Considerata la tipologia dell'intervento in questione, che riguarda essenzialmente l'adeguamento e rifacimento manti stradali bitumati, l'impatto ambientale è assolutamente modesto e per la natura stessa dell'intervento non necessitano particolari misure di compensazione ambientale. Per contro si può ritenere positivamente rilevante l'effetto sulla sicurezza della viabilità esistente e di conseguenza sulla sicurezza dei cittadini e di ogni componente dell'utenza, prodotto dalla realizzazione degli interventi di manutenzione stradale previsti nel presente progetto.
Il comma 3) dell'art. 15 del DPR 5 ottobre 2010, n. 207 prevede che per ogni intervento, il responsabile del procedimento valuta motivatamente la necessità di integrare o di ridurre, in rapporto alla specifica tipologia e alla dimensione dell'intervento, i livelli di definizione e i contenuti della progettazione, salvaguardandone la qualità. Pertanto, in considerazione dei lavori da appaltare, ai sensi dell'art. 24 del sopra citato D.P.R. 5 ottobre 2010, n. 207, i documenti del progetto definitivo da porre in gara sono così riassunti:
1. Relazione generale – Quadro economico di spesa
2. Relazione tecnica
3. Elenco prezzi unitari
4. Computo metrico estimativo
5. Schema di Contratto
6. Capitolato Speciale d'appalto
7. Piano di sicurezza e di coordinamento di cui all'art. 100 del d.lgs. 81/08.
Le strade oggetto del presente progetto saranno di volta in volta individuate dal Direttore Lavori sulla base delle esigenze che si manifesteranno durante la durata dei lavori e riguarderanno l'intero territorio comunale.
Ogni singolo intervento sarà ordinato dalla Direzione Lavori all'impresa esecutrice con apposito Ordine di Servizio. La stessa si renderà disponibile con i dovuti mezzi d'opera e maestranze.
I lavori di cui trattasi saranno affidati mediante procedura negoziata ai sensi dell'art. 36, comma 2 lettera b) del D.Lgs. 50/2016, con consultazione di almeno dieci operatori economici, individuati tra quelli presenti nell'Albo fornitori del settore LL.PP., ai sensi della L.94/2012 e della L.135/2012, e scegliendo il contraente sulla base del criterio del minor prezzo, mediante ribasso unico sull'elenco prezzi posto a base di gara;
Il contratto d'appalto sarà stipulato "a misura" . L'importo massimo contrattuale è di euro 232.672,79 (duecentotrentaduemilaseicentosettantadue/79 €), comprensivi di oneri per la sicurezza, oltre IVA nella misura di Legge.
I lavori di bitumatura stradale sono classificati nella categoria prevalente di opere "Generali OG3",allegato A) al DPR 207/2010.
Pinerolo, Novembre 2016
Progettista/RUP
Ing. Caresio Franco
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ONE 84
THE BOULEVARD
UPSCALE YOUR LIFESTYLE
Bahria Town, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Marketed By:
TIDES ESTATES
| Section | Page |
|----------------------------------------------|------|
| One 84 The Boulevard Introduction | 01 - 02 |
| Our Projects | 03 - 04 |
| Why Invest in One 84 The Boulevard | 05 - 06 |
| Near By Facilities | 07 - 08 |
| Our Philosophy | 09 - 10 |
| Commercial Area | 11 - 14 |
| Floor Plan Commercial | 15 - 18 |
| Residential Area | 19 - 22 |
| Floor Plan Residential | 23 - 26 |
| Here We Are | 27 - 28 |
ONE 84 THE BOULEVARD
INTRODUCTION
One 84 The Boulevard is the project of Pentagon Group Uk which is the Parent company of Khan Estates, UK and 7 Tides real estate Agency, Pakistan and UK. It is located at the heart of Bahria Town Phase 8, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The building is designed by skilled architects and engineers and possess every luxurious facility that one wishes for.
Pentagon Food Group
Pentagon Food Group is a one stop solution to all your catering needs and is based in UK. We deliver fresh, frozen and ambient products to your doorstep and in the best condition possible. We have a special Non-food category where we provide a wide range of hygiene products.
7-Tides Estates
7 Tides Estates is an independent real estate agency that is specialized in providing construction service and is quite focused on managing selling and Marketing the real estate properties in Pakistan. To make sure our clients have effective and wide exposure, our resources include a strong commitment to leading edge technology. Several projects have been constructed by 7 Tides Estates that includes: Super Storage, Freshways Cash and Carry and Cromwell Court in UK.
OUR PROJECTS
- Pentagon food group
- Super Storage
- Plough Motel
- FreshWay
- Cromwell Court
- Khan Estates
- 7 Tides Digital
Pentagon food group
Pentagon Food Group is a strategic Business Unit of Khan Group. To all the takeaways, restaurants, chip shops, and fast-food outlets, we are the food wholesalers. In the UK, we serve around 800 businesses. At a market competitive price, we aim to provide excellent services.
Super Storage
Super Storage provides you easy, convenient and safe storage options. You can store your valuables at these storage units which is situated at an ideal location in the UK. They provide 24/7 surveillance including insurance to keep your things extra safe. Mailbox rental is also available.
Plough Motel
Located less than three miles from the M6 and directly to the A50, The Plough Motel is well located on the edge of Stoke-on-Trent city center. In addition, it is also near to bet 365 stadium and many local amenities. It is one of the exquisite projects of 7-tides estates.
Freshways Cash and Carry
Freshways is the cash and carry operated by Khan Group. You can find all the basic groceries and eatables under one roof from here. Whether it is ready to eat or half cooked food, you can get quality products under competitive prices.
WHY INVEST IN ONE 84 THE BOULEVARD?
- Building is in fast construction process.
- One 84 The Boulevard is situated at an ideal location of the business hub in Bahria Town Phase 8.
- It is located in the high footfall area while making it worth investing.
- You can savour the evening view while enjoying your food from the rooftop.
- Easy 18 months Installments plan available.
- Every year the minimum 5 to 10 Percent prices are increasing. Your investment will be safe.
- Reasonable rental yield.
- Bahria Town is a status symbol and assures secure investment.
- Best investment opportunity for brands and the corporate sector.
Why live in One 84 The Boulevard?
- 1 to 2 bed apartments
- Commercial mall
- Mesmerizing river view
- Fast Internet Wi-fi.
- Rooftop Gym and Swimming Pool
- Food court
- 24/7 electricity
- 24/7 security
- Parking
- Brand Outlets
- Fast and separate elevators for Traders and Residents
- Earthquake resistance
ONE84
THE BOULEVARD
Bahria Town offers a variety of beautiful places that are useful for its residents in its vicinity:
- Raiha CineGold Plex (Few mins away)
- Roots Future World School (Few mins away)
- Malik Riaz Grand Mosque (3 mins away)
- Green Valley (Few mins away)
- Golf Course (Few mins away)
- Bahria Head Office (2 mins away)
Raiha CineGold Plex (Few mins away)
The ‘Raiha CineGold Plex’ is known to be the most luxurious movie theater in the world. Along with the best surrounded sound system that the Pakistani movie goers have ever experienced, it is a state-of-the-art multiplex movie theater.
Roots Future World School (Few mins away)
Future World School – It is one of the Pakistan’s first concept based, skills centric, pedagogy driven, and technology enabled 21st century iconic school. It is facilitated by fully equipped classrooms and IT suites.
Malik Riaz Grand Mosque (3 mins away)
For its residents, there is an intricately designed mosque named “Malik Riaz Grand Mosque”. It is recently inaugurated in Phase 8, Bahria Town Rawalpindi.
Green Valley (Few mins away)
It is an ideal grocery shopping destination for people who seek the best shopping experience, and it is a project of Bahria Town, Green Valley. It has been designed by the international consultants who have created those brands.
Bahria Head Office (2 mins away)
Bahria Town Head Office is located at an ideal location of phase 8, Bahria Town. It is there to help the residence of Bahria Town ranging from construction to basic utilities.
Golf Course (Few mins away)
Garden City Golf & Country Club is one of the most spectacular additions to golf clubs in Pakistan that is nestled in a stunning valley with beautiful views.
OUR PHILOSOPHY
Vision
Our vision is to provide luxury accommodation in reach of each person.
Mission
- To provide luxury accommodation
- Spacious and Airy Offices
- State-of-the art gym and swimming pools
- Spacious parking
- Aesthetically designed Commercial Area
Values
Trust: Basic pillar for success
Quality: Excellent materials used in the construction
Integrity: Basics of our dealing
COMMERCIAL AREA
ONE 84
THE BOULEVARD
COMMERCIAL AREA
One 84 The Boulevard is designed to provide accommodation, office rental options, co-working space, commercial shops, a gym, an open-air rooftop café. The building is carefully designed while keeping in mind the aesthetics.
- Commercial Shops located at the hub of Bahria Phase 8.
- Rooftop Café that enables you to have a bird eye view of Bahria Town while having some mouth watering snacks.
EXCLUSIVE FEATURES
- High speed Wi-Fi
- Uninterrupted Power Supply
- Commercial shops/Offices
- Gym/Spa
- Co-working Space
- Spacious Parking Space
- High Speed Elevator
ONE 84
THE BOULEVARD
FLOOR PLAN
COMMERCIAL
LOWER GROUND
GROUND FLOOR
MEZZANINE FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
Lower Ground Floor Plan
6380.000 sq.ft
Ground Floor Plan
6380.000 sq.ft
Mezzanine Floor Plan
6643.500 square ft.
1st Floor Plan
6643.500 sq.ft
2nd Floor Plan
5738.12 sq.ft
RESIDENTIAL AREA
One-84 The Boulevard is designed and houses some amazing residential apartments. These are furnished apartments that provide basic amenities. The building is located at the hub of Bahria Town Phase 8 that is an ideal location from where you can access everything easily. All these apartments are three side open which allows its residents a beautiful view. Each of them is equipped with a spacious balcony that maintains the privacy of the residents as no one can see or hear anything from a nearby apartment. One-84 The Boulevard has a separate lift for its residents which makes sure the smooth functionality of day-to-day activities.
**EXCLUSIVE FEATURES**
- High Speed Elevator
- 1 & 2 bed luxury apartment
- On-site Building Management
- Rooftop Café & Swimming Pool
- Gym & Spa
- High Speed Wi-Fi
- Exotic Clean Décor
ONE 84
THE BOULEVARD
FLOOR PLAN RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
THIRD TO SIXTH FLOOR
ROOF TOP FLOOR PLAN
Third to Sixth Floor Plan
5738.12 Sq.ft
Roof Top Floor Plan
4050.77 Sq.ft
One 84 The Boulevard is located at an ideal location of Phase 8, Bahria Town. It serves as a business hub for many foreigners and nationals due to its proximity with:
- Access to main GT Road 15 Min
- Saddar 25 Min
- Green Valley 5 Min
- Roots Future World School 10 Min
- Raiha Cinegold Plex 12 Min
- Giga Mall 18 Min
- Malik Riaz Mosque 8 Min
- Golf Course and Country Club 9 Min
- Eye View Park 5 Min
9 Storey boulevard that houses Commercial and Residential apartments in the heart of Bahria Town.
UpScale Your Life Style
Head Office Bahria Town Rawalpindi
One 84 The Boulevard
Allama Iqbal Junction
Tommy Road
Statue of Liberty
Jamia Masjid Malik Riaz Hussain
Bahria Expressway
Business Bay
Exit To G.T. Road
Mosque
Service Road
Main Road
ONE 84
THE BOULEVARD
ONE 84
THE BOULEVARD
📞 0322 9172604
📍 Plot 184, Main Bahria Expressway, Near Allama Iqbal Junction,
Bahria Phase 8, Rawalpindi
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En el marco del encuentro de la Región europea de la Red de Mujeres de la Federación Iberoamericana de Ombudsman, hemos tenido ocasión de debatir sobre la situación actual de la respuesta institucional y sobre las debilidades y fortalezas de nuestros sistemas de protección ante la execrable vulneración de los derechos humanos que constituye la violencia de género, contrastando las distintas respuestas de los poderes públicos, tanto en España (con la visión plural que se deriva del Estado Autonómico), como en Portugal. Así mismo, hemos podido contar con la visión experta y especializada que las cuatro ponentes participantes en la segunda parte de estas jornadas nos han ofrecido desde distintos ámbitos: el sistema de justicia, la perspectiva institucional de la igualdad, el ámbito académico universitario y la perspectiva de la sociedad civil organizada en defensa de los derechos de la infancia.
Por todo ello, y en aras de prevenir la violencia de género y de mejorar la actual respuesta institucional que se ofrece en nuestros territorios en lo que respecta a la atención de las mujeres que sufren esta forma de violencia, hemos llegado a las siguientes conclusiones:
1. Prevención de la violencia de género:
- Las políticas de igualdad y la cultura social igualitaria deben priorizarse y fortalecerse hasta impregnar todas las acciones públicas y abolir todas las formas de sexismo todavía presentes en muchos ámbitos sociales, como único medio estructural para prevenir la violencia contra las mujeres.
- En el ámbito educativo es preciso trabajar para lograr un modelo de coeducación, eliminando los roles de chicos y chicas basados en patrones estereotipados, de modo que la igualdad de género se formule como un valor fundamental para la convivencia pacífica y de respeto e integración de la diversidad. En este sentido, se propone la elaboración de Planes orientados a la convivencia en igualdad y prevención de la violencia de género en el ámbito educativo, que incorpore la formación del profesorado y las familias.
2. Detección de la violencia de género:
- Es necesario crear estructuras administrativas y personal formado preparado para la detección temprana de casos de violencia de género, especialmente en la administración municipal, como administración más cercana a la ciudadanía, y en el ámbito sanitario, policial, educativo y de los servicios sociales. Estos profesionales sensibilizados y capacitados conformarían una red de sensores sociales imprescindible para conocer dónde se están produciendo situaciones de violencia de género y poner en contacto a las víctimas con los servicios de atención más adecuados.
- El fomento de redes comunitarias puede ayudar también, en muchos casos, a la detección temprana y al apoyo y acompañamiento de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género, por lo que resulta conveniente su impulso desde las administraciones como complemento de la acción pública.
3. Mejora de la atención y de los servicios destinados a las víctimas de violencia de género:
- Los recursos destinados a la atención de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género deben estar diseñados desde una perspectiva integradora de estos servicios en el marco de políticas o estructuras de igualdad de género, con objeto de lograr una mejor atención de las víctimas orientándolas a su empoderamiento, como un medio efectivo, y continuado en el tiempo, de defensa contra las agresiones.
- Constatamos en muchos servicios públicos una falta de formación específica con enfoque de género de quienes están al frente de servicios administrativos y policiales de atención a las mujeres víctimas de violencia y a sus hijos e hijas, así como de los distintos operadores del sistema judicial (abogacía, judicatura, fiscalía, etc.). Por ello, se hace necesario poner en marcha programas de formación en igualdad, continuada y obligatoria, de las personas a cargo de servicios públicos de atención a mujeres víctimas de violencia de género, así como del personal de la administración de justicia.
- Ante la falta de coordinación que se detecta en muchos de los servicios de atención a las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género, se hace precisa la puesta en marcha de órganos o acciones orientadas a la coordinación de estas prestaciones, de manera que las mujeres y sus necesidades sean el centro de todas las políticas.
- Constatamos las dificultades añadidas que en el proceso de superación de situaciones de violencia de género supone el acceso a una vivienda, por lo que se hacen necesarias medidas de acción positiva que aseguren eficazmente la provisión de viviendas públicas o privadas (con apoyo y protección pública) para todas las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género que tengan necesidad de vivienda.
- Ante las especiales dificultades de algunos colectivos de mujeres, como las mujeres con discapacidad, mujeres mayores y mujeres migrantes para acceder a la protección que la ley les ofrece, es necesario diseñar los servicios de atención de manera que faciliten el pleno acceso de estos colectivos a los recursos existentes. Igualmente sería conveniente generar mecanismos que faciliten el acceso de estas mujeres al proceso penal.
- La inserción laboral de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género es una medida imprescindible para conseguir una vida autónoma y normalizada, por lo que resulta necesario que las Administraciones Públicas, cada una en el ámbito de sus competencias, definan medidas específicas que contribuyan a la activación laboral y a la plena autonomía económica de estas mujeres. En el caso del Estado español, es preciso el desarrollo y aplicación efectivas de las previsiones del Real Decreto 1917/2008, por el que se aprueba el programa de inserción sociolaboral para mujeres víctimas de violencia de género, así como la puesta en marcha de otras medidas adicionales que puedan contribuir a este objetivo.
- Resulta indispensable revisar y mejorar los sistemas y métodos policiales de valoración del riesgo de las mujeres en situación de violencia, con el fin de precisar al máximo el riesgo real al que están expuestas.
4. Protección de menores víctimas de violencia de género:
- En la atención y protección de los niños y niñas expuestos a la violencia de género, se perciben los recursos como insuficientes y no del todo centrados en sus necesidades específicas. Por ello, se recomienda garantizar que estos recursos, y entre ellos, la atención psicológica especializada, se orienten a proporcionarles las herramientas necesarias para identificar y superar el daño que han sufrido.
- Se deben adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para garantizar el ejercicio de las niñas, niños y adolescentes de su derecho a ser escuchados y participar en la toma de decisiones que les afecten. Es preciso, en casos de violencia de género en una familia con menores, realizar valoraciones en profundidad de cada caso, atendiendo al interés superior del menor.
5. Protección penal y mejora de la atención a las víctimas de violencia de género
- A pesar de que la Ley Orgánica 1/2004 de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género, constituye un hito histórico y un referente internacional en la lucha contra la violencia de género, el propio concepto de "violencia de género" se limita a las agresiones que tienen lugar en el marco de la pareja, dejando fuera de las medidas integrales de protección especial de esta norma a otras formas de violencia contra las mujeres (acoso laboral por razón de género, acoso sexual en el trabajo, agresiones sexuales, explotación sexual y trata de mujeres, etc.). La realidad portuguesa participa también de este concepto limitado. Por todo ello, sería recomendable incorporar esas clases de violencia al diseño de los servicios administrativos de atención y prestaciones públicas (protección policial, ayudas económicas, vivienda, recursos de acogida, acompañamiento jurídico y psicológico, campañas de información y
sensibilización social que ayuden a la identificación de estas formas de violencia y a su denuncia pública, etc.).
- Una mirada más amplia al concepto de violencia contra las mujeres da cabida a lo que el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer y el Comité de los Derechos del Niño han abordado en su última recomendación general conjunta sobre las prácticas nocivas. Entre ellas destacan la mutilación genital femenina y el matrimonio forzoso. En ambos casos, la prevención y eliminación eficaz de estas prácticas nocivas requiere la creación de una estrategia holística bien definida, basada en los derechos y localmente pertinente.
- Frente a un teórico planteamiento integral, tanto la Ley Orgánica 1/2004 española, como la legislación portuguesa, vuelve a conceder excesivo protagonismo a la tutela penal, de tal modo que, para acceder a los derechos y recursos que se derivan de la ley, es necesario interponer una denuncia, lo que empuja a muchas mujeres a iniciar un proceso penal antes de estar preparadas, generándose, en muchas ocasiones una segunda victimización. Por ello, sería conveniente que los recursos públicos destinados a estas víctimas se activen de manera más flexible con independencia de la activación del proceso penal mediante la denuncia.
- La persecución de la violencia que no deja marcas físicas- en particular, la violencia psicológica habitual- no está suficientemente protegida, habida cuenta de la existencia de mecanismos procesales (juicios rápidos, conformidad, etc.) que dificultan su persecución y condena. Por ello, sería conveniente que se habiliten los mecanismos necesarios para perseguir esa clase de violencia.
Como resultado de este encuentro, las componentes de la Región europea de la Red de mujeres de la Federación Iberoamericana del Ombudsman, reunidas en Vitoria Gasteiz, formulamos la siguiente DECLARACIÓN:
- La violencia de género continúa siendo una lacra execrable en nuestra sociedad, que da lugar a la violación sistemática de los derechos inalienables de las mujeres, en especial del derecho a la vida e integridad física y moral, y del derecho a la dignidad.
- La causa de esta vulneración de los derechos humanos de las mujeres es la desigualdad estructural entre hombres y mujeres y el profundo y persistente arraigo cultural de la ideología sexista, cuya erradicación debe ser un objetivo prioritario y urgente para todos los poderes públicos.
- Del análisis de los datos recogidos por los distintos observatorios se desprende que existe aún una gran debilidad en la detección de las situaciones de violencia de género. Incluso en los casos más graves, sólo un 20 % de ellos en el Estado Español y un 35% en Portugal, fue denunciado previamente y únicamente un 15 % en España y un 21% en Portugal (datos de 2013) contaba con medidas cautelares. Ni la sociedad fue capaz de verlos, ni las víctimas acudieron a servicio alguno en demanda de apoyo.
- Una eficaz intervención requiere de un adecuado diagnóstico de la realidad a la que se ha de dar respuesta, un diagnóstico que permita la monitorización de la situación a lo largo del tiempo, lo que implica un sistema de indicadores pertinentes y acotados al objeto del estudio, comparables, actualizados y evaluados con carácter periódico. Con este objetivo, resulta recomendable redoblar los esfuerzos orientados a la configuración de un sistema de indicadores de ámbito europeo.
- Ante la invisibilización de la situación en la que se encuentran los niños, niñas y adolescentes expuestos a la violencia de género, se hace indispensable poner en marcha medidas específicas para la atención de sus necesidades, considerándolos, desde el plano legal y normativo, hasta el diseño de los servicios de atención, como víctimas directas de la violencia de género.
Su protección y atención debe abordarse desde una perspectiva de derechos de la infancia, ya que la exposición a la violencia de género supone una vulneración de sus derechos y tiene graves consecuencias en su desarrollo.
En Vitoria-Gasteiz, a 26 de junio de 2015
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<urn:uuid:f9c6ea8a-8031-4775-8e83-90a8358936b5>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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spa_Latn
| 12,002
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Tietokoneet ja verkot
Kilpailupäivä 3, perjantai 27.1.2005
Tietoturva. F-Secure.
Kilpailijan numero _____
allekirjoitus
________________________
nimen selvennys
________________________
Ensimmäisen ja toisen kilpailupäivän tehtävälomakkeessa on tähänastiset salasanasi.
Sivu 1
Päivä 3. Tietoturva.
Palvelin ja hallintakonsoli
Asenna palvelimeen hallintaa varten F-Secure Policy Manager Server ja työasemaan F-Secure Policy Manager Console:
1. Hallintapalvelimen työasemia palvelevaksi portiksi asetetaan 81 oletusarvon sijasta. Hallintakonsolin palvelinportiksi asetetaan 8090 ja webraportoinnin palvelinportiksi 8091
2. Aseta työasemien pollausväliksi 30 sekuntia oletuksen sijaan, muista asettaa palvelimen osoite keskitettyyn hallintaan.
3. Luo Policy Manageriin työasemia ja palvelimia varten omat kansiot hallintapuuhun.
4. Siirrä hallittavat tietokoneet oikeisiin kansioihin.
5. Jaa policyt
Asenna järjestelmä siten, että palvelin hakee virus- ja vakoiluohjelmatunnisteet automaattisesti ja jakaa ne kaikille koneille.
Tee seuraavat määritykset keskitetyn hallinnan avulla:
1. Työasemiin voi ottaa yhteyttä etätyöpöytäohjelmalla (rdp)
2. Työasemien pitää voida jakaa levyä ja kirjoittimia ollessaan paikallisverkossa
3. Työasemissa otetaan käyttöön verkkokaranteeni, jos työasemien virustunnisteet ovat 10 päivää vanhempia.
4. Käyttäjä ei saa kytkeä reaaliaikaista virustorjuntaa ja palomuuria pois päältä.
5. Http-liikenteen skannaus on oltava päällä kaikissa työasemissa.
6. Jaa policyt
Työasema
Työasemaan tulee asentaa F-Secure Anti-Virus Client Security ja siihen liittyvä turvapäivitys. Yrityksen mikrotuki haluaa, että ohjelmisto asennetaan etäkäytöllä (Push-install) työasemalle.
Lisätehtävät:
Asenna keskitetyn hallinnan kautta tietoturvapäivitys FSC-2006-1, joka löytyy osoitteesta:
http://www.f-secure.com/security/fsc-2006-1.shtml
Mene selaimella osoitteeseen eicar.org ja lataa sieltä testitiedosto eicar.com.
Tarkastele työaseman selaimen avulla hallintapalvelimen tilaa, jätä selain näkyviin.
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<urn:uuid:e65006a6-7ba1-49c5-9f83-be464030df4d>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fin_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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fin_Latn
| 2,037
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| 1 | Latest updation after revision of fee structure will be available on FRC website : www.frctech.ac.in and ACPC website : www.jacpcldce.ac.in. Candidates are advised to refer the same from time of time. | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Details are provisional only and subject to verification | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | *Women's Institute *** The admission will be subject to intake sanctioned by AICTE, New Delhi/ Concerned affilating Univesity and affilation with the concerned university. New institutes may participate after AICTE approval. Kindly refer the website from time to time. | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC | Annual Tution Fees in Rs. For AY 2018-19 |
| 1 | 701 | Ahmedabad Institute of Technology Gota, Ahmedabad (SFI) Beside Vasantnagar Township Gota-Ognaj Road, off Gota Cross Road, Ahmedabad-380 060. Ph. : (02717) 241132 / 241133 Fax : ( 02717) 241132 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.aitindia.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 71000 |
| 2 | 702 | Anand Institute of Management, Anand (SFI) Shri R K S M Campus, Opp. Town Hall, Anand– 388 001 Phone / Fax : 02692269977 Email : email@example.com Website:www.aimrksm.org | SFI | 60 | 6 | 0 | 54 | 69000 |
| 3 | 703 | Faculty of Management Studies,Atmiya University Master in Business Administration “Yogidham Gurukul”, Kalawad Road,Rajkot-360 005. Ph.: 0281-2563445, 0281-2563766 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.atmiyauni.net | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 | 88000 |
| 4 | 704 | Bhagwan Mahavir College of Management (SFI), Surat New City Light Road, Sr No. 149, Nr. Ashirwad Villa, B/h HeenaBunglows, BharthanaVesu, Surat. Ph. : (0261) 2916171, Fax : (0216) 2268081 Email:email@example.com Website: www.bmefcolleges.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 18 | 27 | 135 | 76000 |
| 5 | 705 | C.K.Shah Vijapurwala Institute of Management, Vadodra (SFI) Shri MahaviraJaina Vidhyalaya Campus, R. V. Desai Road, Pratapnagar, Vadodara. Ph. : : 91-265- 2418328/29/30, Fax : 91-265 - 2418327 Email : firstname.lastname@example.orgemail@example.com Website:www.cksvim.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 0 | 0 | 180 | 103000 |
| 6 | 707 | C.U Shah College of Engineering & Technology (SFI)(Department of M.B.A.),C.U.Shah University,Wadhwan City. Surendranagar– Ahmedabad Highway Nr. Kothariya, Village Wadhwan City – 363 030, Dist : Surendranagar Ph. : [02752] 294004 / 247451. Fax : (02752) 247712 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.ccetvbt.org | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 75000 |
| 7 | 708* | Chaudhari Technical Institute -MBA WOMENS (SFI) Gandhinagar Sector-7, Opp. Central S.T. Bus Depot, Gandhinagar - 382 007 Ph. : : 91-079-2246269, Fax : 91-079 23229833 Email : email@example.com Website:www.ctimba.org.in | SFI | 45 | 5 | 0 | 40 | 59000 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 8 | 709 | D.L.Patel Institute of Management & Technology-MBA College (SFI)- Himatnagar “Vidhyanagari”, Himatnagar Bypass Road, Opp. New Circuit House, Himmatnagar. Ph. : : 02772-244621, Fax : 02772-245120 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.vidhyanagari.org | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 9 | 711 | Parul Institute of Management and Research - Waghodia,Vadodara (SFI) P. O. Limda, Ta : Waghodiya, Dist-Vadodara-391760 Ph. : 02668-263355/56, 02668260305 Fax : 02668-262327 email:email@example.com website:www.paruluniversity.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 10 | 713 | Grow More Faculty of Management (SFI),Himatnagar Ahmedabad Udaipur Highway, Himatnagar. Dist. :Sabarkantha -383 001. Ph. : : 02772 225500/02, Fax : 02772 225505/10 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:: www.growmore1.org | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 |
| 11 | 714 | GLS Institute of Computer Technology (GLSICT-MBA)-Ahmedabad (SFI) GLS Campus, Opp Law Garden, Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad – 380 006. Ph. : : 079-26446602, 26564836, Fax : 26445958, 26446602 Email : email@example.com Website::www glsict.org | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 12 | 715 | Gandhinagar Institute of Technology (SFI),Bhoyan Khatraj-Kalol Road, MotiBhoyan TA.Kalol. DIST. Gandhinagar. Phone :9904405900/01 , Fax : 02764-281862 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, www.git.org.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 13 | 716 | GIDC Rajju Shroff Rofel Institute of Management Studies-Vapi (SFI) Plot No. 14/5, Chharwada Road, GIDC, VAPI – 396 195. Ph. : : 0260-2467294/2467544, Fax : 0260-2467294 Email : email@example.com Website: www.grimsvapi.com | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 14 | 718 | Hasmukh Goswami College of Engineering(SFI)-Vahelal Naroda– Dehgam Road, Vahelal, Dascroi, Ahmedabad – 382330. Phone : 02718 - 247215, Fax : 02718 - 247131 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.hgce.org | SFI | 60 | 15 | 0 | 45 |
| 1 | Latest updation after revision of fee structure will be available on FRC website : www.frctech.ac.in and ACPC website : www.jacpcldce.ac.in. Candidates are advised to refer the same from time of time. | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Details are provisional only and subject to verification | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | *Women's Institute *** The admission will be subject to intake sanctioned by AICTE, New Delhi/ Concerned affilating Univesity and affilation with the concerned university. New institutes may participate after AICTE approval. Kindly refer the website from time to time. | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC | Annual Tution Fees in Rs. For AY 2018-19 |
| 15 | 720 | Indus Institute of Technology & Engineering (MBA-SFI) -Ahmedabad. Constituent Institute of Indus University Racharda, Via Thaltej, Ahmedabad-382115 Phone : 91-2764 260277/278, Fax : 079-2764 260279 Email : email@example.com Website:www.iite.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 0 | 54 | 78000 |
| 16 | 721 | Shri Satsangi Saketdham "Ram Ashram" Group of Institutions ,Faculty of Management (SFI)-Vadasma Dist:Mehsana At & Po. Vadasma, Ta&Dist:Mehsana- 382708. Phone : 02762-278305, 9099063321, Fax : 02762-278018 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.sricampus.org | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 56000 |
| 17 | 722 | K.K.Parekh Institute of Management Studies (SFI)-Amreli Dr.Jivraj Mehta VidhyaVihar,Lathi Road-Amreli. Phone : (02792) 223509, Fax : (02792) 223509 Email : email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.kkpims.com | SFI | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 54000 |
| 18 | 725 | Kalol Institute of Management (SFI),Kalol. Opp.Sindbad Hotel,Ahmedabad- Mehsana Highway, Kalol-382721. Dist.Gandhinagar. Phone : 02764-259153, Fax : 02764-259154 Email : email@example.com Website:www.kirc-kalol.org | SFI | 135 | 14 | 20 | 101 | 65000 |
| 19 | 727 | Kum.M.H.Gardi School of Management, Rajkot (SFI) Opp. Hotel Shivshakti, Village: Anandpar, Kalavad Road, Rajkot Phone : 02894-274471/ 72/73, Fax : 02894-274470 9327399799,9375455667 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.gardividyapith.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 59000 |
| 20 | 728 | L.J.Institute of Engineering & Technology (SFI)-Ahmedabad Nr. NagdevKalyanMandir, Nr. SarkhejSanand Circle, S. G. Road, Ahmedabad. Phone : 079-29096840, Fax : 079-26750417 Email : email@example.com Website:www.ljinstitutes.org | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 73000 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
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| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 21 | 729 | L.J.Institute of Management Studies (SFI)-Ahmedabad Nr. NagdevKalyanMandir, Nr. SarkhejSanand Circle, S. G. Road, Ahmedabad. Phone : 079-29096840, Fax : 079-26750417 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.ljinstitutes.org | SFI | 180 | 18 | 27 | 135 |
| 22 | 730 | L.J.Institute of Computer Application (SFI)-Ahmedabad Nr. NagdevKalyanMandir, Nr. SarkhejSanand Circle, S. G. Road, Ahmedabad. Phone : 079-29096840, Fax : 079-26750417 Email : email@example.com Website:www.ljinstitutes.org | SFI | 45 | 4 | 7 | 34 |
| 23 | 731 | Laxmi institute of Management, Sarigam(SFI)-Valsad P.B.NO.15, SARIGAM, P.O.Ta. Umargam Dist. Valsad-396155. Phone:0260 2405300, 6630900 E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Web site: www.laxmi.edu.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 24 | 732 | Leelaben Dashrathbhai Rramdas Patel (LDRP) Institute of Technology & Research (SFI) Gandhinagar Sector 15, Nr. Kh-5 Circle Gandhinagar. Phone : 079-23241492-94, Fax : 079-23241495 Email : email@example.com web site:www.ldra.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 25 | 734 | Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions -Faculty of Management (SFI),Rajkot At & PO: Gauridad, Rajkot-Morbi Highway, Rajkot – 360 003 Phone : (0281) 2924156, Fax : 2923112 Email :firstname.lastname@example.org. web site :www.marwadieducation.edu.in | SFI | 240 | 0 | 0 | 240 |
| 26 | 735 | N.R. Institute of Business Management (GLS-MBA)(SFI)-Ahmedabad GLS Campus, Opp. Law Garden, Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad-380006. Ph. : 079-26564836 / 26446602, Fax : 079-26446602, 26445958 Email : email@example.com web site: www. nribm.org | SFI | 180 | 0 | 0 | 180 |
| 1 | Latest updation after revision of fee structure will be available on FRC website : www.frctech.ac.in and ACPC website : www.jacpcldce.ac.in. Candidates are advised to refer the same from time of time. | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Details are provisional only and subject to verification | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | *Women's Institute *** The admission will be subject to intake sanctioned by AICTE, New Delhi/ Concerned affilating Univesity and affilation with the concerned university. New institutes may participate after AICTE approval. Kindly refer the website from time to time. | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC | Annual Tution Fees in Rs. For AY 2018-19 |
| 27 | 736 | N.R.Vekaria Institute of Business Management Studies (SFI)-Junagadh Bilkha Road , CL COLLEGE CAMPUS , JUNAGADH-362 001. Ph. : 0285-2656058, Fax : 0285-2621540 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org website:www.jjcet.edu.in | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 | 59000 |
| 28 | 737 | Narmada College of Management (SFI),Bharuch SHUKLATIRTH ROAD, ZADESHWAR, BHARUCH - 392011 Ph. : (02642)-230595, Fax : (02642) 230595,9099063337,9723460626 Email : email@example.com website:www.ncmbharuch.org | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 77000 |
| 29 | 738 | Noble Engineering College(MBA Course) (SFI) -Bamangam Junagadh “PARTH VATIKA”, Bhesan Road, Junagadh. Ph. : (0285) - 26 80 244/255, Fax : (0285) - 26 80 244 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site :www.ngivbt.org | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 55000 |
| 30 | 742 | Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology-MBA Programme (SFI),Waghodia. P.O.Limda, Tal. Waghodia, Dist. : Vadodara Ph. : 02668-263355/56/260204/300, 02668260305, Fax : 02668-260201. Email :email@example.com,firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com website:www.parul.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 74000 |
| 31 | 744 | RK University - School of Management,Rajkot (SFI) Rajkot-Bhavnagar Highway,Opp. Green Farm Hostel, Kasturbadham, Tramba, Rajkot-360 020. Ph. : 0281- 2785116,9909952030-31, Fax : 0281- 2785116 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site :www.rku.ac.in | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 | 74000 |
| 32 | 746 | R.B.Institute of Management Studies (SFI),Ahmedabad. 283, Mahavirnagar, Nr. Axis Bank, Opp. Thakkarbapanagar, Ahmedabad-382 350. Ph. : 079-22774650/22771300, 9998055525, Fax : 079-22774650 Email : email@example.com web site : www.rbi.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 18 | 27 | 135 | 71000 |
| 33 | 749 | S.V. Institute of Management (SFI),Kadi. S.V. Campus, Near Railway Station, Kadi– 382715 Ph. : 02764-262225, Fax : 02764-244381 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, web site :www.svim.ac.in | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 | 91000 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
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| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 34 | 750 | S. R. Luthra Institute of Management (SFI)-Surat MTB College Campus, Nr. Adarsh Society, ATHWALINES, SURAT. Ph. : 0261 2240103, Fax : 0261 2240129 Email : email@example.com , Website:www.srlimba.org | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 |
| 35 | 752 | Department of Business Management, Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering(SFI)-Visnagar Sankalchand Patel Sahakar Vidyaadham Gandhinagar-Ambaji State Highway, Kamana Char Rasta, Visnagar-384315. Dist. Mehsana Ph. : 02765-232008/227342, Fax : 02765-228482 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, www.mca.spcevng.ac.in Website:www.spcevng.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 36 | 755 | Sardar Patel College of Administration & Management (SFI),Bakrol,Anand. Sardar Patel Education Campus, Bakrol, Vidyanagar-Vadtal Road, Anand. Ph. : (02692) 235318, Fax : (02692) 235318 Email : email@example.com Website: www.spec.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 45 | 0 | 135 |
| 37 | 759 | Shree H.N.Shukla College of Management Studies,Rajkot (SFI) SHREE H.N.SHUKLA COLEGE CAMPUS, NR. LALPARI LAKE, B/H MARKETING YARD, AMARGADH, (BHICHRI), RAJKOT-360 003. Ph. : 0281-2925002, 2708070, 9327923560, Fax : 0281- 2472590 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 |
| 38 | 760* | Smt.Shantaben Haribhai Gajera MBA Mahila College (Womens Only)- (SFI),Amreli. Smt. ShantabenHaribhaiGajeraShaikshanikSankul, Chakkargadh Road, AMRELI – 365601. Ph. : 02792-232321/26, Fax : 02792-232327 Email : email@example.com Website:www.amrelisankul.org | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 |
| 39 | 761 | Shree Sahajanand Institute of Management (SFI)-Bhavnagar C/o. Shree Sahajanand Gurukul, Ghogha Road, Bhavnagar – 364002. Ph. : (0278) 2560046, Fax : (0278) 2567978. Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.mbasim.org | SFI | 90 | 9 | 0 | 81 |
| 1 | Latest updation after revision of fee structure will be available on FRC website : www.frctech.ac.in and ACPC website : www.jacpcldce.ac.in. Candidates are advised to refer the same from time of time. | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Details are provisional only and subject to verification | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | *Women's Institute *** The admission will be subject to intake sanctioned by AICTE, New Delhi/ Concerned affilating Univesity and affilation with the concerned university. New institutes may participate after AICTE approval. Kindly refer the website from time to time. | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC | Annual Tution Fees in Rs. For AY 2018-19 |
| 40 | 762 | Shree Samanvay Institute of MBA (SFI)-Botad At. & Post: Bhambhan, Pandavdhar -Tajpar Road, Taluka: Botad, Dist: Bhavnagar. (Gujarat) Ph. : 02849-287421, (9924712468), Fax : 02849-287418 Email : email@example.com | SFI | 60 | 15 | 0 | 45 | 49000 |
| 41 | 766 | Geetanjali Institute of Management Studies (SFI)-Rajkot NR. S. S. College of Pharmacy, Rajkot-Morbi Highway, AT : - Halda, TA : Tankara, Dist : Rajkot-363 650. Ph. : 0281-2587550, Fax : 0281-2586550 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Website:www.gimsmba.org.in | SFI | 84 | 8 | 13 | 63 | 41000 |
| 42 | 768 | Shri Chimanbhai Patel Institute of Management and Research (SFI)- Ahmedabad Opp. Karnavati Club, S-G Highway, Prahladnagar. Ahmedabad-380051. Ph. : (079) 26927569. Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org. Website:www.cpi.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 18 | 0 | 162 | 87000 |
| 43 | 769 | Shri Jairambhai Patel Institute of Business Management & Computer Applications- Technical campus (SFI)-NICM Gandhinagar Indroda Circle, Opp. Fun World, Gandhinagar- 382 007 Ph. : 079 – 23213037/38/39, Fax : 079-23213036 Email : email@example.com Website:www.nicm.org.in | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 | 112000 |
| 44 | 770 | Shri Jaysukhlal Vadhar Institute of Management Studies (JVIMS) (SFI)- Jamnagar B. K. Shah Education Complex, Indira Marg, Gokul Nagar, Nr. Octroi Post, Jamnagar-361004. Ph. : 0288-2573463 / 64, Fax : 0288- 2567102 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.jvimsmba.oshwaleducationtrust.org | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 | 61000 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
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| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 46 | 773 | Shri Sunshine Education Trust Group of Institute (Faculty of MBA) (SFI)-Rajkot B/H Rangoli Park, MotaMahuva, Kalavad Road Rajkot-360005 Ph. : 0281-2925977, Fax : 0281-3041642 7359513198,9099063373 Email : email@example.com, Website:www.sunshinegrouprajkot.org | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 |
| 47 | 774 | Shrimad Rajchandra Institute of Management & Computer Application(SFI)- Uka Tarsadia University Maliba Campus, Gopal Vidyanagar, Bardoli-Mahuva Road, Ta-Mahuva, Dist. : Surat. Ph. : (02625)255389, Fax : 02625)255389 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.srimca.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 0 | 0 | 180 |
| 48 | 775 | Sigma Institute of Engineering (MBA Program) (SFI) Bakrol,Ajwa-Nimeta Road, Ta.Waghodia,Dis:Vadodara Ph.no.02668-267000/111/222 email:email@example.com web site:www.sigma.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 49 | 777 | Smt.Vanitaben Bachubhai Nandola MBA College (SFI) At.Bacha,Ta.Una,Di: Gir Somnath -362560. Ph.no.02875 248600 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.vbnandola.org | SFI | 30 | 3 | 5 | 22 |
| 50 | 778 | Som-Lalit Institute of Business Management Studies (SFI) Ahmedabad SLIMS Campus Nr. St. Xavier’s Corner, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009. Ph. : 26303301/2/3, Fax : 26302244 & 26303366 Email : email@example.com,firstname.lastname@example.org | SFI | 120 | 12 | 0 | 108 |
| 51 | 781 | SRK Institute of Management & Computer Education (SFI)-Anjar Kachchh. SRK Institute of Management & Computer Education, Survey No . 128/2 ,Anjar– Bhuj highway , Village Sapeda, Ta. : Anjar (Kutch) Ph. : 02836-220103 / 9824878123, Fax : 02836-223560 Email : email@example.com Website:www.srkinstitute.com | SFI | 45 | 0 | 0 | 45 |
| 52 | 789 | Christ Institute of Management,Rajkot (Minority Institute ) (SFI) “Vidhya Niketan” Bishop’s House, P. B. No 1, Saurashtra University Kalawad Road, Rajkot. Ph. : 0281-2563415 / 2572093, Fax : 0281-2570301 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site: www.cimrajkot.edu.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 53 | 796 | L.J.Institute of Management Studies (SFI)-second Shift Ahmedabad Nr. NagdevKalyanMandir, Nr. SarkhejSanand Circle, S. G. Road, Ahmedabad. Phone : 079-29096840, Fax : 079-26750417 Email : email@example.com Website:www.ljinstitutes.org | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 |
| 54 | 797 | Kum. M.H.Gardi School of Management, Rajkot (SFI)- Second Shift Opp. Hotel Shivshakti, Village: Anandpar, Kalavad Road, Rajkot. Ph. : 02894-274471/72/73,9375455667,9327399799 Fax : 02894-274470 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org. web site:www.gardividyapith.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 55 | 799 | Naran Lala School of Industrial Management & Computer Science- Navsari - (SFI) Sitaram Nagar Society, Nr. Eru Charrasta,Eru,Navrasi-396450 Ph. : 02637-283678, Fax : 02637-283678 Email : email@example.com, web site:www.naranlala.edu.in | SFI | 60 | 15 | 0 | 45 |
| 56 | 801 | Param Institute of Management & Research(SFI) Jamnagar. Lakhavad Road, Jamnagar - Okha State Highway, Jamnagar Ph. : 0288-2889555, email:firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.paramimr.org | SFI | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |
| 57 | 803 | Patel Group of Institutions (SFI) - Moti Dau,Ta-Dist-Mehsana 69, Anmol Sahara Township, Radhanpur Road, Moti Dau, Ta / Dist : Mehsana (M.) 9099063476, 982518906 Email : email@example.com: www.pginst.org | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 |
| 58 | 804 | R.H. Patel Institute of Management-Goblaj,Di:Kheda -(SFI) N.H No-8,Near Water City,Ta. Dist. : Kheda Ph. : 02694-277799 / 277700, Fax : 02694-27799 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org website:www.rhpitgoblaj.org | SFI | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |
| 59 | 805 | S. R. Luthra Institute of Management (SFI) Second Shift -Surat MTB College Campus, Nr. Adarsh Society, Athwalines, Surat –395009 Ph. : 0261 2240103, Fax : 0261 2240129 Email : email@example.com wesite:www.srlimba.org | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 |
| 1 | Latest updation after revision of fee structure will be available on FRC website : www.frctech.ac.in and ACPC website : www.jacpcldce.ac.in. Candidates are advised to refer the same from time of time. | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Details are provisional only and subject to verification | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | *Women's Institute *** The admission will be subject to intake sanctioned by AICTE, New Delhi/ Concerned affilating Univesity and affilation with the concerned university. New institutes may participate after AICTE approval. Kindly refer the website from time to time. | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC | Annual Tution Fees in Rs. For AY 2018-19 |
| 60 | 806 | S.S.Agrawal Institute of Management & Technology-Navsari-(SFI) Veeranjali Marg, Opp. Vidyakunj High School, Gandevi Road Navsari-396445 Ph. : 02637-232667 / 232857 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org website:www.agrawaleducation.net | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 71000 |
| 61 | 807 | Sal Institute of Management (SFI) ,Opp. Science City, Bhadaj,Ahmedabad Opp. Science City, Bhadaj, Ahmedabad-380060 (M.) 9925195965 / 9974061272 Email : email@example.com website:www.sal.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 18 | 27 | 135 | 65000 |
| 62 | 810 | Shree Swaminarayan Institute of Management & I.T.,Porbandar.(SFI) C/O. Shree Swaminarayan Gurukul, Main Road, PO. : Chhaya,Dist-Porbandar. Ph. : 0286-2245973,9099063427 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org,email@example.com website:www.ssimpbr.org | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 | 64000 |
| 63 | 812 | The Mandvi Education Society Institute of Business Management and Computer Studies,Mandvi,Di-Surat (SFI) Nr. Bus Station, At. & Po. &Ta. Mandvi-89625 Dist. Surat. Ph. : 02623-222462 / 221016, (M.) 9099063472, 9824489625 Fax : 02623-221016 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org website:www.mes.org.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 | 73000 |
| 64 | 813 | Ganapat University,V.M.Patel Institute of Management (SFI),Kherva Ganapat University, Gozariya-Mehsana Highway, P.O. Kherva-382711. Dist. : Mehsana Ph. : 02762-286896,289094 Fax : 02762-286896,286080 Email : email@example.com, website :www.vmpim.ac.in | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 | 88000 |
| 65 | 817 | Narandas Jethalal Sonecha Management and Technical Institute, Veraval.(SFI) Opp, Reliance Petrol Pump, NH-8 DAT-Chanduvav, TA-Veraval. Dist-Junagadh-362266 Ph. : 02876-282443/44/45, Fax : 02876-282445 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.veravaleducationsociety.org | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 65000 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 66 | 818 | Smt. K.K.Patel MBA/MCA College, Palasar,Patan (SFI) P.o. : Palasar, Nr. Shelavi Railway Station, Ta: Chanasma. Dist.: Patan - 384235 Ph. : 02734 -264264, 264364, Fax : 02734 -264848. Email : email@example.com website:www.kkpmmc.org | SFI | 45 | 4 | 7 | 34 |
| 67 | 820 | Shayona Institute of Business Management, Ahmedabad.(SFI) Shayona Study Campus, Shayona City, R.C. Technical College Road, Ghatlodiya, Ahmedabad - 380061 Ph: 079-27665354, (M.) 9099002539, 9825096722 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org website:www.sibm-ahmedabad.org | SFI | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |
| 68 | 822 | Institute of Technology and Management Universe- (ITM UNIVESR),Vadodara.(SFI) Dhanora Tank Road, Behind Supreme Hotel, Paldi Village, Halol Highway, Nr. Jarod, Vadodara - 391510 Ph. : 02668-275508,9723708751 Email : email@example.com,firstname.lastname@example.org web site:itmuniverse.ac.in | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 |
| 69 | 823 | Bhagwan Mahavir College of Management (MBA)(SFI),Vesu,Surat.(Second Shift) New City Light Road, Sr. No. 149, Nr. Ashirwad Villa, B/h HeenaBunglows, BharthanaVesu, Surat. Ph. : (0261) 2916171 , Fax : (0261) 2268081 Email: email@example.com, web site : www.bmefcolleges.edu.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 9 | 45 |
| 70 | 824 | Faculty of Management Studies,Atmiya University Master in Business Administration “YogidhamGurukul”, Kalawad Road,Rajkot-360 005. Ph.: 0281-2563445, 0281-2563766 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.atmiyauni.net | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 |
| 71 | 827 | Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions -Faculty of Business Management -(SFI),Rajkot (Affilated with Marwadi University) At & PO: Gauridad, Rajkot-Morbi Highway, Rajkot – 360 003 Phone : (0281) 2924156, Fax : 2923112 Email :email@example.com Website:www.marwadieducation.edu.in | SFI | 180 | 0 | 0 | 180 |
| PROVISIONAL LIST OF PARTICIPATING INSTIUTES - MBA (2018-19) | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Latest updation after revision of fee structure will be available on FRC website : www.frctech.ac.in and ACPC website : www.jacpcldce.ac.in. Candidates are advised to refer the same from time of time. | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Details are provisional only and subject to verification | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | *Women's Institute *** The admission will be subject to intake sanctioned by AICTE, New Delhi/ Concerned affilating Univesity and affilation with the concerned university. New institutes may participate after AICTE approval. Kindly refer the website from time to time. | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC | Annual Tution Fees in Rs. For AY 2018-19 |
| 72 | 829 | Shivam Institute of Management,Valasan (Anand)-SFI Opp. Swaminarayan Vidyapith, Anand-Sojitra Road, Valasan, Anand-388 326. Ph. : 02692-223606, (M) 9727980297 | SFI | 60 | 15 | 0 | 45 | 56000 |
| 73 | 832 | Oakbrook Business School (MBA)-Adalaj,Gandhinagar -(SFI) Plot No. 225, opp. Maharaj Hotel Lane, jamiyatpura Road, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Po. Jamiyatpura, Gandhinagar-382 423. Ph. : 079-23970170 / 23970171 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org website : www.oakbrook.ac.in | SFI | 120 | 30 | 0 | 90 | 71000 |
| 74 | 836 | Tolani Motwane Institute of Management Studies(SFI) Adipur P.O.BOX No- 11, Opposite Railway Crossing,Lilashah Kutiya Road,Adipur,Kutchh- 370205. Phone: (02836) 261466 Fax: (02836) 264994 E-mail:email@example.com Web site: www.tims.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 106000 |
| 75 | 837 | Swami Sahajanand School of Management (SFI)-Bhavnagar Plot No. : 639, Iscon Mega City; Nr. M.K.Bhavnagar University office, Bhavnagar- 364002. Phone No: (0278)2523646,2516999,2512252 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 65000 |
| 76 | 838 | Metas Adventist College P.O BOX No. 24,Athwalines, Surat-395001 Ph: 0261-3047209 E-mail: email@example.com Web: metasofsda.in | SFI | 60 | 15 | 0 | 45 | 82000 |
| 77 | 839 | Narayana Business School (SFI) Narayana House, Near. Ishan 3 , Opp. shell Petrol Pump Road, Anand Nagar, Prahlad Nagar, Ahmedabad-380015 94263 33451,91731 06000,079 2693 6001 E mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Web:www.nbs.edu.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 0 | 54 | 63000 |
| 78 | 840 | Indus Institute of Management Studies, Ahmedabad Racharda, Via Thaltej, Ahmedabad-382115 Phone : 91-2764 260277/278, Fax : 079-2764 260279 Email : email@example.com Website:www.iite.in | SFI | 60 | 6 | 0 | 54 | 77000 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 79 | 901 | Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Bhavnagar University (GIA) Mahatma Gadnhi Campus, Opp. University Cricket Ground, M. K. Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar-364002. Phone : 0278-2420301, 2524216, Fax : 0278-2524440, Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, web site : www.mkbhavuni.edu.in. | GIA | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| 80 | 902 | Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Bhavnagar University (SFI) Mahatma Gadnhi Campus, Opp. University Cricket Ground, M. K. Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar-364002. Phone : 0278-2420301, 2524216, Fax : 0278-2524440, Email : email@example.com, web site : www.mkbhavuni.edu.in. | SFI | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| 81 | 903 | Centre for Management Studies, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad (GIA) College Road, Nadiad. Phone : 0268-2520502, Fax : 0268-2520501 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site :www.ddu.ac.in | GIA | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| 82 | 904 | Centre for Management Studies, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad (SFI) College Road, Nadiad. Phone : 0268-2520502, Fax : 0268-2520501 Email : email@example.com web site : www.ddu.ac.in | SFI | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| 83 | 906 | S.K. Patel Institute of Management and Computer Studies (MBA) (SFI)- Gandhinagar Sector-23, Gh-6 Road, Gandhinagar Ph. : 079-23245729/23245735, Fax : 079-23248119 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site : www.skpatel.org | SFI | 120 | 0 | 0 | 120 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 85 | 908 | Department of Commerce and Management K.S.K.V.Kachchh University (GIA)- Bhuj Kachchh University Campus,Block-C, Near Changleswar Mahadev Temple,Mundra Road,BHUJ Ph.no.02832-235235 e-mail: email@example.com web site : kskvku.digitaluniversity.ac | GIA | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 86 | 909 | B.K.School of Professional and Management Studies, Gujarat University -Ahmedabad.(GIA) Gujarat University Navrangpura, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380 009. Phone : 079-26304811,26305063, Fax : 079-26300691 E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.org web site : www.gujaratuniversity.org.in | GIA | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |
| 87 | 910 | S.K.School of Business Management (GIA),HNGU,Patan Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, PATAN – 384 265 Phone : 02766 – 233435, 230427, Extn: 344 Fax : 02766 - 231917 Email :email@example.com web site : www. ngu.ac.in | GIA | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 88 | 911 | G.H. Patel Postgraduate Institute of Business Management Sardar Patel University(GIA) MBA Department , University Colony, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120 Phone : (02692) 248463, 230991, Fax : (02692) 248444 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website : email@example.com | GIA | 40 | 0 | 0 | 40 |
| 89 | 912 | G.H. Patel Postgraduate Institute of Business Management Sardar Patel University(SFI) MBA Department , University Colony, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120 Phone : (02692) 248463, 230991, Fax : (02692) 248444 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website : email@example.com | SFI | 35 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| 90 | 913 | Smt. R.D. Gardi Department of Business Management, Saurastra University, Rajkot(GIA) Saurashtra University,Rajkot-360 005. Phone : 0281-2578501, Ext.452/453, Fax : 0281-2589640 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site :www.sumba.org.in | GIA | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 91 | 914 | Smt. R.D. Gardi Department of Business Management, Saurastra University, Rajkot(SFI) Saurashtra University,Rajkot-360 005 Phone : 0281-2578501, Ext.452/453, Fax : 0281-2589640 Email : email@example.com web site :www.sumba.org.in | SFI | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| 92 | 915 | Department of Business & Industrial Management Veer Narmad South Gujarat University(GIA)- Surat Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Udhana-magdalla Road, Surat-395007 Ph. : 0261-2211412,0261-2256070, Fax : 0261-225670 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, web site : www.dbim.org.in | GIA | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| 93 | 916 | Department of Business & Industrial Management Veer Narmad South Gujarat University(SFI)- Surat Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Udhana-magdalla Road, Surat-395007. Ph. : 0261-2211412,0261-2256070, Fax : 0261-225670 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, Website:www.dbim.org.in | SFI | 90 | 0 | 0 | 90 |
| 94 | 918 | Indukaka Ipcowala Institute of Management (SFI)-Changa Charusat Campus, Changa-0388421, Dist. Anand Ph. : 02697-248221, Fax : 02697-247100 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org Website:www.charusat.ac.in | SFI | 120 | 30 | 0 | 90 |
| 95 | 923 | B.K.School of Professional and Management Studies,Gujarat University - (Department of Maritime Management) (SFI)-Ahmedabad. Navrangpura, Gujarat University,Ahmedabad-380009 Ph. : 079-26304811,26305063, Fax : 079-26300691 Email : email@example.com | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 96 | 928 | Shree Pandit Nathulalji Vyas Technical Campus,Nr.Kothariya Village,Surendranagar (SFI)(MBA) Surendranagar-Ahmedabad Highway, Nr. Kothariya Village, Wadhwan, Surendranagar - 363030 Ph. : 7383691109, (M.) : 8401336563 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site : www.spnvcollege.co.in | SFI | 45 | 0 | 0 | 45 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 97 | 929 | Rai Business School-SFI AffilatedUniversity:Rai University Saroda, Ta. Dholka, Dist. Ahmedabad-382260. (M.) : 8980004322/23/24/26/27 Email:email@example.com web site : www.raiuniversity.edu.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 98 | 930 | ITM Vocational University,Ajwa Nimeta Road,Waghodia,Vadodara-(SFI) Plot 6512, AjwaNimeta Road, Ravaal,Taluka, Waghodia. Dist. Vadodara. (M.) : 09904409048 Email : firstname.lastname@example.org web site:www.itm.ac.in | SFI | 120 | 12 | 18 | 90 |
| 99 | 931 | Navrachana University,Vasna Bhayli Road, Vadodara-(SFI) Vasna – Bhayli Road Vadodara-391410 Ph. (0265) 3020100 Fax: (0265) 3020110 Email: email@example.com Website: www.nuv.ac.in | SFI | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| 100 | 933 | M.S.Patel Institute of Management Studies ( The M.S.University of Baroda) (SFI) Opp. Uni. Head Office,Fatehgunj, Vadodara-390 002 Phone : 0265-2791179, 2793229 | SFI | 40 | 0 | 0 | 40 |
| 101 | 934 | AURO University of Hospitality & Management, Surat- Gujarat (SFI) Earth Space, Hazira Road,Opp. ONGC, Surat,Gujarat-394510 Ph: 0261-4088100 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org web: www.aurouniversity.edu.in | SFI | 40 | 0 | 0 | 40 |
| 102 | 935 | Ganpat University-Centre for Management Studies and Reasearch affilated with Ganpat University -MBA in Agribusiness (SFI) Ganpat Vidyanagar-384012. Mehsana. Ph: 02762-286896,289094 E-mail: email@example.com Web: www.cms.gnu.ac.in | SFI | 20 | 2 | 3 | 15 |
| 1 | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | | | | | | | |
| 3 4 5 | | | | | | | |
| SR No. | Institute code | Name of the Institute | Type of Institute | Intake | MQ | NRI | SEAT WITH ACPC |
| 103 | 936 | Ganpat University-Centre for Management Studies and Reasearch affilated with Ganpat University -MBA in Pharmaceuticals (SFI) Ganpat Vidyanagar-384012. Mehsana. Ph: 02762-286896,289094 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Web: www.cms.gnu.ac.in | SFI | 20 | 2 | 3 | 15 |
| 104 | 937 | Ganpat University-Centre for Management Studies and Reasearch affilated with Ganpat University -MBA in International Business (SFI) Ganpat Vidyanagar-384012. Mehsana. Ph: 02762-286896,289094 E-mail: email@example.com Web: www.cms.gnu.ac.in | SFI | 20 | 2 | 3 | 15 |
| 105 | 938 | Ganpat University-Centre for Management Studies and Reasearch affilated with Ganpat University -MBA in Financial Services (SFI) Ganpat Vidyanagar-384012. Mehsana. Ph: 02762-286896,289094 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Web: www.cms.gnu.ac.in | SFI | 40 | 4 | 6 | 30 |
| 106 | 939 | Ganpat University-Centre for Management Studies and Reasearch affilated with Ganpat University -MBA in Media and Entertainment (SFI) Ganpat Vidyanagar-384012. Mehsana. Ph: 02762-286896,289094 E-mail: email@example.com Web: www.cms.gnu.ac.in | SFI | 20 | 2 | 3 | 15 |
| 107 | 940 | Calorx Teachers' University (NEW) Green Wood, Near Vaishnodevi Circle, Sardar Patel Ring Road,Ognaj, Chandlodia,Ahmedabad-382481 Ph: 02717242328/29 Email :firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com Web: www.ctu.org.in | SFI | 60 | 15 | 0 | 45 |
| 108 | 941 | Graduate School of Management Studies Affilated with : Gujarat Technological University(NEW) Sabarmati-Koba High-way, Near Visat Three Roads,Chandkheda,Ahmedabad- 382424. Gujarat | Govt. | 60 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
| | | | | 8979 | 614 | 529 | 7836 |
Latest updation after revision of fee structure will be available on FRC website : www.frctech.ac.in and ACPC website : ww.jacpcldce.ac.in. Candidates are advised to refer the same from time of time.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 37,646
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ISSN electrónico: 2172-9077
https://doi.org/10.14201/fjc201715109125
¿CONDICIONAN EL GÉNERO Y LA EDAD EL NIVEL DE COMPETENCIA DIGITAL? UN ESTUDIO CON ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS
Do Gender and Age Affect the Level of Digital Competence? A Study with University Students
Dr. Marcos CABEZAS GONZÁLEZ
Profesor Contratado Doctor, Universidad de Salamanca, España, email@example.com orcid.org/0000-0002-3743-5839
Dra. Sonia CASILLAS MARTÍN
Profesora Contratada Doctora, Universidad de Salamanca, España, firstname.lastname@example.org orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-534X
Dra. Manuela SANCHES-FERREIRA
Profesora Coordinadora en la Unidad de Educación Especial de Ciencia y Técnica de Inclusión, Universidad de Oporto, Portugal, email@example.com orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3928
Dr. Fernando Luís TEIXEIRA DIOGO
Profesor Adjunto en la Unidad Técnico Científica de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Oporto, Portugal, firstname.lastname@example.org
Fecha de recepción del artículo: 04/10/2017
Fecha de aceptación definitiva: 12/10/2017
RESUMEN
Las características de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) y su implantación a nivel global han originado cambios significativos en diferentes ámbitos, de manera especial en los institucionales. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación cuyo propósito es el de conocer el nivel de competencia digital de estudiantes universitarios de titulaciones de educación y verificar si las variables de género y edad tienen alguna influencia en el mismo. Se empleó una metodología cuantitativa, con un método no experimental, descriptivo e inferencial, y el cuestionario digital como instrumento para la recogida de información sobre las dimensiones de conocimiento, manejo y actitudes hacia las TIC. Los datos fueron analizados a partir de una comparación de medias, utilizando pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados manifiestan que la muestra estudiada se autoevalúa de manera negativa en el conocimiento de conceptos TIC, positivamente en el manejo de dispositivos, herramientas y servicios, mostrando una actitud muy positiva hacia la tecnología. Respecto a las variables estudiadas, existen diferencias significativas en el conocimiento y el manejo, a favor de los hombres y respecto a la actitud, a favor de los sujetos de mayor edad.
Palabras clave: Competencia digital; Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación; formación inicial; género; edad.
ND Fonseca, Journal of Communication, n. 15, 2017, pp. 109-125
ABSTRACT
The characteristics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and their implementation at the global level have led to significant changes in different areas, especially institutional ones. This article presents the results of a research study whose purpose was to learn the level of digital competence of university students of education and to verify whether the variables of gender and age have any influence on it. A quantitative methodology was used, with a non-experimental, descriptive and inferential method, and the digital questionnaire was employed as an instrument for collecting information on the dimensions of knowledge and management of ICTs as well as attitudes towards them. The data were analysed based on a comparison of means, using non-parametric tests. The results show that the sample studied self-evaluated negatively their knowledge of ICT concepts, considered positive their management of devices, tools and services, and showed a very positive attitude toward technology. Regarding the variables studied, significant differences were found in favour of men in relation to knowledge and management, and in favour of older subjects with regard to attitude.
Key words: Digital competence; Information and Communication Technologies; initial training; gender; age.
1. INTRODUCCIÓN
En 1997, Castells escribió: «por primera vez en la historia, la mente humana es una fuerza productiva directa, no solo un elemento decisivo del sistema de producción» (p. 62). En la actualidad esta afirmación sigue teniendo plena vigencia y se contextualiza en un tipo de sociedad en la que los cambios económicos y sociales han transformado la base material de la sociedad, y el procesamiento y la transferencia de información se han convertido en los pilares fundamentales de la productividad y el poder, y en donde la base de los procesos productivos se sustenta en el conocimiento de las personas (Alonso, 2013, Castells, 2006).
En esta Sociedad denominada de la Información y el Conocimiento, caracterizada por su complejidad y su creciente globalización, las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) han originado profundos cambios en la construcción del conocimiento y en el aprendizaje (Guillén, 2014) que ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de una formación diferente a la de la sociedad industrial y postindustrial (Cabero, 2014; Gisbert, Spuny y González, 2011), que desarrolle nuevos conocimientos, procedimientos y actitudes, y en la que la competencia digital sea un elemento esencial en la alfabetización académica (Roldán y Zabaleta, 2016).
Las características de las TIC y su implantación a nivel global han originado cambios significativos en diferentes ámbitos, de manera especial en los institucionales. La posibilidad de acumular información, su rápida transmisión, la desaparición de las barreras espaciales y temporales, el empleo de múltiples medios y soportes son, entre otras, algunas de las características que explican el gran potencial de cambio que aportan estas tecnologías.
En este contexto, parece necesario que, entre las capacidades fundamentales que los universitarios deberían desarrollar, se encuentren: (a) competencia para entender conceptos y problemas complejos; (b) alfabetización digital; (c) uso avanzado de las TIC; (d) habilidades sociales y comunicativas para el desarrollo personal, social y laboral; (e) trabajo colaborativo (Dumont, Istance y Benavides, 2010).
La Unión Europea (2007) define ocho competencias fundamentales para el aprendizaje permanente, entre las que encontramos la competencia digital, entendida como:
conjunto de conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes, estrategias y conciencia que se requieren cuando se utilizan las TIC y los medios digitales para realizar tareas; resolver problemas; comunicar; gestionar la información; colaborar; crear y compartir contenido; y construir conocimiento de manera efectiva, eficiente, apropiada, crítica, creativa, autónoma, flexible, ética, reflexiva para el trabajo, el ocio, la participación, el aprendizaje y la socialización (Ferrari, 2012, p. 30).
ND Fonseca, Journal of Communication, n. 15, 2017, pp. 109-125
En los últimos años, son diferentes las investigaciones que han estudiado la competencia digital autoevaluada, en el campo educativo, en diferentes contextos y niveles (Cabezas, Casillas y Pinto, 2014; Edelhard, 2015; Fernández, Román y El Homrani, 2017; Fernández y Torres, 2015; Maderick, Shaoan, Hartley y Marchand, 2015; Mork y Krumsvik, 2016; Rambousek, Stìpek & Vanková, 2016). También las que se han centrado en la influencia entre diferentes factores y la competencia digital (González, Galvis y Sánchez, 2015; Nasah, DaCosta, Kinsell y Seok, 2010; Ricoy, Feliz y Sevillano, 2010). Recogiendo esta doble línea de trabajo, este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado con el propósito de conocer el nivel de competencia digital de estudiantes universitarios de titulaciones de educación y verificar si las variables de género y edad tienen alguna influencia en el mismo.
Es necesario que la competencia digital sea una capacidad transversal en la formación inicial de los profesionales de la Educación, porque estos deberán desarrollar su quehacer profesional en un mundo complejo e interconectado enfrentado constantemente a cambios acelerados de tipo tecnológico, cultural, económico, informativo y demográfico (Kampylis, Punie y Devine, 2015).
2. OBJETIVOS
El principal objetivo que se pretende conseguir es el de conocer el nivel de competencia digital manifestado por los estudiantes universitarios de diferentes titulaciones de grado y postgrado de la Facultad de Psicología y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Oporto (Portugal).
De manera operativa, pretendemos averiguar si los conocimientos, el manejo y las actitudes hacia las TIC autopercibidos, son diferentes en función de las variables de control género y edad.
3. METODOLOGÍA UTILIZADA
Se empleó una metodología cuantitativa, con un método no experimental, descriptivo e inferencial (Arnal, del Rincón y Latorre, 1992; Kerlinger y Lee, 2002), y la recogida de información se realizó mediante un cuestionario en soporte electrónico (Berends, 2006; Kerlinger y Lee, 2002). Las dimensiones estudiadas se presentan en la figura 1.
Fuente: elaboración propia.
3.1. MUESTRA
La recogida de datos estuvo dirigida a todos los estudiantes de Educación que cursaron algún Grado o Postgrado en la Facultad de Psicología y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Oporto (Portugal). Siguiendo un tipo de muestreo aleatorio simple (Fraenkel, Wallen y Hyun, 2012), la muestra final quedó compuesta por un total de 70 estudiantes (tabla 1), de los cuales, el 13,4% son hombres y el 86,6% mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 57 años. El 22,4% procede del contexto rural y el 77,6% del contexto urbano.
Tabla 1. Titulaciones de los alumnos
Fuente: elaboración propia.
De los futuros profesionales de la educación que componen la muestra, un 98,5% disponen de ordenador portátil, el 82,1% disponen de un Smartphone, un 59,7% tienen ordenador de sobremesa, el 74,6% cámara de fotos digital para uso personal, y un 59,7% y 56,7% disponen de Tablet y Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) respectivamente. Son menos los que tienen cámara de video digital (35,8%) y prácticamente ninguno dispone de un dispositivo para la lectura de libros electrónicos (9%), y solo un 6% poseen algún tipo de wearable o dispositivo electrónico que se incorpora en alguna parte del cuerpo interactuando continuamente con el usuario y con otros dispositivos con la finalidad de realizar alguna función específica.
3.2. INSTRUMENTO DE RECOGIDA DE INFORMACIÓN
Se empleó un cuestionario de respuesta directa, pre-codificado y transversal, diseñado ad hoc para el análisis de conocimientos, manejo y actitudes sobre las TIC que poseen los alumnos universitarios.
Dicho instrumento consta de 91 ítems, tres de los cuales son variables de identificación. Se utilizaron dos escalas, una cerrada dicotómica con opciones de respuesta de sí o no y otra con valoración tipo Likert de 1 a 10 con la intención de utilizar una manera de valorar similar a la evaluación académica (con las que los estudiantes están familiarizados). Para el bloque sobre manejo de dispositivos la escala se interpreta con 1 muy incompetente y 10 muy competente; en el bloque relativo a la actitud se interpreta como 1 muy en desacuerdo y 10 muy de acuerdo. El cuestionario inicial fue mejorado tras la aplicación de una prueba piloto y sometido a juicio de expertos para su validación. Para asegurar la cumplimentación correcta e independiente por parte de los estudiantes fue aplicado directamente por los investigadores. La fiabilidad de la escala, medida a través del estadístico α de Cronbach, resulta muy satisfactoria (α = .963).
Todas las competencias estudiadas a partir de los diferentes ítems del cuestionario se estructuran en cinco bloques generales:
Bloque 1. Identificación (ID). Datos de identificación: género, edad, lugar de origen, estudios del padre y de la madre, nota de acceso a la Universidad, titulación y curso.
Bloque 2. Posesión (PS). Dispositivos TIC que poseen.
Bloque 3. Conocimiento (CN). Autoevaluación de conocimientos sobre conceptos relacionados con las TIC (CN_01) y de conocimientos de dispositivos TIC (CN_02).
Bloque 4. Manejo (MJ). Autoevaluación de capacidades para manejar dispositivos TIC (MJ_01), herramientas TIC (MJ_02) y servicios TIC (MJ_03).
Bloque 5. Actitud (AC). Valoración de las TIC de acuerdo a su necesidad e importancia para el futuro profesional de la educación.
3.3. ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATOS
El tratamiento estadístico se realizó por medio del programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v.22) y los datos fueron analizados de manera descriptiva por medio del cálculo de estadísticos descriptivos básicos, y de manera inferencial a partir de una comparación de medias utilizando las pruebas no paramétricas de U Mann- Whitney para la variable dicotómica género y la de Kruskal-Wallis para la variable edad.
Al comprobarse la no existencia de normalidad en los resultados mediante la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y de homocedasticidad (prueba de Levene) y teniendo en cuenta el tamaño de la muestra, se optó por la utilización de estas pruebas.
4. RESULTADOS
Este apartado se estructura en dos subapartados. Por un lado, presentamos los resultados obtenidos en el análisis descriptivo de los datos, y por el otro, los obtenidos con el análisis inferencial. Estos resultados se centran en los bloques tres, cuatro y cinco (CN, MJ y AC).
4.1. ANÁLISIS DESCRIPTIVO
4.1.1. CONOCIMIENTOS SOBRE CONCEPTOS Y DISPOSITIVOS TIC (CN)
En la tabla 2 se recogen los estadísticos descriptivos básicos de la autoevaluación que realizan los estudiantes sobre su conocimiento de conceptos y dispositivos TIC.
MARCOS CABEZAS-GONZÁLEZ, SONIA CASILLAS-MARTÍN, MANUELA SANCHES Y FERNANDO LUÍS TEIXEIRA ¿CONDICIONAN EL GÉNERO Y LA EDAD EL NIVEL DE COMPETENCIA DIGITAL? UN ESTUDIO CON…
Tabla 2. Estadísticos descriptivos sobre conocimientos TIC
Fuente: elaboración propia.
Los estudiantes no conocen la mayoría de conceptos relacionados con la tecnología (CN_01). Se autoevalúan con sobresaliente cuando se les pregunta por el concepto de wikipedia (9,49), con notable en el concepto sobre qué son las TIC (8,82), en qué es e-learnig (7,69) y en el concepto de almacenamiento en la nube (7,42). En menor medida, con puntuaciones cercanas al aprobado, valoran su conocimiento de conceptos como la blogosfera, realidad virtual y b-learning. En el resto de términos se otorgan una puntuación de suspenso.
Cuando se les pregunta por el conocimiento de dispositivos (CN_02), las valoraciones son muy superiores. Se autoevalúan con una puntuación muy alta (notable-sobresaliente) su conocimiento sobre lo que es un Smartphone, un eBook, un GPS, una Tablet y una Pizarra Digital Interactiva (PDI), pero reconocen no saber lo que es un wearable.
4.1.2. MANEJO DE DISPOSITIVOS, HERRAMIENTAS Y SERVICIOS TIC (MJ)
Respecto al manejo de dispositivos (MJ_01), se evalúan con puntuaciones altas (tabla 3) entre notable-sobresaliente, y consideran que disponen de una mayor capacidad para el manejo de ordenadores y Tablet, y una menor competencia para el manejo de lector de eBook. Se suspenden, con una puntuación muy baja, en el manejo de wearables.
Tabla 3. Estadísticos descriptivos sobre manejo de dispositivos TIC
| MANEJO (MJ) | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dispositivos (MJ_01) | SD | Mínimo | Máximo |
Fuente: elaboración propia.
Si tenemos en cuenta las herramientas (MJ_02), las puntuaciones siguen siendo altas (tabla 4). Consideran que tienen capacidades para el manejo de las herramientas TIC planteadas, sobre todo para usar redes sociales, herramientas de comunicación (WhatsApp, correo electrónico, videoconferencia, chat, foros, etc.) y herramientas de edición de texto. Sus peores valoraciones se refieren al manejo de aquellas que sirven para la edición de imagen y sonido. Si nos detenemos en las desviaciones típicas, comprobamos que en la mayoría de los aspectos son elevadas, lo que nos indica que no hay acuerdo en las respuestas otorgadas.
MARCOS CABEZAS-GONZÁLEZ, SONIA CASILLAS-MARTÍN, MANUELA SANCHES Y FERNANDO LUÍS TEIXEIRA ¿CONDICIONAN EL GÉNERO Y LA EDAD EL NIVEL DE COMPETENCIA DIGITAL? UN ESTUDIO CON…
Tabla 4. Estadísticos descriptivos sobre manejo de herramientas TIC
| MANEJO (MJ) | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Herramientas (MJ_02) | SD | Mínimo | Máximo |
Fuente: elaboración propia.
Es en la autoevaluación del uso de servicios (MJ_03) en donde las valoraciones son muy dispersas (tabla 5), existiendo mucha diferencia entre unos alumnos y otros. Sorprende, por su escasa utilización, la valoración que otorgan respecto al manejo de la app de mensajería instantánea denominada Wasap. Reconocen utilizar bastante la red social de FaceBook, pero no la de Twitter. Valoran, con una nota próxima al notable, su manejo de Internet para publicar y compartir fotos y videos; en menor medida, para compartir y publicar presentaciones. Se suspenden a la hora de compartir y publicar archivos de audio, y en consultar y publicar en wikis. Reconocen no tener blog, ni sitio web propio, ni tampoco manejan el almacenamiento en la nube.
MARCOS CABEZAS-GONZÁLEZ, SONIA CASILLAS-MARTÍN, MANUELA SANCHES Y FERNANDO LUÍS TEIXEIRA ¿CONDICIONAN EL GÉNERO Y LA EDAD EL NIVEL DE COMPETENCIA DIGITAL? UN ESTUDIO CON…
Tabla 5. Estadísticos descriptivos sobre manejo de servicios TIC
| MANEJO (MJ) | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Servicios (MJ_03) | SD | Mínimo | Máximo |
Fuente: elaboración propia.
4.1.3. ACTITUD HACIA LAS TIC
Es muy positiva en todas sus dimensiones (tabla 6). Si tenemos en cuenta las medias obtenidas en cada uno de los ítems relativos a esta variable, consideran que las TIC son necesarias y útiles para su futuro profesional (8,43) y que les ayudarán a economizar esfuerzo, tanto en su trabajo académico en la Universidad como en el profesional (8,07 y 7,87). Del mismo modo, piensan que el uso de las mismas puede ayudarles en su desarrollo profesional, además de ser un medio útil para seguir formándose (8,48 y 8,09). En menor medida, manifiestan que las TIC son un medio frío y distante (5,75).
Tabla 6. Estadísticos descriptivos sobre Actitud hacia las TIC
| ACTITUD TIC (AC) | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | SD | Mínimo | Máximo |
Fuente: elaboración propia.
4.2. ANÁLISIS INFERENCIAL
A continuación, se exponen los resultados comparando las medias en función de las variables género y edad, presentando las diferencias significativas encontradas a partir del análisis inferencial realizado.
4.2.1. VARIABLE DIFERENCIADORA GÉNERO
Los hombres se autoevalúan por encima de las mujeres en el bloque de conocimiento (CN) (gráfico 1), valorando mejor su saber en conceptos y dispositivos TIC, frente a las mujeres, cuyo conocimiento no llega a una puntuación de cinco.
Fuente: elaboración propia
Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca / CC BY – NC ND Fonseca, Journal of Communication, n. 15, 2017, pp. 109-125
Respecto al manejo (MJ), vuelven a ser los hombres los que se perciben mejor en este bloque (gráfico 2), tanto en la utilización de dispositivos, como de herramientas y de servicios. Las futuras educadoras, creen manejar peor la tecnología, otorgándose una media de aprobado.
Fuente: elaboración propia.
Y también son ellos los que manifiestan una mejor actitud hacia las TIC (AC) (gráfico 3), siendo en este caso menores las diferencias.
Fuente: elaboración propia.
Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca / CC BY – NC ND Fonseca, Journal of Communication, n. 15, 2017, pp. 109-125
Por lo tanto, podemos verificar la existencia de diferencias en función del género, pudiéndose considerar, una vez aplicada la prueba U Mann-Whitney, solamente como significativas las referentes al bloque de CN (p=.016) y al de MJ (p=.047) (tabla 7).
Tabla 7. Prueba U Mann-Witney en función del género
| Dimensiones | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Género | | | | | |
| | | | U | Z | p. | | Hombre | Mujer |
| | | | | | | SD SD | | |
| | CN | 129,500 -2,418 ,016 6,44 2,29 4,78 1,76 | | | | | | |
| | MJ | 153,000 -1,986 ,047 6,45 1,70 5,40 1,40 | | | | | | |
| | AC | 205,000 -1,031 ,303 8,27 1,13 5,54 1,42 | | | | | | |
Fuente: elaboración propia
4.2.2. VARIABLE DIFERENCIADORA EDAD
En el primer bloque (CN_01) relacionado con los conocimientos sobre conceptos TIC, las puntuaciones son mejores en los estudiantes de más de 25 años, quienes son los de más edad de la muestra estudiada (gráfico 4).
Fuente: elaboración propia.
En cuanto al manejo de dispositivos (MJ_01), herramientas (MJ_02) y servicios (MJ_03) son igualmente los alumnos más mayores los que se autoevalúan ligeramente más alto que el resto de los subgrupos analizados (gráfico 5).
Fuente: elaboración propia.
Respecto a la actitud (AC), son los más mayores (+ 25 años), seguidos de los más jóvenes (17-20 años), los más positivos. Y los de 21-24 años son los que tienen una menor actitud hacia las TIC (gráfico 6).
Fuente: elaboración propia.
Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca / CC BY – NC ND Fonseca, Journal of Communication, n. 15, 2017, pp. 109-125
Al realizar la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, comprobamos que solo se pueden catalogar como significativas (< ,05) las diferencias existentes en la dimensión AC, no pudiéndose identificar como tales ni las de CN ni las de MJ (gráfico 8).
Tabla 8. Prueba Kruskal-Wallis en función de la edad
| Dimensiones | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Edad | | | | | |
| | | Chi- cuadrado | Chi- | gl | p. | 17-20 años | 21-24 años | Más de 25 años |
| | | | cuadrado | | | | | |
| | CN | | | | | | | |
| | MJ | | | | | | | |
| | AC | | | | | | | |
Fuente: elaboración propia.
5. CONCLUSIONES Y DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS
En este trabajo se ha identificado el nivel de competencia digital autoevaluado por futuros profesionales de la educación, centrándose en las dimensiones de conocimiento, manejo y actitud hacia las TIC y en las variables de género y edad.
Las personas que han formado parte de la muestra pueden caracterizarse como «usuarios multidispositivo», ya que la mayoría de los sujetos poseen ordenadores, Smartphone, cámara de fotos digital, Tablet y GPS.
Si tenemos en cuenta las dimensiones objeto de estudio, los futuros profesionales de la educación se suspenden en el conocimiento de términos relacionados con las TIC y su conocimiento de dispositivos tecnológicos es alto. Su valoración sobre el manejo de dispositivos es notable y reconocen su mayor competencia para la utilización de ordenadores y Tablets y su menor capacidad para el empleo de aparatos lectores de libros digitales o e-Book. Solo se suspenden en el manejo de wearables. Su autoevaluación sobre la utilización de herramientas es alta, considerándose capacitados, sobre todo, para el uso de redes sociales, herramientas de comunicación (como WhatsApp) y herramientas de edición de textos. Sus peores valoraciones se sitúan en el manejo de herramientas para la edición de imagen y sonido. Si tenemos en cuenta el uso de servicios, las autoevaluaciones son muy dispersas; en general utilizan Internet para publicar y compartir fotos y vídeos, y no tienen ni blog, ni sitio web, ni emplean el almacenamiento en la nube. Su actitud hacia las TIC es muy positiva, considerando la tecnología como necesaria y útil para su futuro profesional, además de ayudarles a economizar esfuerzo tanto en el trabajo académico como en el profesional. Respecto a esta última dimensión, otorgan su peor valoración a la afirmación: «las TIC son un medio frío y distante». Resultados similares podemos encontrar en otras investigaciones sobre el tema (Ausín y Delgado, 2015; Centeno y Cubo, 2013; Hernández, López y Sánchez, 2014).
Si tenemos en cuenta la influencia de las variables de género y de edad en las tres dimensiones, sí se encuentran diferencias significativas.
La influencia de la variable de género en la adquisición de la competencia digital ha sido objeto de estudio de distintas investigaciones. En unas se señalan la existencia de diferencias significativas (Francis y Katz, 1996; Cabero, Llorente y Puentes, 2008); en otras, no (Centeno y Cubo, 2013; Roblizo y Cózar, 2015; Torres y Arras, 2011). En el imaginario colectivo subyace la idea de que son los hombres los que se autoperciben con un mejor nivel de competencia digital; sin embargo, estudios recientes concluyen lo contrario al indicar diferencias a favor de las mujeres (Arras, Torres y García-Valcárcel, 2011; Cózar y Roblizo, 2014; Marín y Cabero, 2010). Con nuestra investigación hemos verificado que los hombres se valoran por encima de las mujeres en conocimientos, manejo y actitud, siendo solo significativas las diferencias en las dos primeras dimensiones.
Del mismo modo, ha sido objeto de estudio la variable de edad. En algunas ocasiones, con resultados que indican diferencias a favor de los más jóvenes (García, Ramírez y Rodríguez, 2014; Martos, Pérez y Bernal, 2016), e incluso señalan el aumento de problemas de uso de las TIC con la edad (De Oleo y Rodríguez, 2010). En otros casos, no se muestran estas diferencias (Romero y Minelli, 2011). En nuestro estudio, sí se han encontrado diferencias significativas, solo en la dimensión de actitud, a favor de los más mayores de la muestra (más de 25 años), seguidos de los más jóvenes (17-20 años). También se han encontrado diferencias en el conocimiento y el manejo (a favor de los más mayores), no pudiendo ser consideradas como significativas.
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Cabero, J., Llorente, M. C. y Puentes, A. (2008). Alfabetización Digital: Un estudio en la Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra. Sevilla: Fortic.
Cabezas, M., Casillas, S. y Pinto, A. M. (2014). Percepción de los alumnos de Educación Primaria de la universidad de Salamanca sobre su competencia digital. EDUTEC. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa, 48, 1-14. Recuperado de http://www.edutec.es/revista/index.php/edutece/article/view/156
Castells, M. (1997). La era de la información: economía, sociedad y cultura. La sociedad red. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Castells, M. (2006). La Sociedad Red: Una visión global. Madrid: Alianza.
Centeno, G. y Cubo, S. (2013). Evaluación de la competencia digital y las actitudes hacia las TIC del alumnado universitario. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 31(2), 517-536. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/rie.31.2.169271
Cózar, R. y Roblizo, M.J. (2014). La competencia digital en la formación de los futuros maestros: percepciones de los alumnos de los Grados de Maestro de la Facultad de Educación de Albacete. RELATEC, Revista Latinoamericana de Tecnología Educativa, 13(2), 119-133. Recuperado de http://relatec.unex.es/article/view/1397
De Oleo, C. y Rodríguez, L. (2010). La usabilidad y la edad. Sociedad y Utopía, Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 36, 235-246.
Dumont, H., Istance, D. y Benavides, F. (2010). The nature of Learning. Using Research to inspire practice. OECD Publications.
Edelhard, C. (2015). Educating Teachers for the New Millennium? Teacher training, ICT and digital competence. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 10, 138-154.
Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N. y Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8a ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill.
Fernández, J. M., Román, P. y El Homrani, M. (2017). TIC y discapacidad. Conocimiento del profesorado de educación primaria en Andalucía. Aula Abierta, 46, 65-72. doi: https://doi.org/10.17811/rifie.46.2017
Fernández, J. M. y Torres, J. A. (2015). Actitudes docentes y buenas prácticas con TIC del profesorado de Educación Permanente de Adultos en Andalucía. Revista Complutense de Educación, 26, 33-49. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_RCED.2015.v26.43812
Ferrari, A. (2012). Digital Competence in Practice: An Analysis of Frameworks. Luxembourg: Pulications Office of the European Union.
Francis, L. y Katz, Y. (1996). The gender stereotyping of computer use among female undergraduate students in Israel and the relationship with computer-related attitudes. Journal of Educational Media, 22(2), 79-86.
García, R., Ramírez, A. y Rodríguez, M. M. (2014). Educación en alfabetización mediática para una nueva ciudadanía prosumidora. Comunicar, 22(43), 15-23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/C432014-01
González, M. P., Galvis, E. A. y Sánchez, J. M. (2015). Identificación de factores que afectan el desarrollo de la inclusión digital. Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte, 44, 175-191. Recuperado de http://revistavirtual.ucn.edu.co/index.php/RevistaUCN/article/view/623/1158
Gillen, J. (2014). Digital literacies. New York & London: Routledge.
Gisbert, M., Espuny, C. y González, J. (2011). Cómo trabajar la competencia digital con estudiantes universitarios. En R. Roig y C. Lavene (eds.), La práctica educativa en la sociedad de la información (pp. 57-174). Alicante: Marfil.
Hernández, M. A., López, P. y Sánchez, S. (2014). La comunicación en la familia a través de las TIC. Percepción de los adolescentes. Pulso, 37, 35-58.
Kampylis, P., Punie Y. y Devine, J. (2015). Promoción de un aprendizaje eficaz en la era digital. Un marco Europeo para Organizaciones Educativas digitalmente competentes. Unión Europea. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2791/54070
Kerlinger, F. y Lee, H. (2002). Investigación del Comportamiento. Métodos de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales México: McGrawHill.
.
Maderick, J. A., Shaoan, Z., Hartley, K. y Marchand, G. (2015). Preservice Teachers and SelfAssessing Digital Competence. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 0(0), 1-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633115620432
Marín, V. y Cabero, J. (2010). Del conocimiento del estudiante universitario sobre las herramientas 2.0. Anales de la Universidad Metropolitana, 10(2), 51-74.
Martos, E., Pérez, P. y Bernal, J. (2016). Relación entre la edad del profesorado de música andaluz y el desarrollo de la Escuela TIC 2.0. Revista Complutense de Educación, 27(2), 757-777. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_RCED.2016.v27.n2.48264
Mork, F. y Krumsvik, R. J. (2016). Prepared to teach ESL with ICT? A study of digital competence in Norwegian teacher education. Computers & Education, 97, 1-20. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.02.014
Nasah, A., DaCosta, B., Kinsell, C. y Seok, S. (2010). The digital literacy debate: An investigation of digital propensity and information and communication technology. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(5), 531-555.
Rambousek, V., Stìpek, J. y Vanková, P. (2016). Contents of digital literacy from the perspective of teachers and pupils. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 354-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.101
Roblizo, M. J. y Cózar, R. (2015). Usos y competencias en TIC en los futuros maestros de Educación Infantil y Primaria: Hacia una alfabetización tecnológica real para docentes. Pixel-Bit, Revista de Medios y Educación, 47, 23-39. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/pixelbit.2015.i47.02
Roldán, L. A. y Zabaleta, V. (2016). Lectura y escritura. Autopercepción del desempeño en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación e Avalição Psicológica, RIDEP, 2(42), 27-38. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP42_27
Romero, M. y Minelli, J. (2011). La generación net se tambalea: percepción del dominio de las TIC de estudiantes de magisterio. Teoría de la Educación, Educación y Cultura en la Sociedad de la Información, 12(3), 280-298.
Ricoy, M. C., Feliz, T. y Sevillano, M. L. (2010). Competencias para la utilización de las herramientas digitales en la sociedad de la información. Educación XXI, 13(1), 199-219.
Torres, C. A. y Arras, A. M. (2011). Percepción de estudiantes de educación superior sobre sus competencias en las TIC en la universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua y Veracruzana. Apertura, revista de innovación educativa, 3(2). Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/688/68822737009.pdf
Unión Europea (2007). Competencias clave para el aprendizaje permanente. Un marco de referencia europeo. Luxemburgo: Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de las Comunidades Europeas. Recuperado de http://www.mecd.gob.es/dctm/ministerio/educacion/mecu/movilidadeuropa/competenciasclave.pdf?documentId=0901e72b80685fb1
Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca / CC BY – NC ND Fonseca, Journal of Communication, n. 15, 2017, pp. 109-125
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Fördjupning av färnan mellan slitstrännan och huvudfärna
+18.42 (19-11-18)
SLITSTRÄNNAN
FISKVÄG VID ROSTA
UPPSALA KOMMUN
PLANRITNING
SKALA A3 1:500
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Die DGS
Als Mitglied der DGS sind Sie Teil eines starken Netzwerkes mit rund 3.600 Fachleuten, Wissenschaftlern, Firmen und engagierten Personen. Der grundlegende Vorteil einer DGS-Mitgliedschaft ist u.a.:
¾
¾ Zugang zu bundesweiten Netzwerken und Experten der Solarbranche und somit auch Mitsprache bei der Energiewende
Mitgliedschaft in einem renommierten Solarverband
Als Solarverband engagieren wir uns in vielen Bereichen. Wir setzen uns sowohl für kleinere, bürgernahe Lösungen als auch für einen Mix aus dezentralen und zentralen Lösungen ein, in denen neben der Solartechnik die KWK und die Wärmepumpe ihren Platz finden. Um noch stärker für die Erneuerbaren Energien kämpfen zu können und gemeinsame Ziele zu erreichen, kooperieren wir auch mit Interessenvertretern und Industrie- und Branchenverbänden. Schnittmengen sind vorhanden.
An dieser Stelle möchten wir an die Aussage von Hermann Scheer erinnern, dass der Wechsel zu Erneuerbaren Energien eine zivilisatiosgeschichtliche Bedeutung hat. Als eines der Motive einer gesellschaftlichen Bewegung zum Ausbau der regenerativen Energiequellen nannte er „Selbstbestimmung und Demokratisierung der Lebensverhältnisse". Als DGS-Mitglied sind Sie Teil der Mission „100 % Erneuerbare Energien bis 2030"!
Service für DGS-Mitglieder
Sie erhalten Unterstützung bei der Bewertung folgender Aspekte:
Angebotscheck (Solarwärme und Solarstrom)
¾ Passt das Angebot zu Ihrem Wunsch?
¾ Liegt der Angebotspreis im marktüblichen Rahmen?
¾ Ist das Angebot vollständig?
¾ Wie ist das Angebot insgesamt zu bewerten?
Die Kosten liegen für DGS-Mitglieder bei 50 Euro, Nichtmitglieder erhalten ihn für 75 Euro. Für Mitglieder von verbündeten Verbänden gilt eine Ermäßigung von 20%.
[] www.dgs.de/service/angebotscheck
DGS-Gutachter
Ordentliche Mitglieder erhalten Ermäßigungen, vor allem einen um 20 % reduzierten Stundensatz.
Wir untersuchen Ihre Solaranlage, finden Fehler und Baumängel sowie bieten Unterstützung bei der Problemlösung. Auch im Vorfeld eines Rechtsstreits oder im Zuge einer Investitionsentscheidung helfen wir bei der Bewertung und bieten auch Unterstützung bei Anlagenabnahmen, einer Fehlersuche wie auch Stellungnahmen zu einem unklaren Sachverhalt.
[] www.dgs.de/service/dgs-gutachter
Rechtsberatung
¾ Anfrage und allgemeine Rechtsinformationen
Zu Sonderkonditionen erhalten Sie bei spezialisierten Rechtsanwälten Rechtsberatung zum günstigen Stundensatz und kalkulierbare Beratungs-Pakete zum Festpreis. Die Kanzlei bietet für DGS-Mitglieder folgende Leistungen zu Sonderkonditionen an:
¾ Rechtsberatung
¾ Versicherte Treuhand-Abwicklung Solarkauf
¾ Vertragscheck
¾ Gewährleistungscheck
[] www.dgs.de/service/rechtsberatung
Kennlinienmessgeräte
[]
Für DGS-Mitglieder gibt es einen Rabatt von 15%
www.dgs.de/service/kennlinienmessung
Das Serviceangebot der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie wächst stetig, hier ein kleiner Einblick in unser Angebot an Sie:
Für DGS-Mitglieder gibt es Sonderkonditionen von 15%.
Solarreinigung
[] www.dgs.de/service/solarreinigung
¾ Bezug der SONNENENERGIE, Deutschlands älteste Fachzeitschrift für Erneuerbarer Energien, Energieeffizienz und Energiewende
¾ Für Schulungen der bundesweiten SolarSchulen der DGS gelten ermäßigte Teilnahmegebühren.
¾ Sie erhalten vergünstigte Konditionen bei vielen DGS-Tagungen, Kongressen und Seminaren sowie bei zahlreichen Veranstaltungen mit DGS-Medienpartnerschaften.
¾ Unsere bekannten Publikationen wie den Leitfäden Solarthermische Anlagen, Photovoltaische Anlagen oder auch das Fachbuch „Modern heizen mit Solarthermie" gibt es günstiger.
Anmerkung: DGS-Mitglieder können diese Rabatte persönlich nutzen, Firmenmitglieder erhalten alle Vergünstigungen für die Weiterbildung auch für ihre Mitarbeiter.
DGS SolarRebell
Mit Hilfe dieser kostengünstigen Kleinst-PV-Anlage kann jeder seine kleine Energiewende selbst starten. Mit einem großzügigen Rabatt für ihre Mitglieder wird eine 250 Watt-Anlage angeboten, die gute 200 kWh Solarstrom im Jahr erzeugt und diesen direkt in das Hausnetz einspeist. Vor allem DGS-Mitglieder – und solche, die es werden wollen – können davon profitieren. Die Kleinst-PV-Anlage zur direkten Einspeisung in das Hausnetz gibt es für DGS-Mitglieder zu einem Sonderpreis.
pv@now
Immer wenn die Sonne auf das Modul scheint und Solarstrom produziert wird, kann dieser direkt von den eingeschalteten Elektrogeräten im Haushalt genutzt werden: Egal ob Wasserkocher, Kühlschrank oder Laptop, der Solarstrom führt dann zu vermindertem Netzbezug. Optimal ausgerichtet kann sich die eigene Stromrechnung damit jährlich reduzieren, bei steigenden Stromkosten erhöht sich die Einsparung. Auf diese Art und Weise kann sich zumindest zu einem Teil von zukünftigen Strompreisentwicklungen unabhängig gemacht werden.
So einfach geht's
Broschüre, Datenblatt und Infos [] www.dgs.de/service/solarrebell
Starten Sie jetzt Ihre persönliche Energiewende und nehmen Kontakt mit der DGS auf: firstname.lastname@example.org. Es gibt keinen Grund mehr, damit zu warten!
pv@now liefert Entscheidungshilfen für die Auswahl des passenden Betreiberkonzepts. Die Wirtschaftlichkeit wird aus Sicht aller beteiligten Akteure separat bewertet. Also z. B. Investor, Dacheigentümer, PV-Anlagen-Mieter, …
Die umfassende internetbasierte Anwendung zur Berechnung und Bewertung der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in allen denkbaren Betreiberkonzepten, erhalten DGS-Mitglieder zu ermäßigten Konditionen.
[] www.dgs-franken.de/service/pv-now/
PV Mieten
tiger. Alle wesentlichen Regelungen und Bezüge zum aktuellen
Sie erhalten die DGS-Vertragsmuster „PV-Strom", „PV-Strom-Mix", „PV-Strom im Haus", „PV-Strom und Wärme", „PV-Mieterstrom", PV-Miete", „PV-Teilmiete", „PV-Wohnraummiete" und „PV-Selbstversorgung (WEG)" güns-
EEG sind in den Mustern enthalten.
Die Kanzlei NÜMANN+SIEBERT hat jeden Vertrag ausführlich kommentiert und mit einer Erörterung wichtiger Details versehen. Mit den DGS-Betreiberkonzepten ergeben sich oft Kosteneinsparungen für Stromverbraucher, wirtschaftliche Eigenkapitalrendite für Anlageneigentümer und weitere Aufträge für PV-Installateure. [] www.dgs-franken.de/service/pv-mieten-plus
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Persönliches Exemplar: Weitergabe nicht gestattet, Inhalte unterliegen dem Schutz des deutschen Urheberrechts; © Copyright DGS e.V.
Bund der Energieverbraucher
Nicht nur die guten Erfahrungen im Bereich der DGS SolarSchulen, auch die gemeinsame Zielgruppe „Verbraucher" waren Grund genug, eine Kooperation mit dem Bund der Energieverbraucher zu vereinbaren. Für beide Verbände ergeben sich nun durchaus interessante Synergiemöglichkeiten. Unter anderem erhalten DGS-Mitglieder die Energiedepesche zu einem reduzierten Abopreis.
Sonnenhaus-Institut
Das Sonnenhaus-Institut e.V. und die DGS verstärken durch ihre Kooperation die Information und das Wissen über weitgehend solar beheizte Effizienzgebäude. Die Kooperationspartner setzen sich für den Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien, insbesondere der Solarenergie, und die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz im Gebäudebereich ein.
Online-Stellenbörse eejobs
[] www.dgs.de/service/eejobs
Seit August 2013 kooperieren wir mit der Online-Stellenbörse eejobs.de. In diesem Zusammenhang erhalten alle Mitglieder der DGS einen Rabatt in Höhe von 10% auf alle Leistungen von eejobs.de. Die Stellenanzeigen erscheinen im Rahmen der Kooperation parallel zum Onlineangebot von eejobs.de auch auf unserer Website.
PV-Log
[]
Sie erhalten Ermäßigungen bei dem solaren Netzwerk PV-Log. Für DGS-Firmen gibt es im ersten Jahr 50 % Rabatt, die Ersparnis für Installateure liegt somit bei knapp 120 Euro. Beim Perioden- und Anlagenvergleich von PV-Log erhalten DGS Mitglieder den begehrten Gold-Status ein Jahr gratis (Wert: knapp 60 Euro).
www.dgs.de/service/kooperationen/pvlog
PV Rechner
[] www.dgs.de/service/kooperationen/pvrechner
Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. (DGS) bietet Ihnen seit dem Jahr 2012 in Kooperation mit der DAA (Deutsche Auftragsagentur) eine zusätzliche Vertriebsunterstützung an. Die DAA betreibt Internet-Fachportale, über die Endverbraucher nach Fachbetrieben für ihr PV-Projekt suchen. Die Größe der über diese Portale gestellten Anfragen variiert dabei vom Einfamilienhaus bis hin zu Großanlagen. Innerhalb der Kooperation erhalten alle DGS-Mitgliedsfirmen Rabatte für die Vermittlung von Kundenanfragen zu PV Projekten.
Besucher unserer Website wissen, dass Firmenmitglieder der DGS sich durch eine hohe fachliche Qualifikation und ein überdurchschnittliches gesellschaftliches Engagement für die Solartechnik und alle Erneuerbaren Energien ausweisen.
Die Vorteile für Firmenmitglieder:
¾ Sie erhalten Rabatt bei der Schaltung von Anzeigen in der SONNENENERGIE
¾ Sie erhalten die gedruckte SONNENENERGIE zu deutlich vergünstigtem Bezug, auch in einer höheren Auflage
¾ Sie können im Mitgliederverzeichnis eine kleine Anzeige schalten
¾ Sie erhalten Ermäßigungen beim Werben mittels Banner auf unseren Internetseiten
¾ Alle Mitarbeiter eines Unternehmens können einen Zugang zur digitalen SONNENENERGIE nutzen
¾ Sie können Ihre Werbung in unseren Newsletter einbinden
Die DGS ist gemeinnützig. Deshalb sind alle Mitgliedsbeiträge und Spenden steuerlich absetzbar. Dies gilt natürlich auch für den Firmenmitgliedsbeitrag.
ISES ist der internationale Dachverband der DGS. Für DGS-Mitglieder besteht die Möglichkeit einer günstigeren Mitgliedschaft. Sie erhalten als ISES-Mitglied zusätzlich u.a. die englischsprachige „Renewable Energy Focus".
ISES-Mitglied werden: www.ises.org/how-to-join/join-ises-here
Die Mitgliedschaft in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie kostet wenig. BdE-Mitglieder, Rentner, Studierende, Schüler, Menschen mit Behinderung, Arbeitslose zahlen für eine ermäßigte Mitgliedschaft 35 €.
Haben wir Sie überzeugt?
Auf dem schnellsten Weg Mitglied werden können Sie, indem Sie das online-Formular ausfüllen (dgs.de/mitglieder/beitritt/). Ebenso ist es möglich, das Formular unten auszufüllen und per Fax oder auf dem Postweg an uns zu senden.
Unsere aktuelle Satzung finden Sie online unter dem gleichen Link, im Abschnitt „Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen/ Satzung".
Kontaktdaten für DGS-Mitgliedschaft
Titel:
Geb.-Datum:
Name:
Vorname:
Firma:
Straße:
Land:
PLZ:
Ort:
Tel.:
Web:
E-Mail:
Einzugsermächtigung
IBAN:
BIC:
Datum, Unterschrift
Ja
Nein
Nr.:
Art der Mitgliedschaft:
ordentliche Mitgliedschaft (Personen)
75 €/Jahr
ermäßigte Mitgliedschaft (Personen)
35 €/Jahr*
außerordentliche Mitgliedschaft (Firmen)
265 €/Jahr
Ja, ich möchte Mitglied der DGS werden und im Rahmen der Vereinsmitgliedschaft künftig alle Ausgaben der SONNENENERGIE erhalten (Mehrfachnennung möglich), und zwar:
als Printausgabe per Post
als PDF-Datei per E-Mail
in der Digitalausgabe (www.sonnenenergie.de/digital)
als PDF-Datei in der Dropbox
Zusätzlich zu meinem Mitgliedsbeitrag möchte ich der DGS einen energiepolitischen Beitrag spenden, und zwar einmalig ............... € bis auf Weiteres regelmäßig ............... €/Jahr.
* Eine ermäßigte Mitgliedschaft ist möglich, Nachweis bitte beifügen.
EUREF-Campus 16, 10829 Berlin
57
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März-Mai oder per E-Mail an email@example.com
Persönliches Exemplar: Weitergabe nicht gestattet, Inhalte unterliegen dem Schutz des deutschen Urheberrechts; © Copyright DGS e.V.
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නිවේදන අංකය : 06
WW/L/23/02/03/01
වර්ණය : සුදු
ධීවර හා නාවික ප්රජාව සඳහා කාලගුණ ත ාරතුරු නිතේදනය.
කාලගුණ විදයා වදපාර්තවම්න්ුවේ, ස්වභාවික විපත් පිළිබඳ පූර්ව අනුරු ඇඟවීවම් මධ්යස්ථානය විසින් පෙබරවාරි මස 03 දින පෙ.ව 09.00 ට නිකුත් කරන ලදී.
ශ්රී ලංකාව අවට මුහුදු ප්රතේශ සඳහො.
සැලකිලිමත් වන්න!
දිවයින හරහා ගමන් කරමින් පැවති පීඩන අවපා ය ඊතේ දින (02) රාත්රිතේ අඩු පීඩන කලාපයක් බවට පත් වී දිවයිතනන් ඉව ට ගමන් කරන ලදී. එබැවින් අද උදෑසන සිට දිවයින වටා මුහුදු ප්රතේශවල කාලගුණයට එහි බලපෑම ක්රමතයන් අඩුවනු ඇ ැයි අතේක්ෂා තකතේ.
තකතසේතව ත්, තකාළඹ සිට ගාල්ල හරහො මා ර දක්වා කවරළට ඔබ්කබන් වන ගැඹුරු සහ කනොගැඹුරු ප්රකේශවල ධීවර සහ නාවික කටයුතු වල තයදීතේදී අවධානතයන් කටයුතු කරන තලස ඉල්ලා සිටිනු ලැතේ.
***තමය තේ සේබන්ධතයන් වන අවසන් නිතේදනයයි.
)
වර්ණය: -රතු
අනතුරු ඇඟවීම(පියවර ගන්න
)
වර්ණය: -ඇම්බර්
අවවොදොත්ම (සූදානම් වන්න
වර්ණය: -ක ොළ
(බලපෑමක් නැත)
Bulletin No: 06
WW/O/23/02/03/01
COLOR:
White
Information Bulletin for Fishing and Naval community.
Issued by the Natural Hazards Early Warning Centre Issued at 09.00 a.m. 03 February 2023.
For Sea areas around the Island
PLEASE BE AWARE!
The depression over island has moved away from the country yesterday (02) night as a lowpressure area. As this system moves away from the island, it is expected that its impact on the weather over sea areas around the Island will lessen from this morning.
However, Naval and fishing communities are requested to be vigilant while engaging in fishing and naval activities in the sea areas off the coast extending from Colombo to Matara via Galle.
***This the last bulletin for in this regard.
Waning (Take action)
Advisory (Be prepared)
Threat is over
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Mollet del Vallès guanya l''European Green Leaf 2015' . FELICITATS
Publicat a La Xarxa en xarxa (http://xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat)
Mollet del Vallès guanya l''European Green Leaf 2015' . FELICITATS
Publicat per Enric Coll Gelabert [1] el 22/06/2015 - 13:35
Mollet del Vallès ha guanyat el reconeixement "European Green Leaf 2015 [2]" (Full Verda Europea 2015) en el primer any de la nova competició europea que reconeix el compromís d'una ciutat per un millors resultats ambientals. Es tenen en compte particularment els esforços que generen un creixement verd i nous llocs de treball.
El títol va ser presentat per Karmenu Vella, comissari europeu de Medi Ambient, Afers Marítims i Pesca, en una cerimònia celebrada a Bristol, l'actual Capital Verda Europea. Mollet del Vallès va ser identificat pel seu Pla de mobilitat urbana, mesures del Pla d'acció de la qualitat de l'aire i la gestió de l'aigua de la zona, i pels seus esforços en la gestió de residus i l'economia verda.
En paraules del Comissionat: "Tenint en compte l'alt nivell dels nostres candidats i de les ciutats preseleccionades, és un crèdit als esforços de Mollet del Vallès que és un dels primers a guanyar una Full Verda Europea. Són la prova que una bona mobilitat urbana no és només per les grans ciutats. Espero que aquestes ciutats inaugurals de la Fulla Verda Europea actuaran com a models a seguir i inspirar a molts altres per perseguir una millor cura del medi ambient en el futur".
"European Green Leaf 2015" (Full Verda Europea 2015) és una iniciativa de la Comissió Europea, que es dirigeix a les ciutats amb una població entre 50.000 i 100.000 habitants. Cada any, un EGL s'atorgarà fins a un màxim de tres ciutats que demostren un bon historial ambiental i un compromís amb el creixement verd, i que busquen activament desenvolupar la consciència ambiental dels ciutadans. Els guanyadors han de poder actuar com a «ambaixadors verds" per inspirar a altres ciutats.
El jurat va estar particularment impressionat pel Pla de mobilitat urbana Mollet Del Vallès en tant afavoreix la mobilitat de vianants, el transport públic i inclou taules rodones amb totes les parts interessades per impulsar la participació pública durant la preparació del pla. Per fomentar encara més aquest compromís i ajudar a identificar problemes associats amb determinades rutes, els usuaris van ser enquestatsc en trajectes habituals i se'ls va demanar donar la seva opinió sobre els diferents fortaleses i debilitats. L'ús d'autobusos en el municipi s'ha incrementat en un 25% en els darrers 5 anys.
El Pla d'acció de la qualitat de l'aire local de Mollet Del Vallès, que recentment ha estat adoptat amb l'objectiu de reduir la contaminació de l'aire, és igualment impressionant. Una estació de monitorització permanent ha estat en vigor des de 2007 i ha registrat una tendència a la disminució de partícules en l'aire, el que reflecteix els esforços integrats de la ciutat per augmentar els mètodes de transport sostenible i reduir la contaminació. La campanya 'Aire més net' de sensibilització duta a terme al llarg de 2013 va posar en relleu aquests esforços.
A més de Mollet des Vallès, Torres Vedras a Portugal també va ser guardonat amb un Full Verda Europea per al 2015.
Antecedents
Europa és ara una societat essencialment urbana, amb més de dos terços dels ciutadans europeus que viuen en pobles i ciutats. Molts desafiaments ambientals que enfronta la nostra societat s'originen a les zones urbanes, però són aquestes mateixes àrees urbanes les que catalitzen el compromís i la innovació necessària per trobar solucions.
El Setè Programa d'Acció de Medi Ambient de la UE titulat "Viure bé, dins dels límits del nostre planeta" sustenta i orienta el treball de crear un entorn sempre millor per als ciutadans europeus i proporciona la base per al desenvolupament de la política ambiental de la UE fins al 2020 . El setè Programa inclou l'objectiu específic"per millorar la sostenibilitat de les ciutats de la UE".
Es preveu que la UE promogui i amplii les iniciatives existents que donen suport a la innovació i les millors
Page 1 of 3
Mollet del Vallès guanya l''European Green Leaf 2015' . FELICITATS
Publicat a La Xarxa en xarxa (http://xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat)
pràctiques a les ciutats, el que permet un millor treball en xarxa i el foment dels líders per mostrar com estan progressant cap al desenvolupament urbà sostenible.
Llançat l'any 2008, el Premi Capital Verd Europea (EGCA) ha aconseguit renom. Després del seu èxit, moltes ciutats més petites també busquen el reconeixement de la UE pels seus esforços i el compromís en les àrees de sostenibilitat i medi ambient. En resposta, la Comissió Europea va posar en marxa la nova iniciativa "European Green Leaf 2015" (Full Verda Europea 2015).
El jurat està integrat per representants de la Comissió Europea, el Parlament Europeu, el Comitè de les Regions, l'Agència Europea de Medi Ambient, ICLEI - Governs Locals per la Sostenibilitat, l'Oficina del Pacte dels Alcaldes i l'Oficina Europea de Medi Ambient.
Per a més informació:
Lloc web: http://ec.europa.eu/europeangreenleaf [2]
L'Informe d'Avaluació del Panell d'Experts Tècnics completa EGL 2015 es pot llegir en línia aquí [3]
[4]
european green leaf
Etiquetes: sostenibilitat
Etiquetes:
[5]
URL d'origen: http://xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat/videos/mollet-del-valles-guanya-european-green-leaf-2015-felicitats
Enllaços:
[2] http://http//ec.europa.eu/europeangreenleaf
[1] http://xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat/members/collge
[3] http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/press-communications/egl-publications/index.html
[5] http://xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat/node/4114
[4] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrQojL17-AQ
Page 2 of 3
Mollet del Vallès guanya l''European Green Leaf 2015' . FELICITATS
Publicat a La Xarxa en xarxa (http://xarxaenxarxa.diba.cat)
Page 3 of 3
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Resolució de 22 de juny de 2022 de la Universitat de Lleida per la qual es convoquen Ajuts complementaris per a la requalificació del sistema universitari espanyol per a 2021-2023. Modalitat Margarita Salas
I. DISPOSICIONS COMUNS
1. Objecte de la convocatòria
Aquesta convocatòria té per objecte completar la concessió d'ajuts, amb caràcter plurianual, a la Universitat de Lleida (UdL) per a la modalitat "Margarita Salas" del programa de requalificació del sistema universitari espanyol segons l'Ordre de concessió UNI/551/2021, de 26 de maig, per la qual es concedeixen les subvencions previstes al Reial decret 289/2021, de 20 d'abril. L'objecte de les ajudes és la formació de joves doctors mitjançant estades de formació en una universitat pública espanyola o bé en organismes públics de recerca espanyols, així com en universitats i centres de recerca estrangers, sempre que el darrer any de l'estada es realitzi a una universitat pública espanyola seleccionada per aquests joves doctors.
2. Procediment i comunicació
El Vicerectorat de Recerca i Transferència serà l'òrgan competent per instruir el procediment. La Comissió d'Avaluació serà l'òrgan que valorarà les propostes presentades. El Consell de Govern o òrgan en què delegui resoldrà la convocatòria.
El Vicerectorat de Recerca i Transferència, tenint en compte la proposta de concessió presentada per la Comissió d'Avaluació, la tramitarà per a la seva aprovació al Consell de Govern o òrgan en què delegui.
La convocatòria dels ajuts es publicarà a l'e-tauler (https://seuelectronica.udl.cat/etauler.php), a la pàgina web de la UdL (http://www.udl.cat/ca/recerca/convoca) i hi haurà un enllaç disponible a la pàgina web del Ministeri d'Universitats. Per la seva banda, la resolució de concessió es publicarà a l'e-tauler de la UdL, la pàgina web de la UdL i a la BDNS (Base de Dades Nacional de Subvencions).
Les comunicacions de totes les actuacions que es realitzin en el procediment de concessió dels ajuts, en la seva justificació i seguiment i en els eventuals procediments de reintegrament que es puguin iniciar, es publicaran a l'e-tauler de la Seu Electrònica de la UdL, a l'empara del que estableix l'article 45.1.b, de la Llei 39/2015.
3. Règim jurídic dels ajuts
Els ajuts objecte d'aquesta convocatòria es regiran pel que disposa aquesta i per les condicions i requisits establerts al Reial decret 289/2021, de 20 d'abril, i l'Ordre UNI/551/2021, de 20 d'abril, pel previst a la Llei 38/2003, de 17 de novembre, general de subvencions i al seu Reglament, aprovat mitjançant Reial Decret 887/2006, de 21 de juliol.
4. Característiques dels ajuts
Es convoca un ajut de 2 anys de durada condicionada al fet que la data màxima d'inici del contracte sigui 1 de gener de 2023.
Les persones candidates sol·licitaran la seva incorporació a una universitat o centre de recerca públics diferents de la UdL durant el primer any. Per al segon any de l'ajut, se sol·licitarà la incorporació en una universitat pública espanyola, incloent la UdL.
L'ajut s'articularà a través de contracte laboral regulat a l'article 22 de la Llei 14/2011, d'1 de juny, de la Ciència, la Tecnologia i la Innovació (d'ara endavant LCTI).
En el cas que la persona beneficiària hagi estat contractada prèviament sota la modalitat de l'art. 22 de la LCTI, la durada màxima del contracte que es derivi d'aquesta convocatòria, sumat a la durada acumulada de contractes previs amb aquesta modalitat, no podrà excedir dels 5 anys.
El contracte serà de dedicació a temps complet amb una durada de 2 anys.
Les persones beneficiàries percebran els salaris bruts anuals següents: 31.963 €/any per a l'estada en institucions a l'estranger i 25.570 €/any per a l'estada a Espanya.
Es disposarà també d'un pagament únic en concepte de despeses de trasllat, que inclourà una assegurança de viatge i salut per a totes les persones beneficiàries que facin la seva estada a estranger. La despesa per trasllat es calcularà d'acord amb el barem següent:
* Trasllats a menys de 250 km de distància dintre del territori espanyol: 250 €
* Trasllats a més de 250 km de distància dins del territori espanyol: 500 €
* Trasllats a un país d’Europa: 1.500 €
* Trasllats a un país de la resta del món: 2.500 €
5. Incompatibilitat de les ajuts
La percepció de l'ajut serà incompatible amb altres ajuts, ingressos o recursos destinats a la mateixa finalitat, procedents de qualssevol de les Administracions o ens públics o privats, nacionals, de la Unió Europea o d'organismes internacionals i, amb caràcter general, amb la percepció de qualsevol quantia que tingui naturalesa salarial, sempre que l'activitat desenvolupada pugui afectar el compliment de l'objecte de l'ajut o la seva finalitat investigadora o que es produeixi en el mateix horari.
6. Principis que han de respectar en els projectes en què participin les persones contractades i publicitat dels ajuts
Els projectes i altres activitats en què participin les persones contractades a l'empara d'aquesta convocatòria s'hauran d'atendre al que estableixen els principis internacionals i la normativa vigent en matèria de bioètica, experimentació animal, bioseguretat, seguretat biològica, protecció del medi ambient, patrimoni natural i biodiversitat i protecció de dades.
A les actuacions que es duguin a terme, en tot o en part, mitjançant aquestes subvencions, que impliquin difusió, ja sigui impresa o per qualsevol altre mitjà, s'haurà d'incorporar de manera visible el logotip institucional del «Ministeri d'Universitats», emblema de la Unió i declaració de finançament que indiqui «Finançat per la Unió Europea - NextGenerationEU», logotip del Pla de Recuperació, Transformació i Resiliència, i logotip de la UdL.
7. Requisits de les persones candidates
Les persones candidates hauran de reunir els requisits següents:
i. Haver obtingut el títol de doctor a la UdL. També s'admetran sol·licituds de les persones que hagin obtingut el títol de doctor/a en universitats privades espanyoles o aquelles persones de nacionalitat espanyola que ho hagin obtingut a universitats o centres de recerca estrangers si, en ambdós casos, volen fer l'estada en la seva totalitat o el darrer any a la UdL. Haver transcorregut com a màxim dos anys entre la data d'obtenció del títol de doctor i la del tancament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds.
ii. S'entendrà com a data d'obtenció del grau de doctor la data de l'acte de defensa i aprovació de la tesi doctoral.
No obstant això, s'ampliarà el termini esmentat de dos anys quan concorri alguna de les situacions següents:
a) Naixement de fill/a, o cura de fill/a en els casos d'adopció o en els supòsits de guarda amb fins d'adopció o acolliment permanent, sempre que la data de naixement o, si escau, de la resolució judicial o administrativa s'hagi produït entre la data d'obtenció del grau de doctor i la data de tancament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds. S'aplica una ampliació d'un any per cada fill/a.
b) Incapacitat temporal durant l'embaràs per causes vinculades amb aquest, suspensió del contracte per risc durant l'embaràs o per risc durant la lactància natural d'un/a menor de nou mesos. S'aplica una ampliació igual al període justificat.
c) Incapacitat temporal per causes diferents de les del punt anterior per un període de, almenys, tres mesos consecutius. S'aplica una ampliació igual al període justificat.
d) Excedències per cura de fill/a, per cura de familiar, per raó de violència de gènere i per raó de violència terrorista, per un període mínim de tres mesos. S'aplica una ampliació igual al període justificat.
e) Reducció de jornada per guarda legal, per cura directa de familiar, o per cura de menor afectat de malaltia greu, per un període mínim de tres mesos, calculat en jornades completes. S'aplica una ampliació igual al període justificat.
f) Atenció a persones en situació de dependència, d'acord amb allò que recull la Llei 39/2006, de 14 de desembre, de promoció de l'autonomia personal i atenció a les persones en situació de dependència, per un període mínim de tres mesos. S'aplica una ampliació igual al període justificat.
Aquests períodes s'han d'indicar i acreditar degudament en el moment de presentar la sol·licitud. Serà compatible l'aplicació de més d'una de les situacions previstes en aquest apartat, podent acumular diferents períodes, sempre que els períodes justificats no concorrin en idèntic període de temps. El còmput de l'ampliació a aplicar s'ha de fer arrodonint a l'alça a mesos complets el període
justificat o, si són aplicables diversos períodes, la suma dels períodes justificats. A aquests efectes, el període justificat per naixement o cura de fill/a serà d'un any per cada fill/a, a comptar de la data de naixement o de la resolució judicial o administrativa.
a) S'aplica una ampliació de dos anys addicionals per a les persones amb una discapacitat reconeguda igual o superior al trenta-tres per cent.
i. En el cas d'aquelles persones candidates que estiguin en possessió de més d'un títol de doctor, els requisits expressats anteriorment es referiran al primer dels títols obtinguts.
ii. Comptar amb un/una investigador/a de la UdL que farà tasques de supervisió i seguiment de l'activitat científica. El nom del supervisor/a de la UdL es farà constar al formulari de sol·licitud.
8. Presentació de les sol·licituds
Les sol·licituds de participació seran presentades per les persones candidates de conformitat amb el procediment que descriu aquest apartat entre l'1 de juliol de 2022 i el 29 de juliol de 2022 a les 14.00 hores (hora peninsular espanyola).
Per participar a la convocatòria s'ha d'emplenar el model normalitzat de sol·licitud que figura a la pàgina web de la UdL i enviar-lo acompanyat de la documentació referida a l'apartat 9 mitjançant instància genèrica signada electrònicament a través del Registre Electrònic de la UdL, dirigit al Vicerectorat de Recerca i Transferència.
No seran admeses aquelles sol·licituds en què no es realitzi la presentació efectiva davant Registre Electrònic de la UdL o aquesta presentació es realitzi fora del termini de sol·licitud de participació.
9. Contingut i documentació de les sol·licituds
La sol·licitud a emplenar per les persones candidates consta dels documents següents:
a) Instància de sol·licitud, que inclourà les dades identificatives de la persona candidata, incloent-hi el codi d'identificació ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) i el codi d'identificació a Web of Science (Researcher ID) o Scopus (Author ID).
b) Currículum vitae abreujat (d'ara endavant, CVA) de la persona candidata, que es podrà generar de forma automàtica des de l'aplicació «Curriculum vitae» normalitzat disponible a la pàgina web de la Fundació Espanyola per a la Ciència i la Tecnologia (FECYT). El CVA es presentarà en anglès (recomanat) o en castellà i tindrà una extensió màxima de 4 pàgines.
c) Es recomana emplenar el CVA en lletra Times New Roman, Calibri o Arial d'una mida mínima d'11 punts; marges laterals de 2,5 cm; marges superior i inferior de 1,5 cm; i espaiat mínim senzill.
d) Còpia del DNI, NIE o passaport en vigor.
e) Còpia del títol de doctor, on figuri indicació expressa de la data en què es va obtenir el títol, únicament en el cas que la persona candidata hagi obtingut el títol de doctor a una universitat privada espanyola o a una universitat estrangera. En el cas de títols de doctorat obtinguts a una universitat estrangera, s'exigirà el document de reconeixement de títol de doctor abans de l'inici de l'estada i la signatura del contracte.
f) Historial cientificotècnic del grup o grups receptors.
g) L'historial de cada grup tindrà una extensió màxima de 2 pàgines i inclourà informació referida únicament a l'activitat investigadora dels darrers cinc anys.
h) Memòria justificativa de l'activitat i l'impacte d'aquesta estada en el progrés de la carrera docent i investigadora del candidat.
i) L'extensió de la memòria justificativa serà d'un màxim de 2 pàgines. Es recomana emplenar-la en lletra Times New Roman, Calibri o Arial d'una mida mínima de 11 punts; marges laterals de 2,5 cm; marges superior i inferior de 1,5 cm; i espaiat mínim senzill.
j) Document d'acceptació de l'estada signat pel responsable del grup de recerca i el representant legal o responsable de mobilitat de la institució d'acolliment. Aquest document s'ha de presentar per a tots els centres receptors que figurin a la sol·licitud.
Els qui s'acullin als supòsits que preveu l'apartat 7.ii ho han de fer constar al formulari de sol·licitud i adjuntar els documents acreditatius corresponents.
Les persones amb discapacitat ho han de fer constar al formulari de sol·licitud i adjuntar document acreditatiu d'un grau de discapacitat igual o superior al 33%. Aquesta circumstància no es reconeix si no s'acredita adequadament.
A efectes del procés d'avaluació, només es tindrà en compte la informació continguda al CVA, a l'historial cientificotècnic dels grups receptors i a la memòria justificativa d'impacte esperat a la data de tancament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds. No serà possible l'actualització posterior de la informació continguda als documents esmentats. En cas que se sol·liciti esmena, rectificació o aclariment d'aquests documents, la informació que s'aporti haurà de referir-se, com a màxim, a la data de tancament del termini de presentació de sol·licituds, no acceptant documents que incloguin informació que no estigui continguda en el document original.
No es podrà solucionar la manca de presentació del currículum vitae, l'historial cientificotècnic del grup receptor i/o de la memòria justificativa d'impacte esperat. L'absència o la falta de contingut d'aquests documents determinarà la inadmissió de la sol·licitud d'ajuda.
La presentació de la sol·licitud comporta el consentiment per comprovar o demanar d'altres òrgans, administracions o proveïdors, per mitjans electrònics, la informació sobre circumstàncies de les persones candidates o de les sol·licituds que, d'acord amb la convocatòria i la normativa aplicable, siguin pertinents per a la instrucció del procediment.
10. Revisió de les sol·licituds
L'òrgan instructor efectuarà la revisió de les sol·licituds presentades, verificant tant el contingut i la documentació aportada com el compliment dels requisits establerts a la convocatòria la comprovació de la qual no requereixi de cap valoració científica o tècnica.
Si, com a resultat d'aquesta revisió, es detectés l'incompliment d'algun dels requisits establerts a la convocatòria o es detectessin a la sol·licitud errors esmenables, es publicaran a l'e-tauler de la UdL aquests incompliments als efectes que, les persones
sol·licitants, en el termini de 5 dies hàbils, a través del Registre Electrònic de la UdL, formulin al·legacions, esmenin la falta o aportin la documentació preceptiva, amb advertiment que, si no ho fessin, se'ls tindrà per excloses del procediment o desistides de la seva sol·licitud, d'acord amb el que preveu l'article 68 de la Llei del procediment administratiu comú de les administracions públiques.
L'òrgan instructor realitzarà d'ofici totes les actuacions que consideri necessàries per a la determinació i comprovació de les dades, incloent-hi l'acreditació documental de qualsevol dels mèrits aportats a la sol·licitud. Si de l'examen de les sol·licituds i la documentació presentada es desprengués que aquestes ometin informació essencial per al procés d'avaluació o contenen informació o dades inexactes, contradictòries, incongruents o falses, l'òrgan d'instrucció podrà excloure aquestes sol·licituds del procediment, mitjançant una resolució en la qual es farà constar aquesta circumstància, sens perjudici de les responsabilitats administratives, civils o penals a què escaigui.
11. Avaluació i selecció de les persones candidates
Les sol·licituds de les persones candidates seran objecte d'avaluació cientificotècnica per part d'una Comissió d'Avaluació, designada per la UdL.
La Comissió d'Avaluació estarà formada per cinc persones docents o investigadores de reconegut prestigi, on estaran representades les diferents àrees de coneixement. S'ajustarà al principi de composició equilibrada de tots dos sexes. A més, estarà constituïda, majoritàriament, per persones externes a la UdL. El/la secretari/ària de la comissió serà membre de la UdL.
La Comissió d'Avaluació vetllarà pel compliment del principi d'igualtat d'oportunitats entre sexes en el procés de selecció, d'acord amb allò establert a la Llei orgànica 3/2007, de 22 de març, per a la igualtat efectiva de dones i homes.
La composició de la Comissió d'Avaluació es publicarà juntament amb la llista provisional d'admesos i exclosos, per resolució de l'òrgan competent que aprova aquesta convocatòria.
Les persones que componen la Comissió, abans de l'inici de la seva activitat avaluadora, hauran de formalitzar una declaració d'absència de conflicte d'interessos. Així mateix, podran comptar amb l'assessorament de persones externes per a l'avaluació de les sol· licituds, si ho consideren oportú.
El procés de selecció comprendrà una única fase en què se seleccionaran els candidats o candidates amb l'avaluació prèvia de les sol·licituds presentades i de l'emissió dels informes corresponents.
Les sol·licituds seran qualificades amb una puntuació entre 0 i 100 punts, amb els criteris d'avaluació següents:
a) CVA del candidat o candidat, fins a 50 punts
b) Historial científicotècnic del grup o grups receptors, fins a 30 punts.
c) Memòries justificatives, fins a 20 punts.
La Comissió d'Avaluació, d'acord amb els criteris establerts, emetrà un informe motivat on es concreti el resultat de l'avaluació efectuada, i on es proposin les sol·licituds seleccionades i, si escau, de reserva, d'acord amb la disponibilitat pressupostària tenint en compte el següent:
a) Seran propostes per a finançament aquelles sol·licituds que tinguin una puntuació igual o superior a 80 punts, fins a assolir el nombre total d'ajuts finançables.
b) Si el nombre de sol·licituds que obtingui una puntuació igual o superior a 80 punts és més gran que el nombre d'ajuts finançables, la proposta de finançament es farà seguint l'ordre decreixent de puntuació obtinguda fins a assolir el nombre d'ajuts finançables.
En els casos de sol·licituds que obtinguin la mateixa puntuació, a l'efecte de resoldre l'empat, aquest es dirimirà per decisió motivada expressament per la Comissió d'Avaluació.
c) L'informe podrà incloure una relació de sol·licituds de reserva ordenada en sentit decreixent de la puntuació obtinguda a l'avaluació, entre aquelles sol·licituds amb una puntuació igual o superior a 80 punts i que no hagin estat proposades per a finançament. En cas de renúncia d'algun candidat a un ajut Margarita Salas, o en cas d'esgotar-se la llista de reserva de la modalitat María Zambrano (Resolució de concessió definitiva dels ajuts de la Universitat de Lleida per a la requalificació del sistema universitari espanyol, per al 2021 -2023 de 30 de novembre de 2021, Annex 2) l'ajut s'atorgarà a la persona que correspongui procedents de la llista de reserva d'aquesta convocatòria complementària i complint els requisits temporals de l'article 4.
La Comissió d'Avaluació formularà la proposta de resolució provisional de persones seleccionades i, si escau, de reserva. Aquesta proposta serà notificada a les persones interessades, mitjançant la seva publicació a l'e-tauler de la UdL, concedint-los un termini de 10 dies hàbils perquè puguin formular les al·legacions que estimin oportunes.
Les al·legacions presentades seran vistes per la Comissió d'Avaluació, després d'això dictarà la proposta de resolució de concessió definitiva de persones seleccionades, i si escau de reserva, que s'aprovarà i comunicarà a les persones interessades.
La resolució de concessió inclourà una relació ordenada de beneficiaris, conforme al que disposa la Comissió d'Avaluació en els termes i als efectes de l'article 63.3 del Reglament de la Llei 38/2003, de 17 de novembre, amb caràcter de reserva.
Les persones beneficiàries disposaran de 5 dies naturals per presentar el document normalitzat d'acceptació de l'ajut a través del Registre Electrònic de la UdL, disponible a la pàgina web de la UdL. La no-presentació d'aquest document comportarà el desistiment de l'ajut.
Si una persona beneficiària d'un ajut hi desisteix o renúncia, la UdL adjudicarà l'ajut a la següent persona candidata a la llista de reserva, sempre que les característiques de la convocatòria permetin executar l'ajut en els termes previstos.
Si les dates proposades per a l'inici de l'estada del primer candidat a la llista de reserva fossin anteriors a la data de renúncia que activa l'assignació d'ajut a la sol·licitud, s'oferirà a la persona candidata la possibilitat de canviar les dates proposades.
12. Obligacions generals de les persones beneficiàries
12.1. L'acceptació de l'ajut per part del beneficiari implica la de les normes fixades en aquesta convocatòria, així com les que la UdL estableixi per al seguiment tant científic com econòmic dels ajuts. Així mateix, les persones beneficiàries tindran les següents obligacions:
a) Han de realitzar amb aprofitament les estades d'acord amb el que s'indiqui a la resolució de concessió i han de remetre a la unitat de Gestió d'Ajuts el document d'incorporació al centre, amb la seva signatura i la del responsable del centre receptor, dins dels 5 dies hàbils següents a l'inici de l'estada.
b) Hauran de comunicar al Vicerectorat de Recerca i Transferència la renúncia a l'ajut, així com qualsevol incidència, amb almenys 10 dies naturals d'antelació de l'inici d'aquesta.
c) Sotmetre's a les actuacions de comprovació i control financer que puguin fer els òrgans competents, aportant tota la informació que li sigui requerida.
d) No difondre sota cap forma les informacions científiques o tècniques a què hagin pogut tenir accés en el desenvolupament del treball associat a l'ajut sense autorització del centre receptor i/o del supervisor/a a la UdL.
e) Presentar a la unitat de Gestió d'Ajuts, en el termini màxim d'un mes des de la finalització de l'ajut, una memòria final del treball realitzat, signada per la persona beneficiària de l'ajuda, amb el vistiplau del supervisor/a de la UdL.
f) Presentar a la unitat de Gestió d'Ajuts, un document acreditatiu emès pel centre receptor, signat pel responsable del grup de recerca i el representant legal o responsable de mobilitat de la institució d'acollida. La signatura ha de ser posterior a la finalització de l'estada i hi ha de constar data d'inici i fi de la mateixa.
g) Fer constar a totes les publicacions o altres resultats que es derivin de les activitats de recerca realitzades durant el període de l'ajut, la seva afiliació a la UdL.
h) Fer referència al Ministeri d'Universitats i el finançament rebut per la Unió Europea ("Finançat per la Unió Europea – NextGenerationEU") a totes les publicacions o resultats generats.
i) Facilitar l'accés obert a tots els resultats de recerca, dipositant una còpia dels articles publicats en obert, o una còpia de la versió final acceptada per a la seva publicació, al repositori institucional de la UdL.
12.2. El Vicerectorat de Recerca i Transferència, a sol·licitud de la persona interessada, amb el vistiplau del supervisor/a d'estada, podrà autoritzar, quan hi hagi causes de força major, un retard en la incorporació, sempre que es compleixin els terminis màxims de execució de la convocatòria.
12.3 Pel que fa als resultats que es generin com a conseqüència de l'activitat investigadora objecte de l'ajut, la UdL reconeixerà, a les persones beneficiàries, les mateixes condicions que al personal investigador de la UdL.
12.4 L'ocultació o falsejament de dades, així com l'incompliment de les obligacions establertes a la present convocatòria, podrà implicar la desestimació i, si escau, la revocació de l'ajut concedit, cosa que podrà comportar el reintegrament de les quantitats indegudament percebudes, de conformitat amb el que disposa la Llei 38/2003, de 17 de novembre, general de subvencions i les seves corresponents disposicions de desplegament.
13. Col·laboració en tasques docents
Les persones que siguin contractades a l'empara d'aquests ajuts podran prestar col·laboracions complementàries en tasques docents, per un màxim de 60 hores per curs, a petició pròpia i amb l'aprovació de la institució d'acollida, respectant, si escau, la normativa vigent de incompatibilitats del personal al servei de les administracions públiques.
14. Règim de la Seguretat Social i suspensió dels ajuts
Les persones beneficiàries d'aquestes ajudes tindran dret a la percepció de les prestacions pròpies del règim de l'acció protectora de la Seguretat Social, en els termes previstos, d'acord amb les previsions del Reial Decret legislatiu 1/1994, de 20 de juny, pel qual s'aprova el Text Refós de la Llei general de la seguretat social durant el període que durin les contingències que les causessin.
D'acord amb l'article 22 c) de la Llei 14/2011, d'1 de juny, de la Ciència, la Tecnologia i la Innovació, les situacions de risc durant l'embaràs, la maternitat, l'adopció o l'acolliment, el risc durant la lactància i la paternitat, incapacitat temporal durant dos mesos consecutius, suspenen el còmput de la durada del contracte. En aquests casos es podrà sol·licitar la pròrroga dels contractes pel temps que hagi durat la causa de suspensió de còmput del contracte. La sol·licitud es presentarà al Registre Electrònic de la UdL adreçada a la unitat de Gestió d'Ajuts amb, almenys, dos mesos d'antelació la data de finalització del contracte.
15. Interrupcions degudes a la situació d'emergència sanitària provocada per la COVID-19
En el cas que l'estada hagi de ser interrompuda a conseqüència de la situació d'emergència sanitària produïda per la COVID-19, aquesta interrupció no afectarà el gaudi de l'ajut durant el període assignat per al gaudi de l'estada.
16. Seguiment cientificotècnic
En el termini de 5 dies hàbils des de la incorporació al centre receptor, les persones beneficiàries hauran de presentar a la unitat de Gestió d'Ajuts de la UdL, un certificat d'incorporació signat pel responsable del grup receptor.
Les persones beneficiàries d'aquests ajuts hauran de presentar una memòria justificativa de les activitats realitzades en el termini màxim d'un mes des de l'acabament de l'estada a cadascun dels centres receptors.
També s'haurà de presentar un document acreditatiu emès pel centre receptor, signat pel responsable del grup de recerca i el representant legal o responsable de mobilitat de la institució d'acollida. La signatura ha de ser posterior a la finalització de l'estada i hi ha de constar data d'inici i fi de la mateixa.
17. Recursos
Contra la resolució de concessió, que esgota la via administrativa, les persones interessades poden interposar, amb caràcter potestatiu, recurs de reposició en el termini d'un mes a comptar de l'endemà de la publicació a l'e-tauler de la UdL, o bé poden interposar directament recurs contenciós administratiu davant el Jutjat Contenciós Administratiu de Lleida, en el termini de dos mesos a comptar des de la publicació a l'etauler de la UdL, d'acord amb els articles 123 i 124 de la llei 39/2015, de l'1 d'octubre, del procediment administratiu comú de les administracions públiques.
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Daily estimation of the severity of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill children
Stéphane Leteurtre MD, Alain Duhamel PhD, Bruno Grandbastien MD, François Proulx MD, Jacques Cotting MD, Ronald Gottesman MD, Ari Joffe MD, Bendicht Wagner MD, Philippe Hubert MD, Alain Martinot MD, Jacques Lacroix MD, Francis Leclerc MD
Previously published at www.cmaj.ca
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See related commentary by Kneyber, page 1155
Abstract
Background: Daily evaluation of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome has been performed in critically ill adults. We evaluated the clinical course of multiple organ dysfunction over time in critically ill children using the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) score and determined the optimal days for measuring scores.
Methods: We prospectively measured daily PELOD scores and calculated the change in scores over time for 1806 consecutive patients admitted to seven pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) between September 1998 and February 2000. To study the relationship between daily scores and mortality in the PICU, we evaluated changes in daily scores during the first four days; the mean rate of change in scores during the entire PICU stay between survivors and non survivors; and Cox survival analyses using a change in PELOD score as a time-dependent covariate to determine the optimal days for measuring daily scores.
Results: The overall mortality among the 1806 patients was 6.4%. A high PELOD score (≥ 20 points) on day 1 was associated with an odds ratio (OR) for death of 40.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.3–81.4); a medium score (10–19 points) on day 1 was associated with an OR for death of 4.2 (95% CI 2.0–8.7). Mortality was 50% when a high score on day 1 increased on day 2. The course of daily PELOD scores differed between survivors and nonsurvivors. A set of seven days (days 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 16 and 18) was identified as the optimal period for measurement of daily PELOD scores.
Interpretation: PELOD scores indicating a worsening condition or no improvement over time were indicators of a poor prognosis in the PICU. A set of seven days for measurement of the PELOD score during the PICU stay provided optimal information on the progression of multipleorgan dysfunction syndrome in critically ill children.
A lmost all patients in intensive care units (ICUs) have some organ dysfunction. 1–4 Adult and pediatric studies have shown that mortality increases with the number of organs involved. 2,4,5 Thus, multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (dysfunction involving two or more organs) has been viewed as the inexorable pathway to death. 6 Primary multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (pres ent at admission or occurring within the first week after admission to the ICU) accounts for 88% of children with the syndrome; secondary multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome is less common (12%) but is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. 7
Organ dysfunction scores were first developed for use in critically ill adults to describe and quantify the severity of organ dysfunction, not to predict mortality. Two scores have been proposed for critically ill children: the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) score and the Pediatric Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (P-MODS). 8–10 These scores quantify organ dysfunction precisely and can be used as indicators of the severity of illness throughout the clinical course. They can also be used as baseline and outcome measures in clinical studies conducted in ICUs 11,12 and pediatric ICUs (PICUs). 13
The PELOD score calculated with data collected over the entire PICU stay has been validated (using the most abnormal value of each variable during the entire PICU stay). 10 However, the PELOD score over the entire PICU stay cannot be calculated before discharge from the unit; therefore, it cannot be used to characterize and follow the severity of organ dysfunction on a daily basis. Measurements repeated daily may provide more useful information. 14 The optimal period for measuring daily scores for multiple organ dysfunction in adults has been studied. 15–17 Indeed, trends in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score over the first 48 hours in the ICU was found to be a sensitive indicator of outcome, with decreasing scores associated with a decrease in mortality from 50% to 27%. 17 Similar data for critically ill children are lacking.
From the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (Leteurtre, Martinot, Leclerc), the Department of Biostatistics (Duhamel) and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Grandbastien), Université Lille Nord de France, UDSL, EA 2694, Centre hospitalier universitaire Lille, Lille, France; the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (Proulx, Lacroix), Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Que.; the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (Cotting), Centre hospitalier Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (Gottesman), Montréal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Que.; the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (Joffe), Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (Wagner), Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; and the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (Hubert), Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
CMAJ 2010. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.081715
CMAJ • AUGUST 10, 2010 • 182(11)
© 2010 Canadian Medical Association or its licensors
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We conducted this study to describe the clinical course of multiple organ dysfunction over time as measured by the daily PELOD score. Because the time and effort necessary to ensure accurate daily assessments and data entry can be substantial, 18 we also aimed to determine the optimal days for measuring daily scores during the PICU stay.
Methods
We included all 2021 consecutive patients admitted to seven multidisciplinary, tertiary care PICUs of university-affiliated hospitals (three in Canada, two in France and two in Switzer-
land) between September 1998 and February 2000. We excluded 215 patients for reasons described in Figure 1. The ethics committee of each participating hospital approved the study design.
We collected data on the remaining 1806 patients' baseline characteristics and their length of stay in the PICU. We calculated daily PELOD scores. For the PELOD score, six organ systems (neurologic, cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, hematologic and hepatic) are considered, each with up to 3 variables (total 12 variables). Each variable is assigned points (0, 1, 10 or 20) based on the level of severity (Figure 2). Levels of severity and relative weights of each organ dysfunction were determined by means of logistic regression. 10 For each variable, the most abnormal value of each day was used to calculate the daily PELOD score. Variables were measured only if requested by the attending physician; if a variable was not measured, it was assumed to be identical to the previous measurement or normal. 10
The primary outcome was the patient's vital status at discharge from the PICU.
Statistical analysis
Results are expressed as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) for numeric variables. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
We investigated the relationship between the PELOD score on day 1 and outcome (survival v. death) using logistic regression analysis. Thereafter, we used three analytical strategies to study the relationship between daily PELOD scores and mortality: (a) changes in daily PELOD scores during the first four days; (b) the mean rate of change in PELOD scores during the entire PICU stay between survivors and nonsurvivors; and (c) survival analyses (Cox model), with the change in daily PELOD score from day 1 as a time-dependent covariate, to determine the optimal period for measuring daily PELOD scores. In the second and third strategies, we analyzed the entire PICU stay and adjusted for centre (the 7 participating sites were considered a possible confounding variable). The statistical analyses are described in detail in Appendix 1 (available at www.cmaj.ca /cgi /content /full /cmaj.081715/DC1).
Results
The median age of the 1806 patients was 24 months (IQR 5–
90). Characteristics of the study population are given in Table
1. The median and mean PELOD scores differed between the seven PICUs (median range 10–11, mean range 8–14; both
p< 0.001).
Daily PELOD scores were measured on a total of 10 361 days. The median and mean values for days 1 to 7, day 14 and day 21 among survivors and nonsurvivors are given in Table 2. The maximum daily score occurred on average on day 3 (median day 2 [IQR 1–3]). The maximum daily score differed between nonsurvivors and survivors (nonsurvivors: mean 8.6, median 2 [IQR 1–7] v. survivors: mean 2.6, median 2 [IQR 1–3]; p < 0.001).
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Of the 499 children without any organ dysfunction on day 1, 113 (22.6%) had dysfunction of one or more organs during their PICU stay; the mortality was 4.4% among these children, as compared with 0.2% among the 386 who did not have organ dysfunction during their stay (p = 0.003). Among the 1042 patients without multiple organ dysfunction syndrome on day 1, 135 (13.0%) acquired the syndrome during their PICU stay; the mortality was 8.9% among these children, as compared with
(Table 3). Without adjustment for the day 1 score (owing to the great number of categories), the mortality was 50% (7/14) when there was an increase in score on day 2 and when the score increased from day 2 to day 4; the mortality was 7% (49/745) in other situations (p < 0.001) (Appendix 1, Table e1). Increasing daily PELOD scores during the first four days in the PICU indicated a poor prognosis (Appendix 1, Table e1).
0.6% among the 907 who did not acquire the syndrome during their stay (p < 0.001). On day 1, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was present in 764 (42.3%) of the patients. The syndrome worsened during the PICU stay in 133 (17.4%) and remained un changed or improved in 631 (82.6%); the mortality was 25.6% among those in whom it worsened and 10.1% among the other children; p < 0.001). New or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was reported in 899 (48.9%) of the patients.
PELOD score on day 1 and mortality
Logistic regression analysis showed that the PELOD score on day 1 was a significant prognostic factor (odds ratio [OR] per point 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13–1.18, after adjustment for centre). The analysis of the distribution of the day 1 scores identified three groups of scores (low [< 10 points], medium [10–19 points] and high [ ≥ 20 points]), with cutoff values of 10 and 20 points associated with increasing mortality (Table 3). The OR for death among children with a medium PELOD score on day 1 was 4.2 (95% CI 2.0–8.7); the OR among those with a high score on day 1 was 40.7 (95% CI 20.3–81.4). These findings show that the PELOD score on day 1 was an important predictor of the patients' outcome.
Changes in daily scores during the first four days
Our analysis of trends in daily PELOD scores during the first four days in PICU are shown in Table 3 and in Table e1 of Appendix 1 (available at www.cmaj.ca /cgi /content /full /cmaj .081715 /DC1). After adjustment for the day 1 score, the mortality was 50% (19/38) among children with a high score on day 1 when the score increased on day 2
Note: FiO 2 = fraction of inspired oxygen, PaCO 2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, PaO 2 = partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
*For the Glasgow coma score, use the lowest value. If the patient is sedated, record the estimated coma score before sedation. Assess the patient only with known or suspected acute central nervous system disease. For pupillary reactions, nonreactive pupils must be > 3 mm; do not assess after iatrogenic pupillary dilatation.
†The use of mask ventilation is not considered to be mechanical ventilation.
Figure 2: Calculation of the daily PELOD (Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction) score. Each organ dysfunction receives points for the variable associated with the highest points. For example, if the worst heart rate of the day was 200 beats/min (10 points) and the systolic blood pressure remained at 30 mm Hg (20 points), then 20 points is assigned. When a variable is measured more than once in the 24 hours, the most severe value is used in calculating the score. The maximum number of points for an organ is 20, and the maximum daily PELOD score is 71. Adapted, with permission, from Leteurtre et al 9 (Copyright © 1999 SAGE Publications).
CMAJ • AUGUST 10, 2010 • 182(11)
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Mean rate of change in PELOD score during the entire PICU stay
The changes in daily PELOD score over time in the three score groups (low, medium and high day 1 scores) differed between survivors and nonsurvivors. In all three groups, the difference in daily score between survivors and nonsurvivors increased over time (see Figure e1 in Appendix 1, available at www .cmaj .ca /cgi /content/full/cmaj.081715/DC1). In the group of patients with a low PELOD score on day 1 (< 10
Table 1: Characteristics of 1806 critically ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care units
No. (%) of
| 24 (5–90) | | |
|---|---|---|
| 17 | 1 | (9.5) |
| 52 | 5 | (29.1) |
| 85 | 3 | (47.2) |
| 25 | 7 | (14.2) |
| 1.2 | | |
| 88 | 2 | (48.8) |
| 92 | 1 | (51.0) |
| 6 (2–10) | | |
| 48 | 5 | (26.9) |
| 33 | 5 | (18.6) |
| 63 | 1 | (34.9) |
| 3 | 4 | (1.9) |
| 3 | 5 | (1.9) |
| 9 | 1 | (5.0) |
| 2 | 2 | (1.2) |
| 6 | 8 | (3.8) |
| 2 | 4 | (1.3) |
| 8 | 1 | (4.5) |
| 43 | 9 | (24.3) |
| 17 | 5 | (9.7) |
| 66 | 3 | (36.7) |
| 2 | 5 | (1.4) |
| 1 | 2 | (0.7) |
| 6 | 0 | (3.3) |
| 1 | 8 | (1.0) |
| 4 | 2 | (2.3) |
| 37 | 2 | (20.6) |
| 11 | 5 | (6.4) |
| 3 (2−6) | | |
Note: IQR = interquartile range, PICU = pediatric intensive care unit, PRISM =
pediatric risk of mortality.
*Unless stated otherwise.
1184
points), the mean rate of change in daily score was 0 points per day among survivors and 0.3 points per day among nonsurvivors (p < 0.001). The corresponding mean rate of change among patients with a medium score on day 1 (10–19 points) was –0.5 points per day among survivors and 0 points per day among non survivors (p < 0.001); among those with a high score on day 1 ( ≥ 20 points), it was –0.9 points per day among survivors and −0.5 points per day among nonsurvivors (p < 0.001). These findings show that even small increases in the PELOD score and a lack of improvement in score were worrisome signs.
Optimal days for measuring daily scores
Graphic distributions of the median PELOD scores over time are shown in Figures e2 and e3 in Appendix 1 (available at www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/cmaj.081715/DC1). A set of seven days was found to be associated with the highest hazard ratios for death: days 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 16 and 18 (Figure 3).
Interpretation
We found that the PELOD score on day 1 was a significant prognostic factor of death. In the three groups of patients stratified by low (< 10 points), medium (10–19 points) and high ( ≥ 20 points) PELOD score on day 1, the change in the severity of organ dysfunction over time differed between survivors and nonsurvivors: not just an in creasing score, but also a score showing no improvement, was an adverse prognostic factor. Moreover, regardless of what the initial PELOD score was on day 1, an increase in the score from day 1 to day 2 and from day 2 to day 4 was associated with a mortality of 50%. Finally, we found that a set of seven days for daily measurement of the PELOD score provided optimal information on the progression of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome during the stay in the PICU.
Analyses of the trends of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome over time have been performed with several method-
Table 2: Daily PELOD scores among critically ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care units*
Patients; PELOD score
| | | Survivors | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | Mean Median (IQR) | |
| 22.7* | 21 (11–31) | 6.9 | 2 (0–11) |
| 20.3* | 21 (11–31) | 6.2 | 2 (0–11) |
| 16.8* | 13 (10–22) | 6.1 | 1 (0–11) |
| 15.6* | 12 (6–21) | 5.7 | 1 (0–11) |
| 14.5* | 12 (10–21) | 5.4 | 1 (0–10) |
| 14.9* | 11 (10–22) | 5.5 | 1 (0–11) |
| 13.1* | 11 (1–21) | 5.6 | 1 (0–11) |
| 11.1* | 11 (1–21) | 5.5 | 1 (0–10) |
Note: IQR = interquartile range, PELOD score = Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction score.
*p < 0.001, Wilcoxon two-sample test (survivors v. nonsurvivors).
* AUGUST 10, 2010 • 182(11)
CMAJ
ologic strategies and different times of data collection in adult patients. 10,14–17,19,20 Many studies have shown that daily monitoring of organ dysfunction can be useful for estimating the response to therapy. 21–23 We believe that the model proposed in our study — to measure the PELOD score on days 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 16 and 18 — provides the best balance between the workload of assessing daily scores and the optimal association with prognosis throughout the PICU stay. Findings from studies involving critically ill adults support such an approach. In a study by Timsit and colleagues, the severity of organ dysfunction on any given day during the first week in ICU was an important predictor of in-hospital mortality. 24 In a study by Wagner and associates, the acute physiology score on a day in the first week in ICU contributed to 54% of the prediction of in-hospital mortality, as compared with only 5% for the acute physiology score at admission. 25 Moreover, in studies involving patients with long ICU stays, severity scores at admission failed to predict mortality. 24,26 The late events could not be predicted with scores at admission or on the first day. This suggests that, for patients with prolonged stays in the ICU, the calculation of scores on later days may be more useful.
Rates of death have been reported to be higher among critically ill adults (> 20%) 17,27 than among critically ill children (4%–5%). 8,28 This may explain why a mortality of at least 50% was associated with an increase in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score among adult patients during the first two days in ICU 17 and, in our study, with an increase in the PELOD score during the first four days in PICU (occurring in only 1.8% of our sample). Because the length of stay in a PICU is usually short (median three days in our study), we converted time into discrete day intervals to determine the ideal sequence of measurement of daily PELOD scores. Cook and associates converted time into discrete week intervals. 15
tion with scores such as the PELOD can be useful both for administrative PICU management 29–31 and as a secondary outcome measure of studies conducted in the ICU, 12,32 particularly the PICU, 21,33 where the death rate is low. Two recent examples can be given. Among critically ill children, a restrictive transfusion strategy with a hemoglobin threshold of 7 g/dL, compared with a liberal transfusion strategy, resulted in a 96% decrease in the number of patients who had any transfusion exposure and a 44% decrease in the number of units of red blood cells transfused; these results were not associated with increased rates of new or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or increasing daily PELOD scores. 21
The second example concerns the H1N1 influenza pandemic. With scarce resources, the change in PELOD score over several days may be of help to policy-makers faced the decision of triaging care between patients with severe H1N1 influenza. In such circumstances, medical policy can be informed by PELOD scores. Similar use of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score as an initial, 48-hour and 120-hour triage tool for critical care of adults during an influenza pandemic has been proposed. 29,34
Strengths and limitations
The strengths of our study was that it was prospective and conducted in seven PICUs over three countries. Also, we included a large number of critically ill children whose combined stay in the PICUs was more than 10 000 consecutive days. We used three different statistical methods to analyze the changes in daily PELOD score, all of which gave consistent results.
Measurement of the severity of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is needed to describe the clinical course of groups of critically ill children. 13 Our study showed that the progression of the daily PELOD score provided prognostic information in addition to the highest PELOD score for the entire PICU stay. These data support the concept that the PELOD score and its progression in the PICU can be an outcome measure of interest. Measurement of organ dysfunc-
Our study is not without limitations. First, we monitored only mortality in the PICU and have no data for patients discharged from the PICU. However, the number of children who die in hospital after discharge from the PICU is small (0.9% in the study by Kanter and colleagues 35 ). Second, the number of deaths among the 338 patients who stayed in the PICU longer than seven days was low (n = 33). The validity of the daily PELOD scores after one week in the PICU (on days 8, 12, 16 and 18) should be validated in future prospective studies involving more critically ill children with longterm stays.
Table 3: Mortality associated with PELOD score on day 1 and change in score from day 1 to day 2
| | | Medium (10–19 points) | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | No. of deaths, Mortality, n/N % (95% CI) | | | |
| 10/887 | 1.1* (0.5–2.1) | 31/660 | 4.7 (3.2–6.6) | 74/259 | 28.6 (23.2–34.5) |
| 6/167 | 3.6 (1.3–7.7) | 7/53 | 13.2 (5.5–25.3) | 19/38 | 50.0 (33.4–66.6) |
| 2/336 | 0.6 (0.1–2.1) | 12/219 | 5.5 (2.7–9.4) | 11/51 | 21.6 (11.3–35.3) |
| 1/122 | 0.8 (0.0–4.5) | 8/245 | 3.3 (1.4–6.3) | 16/126 | 12.7 (7.4–19.8) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, PELOD score = Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction score.
*For the 10 patients with a low PELOD score on day 1 who died, the underlying disease on admission disease (
n= 1), immunodeficiency (n= 1) and acute hepatic failure (
was chronic cardiac disease (
n= 1).
CMAJ • AUGUST 10, 2010 • 182(11)
n= 7), chronic respiratory
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Conclusion
Measuring changes in organ dysfunction over time is important. First, a daily PELOD score that shows a worsening condition or no improvement over time is a strong prognostic factor for death. This information may be helpful at the bedside, particularly within the first four days in the patient's course. Second, changes in the PELOD score describe the patterns and trajectories of multiple organ dysfunction over time. Such changes can also be used as a marker of severity of illness in clinical studies. We found that a set of seven days for the measurement of daily PELOD scores provided optimal information on the progression of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome during the stay in the PICU. This information could be used for epidemiologic and administrative purposes.
This article has been peer reviewed.
Competing interests: None declared.
Contributors: Stéphane Leteurtre, Francis Leclerc and Bruno Grandbastien contributed to the study concept and design. Stéphane Leteurtre, François Proulx, Jacques Cotting, Ronald Gottesman, Ari Joffe, Bendicht Wagner and Philippe Hubert contributed to the acquisition of the data. Stéphane Leteurtre, Alain Duhamel, Bruno Grandbastien, Jacques Lacroix, Francis Leclerc and Alain Martinot contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data. Stéphane Leteurtre, Francis Leclerc, Jacques Lacroix and Alain Duhamel drafted the manuscript. All of the authors critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version submitted for publication.
Acknowledgement: These data were presented in part at the 5th World Congress on Pediatric Critical Care, June 24–28, 2007, in Geneva, Switzerland.
Funding: This study was supported by the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 1997 of the French Health Ministry. The funders had no role in the design or conduct of the study, the collection, management, analysis or interpretation of the data, or the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. The researchers are independent from the funders.
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14. Cappi SB, Sakr Y, Vincent JL. Daily evaluation of organ function during renal replacement therapy in intensive care unit patients with acute renal failure. J Crit Care 2006;21:179-83.
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16. Doig CJ, Zygun DA, Fick GH, et al. Study of clinical course of organ dysfunction in intensive care. Crit Care Med 2004;32:384-90.
17. Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, et al. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. JAMA 2001;286:1754-8.
18. Briskin A, Hladunewich M. What's my mother's SOFA today, doc? Commentary on: daily evaluation of organ function during renal replacement therapy in ICU patients with acute renal failure. J Crit Care 2006;21:183-4.
19. Kilic YA, Yorganci K, Sayek I. Visualizing multiple organ failure: a method for analyzing temporal and dynamic relations between failing systems and interventions. Crit Care 2007;11:417.
20. Moreno R, Vincent JL, Matos R, et al. The use of maximum SOFA score to quantify organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care. Results of a prospective, multicentre study. Working Group on Sepsis related Problems of the ESICM. Intensive Care Med 1999;25:686-96.
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23. Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, et al. Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002;288:1499-507.
24. Timsit JF, Fosse JP, Troche G, et al. Calibration and discrimination by daily Logistic Organ Dysfunction scoring comparatively with daily Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scoring for predicting hospital mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002;30:2003-13.
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27. Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on "sepsis-related problems" of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1793-800.
28. Slater A, Shann F. The suitability of the Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM), PIM2, the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM), and PRISM III for monitoring the quality of pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004;5:447-54.
29. Christian MD, Hawryluck L, Wax RS, et al. Development of a triage protocol for critical care during an influenza pandemic. CMAJ 2006;175:1377-81.
30. Vincent JL, Ferreira FL. Evaluation of organ failure: we are making progress. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1023-4.
31. Welke KF, Karamlou T, Diggs BS. Databases for assessing the outcomes of the treatment of patients with congenital and paediatric cardiac disease — a comparison of administrative and clinical data. Cardiol Young 2008;18(Suppl 2):137-44.
32. Marshall JC. Measuring organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit: Why and how? Can J Anaesth 2005;52:224-30.
33. Nguyen TC, Han YY, Kiss JE, et al. Intensive plasma exchange increases a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs-13 activity and reverses organ dysfunction in children with thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 2008;36:2878-87.
34. Hebert PC, MacDonald N. Preparing for pandemic (H1N1) 2009. CMAJ 2009;181: E102-5.
35. Kanter RK. Post-intensive care unit pediatric hospital stay and estimated costs. Crit Care Med 2000;28:220-3.
Correspondence to: Prof. Francis Leclerc, Réanimation pédiatrique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, 2 ave Eugène Avinée, 59037 Lille Cedex, France; email@example.com
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ ΝΟΜΟΣ ΤΡΙΚΑΛΩΝ ΔΗΜΟΣ ΤΡΙΚΚΑΙΩΝ
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INFORMATICS DEVELOPMEN T AGENCY
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O Δήμαρχος Τρικκαίων διακηρύσσει ότι εκτίθεται σε ανοικτή ηλεκτρονική διαδικασία κάτω των ορίων με κριτήριο κατακύρωσης την πλέον συμφέρουσα από οικονομικής άποψης βάσει τιμής ανά ομάδα, σύμφωνα με τις διατάξεις του Ν. 4412/2016 (ΦΕΚ 08.08.2016 τεύχος Α), η προμήθεια με τίτλο: «Προμήθεια Ηλεκτρολογικού Υλικού έτους 2018», συνολικής προϋπολογιζόμενης δαπάνης 123.854,92€ ευρώ, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του ΦΠΑ και συγκεκριμένα των ειδών του ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ Ι της αναλυτικής διακήρυξης.
Αντικείμενο προμήθειας: Ο διαγωνισμός αφορά στην προμήθεια ηλεκτρολογικού υλικού για το Δήμο Τρικκαίων. Η προμήθεια υποδιαιρείται στις κάτωθι ομάδες:Ομάδα Α: Λαμπτήρες , Ομάδα Β: Φωτιστικά, Ομάδα Γ: Προβολείς, Ομάδα Δ: Καλώδια, Ομάδα Ε: Υλικά Πινάκων και Ομάδα ΣΤ: Διάφορα ηλεκτρολογικά υλικά
Αναλυτική περιγραφή του φυσικού και οικονομικού αντικειμένου της σύμβασης δίδεται στο ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ Α της αναλυτικής διακήρυξης.
Κριτήριο κατακύρωσης: Κριτήριο κατακύρωσης είναι η πλέον συμφέρουσα από οικονομική άποψη βάσει τιμής ανά ομάδα. Οι συμμετέχοντες στο διαγωνισμό μπορούν να υποβάλλουν προσφορά, για μία ή περισσότερες ομάδες, για το σύνολο όμως των ειδών της κάθε ομάδας, για όσες από αυτές τους ενδιαφέρουν. Απόρριψη ενός ή περισσοτέρων ειδών μίας ομάδας επιφέρει αυτόματα την απόρριψη της προσφοράς ολόκληρης της ομάδας.
Χρόνος και τόπος διενέργειας διαγωνισμού
Ο διαγωνισμός θα διενεργηθεί, με χρήση της πλατφόρμας του Εθνικού Συστήματος Ηλεκτρονικών Δημοσίων Συμβάσεων (ΕΣΗΔΗΣ) μέσω της διαδικτυακής πύλης www.promitheus.gov.gr του ως άνω συστήματος.
Για τη συμμετοχή στο διαγωνισμό οι ενδιαφερόμενοι οικονομικοί φορείς απαιτείται να διαθέτουν ψηφιακή υπογραφή, χορηγούμενη από πιστοποιημένη αρχή παροχής ψηφιακής υπογραφής και να εγγραφούν στο ηλεκτρονικό σύστημα (ΕΣΗΔΗΣ- Διαδικτυακή πύλη www.promitheus.gov.gr) ακολουθώντας την κατωτέρω διαδικασία εγγραφής του άρθρου 3 παρ. 3.2 έως 3.4 της Υπουργικής Απόφασης αριθμ. Π1/2390/2013 (ΦΕΚ 2677/Β – 21.10.13) «Τεχνικές λεπτομέρειες και
Reason: AKRIVES ANTIGRAFO
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διαδικασίες λειτουργίας του Εθνικού Συστήματος Ηλεκτρονικών Δημοσίων Συμβάσεων (Ε.Σ.Η.ΔΗ.Σ)»
Δικαίωμα συμμετοχής στο διαγωνισμό:
Δικαίωμα συμμετοχής στη διαδικασία σύναψης της παρούσας σύμβασης έχουν φυσικά ή νομικά πρόσωπα και, σε περίπτωση ενώσεων οικονομικών φορέων, τα μέλη αυτών, που είναι εγκατεστημένα σε:
α) κράτος-μέλος της Ένωσης,
β) κράτος-μέλος του Ευρωπαϊκού Οικονομικού Χώρου (Ε.Ο.Χ.),
γ) τρίτες χώρες που έχουν υπογράψει και κυρώσει τη ΣΔΣ, στο βαθμό που η υπό ανάθεση δημόσια σύμβαση καλύπτεται από τα Παραρτήματα 1, 2, 4 και 5 και τις γενικές σημειώσεις του σχετικού με την Ένωση Προσαρτήματος I της ως άνω Συμφωνίας, καθώς και
δ) σε τρίτες χώρες που δεν εμπίπτουν στην περίπτωση γ΄ της παρούσας παραγράφου και έχουν συνάψει διμερείς ή πολυμερείς συμφωνίες με την Ένωση σε θέματα διαδικασιών ανάθεσης δημοσίων συμβάσεων.
Εγγυητική Επιστολή Συμμετοχής: Για την έγκυρη συμμετοχή στη διαδικασία, κατατίθεται από τους συμμετέχοντες οικονομικούς φορείς (προσφέροντες), εγγυητική επιστολή συμμετοχής, που ανέρχεται στο ποσοστό 2% του προϋπολογισμού μη συμπεριλαμβανομένου του Φ.Π.Α., για κάθε ομάδα για την οποία καταθέτει προσφορά.
Τρόπος λήψης εγγράφων Διαγωνισμού
Το πλήρες κείμενο της αναλυτικής Διακήρυξης θα καταχωρηθεί στη διαδικτυακή πύλη του Ε.Σ.Η.ΔΗ.Σ. : http://www.promitheus.gov.gr,
Όλες οι επικοινωνίες σε σχέση με τα βασικά στοιχεία της διαδικασίας σύναψης της σύμβασης, καθώς και όλες οι ανταλλαγές πληροφοριών, ιδίως η ηλεκτρονική υποβολή, εκτελούνται με τη χρήση της πλατφόρμας του Εθνικού Συστήματος Ηλεκτρονικών Δημοσίων Συμβάσεων (ΕΣΗΔΗΣ), μέσω της Διαδικτυακής πύλης www.promitheus.gov.gr του ως άνω συστήματος.
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Ο ΔΗΜΑΡΧΟΣ ΤΡΙΚΚΑΙΩΝ
ΔΗΜΗΤΡΗΣ ΠΑΠΑΣΤΕΡΓΙΟΥ
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<urn:uuid:5ceda103-7ae1-4119-ad02-191084fd4374>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train
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finepdfs
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ell_Grek
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SÚHRN CHARAKTERISTICKÝCH VLASTNOSTÍ LIEKU
1. NÁZOV LIEKU
Clindamycin Noridem 150 mg/ml injekčný/infúzny roztok
2. KVALITATÍVNE A KVANTITATÍVNE ZLOŽENIE
Jeden ml roztoku obsahuje 150 mg klindamycínu (vo forme fosfátu).
```
Jedna 2 ml ampulka obsahuje 300 mg klindamycínu (vo forme fosfátu). Jedna 4 ml ampulka obsahuje 600 mg klindamycínu (vo forme fosfátu). Jedna 6 ml ampulka obsahuje 900 mg klindamycínu (vo forme fosfátu).
```
Pomocné látky so známym účinkom
Jeden ml roztoku obsahuje viac ako 7,72 mg sodíka.
Úplny zoznam pomocných látok, pozri časť 6.1.
3. LIEKOVÁ FORMA
Injekčný/infúzny roztok (injekcia/infúzia).
Číry a bezfarebný až takmer bezfarebný roztok.
pH: 5,5 – 7
osmolalita: 760 – 900 mOsm/kg
4. KLINICKÉ ÚDAJE
4.1 Terapeutické indikácie
Clindamycin Noridem je indikovaný v liečbe závažných infekcií spôsobených mikroorganizmami citlivými na klindamycín dospelým, dospievajúcim a deťom ≥ 1 mesiac (pozri časti 4.2 a 5.1) na:
* infekcie kostí a kĺbov
* infekcie dolných dýchacích ciest
* chronická sinusitída
* vnútrobrušné infekcie
* infekcie kože a mäkkých tkanív
* infekcie panvových a ženských pohlavných orgánov
* infekcia zubov
* liečba bakteriémie, ktorá sa vyskytuje v súvislosti s niektorou z vyššie uvedených infekcií alebo je podozrenie, že s niektorou z nich súvisí
a
* liečba oportúnnych infekcií spôsobených Toxoplasma gondii a Pneumocystis jirovecii u dospelých pacientov s oslabenou imunitou
V prípade aeróbnych infekcií predstavuje klindamycín alternatívnu liečbu v prípade, že iné antibakteriálne látky sú neaktívne alebo kontraindikované (napr. v prípade alergie na penicilíny). V prípade anaeróbnych infekcií možno zvážiť liečbu klindamycínom ako látkou prvej voľby. V prípade
1
polymikrobiálnej infekcie sa má zvážiť použitie v kombinácii s látkou s primeranou aktivitou proti gramnegatívnym baktériám.
Do úvahy sa musia vziať oficiálne odporúčania o vhodnom používaní antibakteriálnych látok.
4.2 Dávkovanie a spôsob podávania
Dávkovanie
Dospelí a dospievajúci starší ako 12 rokov
* na liečbu závažných infekcií: 1800 až 2700 mg klindamycínu denne v dvoch až štyroch rovnakých dávkach, zvyčajne v kombinácii s antibiotikom s dobrou účinnosťou proti aeróbnym gramnegatívnym baktériám.
* alebo na liečbu menej komplikovaných infekcií: 1200 až 1800 mg klindamycínu denne podávaných v troch alebo štyroch rovnakých dávkach.
Zvyčajne je maximálna denná dávka pre dospelých a dospievajúcich starších ako 12 rokov 2700 mg klindamycínu v dvoch až štyroch rovnakých dávkach. Pri život ohrozujúcich infekciách sa podávali dávky až do 4800 mg/deň.
Pediatrická populácia
Deti (staršie ako 1 mesiac až 12 rokov):
Ťažké infekcie: 15 – 25 mg/kg/deň v troch alebo štyroch rovnakých dávkach.
Závažnejšie infekcie: 25 – 40 mg/kg/deň v troch alebo štyroch rovnakých dávkach. Pri závažných infekciách sa deťom odporúča podávať nie menej ako 300 mg/deň bez ohľadu na telesnú hmotnosť.
Klindamycín sa má dávkovať na základe celkovej telesnej hmotnosti bez ohľadu na obezitu.
Maximálna denná dávka by nemala prekročiť dávku pre dospelých.
Starší pacienti:
Polčas, distribučný objem a klírens a rozsah absorpcie po podaní klindamycínfosfátu nie sú zmenené vekom. Analýza údajov z klinických štúdií neodhalila žiadne zvýšenie toxicity súvisiace s vekom. U starších pacientov s normálnou funkciou pečene a normálnou funkciou obličiek (v závislosti od veku) preto nie je potrebná žiadna úprava dávky. Ďalšie faktory, ktoré je potrebné vziať do úvahy, nájdete v časti 4.4.
Pacienti s poruchou funkcie pečene
U pacientov so stredne ťažkým až ťažkým stupňom ochorenia pečene je polčas eliminácie klindamycínu predĺžený. Zníženie dávky vo všeobecnosti nie je potrebné, ak sa klindamycín podáva každých 8 hodín. U pacientov s ťažkou poruchou funkcie pečene sa však má monitorovať plazmatická koncentrácia klindamycínu. V závislosti od výsledkov si toto opatrenie môže vyžiadať zníženie dávky alebo predĺženie intervalov medzi dávkami.
Pacienti s poruchou funkcie obličiek
V prípade ochorenia obličiek je polčas eliminácie predĺžený; avšak zníženie dávky nie je potrebné v prípade miernej až stredne závažnej poruchy funkcie obličiek. Napriek tomu sa má plazmatická koncentrácia monitorovať u pacientov s ťažkou poruchou funkcie obličiek alebo anúriou. V závislosti od výsledkov si toto opatrenie môže vyžiadať zníženie dávky alebo predĺženie intervalu medzi dávkami o 8 alebo dokonca 12 hodín.
Dávkovanie v prípade hemodialýzy
Klindamycín sa nedá odstrániť hemodialýzou. Preto nie je potrebná žiadna ďalšia dávka pred alebo po hemodialýze.
Trvanie liečby
V prípade preukázaných alebo dokonca suspektných infekcií ß-hemolytickými streptokokmi má liečba klindamycínom pokračovať najmenej 10 dní, aby sa zabránilo vzniku reumatickej horúčky alebo glomerulonefritídy.
Spôsob podávania
Clindamycin Noridem sa podáva intramuskulárnou injekciou alebo intravenóznou infúziou. Clindamycin Noridem sa musí pred intravenóznym podaním zriediť a má sa podávať infúziou aspoň 10 – 60 minút. Koncentrácia by nemala prekročiť 18 mg klindamycínu na ml roztoku. Na intramuskulárne podanie sa má Clindamycin Noridem použiť nezriedený.
Neodporúčajú sa jednorazové intramuskulárne (IM) injekcie väčšie ako 600 mg, ani podanie viac ako 1,2 g v jednej hodinovej infúzii.
Alternatívne sa liek môže podávať vo forme jednej rýchlej infúzie prvej dávky, po ktorej nasleduje kontinuálna intravenózna (IV) infúzia.
Pokyny na riedenie lieku pred podaním, pozri časť 6.6.
4.3 Kontraindikácie
Precitlivenosť na liečivo alebo linkomycín alebo na ktorúkoľvek z pomocných látok uvedených v časti 6.1.
4.4 Osobitné upozornenia a opatrenia pri používaní
Hypersenzitivita
Závažné hypersenzitívne reakcie, vrátane závažných kožných reakcií, ako sú lieková reakcia s eozinofíliou a systémovými príznakmi (DRESS), Stevensov-Johnsonov syndróm (SJS), toxická epidermálna nekrolýza (TEN) a akútna generalizovaná exantematózna pustulóza (AGEP), boli hlásené u pacientov dostavajúcich liečbu klindamycínom. Ak dôjde k hypersenzitivite alebo závažnej kožnej reakcii, musí sa prerušiť používanie klindamycínu a musí sa začať s vhodnou liečbou (pozri časti 4.3 a 4.8).
Alergia
Už po prvej aplikácii sa môžu vyskytnúť závažné alergické reakcie. V tomto prípade sa musí liečba klindamycínom okamžite prerušiť a musia sa začať príslušné štandardné núdzové opatrenia.
Za určitých okolností môže byť liečba klindamycínom alternatívnou formou liečby u pacientov s alergiou na penicilín (precitlivenosť na penicilín). Neboli hlásené žiadne skrížené alergie medzi klindamycínom a penicilínom a na základe štrukturálnych rozdielov medzi látkami sa to neočakáva. V jednotlivých prípadoch však existujú informácie o anafylaxii (precitlivenosti) na klindamycín u osôb s už existujúcou alergiou na penicilín. Toto treba vziať do úvahy pri liečbe klindamycínom u pacientov s alergiou na penicilín.
Kolitída
Klindamycín sa má používať len na liečbu závažných infekcií. Pri zvažovaní použitia klindamycínu by lekár mal mať na pamäti typ infekcie a potenciálne riziko hnačky, ktorá môže vzniknúť, pretože prípady kolitídy boli hlásené počas alebo dokonca dva alebo tri týždne po podaní klindamycínu. Ochorenie bude mať pravdepodobne závažnejší priebeh u starších pacientov alebo pacientov, ktorí sú oslabení.
Vývoj hnačky spojenej s Clostridioides difficile (CDAD) bol hlásený pri použití takmer všetkých antibakteriálnych látok vrátane klindamycínu. Pohybuje sa od miernej hnačky až po smrteľnú kolitídu.
Liečba antibakteriálnymi látkami mení normálnu flóru hrubého čreva, čo vedie k premnoženiu C. difficile. C. difficile produkuje toxíny A a B, ktoré prispievajú k rozvoju CDAD a sú primárnou príčinou „kolitídy spojenej s antibiotikami".
Hypervirulentné kmene C. difficile sú spojené so zvýšenou morbiditou a mortalitou, pretože takéto infekcie môžu byť odolné voči antibiotickej liečbe a môžu vyžadovať kolektómiu.
Je dôležité zvážiť diagnózu CDAD u pacientov, ktorí majú hnačku po podaní antibakteriálnych látok. V tomto prípade sa musí vykonať starostlivá anamnéza, pretože CDAD sa môže vyskytnúť až dva mesiace po liečbe antibiotikami.
Pri podozrení alebo potvrdení hnačky alebo kolitídy spojenej s antibiotikami alebo ich potvrdenia je potrebné prerušiť prebiehajúcu liečbu antibakteriálnymi látkami vrátane klindamycínu a okamžite začať s adekvátnymi terapeutickými opatreniami. V tejto situácii sú kontraindikované lieky inhibujúce peristaltiku.
Opatrenia
Opatrnosť je potrebná u pacientov s
* poruchou funkcie pečene a/alebo obličiek (pozri časť 4.2),
* gastrointestinálnymi poruchami v anamnéze (napr. skoršie zápaly hrubého čreva).
* poruchami nervovosvalového prenosu (myasthenia gravis, Parkinsonova choroba atď.), ako aj
* atopickými ochoreniami.
Bolusová injekcia
Rýchla intravenózna injekcia môže mať závažný účinok na srdce (pozri časť 4.8) a je potrebné sa jej vyhnúť.
Laboratórne vyšetrenie počas liečby
U dojčiat mladších ako jeden rok a pri dlhodobej liečbe (liečba dlhšia ako 10 dní) sa má v pravidelných intervaloch monitorovať hemogram, ako aj funkcia pečene a obličiek.
Akútne poškodenie obličiek
Zriedkavo bolo hlásené akútne poškodenie obličiek, vrátane akútneho zlyhania obličiek. U pacientov, ktorí trpia už existujúcou renálnou dysfunkciou alebo súbežne užívajú nefrotoxické lieky, sa má zvážiť sledovanie funkcie obličiek (pozri časť 4.8).
Necitlivé infekcie
Dlhodobá a opakovaná aplikácia klindamycínu môže viesť k superinfekcii a/alebo kolonizácii rezistentných patogénov alebo kvasiniek na kožu a sliznice.
Klindamycín sa nemá používať v prípade akútnych infekcií dýchacích ciest, ak sú spôsobené vírusmi. Klindamycín nie je vhodný na liečbu meningitídy, pretože koncentrácia antibiotika získaného v mozgovo-miechovom moku je nedostatočná.
Pediatrická populácia
Bezpečnosť a vhodné dávkovanie u dojčiat mladších ako jeden mesiac neboli stanovené.
Pomocné látky
Tento liek obsahuje až 7,72 mg sodíka na ml, čo zodpovedá 0,39 % odporúčaného maximálneho denného príjmu 2 g sodíka pre dospelého.
4.5 Liekové a iné interakcie
Antagonisty vitamínu K
U pacientov liečených klindamycínom v kombinácii s antagonistom vitamínu K (napr. warfarín, acenokumarol a fluindión) boli hlásené zvýšené hodnoty koagulačných testov (PT/INR) a/alebo krvácanie. Preto sa u pacientov liečených antagonistami vitamínu K majú koagulačné testy vykonávať pravidelne.
Erytromycín
Ak je to možné, klindamycín sa nemá používať súbežne s erytromycínom, pretože sa in vitro pozoroval antagonizmus ich antibakteriálneho účinku.
Linkomycín
Existuje skrížená rezistencia patogénov voči klindamycínu a linkomycínu.
Neuromuskulárne blokátory
Kvôli svojim neuromuskulárno-blokujúcim vlastnostiam môže klindamycín zosilniť účinok svalových relaxancií. V dôsledku toho sa počas operácie môžu vyskytnúť neočakávané, život ohrozujúce udalosti.
Klindamycín sa metabolizuje prevažne prostredníctvom CYP3A4 a v menšej miere prostredníctvom CYP3A5 na hlavný metabolit klindamycín sulfoxid a vedľajší metabolit N-desmetylklindamycín. Preto môžu inhibítory CYP3A4 a CYP3A5 zvyšovať plazmatické koncentrácie klindamycínu. Niektoré príklady silných inhibítorov CYP3A4 sú itrakonazol, vorikonazol, klaritromycín, telitromycín, ritonavir a kobicistát. Opatrnosť sa odporúča, ak sa klindamycín používa spolu so silnými inhibítormi CYP3A4. Induktory týchto enzýmov môžu zvýšiť klírens klindamycínu, čo vedie k zníženiu plazmatických koncentrácií. V prospektívnej štúdii s perorálne podávaným klindamycínom sa najnižšie koncentrácie klindamycínu znížili o 80 %, keď sa podával súbežne s rifampicínom, silným induktorom CYP3A4. Ak sa klindamycín používa spolu so silnými induktormi CYP3A4, ako je rifampicín, ľubovník bodkovaný (Hypericum perforatum), karbamazepín, fenytoín alebo fenobarbital, u pacientov sa má sledovať znížená účinnosť liečby.
Štúdie in vitro naznačujú, že klindamycín neinhibuje CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1 alebo CYP2D6. Klinicky dôležité interakcie medzi klindamycínom a súbežne podávanými liekmi metabolizovanými týmito enzýmami CYP sú preto nepravdepodobné. Na základe údajov in vitro môže perorálne podaný klindamycín inhibovať črevný CYP3A4, ale klinicky významné účinky parenterálne podávaného klindamycínu na súbežne podávané lieky metabolizované CYP3A4 sú nepravdepodobné.
4.6 Fertilita, gravidita a laktácia
Gravidita
Veľká štúdia s tehotnými ženami, v ktorej cca. bolo vyšetrených 650 novorodencov exponovaných v prvom trimestri gravidity, pričom sa nepreukázalo žiadne zvýšenie miery malformácií. Nie sú však k dispozícii dostatočné údaje o bezpečnosti klindamycínu počas gravidity.
V klinických štúdiach s tehotnými ženami sa systémové podávanie klindamycínu počas druhého a tretieho trimestra nespájalo so zvýšenou frekvenciou vrodených abnormalít. Neexistujú žiadne adekvátne a dobre kontrolované štúdie u gravidných žien počas prvého trimestra gravidity.
Klindamycín prechádza placentou. Predpokladá sa, že u plodu možno dosiahnuť koncentráciu s terapeutickým účinkom.
Štúdie na zvieratách nepreukázali priame alebo nepriame škodlivé účinky na graviditu, embryonálny/fetálny vývoj, pôrod alebo postnatálny vývoj (pozri časť 5.3).
Clindamycin Noridem sa má podávať len vtedy, keď nie sú dostupné žiadne iné možnosti liečby.
Dojčenie
Klindamycín sa vylučuje do materského mlieka, existuje riziko účinkov u dojčených novorodencov/dojčiat liečených žien. Tieto účinky predstavujú riziko senzibilizácie, kožnej vyrážky, hnačky, krvi v stolici a osídlenia kvasinkami. Clindamycin Noridem sa nemá používať počas dojčenia.
Fertilita
Štúdie na zvieratách neodhalili žiadne účinky na fertilitu. Neexistujú žiadne údaje o vplyve klindamycínu na fertilitu u ľudí.
4.7 Ovplyvnenie schopnosti viesť vozidlá a obsluhovať stroje
Clindamycin Noridem má mierny až stredný vplyv na schopnosť viesť vozidlá a obsluhovať stroje. Nežiaduce účinky ako závraty, ospalosť a bolesti hlavy môžu obmedziť schopnosť viesť vozidlá a obsluhovať stroje.
V ojedinelých prípadoch boli pozorované nežiaduce účinky (napr. anafylaktický šok) (pozri časť 4.8), ktoré spôsobujú, že pacienti nie sú schopní aktívne sa zúčastňovať cestnej premávky alebo obsluhovať stroje a pracovať bez vhodných opatrení z dôvodu nestability.
4.8 Nežiaduce účinky
Súhrn nežiaducich účinkov
V nižšie uvedenom zozname sú nežiaduce reakcie zaznamenané počas klinických skúšaní a po uvedení na trh zoradené podľa triedy orgánových systémov a frekvencie.
Frekvencia je definovaná podľa nasledujúcej konvencie:
veľmi časté (≥ 1/10) časté (≥ 1/100 až < 1/10) menej časté (≥ 1/1 000 až < 1/100) zriedkavé (≥ 1 / 10000 až < 1/1 000) veľmi zriedkavé (< 1/10 000) neznáme (frekvencia sa nedá odhadnúť z dostupných údajov)
V každej skupine frekvencií sú nežiaduce reakcie uvedené v poradí podľa klesajúcej závažnosti.
srdca monálne
a srdcovej zastavenie
§
* Nežiaduce účinky zaznamenané po uvedení lieku na trh # pozri časť 4.4
§ Zriedkavé prípady boli hlásené po príliš rýchlom intravenóznom podaní (pozri časť 4.2).
Hlásenie podozrení na nežiaduce reakcie
Hlásenie podozrení na nežiaduce reakcie po registrácii lieku je dôležité. Umožňuje priebežné monitorovanie pomeru prínosu a rizika lieku. Od zdravotníckych pracovníkov sa vyžaduje, aby hlásili akékoľvek podozrenia na nežiaduce reakcie na národné centrum hlásenia uvedené v Prílohe V.
4.9 Predávkovanie
Zatiaľ neboli pozorované žiadne príznaky predávkovania. Hemodialýza a peritoneálna dialýza sú neúčinné. Nie je známe žiadne špecifické antidotum. Clindamycin Noridem sa podáva prostredníctvom i.m. alebo i.v., a preto nie je výplach žalúdka užitočný.
5. FARMAKOLOGICKÉ VLASTNOSTI
5.1 Farmakodynamické vlastnosti
Farmakoterapeutická skupina: antibiotiká na systémové použitie, linkozamidy, ATC kód: J01FF01
Mechanizmus účinku
Klindamycín sa viaže na 50S podjednotku bakteriálneho ribozómu a inhibuje syntézu proteínov.
Klindamycín má prevažne bakteriostatický účinok.
Farmakodynamické účinky
Účinnosť závisí predovšetkým na dĺžke trvania pôsobenia, počas ktorej je hladina liečiva vyššia ako minimálna inhibičná koncentrácia (MIC) patogénu.
Mechanizmus rezistencie
Rezistencia na klindamycín môže byť založená na nasledujúcich mechanizmoch:
Rezistencia u stafylokokov a streptokokov je prevažne založená na zvýšenej inkorporácii metylových skupín do 23S rRNA (tzv. konštitutívna MLSB rezistencia), čím je značne znížená väzbová afinita klindamycínu na ribozóm.
Väčšina meticilín-rezistentného S. aureus (MRSA) disponuje konštitutívnym MLSB fenotypom a je preto rezistentná na klindamycín. Infekcie spôsobené stafylokokmi rezistentnými na makrolidy by sa nemali liečiť klindamycínom ani v prípadoch, kedy bola preukázaná citlivosť in vitro, keďže je tu riziko, že mutanty s konštitutívnou rezistenciu MLSB sa vyselektujú a premnožia v priebehu liečby. U kmeňov s konštitutívnou rezistenciou MLSB je úplná skrížená rezistencia medzi klindamycínom a linkomycínom, makrolidmi (napr. azitromycín, klaritromycín, erytromycín, roxitromycín, spiramycín), ako aj streptogramínom B.
Hraničné hodnoty
Citlivosť na klindamycín sa testovala pomocou obvyklej série riedení. Stanovili sa nasledujúce minimálne inhibičné koncentrácie pre citlivé a rezistentné mikroorganizmy. EUCAST (verzia 13.0, účinná od 1.1.2023)
Klinické hraničné hodnoty
8
1 Indukovateľná rezistencia na klindamycín môže byť zistená antagonizáciou aktivity klindamycínu makrolidovým činidlom. Ak nie je zistená, potom sa uvádzajú ako citlivé. Ak je zistená, potom sa uvádzajú ako rezistentné a treba zvážiť pridanie tohto komentára ku správe: „Klindamycín sa môže stále používať na krátkodobú liečbu menej závažných infekcií kože a mäkkých tkanív, pretože trvalá rezistencia sa počas tejto liečby pravdepodobne nevytvorí."
2 Klinický význam indukovateľnej rezistencie na klindamycín v kombinovanej liečbe závažných infekcií S. pyogenes nie je známy.
3 Indukovateľná rezistencia na klindamycín môže byť zistená antagonizáciou aktivity klindamycínu makrolidovým činidlom. Ak nie zistená, potom sa uvádzajú ako citlivé. Ak je zistená, potom sa uvádzajú ako rezistentné.
4 Indukovateľná rezistencia na klindamycín môže byť zistená antagonizáciou aktivity klindamycínu makrolidovým činidlom. Ak nie je zistená, potom sa uvádzajú ako testované podľa klinických hraničných hodnôt. Ak je zistená, potom sa uvádzajú ako rezistentné.
5 U Corynebacteria sa môže vyskytnúť indukovateľná rezistencia na klindamycín. Toto možno zistiť antagonizáciou aktivity klindamycínu makrolidovým činidlom. Klinický význam nie je známy. V súčasnosti neexistuje žiadne odporúčanie na testovanie.
Prevalencia získanej rezistencie
Prevalencia získanej rezistencie u vybraných druhov môže kolísať v závislosti od geografickej polohy a času a predovšetkým pri liečbe závažných infekcií sú potrebné lokálne informácie o rezistencii. Ak je lokálna prevalencia rezistencie taká, že prospešnosť liečiva je prinajmenšom u niektorých typov infekcií sporná, je potrebné sa poradiť s odborníkom. Predovšetkým pri liečbe závažných infekcií, alebo ak liečba zlyhala, je potrebné vykonať mikrobiologické testovanie patogénu a jeho citlivosti na klindamycín.
Kmene, pre ktoré získaná rezistencia môže byť problém
Grampozitívne aeróby
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus (rezistentný na meticilín) +
Staphylococcus epidermidis +
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Staphylococcus hominis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Gramnegatívne aeróby
Moraxella catarrhalis
$
Anaeróby
Bacteroides fragilis
Inherentne rezistentné organizmy
Grampozitívne aeróby
Enterococcus spp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Gramnegatívne aeróby
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Anaeróby
Clostridioides difficile
Iné mikroorganizmy
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Ureaplasma urealyticum
* Pri vydaní tabuliek neboli dostupné žiadne aktualizované údaje. Primárna literatúra, vedecká štandardná literatúra a terapeutické odporúčania predpokladajú citlivosť.
$ Inherentná citlivosť väčšiny izolátov vykazuje strednú rezistenciu.
+ Aspoň v regióne vykazuje miery odporu vyššie ako 50%.
^ Súhrnný názov pre heterogénnu skupinu kmeňov streptokokov. Miera rezistencie sa môže líšiť v závislosti od prítomných kmeňov streptokokov.
5.2 Farmakokinetické vlastnosti
Absorpcia
Rozdiel je potrebné urobiť len medzi derivátmi klindamycínu používanými do doby absorpcie a štiepenia esterov. Potom klindamycín existuje v tele ako voľná báza (aktívna forma). Estery by sa mali považovať za proliečivá. Klindamycínfosfát je vo vode rozpustný ester vhodný na parenterálne podanie. Pri intramuskulárnej injekcii 300 mg sú po 3 hodinách maximálne hladiny v sére približne 6 mikrogramov/ml, po intravenóznom podaní 300 mg, sú po jednej hodine priemerné sérové koncentrácie približne 4 – 6 mikrogramov/ml.
Distribúcia
Väzba klindamycínu na plazmatické proteíny závisí od koncentrácie a pri liečebnej dávke sa pohybuje v rozmedzí 40 až 94 %.
Klindamycín dobre prestupuje do tkanív, prechádza placentárnou bariérou a vylučuje sa do materského mlieka u ľudí. Difúzia do subarachnoidálneho priestoru je nedostatočná, a to aj v prípade zapálených mozgových blán. Vysoké koncentrácie sa dosahujú v kostnom tkanive, synoviálnej tekutine, peritoneálnej tekutine, pleurálnej tekutine, expektoranciách a hnise. Uvádzajú sa tieto súbežné sérové koncentrácie liečiva: kostné tkanivo 40 % (20 – 75 %), v synoviálnej tekutine 50 %, v
peritoneálnej tekutine 50 %, v pleurálnej tekutine 50 – 90 %, pri expektoranciách 30 – 75 % a v hnise 30 %.
Metabolizmus
Klindamycín sa primárne metabolizuje v pečeni.
Štúdie in vitro na ľudských pečeňových a črevných mikrozómoch ukázali, že klindamycín je prevažne oxidovaný prostredníctvom CYP3A4, s malým prispením CYP3A5, za vzniku klindamycínsulfoxidu a vedľajšieho metabolitu, N-demetylklindamycínu.
Sérový polčas klindamycínu je cca. 3 hodiny u dospelých a cca. 2 hodiny u detí. V prítomnosti renálnej insuficiencie a stredne ťažkej až ťažkej hepatálnej insuficiencie sa polčas predlžuje. Niektoré metabolity sú mikrobiologicky aktívne (N-demetyl a sulfoxid). Lieky, ktoré pôsobia ako induktory enzýmov v pečeni, skracujú strednú dobu zadržania klindamycínu v tele.
Eliminácia
Dve tretiny klindam ycínu sa vylučujú stolicou a jedna tretina močom. Menej ako 10 % dávky sa vylúči v nezmenenej forme močom.
Klindamycín nie je možné dialyzovať.
Obézni pediatrickí pacienti vo veku 2 rokov až do 18 rokov a obézni dospelí vo veku 18 až 20 rokov Analýza farmakokinetických údajov u obéznych pediatrických pacientov vo veku 2 rokov až do 18 rokov a obéznych dospelých vo veku 18 až 20 rokov ukázala, že klírens klindamycínu a distribučný objem normalizované na celkovú telesnú hmotnosť boli porovnateľné s jedincami s normálnou hmotnosťou.
5.3 Predklinické údaje o bezpečnosti
Symptómy intoxikácie sú znížená aktivita zvierat a kŕče.
Po opakovaných dávkach (i.m.) klindamycínu psom bolo zaznamenané zvýšenie SGOT a SGPT a tiež mierne zvýšenie hmotnosti pečene bez morfologických zmien. Dlhodobé podávanie klindamycínu psom vyvolalo poškodenie sliznice žalúdka a žlčníka.
Po intramuskulárnej a subkutánnej aplikácii boli pozorované lokálne reakcie v mieste vpichu (zápaly, hemorágie a poškodenie tkaniva), avšak koncentrácia aplikovaného roztoku vysoko presahovala maximálnu terapeutickú koncentráciu.
Karcinogenicita
Dlhodobé štúdie karcinogénneho potenciálu klindamycínu na zvieratách sa nevykonali.
Mutagenéza
Vykonané genotoxické testy zahŕňajú mikronukleový test na potkanoch a test Ames Salmonella Reversion. Výsledky oboch testov boli negatívne.
Reprodukčná toxicita
V štúdiách embryonálneho vývoja plodu na potkanoch po perorálnom podaní a v štúdiách embryofetálneho vývoja na potkanoch a králikoch po subkutánnom podaní klindamycínu sa vývojová toxicita pozorovala len pri dávkach, ktoré viedli k toxicite pre matku.
Štúdie reprodukčnej toxicity na potkanoch a králikoch, ktorým sa klindamycín podával perorálne (iba potkanom) a subkutánne, nepreukázali žiadne známky poškodenia plodnosti alebo plodu, s výnimkou dávok, ktoré viedli k toxicite pre matku.
6. FARMACEUTICKÉ INFORMÁCIE
6.1 Zoznam pomocných látok
edetát disodný
hydroxid sodný 5N (na úpravu pH) kyselina chlórovodíková 5N (na úpravu pH) voda na injekcie
6.2 Inkompatibility
Nasledujúce liečivá sú fyzikálne nekompatibilné s klindamycínom:
ampicilín, aminofylín, barbituráty, glukonát vápenatý, ceftriaxón, disodná soľ, ciprofloxacín, difenylhydantoín, idarubicínium-hydrochlorid, síran horečnatý, fenytoín, sodná soľ a ranitidíniumchlorid. Roztoky solí klindamycínu majú nízke pH a možno odôvodnene očakávať inkompatibilitu s alkalickými prípravkami alebo s liekmi nestabilnými pri nízkom pH.
Tento liek sa nesmie miešať s inými liekmi okrem tých, ktoré sú uvedené v časti 6.6.
6.3 Čas použiteľnosti
2 roky
Po zriedení:
Chemická a fyzikálna stabilita pri používaní bola preukázaná na 24 hodín pri 25 °C a 2 – 8 °C s roztokmi chloridu sodného s koncentráciou 9 mg/ml (0,9 %) a glukózy s koncentráciou 50 mg/ml (5 %) s koncentráciou klindamycín 6 a 18 mg/ml v polypropylénových infúznych vakoch.
Z mikrobiologického hľadiska, pokiaľ spôsob riedenia nevylučuje riziko mikrobiálnej kontaminácie, liek sa má ihneď použiť. Ak sa nepoužije okamžite, za čas a podmienky uchovávania zodpovedá používateľ.
6.4 Špeciálne upozornenia na uchovávanie
Uchovávajte pri teplote do 25 °C.
Podmienky na uchovávanie po nariedení lieku, pozri časť 6.3.
6.5 Druh obalu a obsah balenia
Bezfarebé sklenené ampulky typu I obsahujúce 2 ml, 4 ml alebo 6 ml roztoku, zabalené v papierových škatuliach po 1, 5, 10 alebo 25 ampulkách.
Na trh nemusia byť uvedené všetky veľkosti balenia.
6.6 Špeciálne opatrenia na likvidáciu a iné zaobchádzanie s liekom
Clindamycin Noridem sa musí pred intravenóznym podaním zriediť (nepresahujúc 18 mg klindamycínu na ml) a má sa podávať infúziou aspoň 10 – 60 minút (nepresahujúcou 30 mg/min). Nikdy sa nemôže podať ako intravenózny bolus.
Schválený text k rozhodnutiu o zmene, ev. č.: 2023/05282-ZME
Clindamycin Noridem sa môže riediť roztokom chloridu sodného 9 mg/ml (0,9 %) alebo roztokom glukózy 50 mg/ml (5 %).
Intramuskulárne podanie je indikované vtedy, keď z akýchkoľvek dôvodov nie je možná intravenózna infúzia.
Iba na jednorazové použitie.
Pred použitím a tiež po zriedení je potrebné liek vizuálne skontrolovať.
Majú sa použiť iba číre roztoky bez viditeľných častíc.
Všetok nepoužitý liek alebo odpad vzniknutý z lieku má byť zlikvidovaný v súlade s národnými požiadavkami.
7. DRŽITEĽ ROZHODNUTIA O REGISTRÁCII
Noridem Enterprises Limited Makariou & Evagorou 1, Mitsi Building 3, Office 115 1065 Nicosia Cyprus
8. REGISTRAČNÉ ČÍSLA
15/0168/23-S
9. DÁTUM PRVEJ REGISTRÁCIE/PREDĹŽENIA REGISTRÁCIE
Dátum prvej registrácie: 14/07/2023
10. DÁTUM REVÍZIE TEXTU
05/2024
13
|
<urn:uuid:1fc4e107-5cae-4bfb-9ebf-d313fca45d73>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
slk_Latn
| 27,030
|
WORK DONE BY THE LAND SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF THE KHASI HILLS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT COUNCIL
FROM THE YEAR 1998-1999 TO 2008-2009.
| Sl. No. | Name of Elaka | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | Year 1998-99 | Year 1999-2000 | Year 2000-01 | Year 2001-02 | Year 2002-03 | Year 2003-04 | Year 2004-05 | Year 2005-06 | Year 2006-07 | Year 2007-08 |
| 1. | Mylliem Syiemship | 3051.8 | 2450.6 | 406.34 | 82 | 74 | 93 | 233.29 | 275.4 | 185.74 | 188.74 |
| 2. | Saitsohpen Sirdarship | 1952.3 | 120.5 | 5.41 | 5.63 | 5 | 6 | 10.63 | 12.31 | 2.10 | 2.14 |
| 3. | Shella Confederacy | 3.2832 | 12.8 | 1.57 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4. | Nongstoin Syiemship | 10.2 | 110.8 | 16.73 | 58 | 62 | 68 | 54.15 | 78.24 | 21.14 | 34.15 |
| 5 | Langrin Syiemship | 25 | 52.6 | - | - | 28 | 26 | 22.34 | 58.75 | 26.25 | 10.42 |
| 6. | Rambrai Syiemship | 24 | 28.7 | 2.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 7. | Khyrim Syiemship | - | 33.7 | 21.25 | 36.8 | 38 | 70 | 85.15 | 104.2 | 12.42 | 1.10 |
| 8. | Mawphlang Lyngdohship | - | 15.82 | - | - | - | - | 4.05 | - | - | - |
| 9. | Mawlong Sirdarship | - | 12.5 | 22.4 | 25.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 10. | Nongspung Syiemship | - | 20.65 | 1.51 | - | - | - | 12.36 | - | - | - |
| 11. | Sohiong Lyngdohship | - | 118.88 | - | 13.6 | - | 7 | - | 5544.2 | 4.51 | - |
| 12. | Nonglang Sirdarship | - | 15.8 | - | - | - | 18 | 15.75 | - | 50.57 | 25.15 |
| 13. | Jyrngam Sirdarship | - | 8.5 | - | 81.2 | 33 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14. | Jirang Syiemship | - | - | 8.13 | 83.4 | 74 | 70 | - | - | - | - |
| 15. | Nongkhlaw Syiemship | - | - | - | 163 | 16 | 28 | 15.76 | 18.45 | 39.50 | 6.24 |
| 16. | Nongpoh Sirdarship | - | - | 1.34 | 121.5 | 6 | 15 | 20.25 | - | 26.14 | 1.50 |
| 17. | Sohra Syiemship | - | - | 3.75 | 18.4 | 11 | 18 | - | - | - | - |
| 18. | Myriaw-Rambrai Syiemship | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 36.81 | 30.85 |
| 19. | Myriaw Syiemship | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.76 | 5.70 |
| 20 | Nongjri Sirdarship | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21. | Wahlong Sirdarship | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22. | Disputed Area | - | 2880.8 | 1623.45 | 850 | 720 | 103 | 150.25 | 90.1 | 26.25 | 28.25 |
| 23. | Mallai Sohmat Syiemship | - | - | - | - | 19 | 10 | - | 2.14 | - | - |
| 24. | Mawsynram Syiemship | - | - | - | - | - | 12 | - | - | - | - |
| 25 | Laitkroh Sirdarship | - | - | 0.67 | - | - | - | - | - | 4.87 | 2.20 |
| 26. | Myrdon Sirdarship | - | - | 7.83 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 27. | Maharam Syiemship | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.30 | 9.25 | 14.15 | 5.15 |
| 28. | Nobosohphoh Syiemship | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.75 | 11.8 | - | - |
| TOTAL | | 5066.58 | 5882.65 | 2122.88 | 1539.03 | 1086 | 544 | 639.03 | 6420.74 | 459.21 | 342.63 |
|
<urn:uuid:1b63cde6-2637-4221-9ef4-4e8c63cba6ea>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 2,845
|
POWER OUTAGES AT HOME
Man-Made and Technological Threats
Power outages can occur from a variety of situations (e.g., natural disasters) and can last for prolonged periods of time. This can present unique challenges in the home for ensuring your families safety. Taking preparedness actions now can help keep your family safe and healthy.
* Protect electrical equipment.
□ □ Surges or spikes can occur when the power returns; this can damage electrical equipment. Turn off and unplug any electrical equipment (e.g., electronics and appliances).
Before a Power Outage
* Prepare an emergency supply kit.
. . Non-perishable food or food that doesn't require refrigeration
□ □ Food, water and necessities for all members of the family to last 3 to 5 days
. . Water: One gallon per person per day
□ □ First aid kit, battery powered radio, flashlight with extra batteries
. . Any medications needed for family members
. . Avoid using candles as they can be a fire hazard.
□ □ Sleeping bags or blankets, and extra clothing
□□ Emergency contact numbers
□ □ Food thermometer
* Family communication and evacuation plan.
□ □ Know how you will contact each other if you are in separate locations or establish a location to meet.
□ □ Have an out-of-state relative or friend serve as the family contact person.
* Protect electrical equipment.
□ □ Install surge protectors and/or battery back-up systems for sensitive electronic equipment (e.g., computers).
During a Power Outage
* Stay informed.
□ □ Listen to your battery powered radio for situation developments.
* Decide whether to stay or go.
□ □ Depending on the amount of time you will be without power, it may be best to remain at home (e.g., temporary outage) or evacuate (e.g., power outage in winter with loss of home heat).
□ □ If driving to another location, proceed with caution and be alert to traffic lights that are not working.
* Backup power.
□ □ Use standby or backup power sources for emergency power. Only use generators in well-ventilated areas. Generators are a major cause of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning.
□ □ Use battery-operated light sources (flashlights or glow sticks). Do not use candles due to the risk of fire.
□ □ Never use gas ovens, gas ranges, barbecues or propane heaters for indoor heating.
* Turn off as many lights and other electrical items as possible.
□ □ This helps to eliminate potential fire hazards and lessens the power draw when service is restored.
□ □ Keep one light turned on so you will know when the power is back on.
* Keep your food supply safe.
□ □ Keep your refrigerator and freezer closed as much as possible throughout the power outage.
□ □ If your freezer is completely full, the food inside it should be safe for up to 48 hours. If it is half-full, the food inside should be safe for up to 24 hours.
□ □ If you have been without power for over 48 hours, do not eat any of the food in your freezer.
□ □ NEVER taste a food to determine its safety!
□ □ Check the temperature of any and all food before you cook or eat it.
□ □ Throw away any food that has a temperature higher than 40°F or has been out for more than two hours.
□ □ If the food in your freezer still contains ice crystals or is 40°F or below, then the food is safe to cook and eat, or refreeze.
□ □ When in doubt, throw it out!
Water Safety
* Water purification systems may not be fully functioning during power outages.
□ □ Check with local authorities to be sure your water is safe to drink.
□ □ If your water is not considered safe, boil or treat any water used for drinking, cooking, washing dishes, brushing teeth, washing and preparing food, washing your hands, making ice, or preparing baby formula.
□ □ "Safe" water includes bottled, boiled, or treated water.
□ □ Contact your local public health department for water treatment directions.
Development of this educational material was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health with funding from the Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture MOU-2010-HSEMD-004. June 2010
|
<urn:uuid:f7acc8b7-4166-4667-b7c1-3373ef18a8df>
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
|
finepdfs
|
eng_Latn
| 4,036
|
## Installation
Install the latest Express.js locally
```
$ sudo npm install express
```
Install Express.js v4.2.0 locally and save to `package.json`
```
$ sudo npm install email@example.com --save
```
Install Express.js command-line generator v4.0.0
```
$ sudo npm install -g firstname.lastname@example.org
```
## Generator
Usage
```
$ express [options] [dir]
```
Print the usage information
```
-h
```
Print the express-generator version number
```
-V
```
Add ejs engine support, defaults to jade if omitted
```
-e
```
Add hogan.js engine support
```
-H
```
Add CSS support for (less|stylus|compass), defaults to plain CSS if omitted
```
-c <library>
```
Generate into a non-empty directory
```
-f
```
## Basics
Include the module
```javascript
var express = require('express')
```
Create an instance
```javascript
var app = express()
```
Start the Express.js server
```javascript
app.listen(portNumber, callback)
```
Start the Express.js server
```javascript
http.createServer(app).listen(portNumber, callback)
```
Set a property value by the key
```javascript
app.set(key, value)
```
Get a property value by the key
```javascript
app.get(key)
```
## Routes and Middleware
- `app.get(url, requestHandler, [requestHandler2, ...])`
- `app.post(url, requestHandler, [reqHandler2, ...])`
- `app.put(url, requestHandler, [requestHandler2, ...])`
- `app.del(url, requestHandler, [requestHandler2, ...])`
- `app.all([url], requestHandler, [requestHandler2, ...])`
- `app.param([name,] callback)`
- `app.use([url,] requestHandler, [reqHandler2, ...])`
## Request Header Shortcuts
- Value for the header key: `request.get(headerKey)`
- Checks if the type is accepted: `request.accepts(type)`
- Checks language: `request.acceptsLanguage(language)`
- Checks charset: `request.acceptsCharset(charset)`
- Checks the type: `request.is(type)`
## Request
- Parameters middleware: `request.params`
- Extract one parameter: `request.param`
- Extract query string parameter: `request.query`
- Return route string: `request.route`
- Cookies, requires cookieParser: `request.cookies`
- Signed cookies, requires cookie-parser: `-c <library>` `request.signedCookies`
- Payload, requires body-parser: `request.body`
- IP address: `request.ip`
- IP addresses (with trust-proxy on): `request.ips`
- URL path: `request.path`
- Host without port number: `request.host`
- Checks freshness: `request.fresh`
- Checks staleness: `request.stale`
- True for AJAX-y requests: `request.xhr`
- Returns HTTP protocol: `request.protocol`
- Checks if protocol is `https`: `request.secure`
- Array of subdomains: `request.subdomains`
- Original URL: `request.originalUrl`
## Response
- Redirect request: `response.redirect(status, url)`
- Send response: `response.send(status, data)`
- Send JSON and force proper headers: `response.json(status, data)`
- Send a file: `response.sendFile(path, options, callback)`
- Render a template: `response.render(templateName, locals, callback)`
- Pass data to template: `response.locals`
## Express.js 4 Cheat Sheet
### Stylus and Jade
```javascript
app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'))
app.set('view engine', 'jade')
app.use(require('stylus').middleware(path.join(__dirname, 'public')))
```
### Body
```javascript
var bodyParser = require('body-parser')
app.use(bodyParser.json())
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({}))
```
### Static
```javascript
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')))
```
### Connect Middleware
- $ sudo npm install <package_name> --save
- Request payload: `body-parser`
- Gzip: `compression`
- Times out the request in `ms`, defaulting to `5000`: `connect-timeout`
- Cookies: `cookie-parser`
- Session via Cookies store: `cookie-session`
- CSRF: `csurf`
- Error handler: `errorhandler`
- Session via in-memory or other store: `express-session`
- HTTP method override: `method-override`
- Server logs: `morgan`
- Response time middleware: `response-time`
- Favicon: `serve-favicon`
- Serves pages that contain directory listings: `serve-index`
- Static content: `serve-static`
- Virtual Host: `vhost`
### Other Popular Middleware
- Analogous to `cookieParser`: `cookies` and `keygrip`
- Raw body: `raw-body`
- Connect middleware for multiparty, connect middleware for busboy: `connect-multiparty`, `connect-busboy`
- Analogous to `query`: `qs`
- Analogous to `staticCache`: `st`, `connect-static`
- Validation: `express-validator`
- LESS CSS: `less`
- Authentication library: `passport`
- Security headers: `helmet`
- CORS: `connect-cors`
- Connect Redis: `connect-redis`
|
7c79c0ab-63af-4655-bbdf-52a91fd17913
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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Dansk Journalistforbund Mrk.: Cavling Gammel Strand 46 1202 København K
Indstilling til Cavlingprisen af Politikens Carl Emil Arnfred, Sebastian Stryhn Kjeldtoft og Morten Skjoldager
For undersøgende og dybdegående journalistik i international klasse, der har afsløret omfattende klimabedrag med CO2-kompensation og gjort det sværere for virksomheder at 'snyde sig grønne'.
Folketingsvalget i 2019 viste, hvordan klimadagsordenen er blevet en ny grøn valuta, hvor offensive klimabudskaber kan veksles til mandater af politiske partier og imageløft af dansk erhvervsliv. Der er mere end nogensinde brug for en kritisk presse, der undersøger, om der også bliver leveret på de mange grønne løfter og hensigter – og hvilken konsekvens de ultimativt har for klimaet. Denne kritiske journalistik har Carl Emil Arnfred, Sebastian Stryhn Kjeldtoft og Morten Skjoldager på forbilledlig vis leveret i Politiken i 2020:
Privatpersoner, virksomheder og stater har brugt milliarder af kroner på at købe såkaldte klimakreditter i stedet for at reducere deres CO2-udledning. De har brugt kreditterne til at kalde sig klimavenlige eller CO2-neutrale. Det klinger hult i dag. Efter et stort graverarbejde har Politikens journalister afsløret omfattende snyd og svindel med klimakreditterne. Med serien "Klimabedraget" kortlagde de samtlige danske køb af klimakreditter de seneste 15 år, borede sig ned i de enkelte projekter og fulgte kreditterne til lande som Kenya, Uganda, Ukraine og Kina. Kreditter, som bl.a. er blevet brugt til at "greenwashe" danske virksomheders image og klimaregnskab. De viste sig i flere tilfælde at være svindel. I serien afdækkede de, at flere danske firmaer blev snydt af et dansk træplantningsprojekt i Uganda. De indkøbte klimakreditter var varm luft, og projektets hovedkontor var en undertøjsbutik. At godt 2,5 millioner klimakreditter – svarende til 200.000 danskeres CO2-udledning – til stor skade for klimaet blev overdraget fra et danskstartet forretningskoncept til et ungarsk selskab, selv om de allerede var blevet brugt én gang. At Vestas, McDonalds og 2.500 andre firmaer har sænket deres klimaaftryk via lerkomfurer, som kenyanere ikke brugte. At Ørsted og syv andre selskaber købte CO2-kompensation fra svindelkreditter i Rusland, og at landets største CO2-udleder, Aalborg Portland, og seks andre danske selskaber købte klimakreditter fra ukrainske kulprojekter, som reelt bidrog til at øge den globale opvarmning. At en russisk rigmand skabte en formue på de falske kreditter – penge han nu bl.a. vil bruge på at købe et formel 1-sæde til sin søn. Og at Shells aktuelle brug af skovbevaringsprojekter til at love bilister fuld klimakompensation ifølge flere eksperter er utroværdig.
Det måske mest skræmmende fund i undersøgelsen er, at ikke alene har klimakreditterne i mange tilfælde været virkningsløse, men i nogle tilfælde har de samlet set øget den globale opvarmning endnu mere end tilfældet havde været uden projekterne. Dermed har klimasnyden haft en negativ effekt på de klimaforandringer, som de lovede at afhjælpe.
Politikens journalister har benyttet sig af særligt krævende metoder som geolokation, avancerede billedsøgninger og omfattende databasearbejde. Samtidig byggede de sammen med it-folk deres egen 'scraper', som hjalp med at kortlægge alle de kreditter, som Danmark og danske selskaber havde brugt i sit Kyoto-regnskab. Det arbejde har nu resulteret i en database over danske køb af klimakreditter, som Politiken har delt med læserne. Den såkaldte Kyotodatabase er den første af sin art og et sted, hvor alle interesserede kan søge og få indblik i alle indkøb af klimakreditter i Europa efter Kyoto-aftalen igennem tiden.
"Klimabedraget" har international klasse og Politikens journalister fortjener Cavlingprisen for en journalistisk kraftpræstation, der allerede har gjort en forskel på klimaområdet, da adskillige private, virksomheder og den danske stat med direkte henvisning til serien har revurderet deres syn på klimakompensation. Det er blevet sværere at snyde sig grøn efter 'Klimabedraget'.
Med venlig hilsen
Amalie Kestler Indlandsredaktør
Morten Frich Indsatsredaktør
LINKS:
Medielogin:
Brugernavn: email@example.com
Kode: cavling1234
Direkte links til materiale:
Video fra "Klimabedraget" begyndelse, som beskriver den alvorlige problemstilling og giver et indtryk af det undersøgende arbejde:
https://www.facebook.com/politiken/videos/verden-har-opbygget-et-system-med-klimakreditter-ogkompensation-som-langtfra-al/2801840733243522/
Der ligger et omfattende metodisk arbejde bag afsløringerne. Journalisterne har forsøgt at tage læserne med på rejsen. Her fremgår de metodiske overvejelser bag afsløringen af et dansk firmas køb af svindelkreditter i Uganda:
https://politiken.dk/indland/art7554126/S%C3%A5dan-afsl%C3%B8rede-vi-klimasnyd
Journalisterne har også formidlet deres arbejde i flere podcasts. Her bliver lytterne bl.a. taget med til Uganda i arbejdet med at følge klimakreditterne: 25:45
https://politiken.dk/podcast/dulyttertilpolitiken/art7587743/Klimasnyd-S%C3%A5dan-skabte-danskk%C3%B8bmand-en-god-forretning-p%C3%A5-vores-d%C3%A5rlige-samvittighed
25:56
https://politiken.dk/podcast/dulyttertilpolitiken/art7595788/Kan-kenyanske-komfurer-redde-klimaet
Politikens journalister har arbejdet intenst med formidlingen af det komplicerede stof. Her er et par eksempler på den undersøgende series visuelle identitet:
https://politiken.dk/indland/art7557645/Dansk-kistefabrik-ville-reducere-sin-CO2-udledning-men-k%C3%B8btegr%C3%B8nt-fatamorgana https://politiken.dk/indland/art7518966/I-Kenya-skal-verdens-fattigste-skrue-ned-for-blusset-s%C3%A5-danskeselskaber-kan-kalde-sig-gr%C3%B8nne
For at forklare konceptet bag klimakompensationen for flest mulige læsere lavede journalisterne denne digitale explainer:
https://politiken.dk/indland/art7539696/Hvorfor-er-det-s%C3%A5-kedeligt-at-l%C3%A6se-om-klima-Ogb%C3%B8r-jeg-kompensere-for-den-ribeye-jeg-har-spist
Politiken har også lanceret en database med oplysninger om over 5.000 selskabers brug af klimakreditter. Den såkaldte Kyotodatabase kan findes her:
www.pol.dk/Kyoto
Guide:
https://politiken.dk/klima/art7979797/S%C3%A5dan-bruger-du-Kyotodatabasen
Nyhed:
https://politiken.dk/klima/art7979804/Politiken-lancerer-database-med-over-5.000-selskabers-brug-af- klimakompensation
Alle i artikler i serien er samlet her på temasiden "Klimabedraget":
https://politiken.dk/tag/main/Klimabedraget
Indhold:
Januar 2020
Forsidehenvisning 5. januar 2020: Firmaer betaler for at mindske deres klimabelastning, men bliver snydt af værdiløse kreditter
(5. januar 2020, print)
Firmaer betaler for at mindske...
(5. januar 2020, print)
Dansker beskyldes for millionsnyd med klimakreditter
(5. januar 2020, print)
"Hvis jeg havde snydt nogle dernede, tror du så, at jeg ikke havde fået buler i badehætten?" (5. januar 2020, print)
Forside 6. januar 2020: Danske virksomheder blev snydt af falsk klimakompensation (6. januar 2020, print)
Dansk fabrik ville mindske sin udledning af CO2, men købte et grønt fatamorgana (6. januar 2020, print)
DU LYTTER TIL POLITIKEN: 6. januar: Klimasnyd: Sådan skabte dansk købmand en god forretning på vores dårlige samvittighed
(6. januar 2020, web) 25:45
Fusk med klimakreditter kalder på øget forbrugerbeskyttelse
(7. januar 2020, print)
Forside 12. januar 2020: Kenyanere har opgivet lerkomfugrer, der skulle gøre danske firmaer grønnere (12. januar 2020, print)
Vestas og 2.500 andre firmaer har købt klimaaflad via lerkomfurer, som kenyanere ikke vil bruge (12. januar 2020, print)
I Kenya skal de fattige skrue ned for blusset, så danske selskaber kan kalde sig grønne (12. januar 2020, print)
IngenCO2: Vi har ikke mulighed for at tage ned at besøge hver enkelt landsby, som får et klimaeffektivt komfur
(12. januar 2020, print)
Partier: Regeringen skal tjekke klimaprojekter
(13. januar 2020, print)
DU LYTTER TIL POLITIKEN: 13. januar: Kan kenyanske komfurer redde klimaet?
(13. januar 2020, web) 25:56
Forside 15. januar 2020: Flere kommuner opgiver firma bag klimaprojekt i Kenya
(15. januar 2020, print)
Forside 18. januar 2020: Klimagevinsten ved rent vand til fattige i Afrika kaldes hypotetisk
(18. januar 2020, print)
Forskere: Klimaeffekten ved vandprojekter er lille og usikker
(18. januar 2020, print)
Hvis klimakompensation skal virke, kræver det skrappere regler
(19. januar 2020, print)
Klimarådet: Reduktion af CO2 kan skade klimaet
(19. januar 2020, print)
"Klimakompensation er en ny form for kolonialisme"
(19. januar 2020, print)
Grønt kontrolorgan: Du har et personligt ansvar, selv om du klimakompenserer
(21. januar 2020, print)
Bør du som grøn forbruger købe klimakompensation?
(24. januar 2020, print)
Forside 26. januar 2020: Ørsted købte klimaaflad i russisk svindelprojekt til stor skade for klimaet (26. januar 2020, print)
Danske selskaber har grønne visioner, men købte svindelkreditter i Rusland
(26. januar 2020, print)
Politikere om Ørsted-kreditter: Det er klimasvindel af værste skuffe
(27. januar 2020, print)
Russiske bagmænd tjente 1,4 milliarder kroner på at sælge klimakreditter
(28. januar 2020, print)
Februar 2020
Forside 30. januar 2020: Regeringen vil klimasvindel til livs med globalt register
(30. januar 2020, print)
"Mennesker, organisationer og andre har klimakompenseret, men har oplevet, at det har været skønne spildte kræfter" (30. januar 2020, print)
Forside 4. februar 2020: Firmaer købte CO2-aflad i kulminer
(4. februar 2020, print)
Ukrainske "fupbesparelser" indgik i Danmarks samlede klimaregnskab
(4. februar 2020, print)
Danmark har brugt 1,4 milliarder på tvivlsom klimakompensation
(9. februar 2020, print)
Danmark har brugt milliarder på utroværdige klimakreditter
(9. februar 2020, print)
Eksperter kritiserer klimaprojekter, som selv hyrer konsulenter til kontrol
(10. februar 2020, print)
Forside 16. februar 2020: Trods advarsler fortsatte Ørsted og Mærsk brug af klimaaflad fra omstridte kinesiske gasprojekter
(16. februar 2020, print)
Klimaskadelige køleskabe blev en pengemaskine for Kina
(16. februar 2020, print)
Forside 1. november 2020: Shell lover CO2-neutralitet til bilister, når de tanker, men klimaet kan ende som taber (1. november 2020, print)
Hård kritik af Shells klimakampagne: Risikerer af øge CO2-udledningen
(1. november 2020, print)
Kan man køre klimaneutralt, hvis man giver penge til afrikanske akacietræer?
(1. november 2020, print)
Forside 2. november 2020: Oligark bag klimabedrag
(2. november 2020, print)
Mazepin tjente en formue på falske klimakreditter - nu vil han købe et sæde i formel 1 til sin søn
(2. november 2020, print)
ANDET
Politiken lancerer database med over 5.000 selskabers brug af klimakompensation
(2. november 2020, web, klokken 07:03)
Guide: Sådan bruger du Kyotodatabasen
(2. november 2020, web, klokken 07:09)
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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NACHRICHTEN AUS DEM
Februar - April 2023
Ausgabe 15
Redak}onsschluss für den nächsten Pfarrbrief: 1. April 2023
Liebe Mitglieder unserer Pfarrgemeinden
Nach einer besinnlichen, schönen und s}mmungsvollen Weihnachtszeit, folgt jetzt die Zeit der Besinnung auf uns und unser Verhältnis zu Gotes Sohn, dessen Geburt wir Weihnachten und dessen Auferstehung wir Ostern feiern.
Vor der 40-tägigen Fastenzeit, die mit dem Aschermitwoch beginnt, kommt die närrische Zeit, die auch ihren Ursprung im christlichen Brauchtum hat. Seit dem 12. Jahrhundert ist diese Zeit zwischen Dreikönige und Aschermitwoch eingegrenzt.
Die Ausgelassenheit dieser närrischen Zeit hate ihren realen Hintergrund in den früheren strengen Regeln der Fastenzeit, wo Fet, Fleisch und Milchprodukte tabu waren. Auch im lateinischen Ursprung des Wortes Karneval (»carne vale«), was übersetzt »Fleisch, leb wohl« heißt, zeigt sich dieser Bezug.
Geben wir uns die Chance auf die Rückbesinnung auf die Realitäten des Glaubens, des Christseins, des Menschseins überhaupt und bereiten uns auf Ostern vor. Begleiten wir Jesus von Palmsonntag bis zu seiner Auferstehung von den Toten durch die Karwoche.
Mit dem Aschermitwoch beginnt für uns Christen die 40-tägige Fastenzeit, die Sonntage sind ausgenommen, sonst wären es 46 Tage. Nehmen wir das Aschenkreuz bewusst an, als Zeichen unserer Vergänglichkeit.
Nutzen wir die nun folgende Zeit und machen uns bereit für die frohmachende Osterbotscha昀琀, von der Auferstehung Jesu.
40 Tage wanderte auch Jesus fastend und betend in der Wüste umher, bevor sein ö昀昀entliches Wirken begann.
Sich fastend einschränken, beim Essen und Trinken wie auch beim Konsum von Genussmiteln, ist eine Grundvoraussetzung zur Gesundung von Leib und Seele. Jeden Tag, den wir fastend verbringen, macht uns mental stärker, setzt Ressourcen in uns frei, von denen wir nicht wissen, dass sie in uns schlummern. Unsere Wahrnehmung für die uns anvertraute Schöpfung wird geschär昀琀. Wir werden wieder aufnahmefähig und aufnahmebereit für die wirklich wich}gen Dinge im Leben.
Wenn wir in den Nachrichten das Weltgeschehen verfolgen, sind wir erschütert von dem o昀琀 menschenverachtenden Verhalten, Folterung, Verfolgung und Tötung wegen Fana}smus oder aus ethnischen Gründen. Grausame Bilder werden uns gezeigt, die sich uns einprägen.
Nehmen wir uns die Zeit, nehmen teil an der Abendmahlfeier Gründonnerstag sowie an der Karfreitagsliturgie und sind gemeinsam in Gedanken bei Jesus.
Auch Jesus hat diese Grausamkeiten erfahren. Er hat sie freiwillig und für uns auf sich genommen. Machen wir uns bewusst, welche Schmerzen und Qualen er auf sich genommen hat, uns zu erlösen, dann werden wir als gläubige Christen, die Karwoche in S}lle und Andacht begehen.
Freuen wir uns auf Ostern, singen Halleluja, denn der Herr ist erstanden von den Toten und damit Sieger über Sünde und Tod.
Margit Sevenich
Messdieneraufnahme in Aldenhoven
Am 20.11.2022 wurden unsere neuen Messdiener feierlich in die Gemeinscha昀琀 der Messdiener und der Gemeinde St. Mar}n aufgenommen.
Dieses Jahr haben sich fünf Kinder für die Messdienerscha昀琀 entschieden, Maria, Aanstasia, Jonas, Nathan und Joshua.
Viele Wochen wurden unsere neuen Messdiener, von den Obermessdienern Leni, Julia und Paul, auf die Aufgaben während einer Messe vorbereitet.
Das Zeivenster, dieses Jahr, war recht kurz. Trotzdem haben es die Großen immer wieder geschav die Übungsstunden durch lockere Spiele, wie das berühmte Rennen mit einem Buch auf dem Kopf, aufzuheitern.
Nach einem kurzen Wortspiel segnete Pater Johnson die Messdienerplaketen. Unsere „alten Hasen" überreichten dann die Plaketen, als Zeichen aller Messdiener in Deutschland, an die nun in die Gemeinscha昀琀 aufgenommenen Messdiener. Die Gemeinde spendete reichlich Applaus.
Es war schön zu sehen, wie das Miteinander gelebt wurde.
Am Tag der Aufnahmefeier haben wir uns tradi}onell zum gemeinsamen Frühstück getro昀昀en.
Alle hat es gefreut, dass Pater Johnson mit uns gefrühstückt hat. Gut gestärkt und natürlich etwas nervös gingen die 20 anwesenden Messdiener gemeinsam in die Kirche.
Ab jetzt darf sich die Gemeinde über insgesamt 28 Messdiener freuen.
An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei unseren Obermessdienern Leni, Julia und Paul für Ihre Zeit, das Engagement und Ihre Geduld bedanken. DANKE!
Das Moto dieses Jahr stellte ein Puzzle dar. Das unvollständige Puzzle stellte die Gemeinscha昀琀 der Messdiener dar.
Unsere neuen Messdiener füllten die Lücken und teilten allen mit, dass Sie gerne in die Gemeinscha昀琀 aufgenommen werden möchten.
Pfarrgemeinden Sechstet
Adventlicher Familien-Wortgotesdienst
Mit Textbeiträgen der Teilnehmer*innen, den Liedvorträgen vom „Johanneskids-Kinderchor", einer Weihnachtsbaum-Wunschanhänger-Ak}on und dem Rollenspiel „Das Mädchen und das Weihnachtslicht" stellte man in der s}mmungsvoll beleuchteten Kirche die Bedeutung des Friedenslichtes für die Welt dar.
Am 4. Advent feierten wir gemeinsam mit dem „Pfad昀椀nderstamm Kreuzriter" Siersdorf, den „Johanneskids" und dem „Johanneskids-Kinderchor" in unserer Pfarrkirche St. Johannes d.T., Siersdorf einen „Adventlichen Familien- Wortgotesdienst".
Den Mitelpunkt dieses Gotesdienstes bildete das „Friedenslicht aus Betlehem", das von den Pfad昀椀ndern am 3. Adventssonntag aus dem Aachener Dom abgeholt wurde. Die Flamme
brennt, seitdem sie in Betlehem entzündet wurde. Dieses „Friedenslicht" ist ein Zeichen, dass Frieden auf unserer Welt machbar ist, dass wir durch das Licht und den dahinter liegenden Wunsch nach Frieden verbunden sind, ganz nach dem diesjährigen Moto: „Frieden beginnt mit dir".
Ein ganz besonderer Dank gilt Alois Endres, der den Gotesdienst musikalisch mit Adventsliedern an der Orgel untermalte. Am Ende des Gotesdienstes wurden die Kirchenbesucher*innen aufgefordert, die mit persönlichen Wünschen gestalteten WeihnachtsbaumWunschanhänger und das Friedenslicht
Pfarrgemeinden Sechstet
mit nach Hause zu nehmen, mit der Bite, das Licht, seine Wärme und Jesu Frieden in alle Welt zu verbreiten.
Heinz-Werner Schieren
Seite 4
Tanz um den Tannenbaum
mit einem fröhlichen weihnachtlichen Zauber gefüllt und alle haten eine glückliche Zeit.
Am 28.12.2022 konnten die ukrainischen Familien aus Aldenhoven im Pfarrheim ein tradi}onelles Fest aus ihrer Heimat feiern konnten: den „Tanz um den Tannenbaum"!
Bei diesem Fest kommt der Nikolaus, begleitet von Engeln, zu den Kindern. Diese sagen weihnachtliche Gedichte für den Nikolaus auf und bekommen als „Dankeschön" Süßigkeiten. Anschließend wird zusammen um den Tannenbaum getanzt und Spiele gespielt.
Ca. 40 Personen waren ins Pfarrheim gekommen, um ein bisschen Freunde in den Alltag einkehren zu lassen. Die ukrainischen Familien haben diese Stunde für ihre Kinder
Danke Ulla !!!
Über viele Jahre hinweg hat Ulla Erven, neben vielen anderen Diensten in und für unsere Gemeinden, jedes Jahr die Osterkerzen unserer 6 Gemeinden gestaltet. Nicht nur in der Osternacht, sondern das ganze Jahr hindurch brannten die Kerzen in unseren Gotesdiensten. Sie gestaltete die Kerzen mit sehr viel Liebe, mit immer neuen Mo}ven, aber nie aufdringlich oder überladend. Es ist nur zu erahnen, wieviel Zeit Sie in diese Arbeit inves}ert hat. Sie wird diesen Dienst nun beenden. Wir sagen „Danke Ulla für die vielen Jahre, die Du für uns die Osterkerzen zu etwas ganz Besonderem gemacht hast".
Hermann-Josef Meurer
Orgelkonzerte für die Ukraine
Im Jahr 2022 fanden in St. Mar}n Aldenhoven zwei Orgelkonzerte zugunsten der Ukraine-Hilfe stat.
Das erste Konzert fand am 10.04.2022 stat und wurde von den Musikern Michael Mohr, Holger Koch, Sven Meineke und Thomas Mathias O昀昀ergeld dargebracht. Dies wurde im Pfarrbrief Nr. 12 schon berichtet.
- 492,50 € für den Einsatz von Saskia Fritzen, einer junge Frau aus der Gemeinde, die am 24.12.2022 zum wiederholten Male in die Ukraine gefahren ist und dort mit Freund*innen Hilfsgüter verteilt. Von dem Spendengeld wurden dringend benö}gte Materialien für Krankenhäuser, warme Decken und Lebensmitel für die Bevölkerung etc. gekau昀琀.
Zum zweiten Bene昀椀z-Orgelkonzert am 23.10.2022 hat Hubert Ho昀昀mann eingeladen. Er brachte Werke von Johann Sebas}an Bach, Joseph Rheinberger, Max Regers, Franz Schmidt, Paul Huber Denis Bédard und Gordon Young zu Gehör.
Vielen herzlichen Dank allen Musikern für ihr Engagement zur Durchführung der Bene昀椀zOrgelkonzerte.
Insgesamt kamen Spendengelder in Höhe von 692,50 € zusammen. Hierfür sagen wir allen Spender*innen herzlichen Dank!
Die Spendengelder wurden wie folgt eingesetzt:
- 200 € für den Deutschkurs, den Nadija Gaschenko, eine ukrainische Lehrerin, zweimal wöchentlich im Pfarrheim St. Mar}n für ukrainische Familien gibt. An dem Kurs nehmen regelmäßig ca. 12 Frauen teil. Von dem Geld wird Unterrichtsmaterial gekau昀琀.
Hilfe für die Ukraine!
sie dann doch alles mitnehmen. Es waren letztlich über 200 kg geworden!!!!
Die ukrainischen Grenzkontrolleure waren sehr überrascht von der großen Menge an Kerzen in dem Transporter. Nach Erklärung der Hintergründe und
Kurz vor Weihnachten haben wir eine Sammelak}on für Wachs- und Kerzenresten ins Leben gerufen. Diese hat Saskia Fritzen aus unserem Vorbereitungsteam vom „Nachmitag der Begegnung" am 24.12.2022 mit in die Ukraine genommen, um dort mit Ihren Freund*innen „Feldkerzen" herzustellen.
der beabsich}gten Nutzung waren sie sehr beeindruckt und gerührt. Auch von ihnen sollen wir allen Unterstützer*innen ein herzliches Dankeschön ausrichten! Dem können wir uns nur anschließen!
Die noch neuen Kerzen und die großen Kerzenreste wurden in Kiew, Irpin und Charkiw bei Hilfseinrichtungen und in einer Unterkun昀琀 für verwundete Soldaten abgegeben sowie in Haus昀氀uren, Tankstellen usw. kartonweise „zum Mitnehmen" hingestellt. Ebenfalls erfolgte eine Lieferung in das zurzeit stark umkämp昀琀e Bakhmut, um auch dort vor Ort Licht und Wärme
Was mit ein paar Anfragen bei Freund*innen und Bekannten begann wurde innerhalb weniger Tage zu einer großen Ak}on! Wir konnten gar nicht fassen, wie viele Menschen aus der Gemeinde und darüber hinaus sich daran beteiligt haben. Zeitweise haten wir Sorge, dass die Menge an Kerzenund Wachsresten die Kapazität und Tragfähigkeit von Saskias Transporter übersteigen würde. Doch mit gutem Packmanagement und Nutzung des Stauraums bis in die letzte Ecke konnte zu bringen.
Eine ganz spezielle „Auslieferung" war eine alte Osterkerze, die den Familien und Betreuer*innen in einem Camp in Irpin übergeben wurde. So kann dieses besondere Ho昀昀nungslicht nun für viele Menschen weiter brennen.
Aus den unzähligen kleinen Kerzen- und Wachsresten wurden in Kiew insgesamt 93 (!!!) große „Feldkerzen" hergestellt! Diese wurden nach Dnipro und Slawutytsch geliefert.
Hier ein paar Foto-Impressionen aus der Ukraine:
Da gerade wieder einmal Stromausfall war freuten sich die Familien sehr über einen großen Sack von Kerzen!
Kerzenherstellung und -verteilung:
Das Orga-Team vom „Nachmi琀琀ag der Begegnung"
Sternsingerak}on 2023 „Kinder schützen - Kinder stärken"
Nach zwei Jahren, waren unsere Sternsinger endlich wieder in Aldenhoven unterwegs, um den Segen zu verteilen. 20 Kinder sind am 06. und 07.01., als ausgesendete Könige, durch die Gemeinde gezogen.
freiwilligen Helfer, sei es als Begleitperson oder als heilige drei Könige, wäre die Ak}on nicht durchführbar. Dafür bedanken wir uns ganz herzlich.
Nach der Entsendungsfeier am 06.01.2023 in Aldenhoven, haben sich alle freiwilligen Helfer im Pfarrheim zu einem gemeinsamen Frühstück eingefunden, von wo aus Sie sich anschließend zur Segensverteilung auf den Weg gemacht haben.
Am 08.01.2023 dur昀琀en die heiligen drei Könige in der Dankesmesse, oben vom Altar aus, ein letztes Mal den Segen an die anwesende Gemeinde verteilen. Mit Stolz berichten wir über die wieder erfolgreiche Ak}on und bedanken uns auch bei den vielen Menschen, die unsere Sternsinger so lieb empfangen.
Wie wich}g den Menschen der soziale Aspekt und die Unterstützung der Ak}on ist, ist auch an der großen Spendenbereitscha昀琀 zu erkennen. Es wurden alleine in der Hauptgemeinde St. Mar}n in Aldenhoven über 6.000,00 € für das Projekt „Kinder schützen – Kinder stärken" gesammelt.
Am 07.01.2023 ging es zum zweiten Mal los. Bei einem gemeinsamen Mitagessen, wurden Erfahrungen der Touren ausgetauscht und zum Ende des Tages ernteten, neben den gesammelten Geldspenden, besonders die gesammelten Süßigkeiten bewundernde Blicke von den kleinen Helfern.
Wir ho昀昀en darauf, auch im nächsten Jahr wieder viele freiwillige Helfer begrüßen zu dürfen, und Menschen glücklich zu machen.
Menschen haben auf der Straße halt gemacht, um Sie freudig zu begrüßen, Sie dur昀琀en vor Krippen singen und wurden an den Türen erwartet. Ohne die vielen
Unterkün昀琀e für Pilger des Jakobsweg
Der Jakobsweg von Neuss, über Aachen nach Lü}ch, führt auch durch Aldenhoven und Niedermerz. Hier fehlen leider Pilgerunterkün昀琀e.
Die Jakobspilger stellen keine großen Ansprüche und freuen sich über ein Bet und eine Waschgelegenheit.
Einen Pilger für eine Nacht aufzunehmen, ist eine besondere Gelegenheit, christliche Gemeinscha昀琀 zu erfahren und Zusammengehörigkeit zu prak}zieren.
Wenn Sie Pilger aufnehmen wollen, melden Sie sich bite im Pfarrbüro, Tel. 1734.
Notrufdienst – Trauertelefon 0157 34510952
Über lange Jahre hat ein ehrenamtliches Team unserer Sankt Mar}n – Gemeinde das „Trauernovalltelefon" betreut. Da nun aus Altersgründen und umzugsbedingt die Zahl der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter sehr zurückgegangen ist, möchten wir diesen Dienst neu gestalten. Damit das Angebot nicht wegfallen muss und die Notrufnummer erhalten bleibt: durch eine Rufumleitung ins Pastoralteam wird dafür gesorgt, dass im Sterbefall und immer, wenn dringende Krankensalbung oder ein Sterbesegen gewünscht sind, ein Rückruf erfolgt und der Besuch eines Seelsorgers angeboten und vereinbart werden kann. So bleibt dieser wich}ge Dienst unserer Gemeinde bestehen. Allen Frauen und Männern, die sich in den vergangenen Jahren für den Bereitscha昀琀sdienst zur Verfügung gestellt haben, sagen wir ein herzliches Dankeschön!
ROSENKRANZGEBET
Jeden ersten Freitag im Monat und jeden Mitwoch laden wir sie zum Rosenkranzgebet in die Pfarrkirche St. Mar}n Aldenhoven jeweils um 14:00 Uhr ein. Freitag auch mit Kreuzwegandacht. (in der Fastenzeit auch jeden Freitag)
ZEIT FÜR STILLES GEBET
Die Pfarrkirche, St. Ursula Dürboslar, ist jeden Dienstag, von 17:00 Uhr bis 18:00 Uhr für ein persönliches Gebet bei medita}ver Musik geö昀昀net.
In St. Mar}n Aldenhoven sind das Hauptportal der Pfarrkirche und die Gnadenkapelle täglich von 8:30 Uhr bis 18:00 Uhr, im Winter bis 17:00 Uhr, für die persönliche Einkehr und zu s}llem Gebet geö昀昀net.
Krankenkommunion
Wenn Sie aus Gesundheitsgründen nicht am Gotesdienst teilnehmen können und regelmäßig die Kommunion empfangen möchten, melden Sie sich bite im Pfarrbüro oder bei der zuständigen Person.
Aldenhoven: Pfarrbüro, Tel. 1734
Siersdorf:
Frau Annemie Brendgen, Schleidener Str. 18, Tel. 8296
Schleiden: Herr Josef Schumacher, Tel. 7145
Niedermerz:
Frau Agnes Königstein, In der Gracht 2, Tel. 6863
Freialdenhoven: Frau B. Preuß, Tel. 905990 oder
Frau U. Erven, Tel. 6497
Dürboslar: Frau Margit Sevenich, Tel. 8770
Für Novälle bite das Trauertelefon 0157 34510952 verwenden.
Gotesdienste
Gotesdienste
Mi 08.02.
Aldenhoven
10:15 Hl. Messe P. Steinberger Seniorenwohnanlage Neu Patern
Gotesdienste
Sa 25.02.
Dürboslar
14:00 Taufe P. Johnson
Gotesdienste
Fr 10.03.
Aldenhoven
14:00 Rosenkranzgebet und Kreuzwegandacht Ehel. Gast
Mi 22.03.
Gotesdienste
14:00 Rosenkranzgebet Ehel. Gast
Aldenhoven
Gründonnerstag
Gotesdienste
Do 06.04.
Aldenhoven
19:00 Hl. Messe P. Johnson zentr. Abendmahlfeier
Gotesdienste
Termine
Einladung zur Skatrunde in Aldenhoven
Die Skatrunde triv sich wieder. An folgenden Terminen wird jeweils um 15 Uhr in der Bruder-Klaus-Stube gespielt. 15.02.2023, 15.03.2023, 19.04.2023
Alle Skatspielerinnen und Skatspieler über 60 sind herzlich eingeladen. Nähere Informa}onen erhalten Sie bei Heinz Jaquet unter der Rufnummer 02464/7038.
Seniorenka昀昀ee in Siersdorf
Alle 14 Tage 昀椀ndet donnerstags um 9:30 Uhr in St. Johannes Siersdorf ein gemütliches Beisammensein in den Räumen unter der Kirche stat. Die Termine sind:
09.02., 23.02., 09.03., 23.03., 06.04., 20.04.
Frühstück der Frauengemeinscha昀琀
Das Frühstück in Dürboslar, in der Anlaufstelle, ist immer am ersten Mitwoch im Monat um 9:00 Uhr.
Anfragen und Anmeldung bite bei Frau O昀昀ergeld Tel.: 6452.
Das Frühstück in Niedermerz im Haus des Dorfes ist am 01.02., 01.03. und 05.04. Anfragen und Anmeldung bite bei Frau Opfergelt Tel. 5018
Termine
Frühstück ab 55 in Aldenhoven
Von 9:00 - 12:00 Uhr im Pfarrheim mit interessanten Themen.
Die Termine sind am:
Kosten: 4 Euro
30.01. Modenschau „Mode—Mobil" mit Hr. Haverkamp
27.02. „Betreuung—Pa}entenverfügung" mit Fr. Groß
27.03. Wir sind es uns „WERT" mit Fr. und Hr. Weder
24.04. „Energie" — Verbraucherzentrale informiert! mit Fr. Dapper
Anmeldung im Beratungsbüro des Caritasverbandes Frau Eichenbaum, Alte Turmstr. 5, Aldenhoven Montag und Freitag von 9-12 Uhr, Mitwoch von 13-16 Uhr Telefon 02464/5879050
Pfarrka昀昀ee für ALLE
Termine für den Pfarrka昀昀ee in Schleiden 08.02., 08.03. und 12.04.
Wir würden uns freuen, wenn SIE Lust und Zeit haben, 1-2 Std. bei selbst gebackenem Kuchen und Ka昀昀ee gemütlich beisammenzusitzen und zu klönen.
Eine Voranmeldung ist nicht erforderlich- einfach mal vorbeischauen&&. Pfarreirat St. Nikolaus Schleiden, Mitglieder der Schützenbruderscha昀琀 St. Nikolaus Schleiden
Info-Veranstaltung zur Firmung 2023
Am 11.5.2023 bietet Weihbischof Borsch allen jungen Menschen aus unseren 6 Gemeinden, die im Jahr 2006 oder früher geboren sind, das Sakrament der Firmung an.
Eine erste Informa}onsveranstaltung zur Firmvorbereitung wird am 24.2.2023 um 19.00 Uhr im Pfarrheim in Aldenhoven stavinden. Die Teilnahme an der Informa}onsveranstaltung ist noch keine Anmeldung zur Firmung. Diese erfolgt erst zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt. Wer am 24.2. nicht kommen kann, dennoch gerne an der Firmvorbereitung teilnehmen möchte, melde sich bite im Pfarrbüro.
Wir freuen uns auf Euch !
In: Pfarrbriefservice.de
Bild: Sarah Frank, Factum/ADP
Termine
Moderne Orgelmusik Mehr als eine Irrfahrt zwischen Wohl- und Missklang?
Die moderne Orgelmusik scheint so unerreichbar zu sein wie der Boden der Weltmeere. Beides kann jedoch sehr viel Schönheit und Faszina}on bieten, wenngleich eine Annäherung schwerfällt oder sogar von Berührungsängsten geprägt ist. In unseren Orgelkonzerten in
St. Mar}n Aldenhoven am 19.02.23 um 17:30 Uhr
St. Mar}nus Linnich am 12.02.23 um 17:30 Uhr
St. Nikolaus Schleiden am 26.02,23 um 17:30 Uhr
Gemeinsam erkunden wir düstere Un}efen, reißende Ströme, lu昀琀igste Höhen, feurige Infernos und san昀琀 wiegende Auen, die uns diese Musik und deren Komponisten vor Auge und Ohr führen möchten. Seien Sie also herzlich eingeladen vorbeizukommen und dieser ungewöhnlichen Klangreise beizuwohnen.
versuchen wir, Ihnen die breite und berauschende Welt der modernen Orgelmusik näherzubringen.
Philipp Tsiakiris, Simon Jörres und Hans-Josef Loevenich spielen Werke von Emil Rabe, Andreas Willscher, Arvo Pärt, Hermmann Schroeder u.a. Der Eintrit ist frei.
Termine
Einladung zum „Nachmitag der Begegnung":
Der nächste „Nachmitag der Begegnung" 昀椀ndet am Samstag, dem 18.03.2023 ab 15 Uhr im Pfarrheim stat. Eingeladen sind alle ukrainischen Familien die derzeit in Aldenhoven wohnen, ihre Gasvamilien und alle Personen, die Hilfe anbieten möchten.
Neben dem gegensei}gen Kennenlernen und dem Austausch gibt es wieder verschiedene Angebote, die genutzt werden können.
Wer die ukrainischen Familien unterstützen möchte ist herzlich willkommen.
Bei Fragen und für Angebote wenden Sie sich an firstname.lastname@example.org.
„Haltepunkte" in der Fastenzeit
In der Fastenzeit möchten wir Sie wieder einladen, einmal in der Woche aus dem Alltag herauszutreten und auf dem Weg nach Ostern hin kurz Halt zu machen. Die „Haltepunkte" werden unterschiedlich gestaltet sein, aber gemeinsam ist ihnen, dass sie als Vorbereitung auf das Osterfest Gelegenheit bieten, über den eigenen Glauben und über die persönliche Beziehung zu Got nachzudenken.
Wir reuen uns auf Sie !
am 07.03. Pater Johnson (Versöhnungsfeier) mit Beichtgelegenheit am 21.03. eucharis}sche Anbetung
am 14.03. Hermann-Josef Meurer am 28.03. Thomas Uerlichs
Jeweils um 19:00 Uhr.
Haltepunkt
in der
Fastenzeit
Kreuzwegandacht
Wir wollen unseren Alltag für eine Weile hinter uns lassen, um Jesus auf seinem Kreuzweg zu folgen.
Dafür laden wir in der Fastenzeit zur Kreuzwegandacht ein, in Dürboslar am 24.02., 17.03., 31.03. jeweils um 17:30 Uhr.
Die Schi昀昀swallfahrt des Niederrheins
Als im vorletzten Kriegsjahr des Ersten Weltkrieges infolge von Passproblemen die alljährliche Wallfahrt der Pfarreien Bockum, Linn und Oppum nach Kevelaer nicht durchgeführt werden konnte, entschied der Pilgerleiter, Oberpfarrer Johannes Augstein, eine Wallfahrt mit dem Schi昀昀 nach Bornhofen durchzuführen.
So machten sich am 13. Juli 1917 insgesamt 545 Pilger mit dem Dampfer „Hindenburg" auf den Weg zum Wallfahrtsort Bornhofen.
Schon damals wurde das Lied „Geleite durch die Wellen" gesungen, um das ersehnte Ziel sicher zu erreichen. Dass daraus eine Tradi}on wird, die über zwei Weltkriege hinweg, auch 100 Jahre später nichts an ihrer
Bedeutung verloren hat, davon häte damals keiner der Verantwortlichen geträumt.
Im Jahre 1924 wurde die Rosenkranzbruderscha昀琀 Bornhofen gegründet, die später der Erzbruderscha昀琀 in Rom angeschlossen wurde. Als der letzte Geistliche und Pilgerleiter aus Altersgründen die Verantwortung in jüngere Hände abgab, war schnell klar, dass man so eine große Wallfahrt nicht einfach als Privatperson durchführen kann. Es entstand die Idee, einen Verein zu gründen.
Am 23. Februar 2017 – 100 Jahre nach der ersten Schi昀昀swallfahrt – war es soweit: die „Rosenkranzbruderscha昀琀 Bornhofen – Schi昀昀swallfahrt des Niederrheins" wurde in das Vereinsregister Koblenz eingetragen und als gemeinnützig anerkannt. Seit 2022 hat der Verein seinen Sitz in Düren und wird somit im Vereinsregister Düren geführt.
2017 wurde dann die bis dahin auch immer noch zweimal jährlich stavindende Schi昀昀swallfahrt als Jubiläumswallfahrt mit einem besonderen Programm durchgeführt: Es gab neben einer Pilger-medaille auch eine 84sei}ge Jubiläums-festschri昀琀, sowie eine Sonderpostkarte.
Es erfreute die Wallfahrer und Organisa}onsleitung gleichermaßen, dass man für die erste Nach dem Anlegen in Bornhofen beziehen die Wallfahrer ihre Quar}ere, die in Eigenregie gebucht werden. Die Wallfahrtskirche ist bis in die späten Abendstunden für das s}lle Gebet vor dem Gnadenbild geö昀昀net. Schi昀昀swallfahrt im Jubiläumsjahr den ehem. Bischof von Aachen gewinnen konnte.
Eine weitere große Ehre war es, für den jungen Verein mit alter Geschichte, dass aus dem Va}kan ein Glückwunschschreiben des Heiligen Vaters Papst Franziskus eintraf, welches von Bischof Heinrich Mussingho昀昀 vor dem Schlusssegen verlesen wurde.
Der Ablauf der Schi昀昀swallfahrten
Erster Tag: Die Pilger können ab ca. 7:00 Uhr an Bord des Schi昀昀es gehen. Abgelegt wird um 9:00 Uhr und es geht auf direktem Weg zum Wallfahrtsort Bornhofen, wo
das Schi昀昀 gegen 18:00 Uhr anlegt. Am ersten Wallfahrtstag haben die Pilger an Bord die Möglichkeit, der Heiligen Messfeier beizuwohnen. Neben einer Beichtgelegenheit besteht das Angebot zum Mitbeten des Rosenkranzes und des gemeinsamen Abendgebetes. Nach dem Anlegen in Bornhofen beziehen die Wallfahrer ihre Quar}ere, die in Eigenregie gebucht werden. Die Wallfahrtskirche ist bis in die späten Abendstunden für das s}lle Gebet vor dem Gnadenbild geö昀昀net.
Zweiter Tag: Am Morgen wird in der Klosterkirche die Pilgermesse gefeiert. Anschließend geht es wieder an Bord für einen Aus昀氀ug in die Umgebung. Selbstverständlich wird am Aus昀氀ugsziel eine Gastkirche besucht, in der eine Andacht mit eucharis}schem Segen abgehalten wird. Am Abend – wieder zurück in Bornhofen – 昀椀ndet dann die große Lichterprozession durch den Ort zur Pilgerhalle stat. Auch dort wird noch eine kurze Andacht gefeiert mit an-schließendem Segen zur Nacht.
Driter Tag: Morgens um 7:30 Uhr 昀椀ndet in der Pilgerhalle ein Choralamt stat. Dann heißt „Abschied nehmen". Auf der Rückfahrt nach Köln wird nochmals die Gelegenheit zum Landgang mit Besuch einer Gastkirche geboten. Mit dem Anlegen an der Bastei in Köln gegen 18:00 Uhr endet die Wallfahrt.
Alle Gotesdienste auf dem Schi昀昀, die Prozessionen und Andachten werden von den Musikern der Wallfahrtskapelle musikalisch umrahmt. Auf dem Schi昀昀 und im Ort Bornhofen bieten sie auch Unterhaltungsmusik. Die Wallfahrten werden durch eine ausgebildete Sanitätsfachkra昀琀 begleitet.
Haben wir Ihr Interesse geweckt?
Neben der ak}ven Teilnahme an den Wallfahrten können Sie oder interessierte Freunde und Bekannte auch Mitglied in der „Rosenkranzbruderscha昀琀 Bornhofen Schi昀昀swallfahrt des Niederrheins e.V." werden oder diese durch eine Spende unterstützen
Für weitere Informa}onen haben Sie folgende Möglichkeiten mit uns in Kontakt zu treten:
Telefon: (02421) 980 99 98
Telefax: (02421) 92 06 66
Anschri昀琀: Rosenkranzbruderscha昀琀 Bornhofen e.V. Joseph Aschenbrenner, 1. Vorsitzender Pfarrer-Rody-Str. 12 52353 Düren - Birkesdorf
IBAN: DE28 3706 0193 1021 387017
eMail: info@schi昀昀swallfahrt.de
Internet: www.schi昀昀swallfahrt.de
Facebook: Rosenkranzbruderscha昀琀 Bornhofen – Schi昀昀swallfahrt
Bankverbindung: Pax - Bank eG
BIC: GENODED1PAX
Für Kinder und Junggebliebene
Wir sind für Sie da:
St. Mar琀椀n - St. Ursula - St. Mauri琀椀us - St. Johann B. Nmz - St. Nikolaus - St. Johann B. Sdf
Pfarrbüro der Pfarrgemeinden
Kapellenplatz 14 - 52457 Aldenhoven
Novalltel.: 0157 - 34510952
Tel.: 02464 - 1734 Fax: 02464 - 9089821
info@st-mar}n-aldenhoven.de www.sankt-mar}n-aldenhoven.de
Do
14:30 - 16:00 Uhr (nicht in den Ferien)
Pfarrbürozeiten:
Mo, Mi, Fr
9:30 - 11:00 Uhr
Pfarradministrator
Pfarrer H. Philippen
Tel. 1734
email@example.com
Subsidiar
Pater Johnson Mathew OSFS Tel. 1734 /
p.johnson@st-mar}n-aldenhoven.de Mobil 01632595959
Sprechzeiten: mitwochs 9:30 - 11:00 Uhr vorherige Anmeldung erwünscht
Impressum:
Herausgeber des Pfarrbriefes:
Katholische Kirchengemeinden St. Mar}n, Aldenhoven - St. Nikolaus, Schleiden - St. Mauri}us, Freialdenhoven - St. Johann Bap}st, Siersdorf - St. Ursula, Dürboslar - St. Johann Bap}st, Niedermerz
Für den Inhalt verantwortlich ist das Pastoralteam.
Thomas Gast. (thomas.gast@st-mar}n-aldenhoven.de)
Bei Fragen und Anregungen wenden Sie sich bite an
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Cradle Printing
Philip A. Metzger
Lehigh University
Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/special-collections-publications-flyer
Recommended Citation
Metzger, Philip A., "Cradle Printing" (1997). Flyer: A Special Collections Newsletter. 3.
http://preserve.lehigh.edu/special-collections-publications-flyer/3
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections Publications at Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Flyer: A Special Collections Newsletter by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
Cradle Printing
Many of you have heard of the term “incunabula”, or its English equivalent “incunable”, and perhaps know that it has something to do with early printing. But you may not understand its precise meaning, or why the term is important. The purpose of this SPECIAL COLLECTIONS Flyer is to answer these questions, and to give some examples from among the more than two dozen books in Lehigh’s Special Collections to which this term is applied. (References to the individual figures are on the back.)
“Incunabula” is a Latin word which means roughly “something from the cradle.” The Germans, in fact, use the term “Wiegendrucke,” which is an exact translation of the English in the header. It is used to refer to printed books from the period from the invention of printing to 50 years after, i.e. from about 1455 through 1500. This is a particularly important period for printed books because it represents the transition from the features of manuscript books, which were often imitated by early printers, to those we expect in a modern book, such as title pages, pagination, and indexes. Nearly all of these changes took place in the approximately 50 years under discussion here.
What were some of the features which printed books developed during that period that manuscript books didn’t have? The most obvious is the title page, which is not necessary when the number of books is small and no two are absolutely alike. Manuscript books are generally identified by the first line or two of the text, called the “incipit,” and information about production appears not at all, or else at the end of the text. Early printers copied these practices, but by 1500 the title page had all but completely assumed these functions.
Many manuscript books are numbered by the leaf, or not numbered at all, but since even the same passage of the same text will be on different leaves in different copies, it would not be possible to make a reference that would be of use to someone else. Such references were one of the main advantages of printed books to scholars. Two widely separated readers could cite a page number and communicate knowing they were referring to the same place in the text.
On the other hand, incunabula, at least the earliest ones, often left room for the fancy painted initials which were sometimes a feature of manuscript books. These and other decorative features were eventually replaced through mechanical means, or else dropped entirely.
One of the most striking examples of printed books imitating manuscripts is to be found in the first printed book, Johann Gutenberg’s celebrated Bible of about 1455. (The book contains neither a date of
On September 26th, the Lehigh University Art Galleries' new facilities in the Zoellner Arts Center will officially open. Special Collections is pleased to have a case of its materials in the permanent gallery. The exhibition includes a volume of Audubon's *Birds of America*, along with 8 other books illustrating the role of books in physical and intellectual exploration. The gallery will be open from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Saturday and 1 to 5 p.m. Sunday.
*Special Collections materials are available for research without restriction. For further information contact Philip A. Metzger, Curator. Reading room hours are Monday through Friday, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. or by appointment. Telephone: (610) 758-4506; fax (610) 974-6471; e-mail: email@example.com.*
---
**Figure 1.** A section of the single leaf of the Gutenberg Bible in Special Collections. The text is from I Maccabees 15.16. [Biblia sacra. Mainz: Johann Gutenberg, ca. 1455]
**Figure 2.** This is a somewhat rudimentary example of a title page, which has a title, but no information about where or when published, or by whom. This is still contained in a colophon at the end. [Albertus Magnus (attributed). Liber de muliere. Cologne: Heinrich Quentell, 1499]
**Figure 3.** A colophon giving the date and place of printing and the name of the printer. It appears as the final paragraph on the last page of the book. The work was completed on the 8th of March 1476. [Leonardo Bruni. Historia fiorentina. Venice: J. de Rossi, 1476]
**Figure 4.** An example of a richly decorated initial leaf. The text is printed, but the initial letter and flourishes were supplied by hand in red and blue. [Jacobus Magnus. Sophilogium. Strassburg, ca. 1476]
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<urn:uuid:994de998-2711-4e63-a8c3-30cb74749563>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 5,044
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Koncernbankens periodresultat är 36 mnkr, vilket är högre än prognostiserad nollbudget. Försäljningar av fondinnehav har ger positiva överskott under året.
Nettolikviditeten är per december 12,5 mdkr.
Den korta portföljen innehåller enbart ränteplaceringar. Årets avkastning är 0,6%, vilket speglar ett marknadsläge med låga räntor. Den långa portföljen placerar även i aktiefonder och avkastningen för året är 6,3%. Stiftelseportföljen har en längre placeringshorisont och en större andel aktiefonder och har avkastat 6,9% under 2017 (inkl utdelningar).
Alla portföljer har för perioden ett marknadsvärde som är högre än anskaffningsvärdet.
Inga överträdelser av finanspolicyn i december.
### Ackumulerad resultatutveckling Koncernbanken
- **Utfall 2017**
- **Budget 2017**
- **Utfall 2016**
### Marknadsvärde
| December | Kort likv-portfölj | Lång likv-portfölj | Totalt kort+lång | Total Andel | Stiftelse-portfölj |
|----------|-------------------|--------------------|------------------|-------------|-------------------|
| mnkr | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aktiefonder | 0 | 3943 | 3943 | 33% | 296 |
| Räntepapper | 3040 | 4812 | 7852 | 66% | 220 |
| Likvida medel | 2 | 17 | 19 | 0% | 33 |
| **Total** | **3042** | **8772** | **11814** | **100%** | **549** |
### Portföljandelar
- **Kort likviditetsportfölj**: 100%
- **Lång likviditetsportfölj**: 55% Aktiefond, 45% Ränta
- **Stiftelseportfölj**: 40% Aktiefond, 54% Ränta, 6% Likv medel
Nettolikviditet
| År | Nettolikviditet |
|----|----------------|
| 1612 | 11 438 |
| 1701 | 11 021 |
| 1702 | 11 964 |
| 1703 | 11 410 |
| 1704 | 11 627 |
| 1705 | 11 951 |
| 1706 | 11 765 |
| 1707 | 11 676 |
| 1708 | 12 157 |
| 1709 | 12 482 |
| 1710 | 12 689 |
| 1711 | 12 568 |
| 1712 | 12 463 |
Ackumulerad avkastning per portfölj
-2,0% 0,0% 2,0% 4,0% 6,0% 8,0%
1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712
Kort likviditet Lång likviditet Stiftelse (inkl utdelningar)
Ackumulerad avkastning korta likviditetsportföljen
-0,5% -0,3% -0,1% 0,1% 0,3% 0,5% 0,7% 0,9%
1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712
Obligationer Räntefond
Ackumulerad avkastning långa likviditetsportföljen
-2,0% 0,0% 2,0% 4,0% 6,0% 8,0%
1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712
AIO Aktiefonder Obligationer Räntefonder
Ackumulerad avkastning stiftelseportföljen
-2,0% 0,0% 2,0% 4,0% 6,0% 8,0%
1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712
Aktiefonder Obligationer Räntefonder
Uppföljning Finans
December 2017
Koncernkontoret
Kort likviditetsportfölj - anskaffningsvärde och marknadsvärde (exkl uppl ränta)
Övervärde dec: 21 mnkr
Lång likviditetsportfölj - anskaffningsvärde och marknadsvärde (exkl uppl ränta)
Övervärde dec: 746 mnkr
Stiftelseportföljen - anskaffningsvärde och marknadsvärde (exkl uppl ränta)
Övervärde dec: 64 mnkr
Geografisk fördelning av aktierisken - långa likviditetsportföljen
| | Sverige | Nordamerika | V Europa | Asien exkl Japan | Japan | Latinamerika | Afrika & Mö | Ö Europa | Australien & NZ | Totalt |
|----------------|---------|-------------|----------|------------------|-------|--------------|-------------|----------|-----------------|--------|
| | 30,9% | 31,0% | 14,4% | 12,1% | 4,6% | 3,4% | 2,5% | 0,6% | 0,5% | 100% |
Uppföljning av limiter
(källa: KPMG)
Dec
Kort likviditetsportfölj ✔
Lång likviditetsportfölj ✔
Stiftelseportfölj ✔
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<urn:uuid:6597f547-fdb5-4715-87b9-43e8ef36713e>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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swe_Latn
| 3,877
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Sant Aniol d'Aguja Talaixà des de Sadernes 8-5-19
Integrants:Isabel Alcalde, Jaume Bertran, Joan Corbera, Mercè Font, Toni Manuel, Josep Martínez, Tere Pinto, Isma Porcar, Josep Pous, Julià Pratginestós i Josep Roca.
Distància: 19,29km Temps:6,06h Temps en moviment:5,50h Desnivell: 817m+ Cotxe:100km Jaume Bertran, Isma Porcar, Josep Roca.
Ens trobem a les 7 del matí a la zona esportiva de les Franqueses del Vallès. Sortim en direcció als túnels de Bracons, parem per prendre cafè a les Preses, Restaurant Vertisol a on ja encarreguem el dinar. Arribem a Sadernes a les 8:50h . Deixem els cotxes al primer aparcament. Comencem la caminada, passem per el Pont d'en Valenti a les 9:30 h, continuem pel costat esquerra del riu fins arribar a la presa del Gomarell.
Antigament hi havia un pont penjat, ara no existeix, han posat unes pilones de formigó fàcils de passar.
Arribem a Sant Aniol sobre les 11 h i esmorzem.
Vàrem trobar un noi de Girona que feia una setmana que havia sortit de Cap de Creus i en dos mesos pensava arribar a Santiago de Compostela.
Arranquem cap el Salt de la Núvia i passem a prop de la masia de la Quera fins a Talaixà. Després de disfrutar de les bones vistes del Bassegoda, iniciem la tornada per l'altre costat de la vall, passant pel pont d'en Valenti fins l'aparcament. Arribem a les 15 h. i cap a dinar al restaurant Vertisol de les Preses.
Una magnífica matinal, ens ha fet bon temps, algunes estones ennuvolat. Més de 19km i 6 h de caminar per un paisatge meravellós.
La propera setmana, farem Via Verda, de Llagostera a Sant Feliu de Guíxols. Sortirem a les 7h del matí del pla del Ramassar.
Fotografies: Joan Corbera
Text: Josep Roca
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<urn:uuid:55c30e19-c378-4c6e-b3fe-9db6cb9916d6>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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cat_Latn
| 1,684
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Naziv istraživanja: SLOBODNO VRIJEME! ŠTO S NJIM?
Provoditelj: OŠ "Ljudevit Gaj"
Godina provedbe: 2013
Kratki sadržaj:
Područje ovoga istraživanja bilo je SLOBODNO VRIJEME učenika: koliko djeca imaju slobodnog vremena, provode li ga kvalitetno, koliko su i koji mediji zastupljeni pri tome te sudjelovanje roditelja u organizaciji i praćenju slobodnog vremena svoje djece.
Istraživanje provedeno među:
Učenicima
Financijski podržano od:
Ciljevi istraživanja:
Područje ovoga istraživanja bilo je SLOBODNO VRIJEME učenika: koliko djeca imaju slobodnog vremena, provode li ga kvalitetno, koliko su i koji mediji zastupljeni pri tome te sudjelovanje roditelja u organizaciji i praćenju slobodnog vremena svoje djece.
Metode istraživanja:
Anonimni anketni upitnik
Uzorak:
VI. razred
Rezultati istraživanja:
Ispitanici imaju dovoljno slobodnog vremena, ali ga ne koriste dovoljno kvalitetno. Uglavnom su navezani na AV medije; pri čemu malo prate informativni, kulturno-umjetnički i športski program. Čitanju neobveznih sadržaja lijepe književnosti u slobodnom vremenu također posvećuju malu pozornost. Iznenađuje podatak da trećina roditelja nikada ne sudjeluje u organizaciji slobodnog vremena svoje djece što otvara pitanje koliko djeca tog uzrasta mogu napraviti kvalitetan izbor sadržaja i aktivnosti.
Korištena literatura tijekom istraživanja i reference u kojima su rezultati objavljeni:
Rezultati su prezentirani na roditeljskom sastanku
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<urn:uuid:247825b2-672f-497a-a175-d88c6c28101d>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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hrv_Latn
| 1,463
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UNDERSTANDING MISSING DATA IN REAL-TIME POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM IN CHINA
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
of Cornell University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science
by
Congyan Han
August 2019
© 2019 Congyan Han
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ABSTRACT
Using both remote sensing data on air pollution and publicly reported hourly $PM_{2.5}$ data from ground-level monitoring stations, this paper examines whether the quality of the publicly reported $PM_{2.5}$ is affected by selective reporting whereby high-level hourly pollution readings are dropped in the reported data. Our analysis shows that the contemporaneous level of air pollution measured by the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) has a negative relationship with the frequency of data missing. This relationship is weaker in dirty cities measured by the average AOD during the sample period and is reversed in very dirty cities.
Key Words: air pollution, real-time monitoring, missing value, satellite data, China
Congyan Han is a Master student in the Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management at Cornell University. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org.
This document is dedicated to all Cornell graduate students.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Prof. Shanjun Li for his tremendous support for my study and research. He helps me establish a framework for how to conduct a research, and motivates my interest in doing research and pursuing further study as a PhD student. I also wish to thank Prof. Ivan Rudik for his insightful comments and patience, which encourages me to keep trying and moving forward. Also, I am very grateful to Eric Zou, Lin Yang, Yuanning Liang and Jing Qian for their help and detailed suggestions. Finally, I want to express my gratitude to my parents who give me continuous support and encouragement during years of study.
# TABLE OF CONTENTS
Biographical Sketch .......................................................... iii
Dedication ........................................................................ iv
Acknowledgements ............................................................. v
Table of Contents ............................................................... vi
List of Tables ...................................................................... vii
List of Figures .................................................................... viii
1 Introduction ........................................................................ 1
2 Background ......................................................................... 6
2.1 New Ambient Air Quality Standards and Data Veracity ....... 6
2.2 Performance Evaluation of Officials ................................. 8
3 Data Description .................................................................. 10
3.1 Air Pollution ................................................................. 10
3.2 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) ........................................ 11
3.3 Weather ....................................................................... 14
3.4 Summary Statistics ...................................................... 15
4 Patterns of Missing Values .................................................. 16
4.1 Threshold for Valid Data .............................................. 16
4.2 Missing Ratio and AOD ............................................... 17
5 Empirical Strategy .............................................................. 21
5.1 Main Results ............................................................... 21
5.2 Dynamic Effect ........................................................... 25
5.3 Heterogeneous Effect .................................................. 27
5.4 Robustness Check ....................................................... 29
6 Conclusions and Future Work ............................................. 31
A Summary Statistics ............................................................ 33
A.1 Missing Ratio ............................................................. 33
A.2 AOD .......................................................................... 35
B Cut-offs for Valid Air Quality Data ..................................... 36
C Variation in Hour .............................................................. 46
LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Summary Statistics .................................................. 15
5.1 Regression Results with Fixed Effects(City-by-Day) ............ 23
5.2 Joint Test for Effect of AOD on Missing Ratio ................... 24
5.3 Regression Results for Daily Cut-off(Station-by-Day) .......... 25
5.4 Regression Results with Lagged AOD(City-by-Day) ............. 26
5.5 Joint Test for Effect of AOD or Lagged AOD on Missing Ratio . 26
5.6 Regression Results with Mayors(City-by-Day) .................. 28
5.7 Regression Results by Different Missing Ratio(City-by-Day) .... 30
5.8 Joint Test for Effect of AOD on Different Missing Ratios ...... 30
A.1 Summary Statistics of Missing Ratios of $PM_{2.5}$ .................. 33
A.2 Missing Ratios by City Tiers ...................................... 33
A.3 Missing Ratios by Seasons ......................................... 34
A.4 Missing Ratios by Location ........................................ 34
A.5 Missing Ratios by Pollution Level ................................. 34
A.6 Summary Statistics of AOD ......................................... 35
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 $PM_{2.5}$ and AOD(City-by-Day) .................................................. 13
3.2 Residualized $PM_{2.5}$ and AOD(City-by-Day) ................................. 14
4.1 Monthly Average Missing Ratio ................................................. 18
4.2 Monthly Average AOD ............................................................. 18
4.3 Missing Ratio and AOD ............................................................ 19
4.4 Residualized Missing Ratio and Residualized AOD ....................... 20
4.5 Residualized Missing Ratio and AOD during Good Days and Bad Days 20
B.1 Number of Missing Hours(Station-by-Day) ................................. 36
B.2 Number of Missing Hours(Station-by-Day) for Selected Cities ........... 37
B.3 Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Month with 31 days) ............... 37
B.4 Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Month with 30 days) ............... 38
B.5 Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Month) ................................ 38
B.6 Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Year with 365 days) ............... 39
B.7 Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Year with 366 days) ............... 39
B.8 Number of Missing Hours by Average AOD Level ......................... 40
B.9 Number of Missing Days for Month(with 31 days) by Average AOD Level ................................................................. 41
B.10 Number of Missing Days for Month(with 30 days) by Average AOD Level ................................................................. 41
B.11 Number of Missing Days for Year(with 365 days) by Average AOD Level ................................................................. 42
B.12 Number of Missing Days for Year(with 366 days) by Average AOD Level ................................................................. 42
B.13 Number of Missing Hours(Station-by-Day) by Missing Ratio Level .... 43
B.14 Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Month) for Missing Level 1 ...... 43
B.15 Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Month) for Missing Level 9 ...... 44
B.16 Number of Missing Days for Year(with 365 days) by Missing Ratio Level ................................................................. 44
B.17 Number of Missing Days for Year(with 366 days) by Missing Ratio Level ................................................................. 45
C.1 Number of Missing Values by Hour(Missing Value) ....................... 46
C.2 Number of Missing Values by Hour(Including No Obs.) .................. 46
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The quality of air quality data has been an issue that attracts both the public’s and the government’s attention in China\(^1\). In March 2016, it was reported\(^2\) that the monitors of two monitoring stations in Xi’an were blocked by gauze to avoid high readings. The six monitoring stations in Linfen\(^3\) were accused of manipulating air quality data by blocking or spraying water towards the monitors during April 2017 to March 2018. A recent scandal\(^4\) in January 2018 was that the building of Environmental Protection Bureau in Shizhuishan was frozen when the officials sprayed water towards this building to improve the air quality around the monitors there.
In general, three ways to have better air quality data are commonly used, (a) strategy response to intermittent monitoring by behaving differently when being monitored and not being monitored( Zou (2018)), (b) falsifying data by not reporting the true concentration, improving the air quality just around the monitors or blocking the monitors, and (c) discarding data by not reporting the concentration or shutting down the monitors. This paper is aimed to check whether the third one exists, considering the time period covered by this data set and the corresponding policy background in China. The reason why this paper is focused on this case will be further explained in Chapter 2.
Air pollution data with low quality has many negative effects. First, it has a rather bad impact on the government’s credibility, especially when there are some
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\(^1\)China to probe accuracy of its air pollution data. Some provincial governments have been manipulating figures to meet national standards, says minister. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/china-to-probe-accuracy-of-its-air-pollution-data-49303
\(^2\)http://news.cctv.com/2017/06/22/ARTlqJAAaCTZMXDUqRvkeWgs170622.shtml
\(^3\)http://news.sina.com.cn/sf/news/aijj/2018-08-06/doc-ihhhczfc4604136.shtml
\(^4\)http://www.sohu.com/a/217980601_681337
other countries or institutes reporting air quality data at the same time\textsuperscript{5} to the public with differences. Also, air quality data is an important factor taken into consideration by people when they are making the decisions about whether to go outside and whether they should use masks to protect themselves(( Ghanem and Zhang (2014))).), which means wrong information will lead to potential loss in terms of health and social welfare, since air pollution has huge acute and chronic negative effect on health both in the short and long term, even at very low exposure( Brunekreef and Holgate (2002), Kampa and Castanas (2008), Chen et al. (2013b)). And many studies have already shown that in some cities in China, air pollution does lead to higher non-surgery outpatient visits and mortality( M.D. et al. (1995), Xu et al. (2000), Rohde and Muller (2015)). This kind of health damage will then lead to economic cost( Kan and Chen (2004)). Also, it makes the researches or policies based on it come to incorrect conclusions and applications.
There are several studies on quality of air pollution data. Based on intermittent monitoring data of air quality in United States, Zou (2018) shows that strategic responses exist and the widely used once-every-six-day monitoring schedule for outdoor particle pollution causes significant deterioration in air quality on unmonitored days compared to monitored days. And when it comes to air quality data in China, Ghanem and Zhang (2014) provide empirical evidence for data manipulation by testing the discontinuity around the cut-off for Blue-Sky Days, using self-reported $PM_{10}$ data by Chinese cities over the period 2001-2010 as a proxy for API\textsuperscript{6}, using in-
\textsuperscript{5}China Has No Good Answer to the U.S. Embassy Pollution-Monitoring. Lashing out at the U.S. only highlights the Chinese leadership’s inability to clean up the country’s air and further erodes their credibility with the public. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/06/china-has-no-good-answer-to-the-us-embassy-pollution-monitoring/258447/
\textsuperscript{6}Air Pollution Index. It is an indicator from 0 to 500, with 6 levels, instead of the pollution concentration. The higher the $AQI$ value, the greater the level of air pollution. It converts the concentrations of $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ into a single index by choosing the maximum of the indexes transformed from three pollutants.
visibility as a proxy for true air quality, with weather variables being controlled. Chen et al. (2013a) apply officially reported $API$ data from 37 large cities in China during 2000-2009 and two proxies for air pollution (visibility data from China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)) and find the discontinuity at the threshold of Blue-Sky Days as well. In addition, they show that with higher pressure to achieve the target of exemplary city policy\footnote{The central government of China decides whether a city is “The National Environmental Protection Exemplary City” depending on four indicators, social economy, environmental quality, environmental construction and environmental management.}, the higher possibility a city that is about to win the award reports $API$ or $PM_{10}$ right below the threshold.
This paper investigates the quality of air pollution data in China in a different way, testing the patterns of missing values of air pollution data after 2012 in China. The studies above are focused on the discontinuity of $API$ data in China before 2012. But the studies based on the time period after 2012 are rare, as well as the studies based on the patterns of missing values in air quality data. Exploration into data quality regarding missing values after 2012 is very necessary and meaningful, not just a study repeating a similar topic. This paper focuses on a different time period with many changes in environmental policy, monitoring, air quality standards. As a result, there are some differences. $API$ used by previous studies is decided by the pollutant that has the highest index\footnote{$API = \text{MAX}(I_{SO_2}, I_{NO_2}, I_{PM_{10}})$}, and during the period they cover, it is mostly decided by $PM_{10}$. That is why they use $PM_{10}$\footnote{$PM_{10}$ is used instead of $AQI$ because that they are going to check the discontinuity. But the index of pollutants that $API$ depends on is not a linear transformation of pollution concentration. Ghanem and Zhang (2014) shows mathematically the calculation of $AQI$ leads to discontinuity and can not be used for the test directly.}. However, $AQI$ replaced $API$ in 2012 as the main indicator for air quality. Except for the three indexes included in $API$, three more indexes, $PM_{2.5}$, $O_3$ and $CO$ are added. $AQI$ is to choose the maximum of the indexes of these six pollutant, which are calculated by piece-wise linear transformation of the concentration. $PM_{2.5}$ mostly occurs as the pollutant deciding it. In addition, since the U.S. Embassy in Beijing reported $PM_{2.5}$ data to the public around 2009, it has become the pollutant that is the most eye-catching in China. Many studies focused on $PM_{2.5}$ are conducted, such as health effect, economic cost and source analysis. The government also tends to emphasize more on $PM_{2.5}$ than other pollutants. For example, in Thirteenth Five-Year Plan (covers 2016-2020)\(^{10}\), $PM_{2.5}$ is highlighted and said to be reduced by 23.6% in 2015 compared to 2013 in the 74 cities under the first wave of monitoring. The general situation and several economic zones are also mentioned. This plan is a programmatic document in China and provides the direction for the government. The evaluations of many cities also emphasize a lot on this particular pollutant\(^{11}\). All these indicate $PM_{2.5}$ would be a representative pollutant for this time period. So in my study, it will be applied for analysis.
Second, the new Ambient Air Quality Standards which came into effect at 2012 establishes a new national air quality monitoring system. It is said that the data will be uploaded automatically and remotely by the system without the potential interference by local officials, which means the data I use is not self-reported anymore and manipulations in terms of strategy response and falsifying data should have been eliminated theoretically. Based on this assumption, there will be differences of the incentives and measures for data manipulation between the time periods before 2012 and after 2012. Hence, it will be meaningful to conduct research based on air quality data after 2012.
Moreover, if patterns of missing values do exist, only testing the accuracy of data is not enough because the data set could have already been biased. Also, to know what kind of manipulation exists could help policy makers and regulators to better manage the air quality monitoring and data reporting process. As a result, this paper is to check whether the quality of air pollution data is affected by selectively reporting
\(^{10}PM_{2.5}$ haven’t been added into the air quality evaluation system when Twelfth Five-Year Plan came into effect.
\(^{11}\)http://roll.sohu.com/20160224/n438349922.shtml
whereby discarding high readings.
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND
This part introduces the new air quality regulation in China and how environment is correlated to officials’ promotion. By this, it is easier to understand why discarding data is feasible and why the officials may have the incentive for it.
2.1 New Ambient Air Quality Standards and Data Veracity
Economic growth and urbanization in China cause large pollution emission and many cities in China have been faced with severe air quality issues, not limited to major cities, with widespread source of pollution sources (Chan and Yao (2008), Rohde and Muller (2015)). As MEE[2012]NO.11\(^1\) points out, pollution by \(NO_x\), \(VOCs\), \(O_3\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) is aggravating. The problem of \(PM_{10}\) and \(TSP\) pollution has not been fully solved. To protect and improve living environment, ecological environment and health, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) published Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012\(^2\)) on Feb. 29, 2012, since when the new system of national air quality monitoring began to be constructed and came into use. The pollutants disclosed by this system include \(SO_2\), \(NO_2\), \(PM_{10}\), \(PM_{2.5}\), \(O_3\) and \(CO\) and \(AQI\). Implementation of the monitoring system with new standards is to improve environmental protection, environmental quality evaluation, monitoring and warning system, and government credibility. The policy led to the installation of real-time air pollution monitors across the country since 2012, which were built in 3 waves (2012, 2013 and
\(^1\)MEE [2012]NO.11 is a document to notify that GB 3095-2012 is going into effect.
\(^2\)GB 3095-2012 is a revised version of GB 3095-1996 and GB 9137-88. They are all air quality standards. Generally speaking, GB 3095-2012 includes something new, like the new pollutants added into the evaluation system. Also, it is stricter than the former ones, such as the cut-offs of number of missing values that make the data valid.
During the exchange meeting in Beijing in January 4, 2015, it was announced that the whole plan for the new national air quality standards was completed. And started with January 1, 2015, 1436 national monitoring sites in prefecture-level cities and the higher ones would come into use under the new standards and disclose the data of the 6 pollutants.
The new standards not only build up a new monitoring system, but also help to ensure the veracity of data disclosed to the public by constructing a platform for quality control. Seamless supervision on air quality monitoring data is realized by point-to-point transfer between city monitoring stations and remote online quality control platform. The data from these monitoring stations is automatically processed, reported and disclosed, getting rid of manual intervention. The 1436 national monitoring sites are internet-connected and disclose real-time data immediately to the city stations, provincial stations and China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (CNEMC). This theoretically allows no chance for strategy response and the data to be falsified. However, there are still some ways for the local officials to affect data quality, by discarding high pollution data. In fact, to prevent missing of air quality data, GB3095-2012 also sets cut-offs for numbers of missing values, above which will make the pollution concentration data invalid. For example, for $PM_{2.5}$, to ensure the validity, there must have at least 324 daily average data every year, 27 daily average data every month (25 in February) and 20 hourly average data every day. But the limit still allows chances to discard data and the fact is that there are many missing values in this air quality data set. This is why this paper is focused on the potential
---
3 State Council authorized a Three Steps implementation plan for the new air quality standards. In MEE [2012] NO.11, it is stated that the plan is divided into 3 waves. The new standards should be applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, municipalities and provincial capitals by 2012(Wave 1), in 113 National Environmental Protection Key Cities and National Environmental Protection Exemplary Cities by 2013(Wave 2), in all prefecture-level cities and the higher administrative regions by 2015(Wave 3) and across the country at Jan. 1, 2016.
4 http://finance.chinanews.com/ny/2015/01-04/6932330.shtml
patterns of these missing values.
2.2 Performance Evaluation of Officials
Performance evaluation is closely related to the promotions of officials. An important part in this evaluation is about economic development. The likelihood of promotion increases with the officials’ economic performance (Li and Zhou (2005)). Local governments are provided with incentives to promote the economic prosperity (Montinola et al. (1995)). When facing potentially conflicting tasks, such as economic growth and environmental protection, the less measurable task will be ignored so that the environmental protection won’t work well (Xu (2011)).
However, as the environmental issues have got more and more attention from the public and then the government, officials are also given the incentives to protect the environment. To encourage air pollution abatement, air quality has been included in the local officials’ performance assessment. Chen et al. (2013a) carefully check the incentives and exist of gaming of air pollution data and indicate that the central personnel control over the local government is effective. According to the document, Decision of the State Council on Implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection (Guofa [2005] No.39), environmental improvement is added into performance evaluations of officials in the way of ‘Chengkao’\(^5\). During Twelfth Five-Year Plan (covers 2011-2015), air quality account for 15% of a city’s environmental assessment. This indicator consists of the ratio of days with API $\leq 100$, $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$\(^6\). GDP is a very essential index to evaluate the performance of local officials, but the concept of Green GDP has been
\(^5\)http://websearch.mee.gov.cn/was5/web/search?
\(^6\)http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/201111/W020111116343313075391.pdf
developed in order to push officials to work more on environmental protection. Technical specifications of Green GDP was finished in 2015 and applied in 7 pilot cities\(^7\). In addition, in Thirteenth Five-Year Plan\(^8\), \(PM_{2.5}\) is added as an important indicator for the environmental evaluation. These measures take environmental protection into the assessment system, pressuring the local officials and giving them the incentives to understate air pollution data.
Based on the policy, monitoring technology and performance evaluation, it is clear that feasibility and incentives to affect the data quality by discarding some high readings are satisfied.
\(^7\)http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2015/0811/c1004-27441095.html
\(^8\)Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” Ecological Environmental Protection Plan
3.1 Air Pollution
The air pollution data I use is from China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. This dataset covers 1605 monitoring stations in 369 cities from May 14, 2014 to Dec 31, 2017, with hourly pollution concentration of 6 pollutants (15 indicators\(^1\)), \(PM_{2.5}\), \(PM_{10}\), \(SO_2\), \(NO_2\), \(O_3\) and \(CO\). Beginning from 2008, \(PM_{2.5}\) attracted more and more attention from the public with the disclosure of the daily concentration by U.S. Embassy in Beijing. It then was firstly included into the air quality standards in 2012. After Chinese Government replaced \(API\) with \(AQI\), \(PM_{2.5}\) also became the dominant pollutant instead of \(PM_{10}\). As a result, to better assess the patterns of missing values, I choose \(PM_{2.5}\) for the analysis. I count the number of missing values of \(PM_{2.5}\) by hour-and-station level, and aggregate them to the day-and-city level. The summary statistics are reported in Table A.1\(^2\). The summary statistics of missing ratio by city level\(^3\) (Table A.2), season\(^4\) (Table A.3), location (Table A.4) and pollution level (Table A.5) are also provided. Two types of calculations of missing ratio are shown and used in the robustness check. One is calculated directly by the observations without \(PM_{2.5}\). Another one includes the hours we don’t have observations in this dataset.
In the main part of this paper, I use the second missing ratio for analysis. It is important
---
\(^1\) \(PM_{2.5}\) hourly average, \(PM_{2.5}\) 24hr average, \(O_3\) hourly average, \(O_3\) 8hr average, \(O_3\) 24hr average, etc. \(AQI\) is one of the 15 indicators, which is an index calculated based on those 6 pollutants.
\(^2\) Some of the maximums of Missing Ratio is 1, which means the data for that day at that city are all missing. After further looking into the data, it is found that city “Zhuji” accounts for most of the cases that the Missing Ratio equals to 1. These may be due to technical issues or some specific reasons. In the following analysis, I sometimes keep 95% quantile of the Missing Ratio for the analysis.
\(^3\) Smaller number means larger cities. For example, Tier 1 means the largest cities, like Shanghai, Beijing, etc.
\(^4\) Define March, April and May as Spring, June, July and August as Summer, September, October and November as Fall, December, January and February as Winter.
tant to note that these tables are just for summarizing the data, not for a strict causal inference.
3.2 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)
For the analysis of the potential patterns, proxy for air pollution may be needed. Chen et al. (2013a) use visibility and AOD data to show that the discontinuity of API or $PM_{10}$ is driven by gaming instead of adopting real measures to improve the air quality when it comes closely to the threshold of Blue-Sky Days. Zou (2018) applies AOD data to compare pollution levels on off-days and on-days under the intermittent monitoring. Actually, remote data is widely applied in many fields. Donaldson and Storeygard (2016) demonstrate three main advantages of satellite data and conduct a comprehensive review of applications in Economics. They suggest that ground-based air pollution monitoring stations are not that widespread and the data may be affected by government manipulation. Many studies using satellite data are mentioned, like measuring air pollution caused by forest fires in Indonesia, testing the effect of air quality on infant mortality and evaluating potential causes of air pollution. Sullivan and Krupnick (2018) use satellite data to fill the gaps in the air quality monitoring network and estimate how many people live in areas with high but undetected pollution. New opportunities also will be available regarding application of satellite data into air quality data manipulation.
This paper uses the satellite data, MERRA-2 AOD\(^5\) (Summary statistics reported
\(^5\)The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) provides data beginning in 1980. It was introduced to replace the original MERRA dataset because of the advances made in the assimilation system that enable assimilation of modern hyperspectral radiance and microwave observations, along with GPS-Radio Occultation datasets. Spatial resolution remains about the same (about 50 km in the latitudinal direction) as in MERRA.
in A.6) as a proxy for air pollution to further check the potential relations between the missing and the pollution level. AOD is a measurement of the extinction of the solar beam by dust and haze, based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite. AOD tells us how much direct sunlight is prevented from reaching the ground by these aerosol particles\textsuperscript{6}.
However, a widespread application of AOD doesn’t mean it is perfect. Chu et al. (2002) demonstrate that The MODIS aerosol retrievals cover approximately 70% of the land surface. However, there are some cases we have no AOD data, like the high brightness, snow/ice covered regions — too bright in the visible wavelength to derive aerosol optical depth. Cloud cover more than 10% will also make the data unavailable( Chen et al. (2013a)). AOD provides data at at the satellite crossing time, which is about 10:30 am and 1:30pm local time( Zou (2018); Chen et al. (2013a)). In addition, AOD measures all particulate matter in the atmosphere, instead of air quality close to the ground.
Despite this fact, there are researches indicating the validity of applying AOD to predict air quality. van Donkelaar et al. (2010) indicate that with a chemical transport model, AOD could be used to estimate long-term $PM_{2.5}$ concentration. Many studies look into the relationship between AOD and air pollutants develop empirical models to make the prediction. Wang and Christopher (2003) show that the MODIS AOT (Aerosol Optical Thickness) has a good positive correlation with $PM_{2.5}$ mass (linear correlation coefficient, R = 0.7). They derive an empirical relationship between the MODIS AOT and 24hr mean $PM_{2.5}$ mass and conclude that the satellite-derived AOT is a useful tool for air quality studies over large spatial domains to track and monitor aerosols. Koelemeijer et al. (2006) demonstrate that different meteorological conditions, such as cloud, humidity, make the difference and develop a relation between
\textsuperscript{6}https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/surfrad/aod/
AOT and PM with local meteorological information taken into consideration.
The relation between AOD and PM is not that strict in this paper since what I need is the relative relation. When I look into whether there are more missing values when air pollution is higher, the trend of AOD matters, rather than the true relation between AOD and PM, as long as the positive relation between these two exists (Wang and Christopher (2003); Koelemeijer et al. (2006)). In this data set, the relation between $PM_{2.5}$ and AOD is shown in Figure 3.1 and 3.2, indicating the positive linear correlation. Based on this and the studies, this paper use AOD as a proxy for air pollution.
Note: Binscatter with n=10.
Figure 3.1: $PM_{2.5}$ and AOD(City-by-Day)
3.3 Weather
In this study, I use weather data to correct for meteorological conditions. Koelemeijer et al. (2006) show that monthly average AOT and PM values show clear anti-correlation with rainfall. Ghanem and Zhang (2014) identify the conditions under which the manipulation is most likely to appear, using panel matching approach. It demonstrates that manipulation occurs under certain weather conditions but not others, and shows that higher levels of visibility and low wind speed are the two important factors. In addition, it is intuitively understandable that wind speed has a large effect on the visibility because if wind speed is high, the pollutants will be dissipated and visibility will be better. This paper uses wind speed (knots), visibility (miles), temperature (Fahrenheit), pressure (millibars) and precipitation amount (inches) data.
from Global Surface Summary of the Day (GSOD) data by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
### 3.4 Summary Statistics
Table 3.1 is for data summary statistics. For more details about missing ratio and AOD, please refer to Tables in Appendix A.
| Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
|----------------|-------|-------|-----------|------|------|
| Missing Ratio | 374,436 | 0.092 | 0.136 | 0 | 1 |
| AOD | 374,436 | 0.426 | 0.320 | 0.009| 6.852|
| Temperature | 374,436 | 58.286| 19.959 | -37.5| 108.8|
| Pressure | 339,687 | 945.597| 95.181 | 576.7| 1049.4|
| Visibility | 373,572 | 8.933 | 5.334 | 0 | 18.6 |
| Wind Speed | 371,595 | 4.853 | 2.600 | 0 | 48.3 |
| Precipitation | 370,593 | 0.134 | 0.418 | 0 | 12.64|
CHAPTER 4
PATTERNS OF MISSING VALUES
In this chapter, plots are used to summarize the general trend and variations, instead of showing rigorous causal correlations.
4.1 Threshold for Valid Data
To ensure the completeness of the air quality data and prevent discarding high readings on purpose, Ambient Air Quality Standards have set some cut-offs for the number of missing values to make the data valid. The new Ambient Air Quality Standards change the cut-off for hourly $PM_{2.5}$ from 18 to 20, which means for the data this paper uses, at least 20 hours of concentration should be reported every day. Otherwise, the data for that station at that day will be invalid, which if sums to exceed the cut-off for daily data, will lead to invalidity of all the data for the month or the year. I plot the distribution of number of missing values by hour-by-station level. We may expect discontinuity at the point of four if we assume manipulation exists. There is no sudden decrease around the threshold being found in Figure B.1. The figures for clean cities (Sanya, Kunming), mega cities (Beijing, Shanghai), dirty cities (Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou) and cities that are reported to falsify data (Linfen, Xi’an, Shizuishan) can be found Figure B.2. However, this is not strong enough to conclude that there is no discarding on purpose, since even if there are several days are invalid, the validity could also be satisfied if the cut-off for number of daily missing values is satisfied. As the cut-off is 27 days, I plot it by months with 31 days and months with 30 days separately. From the month level, as shown in Figure B.3 and Figure B.4, there is a decrease around the threshold. However, no conclusion could
be made because it could be the distribution. Since the effect may be averaged by months, Figure B.5 shows the patterns by month. For the selected 9 cities, they show almost the same patterns. If plot for the cities with lowest missing ratio level and highest missing ratio level, the patterns keep for both of them (Figure B.14 and Figure B.15). For the year level cut-off which is 324 days, I also plot it by years with 365 days and year with 366 days (Figure B.6 and Figure B.7) and no obvious discontinuity is found.
In addition, considering that cities of different air pollution level may be pressured to different extend and the discontinuity may be weaken by cities with good air quality, I then plot the distribution by cities of different air quality level, which is represented by the average AOD level. For the general trend, no big difference between cities is found, and figures can be found in Appendix (Figure B.8, Figure B.9, Figure B.10, Figure B.11 and Figure B.12).
Also, the cities with different average missing ratios may differ in patterns. I plot these cut-offs by the level of average missing ratio as well (Figure B.13, Figure B.14, Figure B.15, Figure B.16 and Figure B.17). There is no strong evidence as well.
### 4.2 Missing Ratio and AOD
Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 are the monthly average of missing ratio and AOD. They both show the seasonality. For missing ratio, it tends to be lower during winter and higher during summer. For AOD, it is higher during winter and lower during summer. This makes sense because during winter, heating will lead to high level of air pollution. The decrease trend in Figure 4.2 is also reasonable as Chinese government took actions to reduce air pollution and these measures worked.
Note: This is monthly average of missing ratios of all the cities in this data set.
Figure 4.1: Monthly Average Missing Ratio
Note: This is monthly average of AOD of all the cities in this data set.
Figure 4.2: Monthly Average AOD
Based on these two figures, there seems to be a negative correlation between missing ratio and AOD. Figure 4.3 shows the negative relation between missing ratio and AOD, using raw data. The negative effect keeps after weather variables and fixed effects controlled (Figure 4.4), and the slope is about -0.002. If we look into the relation by different air quality level which is represented by the average AOD of the city (Figure 4.5), it turns out cities of different air quality levels behave differently to the air pollution in terms of missing ratio. The slope for cities with better air quality is -0.004 while the slope for cities with worse air quality is -0.0006. The difference between their slopes indicates potential patterns of selective reporting. To test the significance of this trend, the empirical strategy should capture both the relation between missing ratio and AOD and the difference between cities of different air quality level.
Note: Binscatter with n=10.
Figure 4.3: Missing Ratio and AOD
Note: Binscatter with $n=10$. Both are residualized with temperature, visibility, wind speed, precipitation, pressure, month_city FE, date FE and province_year FE.
Figure 4.4: Residualized Missing Ratio and Residualized AOD
Note: Binscatter with $n=10$. Both are residualized with temperature, visibility, wind speed, precipitation, pressure, month_city FE, date FE and province_year FE. Good days are the days with AOD no larger than the mean of AOD(0.43). Bad days are the days with AOD larger than the mean.
Figure 4.5: Residualized Missing Ratio and AOD during Good Days and Bad Days
5.1 Main Results
This section uses regressions to figure out whether the missing ratio is correlated to the air quality. As I mentioned above, since the missing values exist, the data is biased. As a result, I use AOD data to represent the air quality. Considering that the officials in cities with different air quality levels may differ in incentives to manipulate data, I also include an interaction of AOD and the average AOD which is by city level. Weather data, temperature, visibility, wind speed, precipitation and pressure are also added as explanatory variables to correct for the meteorological conditions of the application of AOD data.
The baseline specification is as following:
\[
\text{MissingRatio}_{cd} = \alpha + \beta_1 \text{AOD}_{cd} + \beta_2 \text{AOD}_{cd} * \text{AverageAOD}_c + \beta_3 \text{Temperature}_{cd} + \beta_4 \text{Visibility}_{cd} \\
+ \beta_5 \text{WindSpeed}_{cd} + \beta_6 \text{Precipitation}_{cd} + \beta_7 \text{Pressure}_{cd} + \gamma_{cm} + \delta_d + \sigma_{py} + \epsilon_{cd},
\]
where \( c \) is city, \( d \) is date, \( m \) is month, \( p \) is province and \( y \) is year. \( \gamma_{cm} \) is the city-by-month fixed effect to absorb month varying city characteristics. \( \delta_d \) is the fixed effect to absorb the daily varying factors. \( \sigma_{py} \) is the fixed effect to absorb the year varying province characteristics.
Table 5.1 shows how I develop the specification. Column m1 is the regression of missing ratio on AOD. Column m2 is the regression with the interaction of AOD and average AOD level added. The average of variable AvgAOD is about 0.43, which
means for a city with the average air quality, the effect of AOD on missing ratio is around \((\beta_1 + 0.43\beta_2)\) (Table 5.2). In Column m2, it is about -0.015 when the mean of missing ratio is 0.0915 and mean of AOD is 0.42. Columns m3-m6 all include weather data. And in Column m3, the effect of about -0.018, which doesn’t change a lot from Column m2. Column m4-m6 is how I add fixed effects one by one into the model. \(\beta_1\) and \(\beta_2\) change a lot. The approximate effect of AOD on missing ratio for a city with the average air quality is -0.003(m4), -0.002(m5) and -0.003(m6), which almost keeps consistent. After adding fixed effects, effect of AOD on missing ratio is smaller. This is reasonable because with the fixed effects controlled, the variations caused by the factors that could be explained by these fixed effects are captured. For example, if the officials in some cities are more pressured to keep good air quality at the end of the year, then the variation in Column m3 may be partially caused by this. Without month-by-city fixed effect controlled, the coefficient \(\beta_1\) and \(\beta_2\) show upward biased effect of AOD on missing ratio.
Column m6 is the baseline specification. Considering the magnitude of weather data, they have very little impact on the missing ratio. In this specification, \(\beta_1\) is -0.00928 and \(\beta_2\) is 0.015. The effect of AOD on missing ratio is about -0.003, which means when AOD increases 1 unit, missing ratio is about to decrease -0.003, which is about 3.3% of the average missing ratio. This is the approximate effect for the cities with average air quality. If we look into cities of different air quality level, the difference tells us more about manipulation. For cities like Beijing, Shijiangzhuang and Shanghai, with average AOD around 0.5, the effect of AOD on missing ratio is -0.001. For cities with higher pollution level, like Chengdu and Zhengzhou, with average AOD around 0.7, the effect is about 0.001. And for cities with lower pollution level, like Sanya and Kunming, with average AOD 0.2, the effect is around -0.006. Generally speaking, for the cities with worse air quality, the missing ratio is higher
when the pollution is higher while for the cities with better air quality, the missing ratio is lower when the pollution is higher. And the gap between -0.001 and 0.006 means if AOD changes 1 unit, the change of missing ratio will be 0.007 in difference for these two kinds of cities, about 7.7% of the average missing ratio.
Table 5.1: Regression Results with Fixed Effects(City-by-Day)
| Missing Ratio(OLS) | m1 | m2 | m3 | m4 | m5 | m6 |
|--------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
| AOD | -0.00718*** | -0.0379* | -0.0542* | -0.0179*** | -0.00575 | -0.00928** |
| | (0.000693) | (0.0186) | (0.0218) | (0.00494) | (0.00444) | (0.00335) |
| AOD*AvgAOD | 0.0532 | 0.0842 | 0.0336*** | 0.00797 | 0.0150* |
| | (0.0373) | (0.0437) | (0.00944) | (0.00822) | (0.00614) |
| Temperature | 0.000377*** | 0.000282*** | -0.0000405 | -0.000190** |
| | (0.0000704) | (0.0000670) | (0.0000784) | (0.0000701) |
| Visibility | -0.000301 | 0.000146 | 0.000225 | 0.000199 |
| | (0.000582) | (0.000187) | (0.000175) | (0.000160) |
| Wind Speed | -0.000649 | -0.000201 | 0.000336* | 0.000462*** |
| | (0.000745) | (0.000182) | (0.000154) | (0.000134) |
| Precipitation | 0.00446** | 0.00639*** | 0.00509*** | 0.00480*** |
| | (0.00159) | (0.000984) | (0.000915) | (0.000835) |
| Pressure | -0.00000806 | -0.000503*** | 0.0000143 | -0.00000941 |
| | (0.0000479) | (0.000102) | (0.000117) | (0.000111) |
Month_City FE Y Y Y
Date FE Y Y Y
Province_Year FE Y
R-squared 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.288 0.616 0.631
Adjusted R-squared 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.280 0.610 0.626
Observations 374436 374436 333397 333397 333397 333397
Standard errors in parentheses = “* p0.05 ** p0.01 *** p0.001”
Standard errors are clustered by the city level.
AvgAOD is the city level average AOD, which is a variable to represent the air quality level.
Table 5.2: Joint Test for Effect of AOD on Missing Ratio
| | m2 | m3 | m4 | m5 | m6 |
|-------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| $\beta_1 + 0.43\beta_2$ | -0.015** | -0.018*** | -0.003* | -0.002 | -0.003* |
Standard errors in parentheses = “* p0.05 ** p0.01 *** p0.001”
Mean of AvgAOD, 0.43 is used for the calculation.
Since there exists decrease around the cut-offs for the data to be valid, the following regression is also tested:
$$Valid_{sd} = \alpha + \beta_1 AOD_{cd} + \beta_2 Temperature_{cd} + \beta_3 Visibility_{cd} + \beta_4 WindSpeed_{cd} + \beta_5 Precipitation_{cd} + \beta_6 Pressure_{cd} + \gamma_{sm} + \sigma_{py} + \epsilon_{cd},$$
where s is station, d is date, m is month, p is province and y is year. Valid is 1 when the daily data is valid for that day, 0 otherwise. $\gamma_{sm}$ is the station-by-month fixed effect to absorb month varying station characteristics. $\sigma_{py}$ is the fixed effect to absorb the year varying province characteristics.
The general trend is that when air quality is worse, the high possibility the daily data is valid. After fixed effects added in, the variation is smaller since part of the variation in Column m1 and Column m2 is due to the factors explained by the fixed effect, instead of air quality. However, the magnitude is very small since the mean of ‘Valid’ is about 0.9 and mean of AOD is about 0.43, which means although the coefficient in Column m6 is significant, AOD has very little effect on whether the daily data is valid.
Table 5.3: Regression Results for Daily Cut-off (Station-by-Day)
| Valid(OLS) | m1 | m3 | m4 | m5 | m6 |
|------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| AOD | 0.0132*** | 0.0171** | 0.00402 | 0.00211 | 0.00328* |
| | (0.000771) | (0.00633) | (0.00294) | (0.00181) | (0.00146) |
| Temperature| -0.000505***| -0.000186 | 0.0000894 | 0.000241* |
| | (0.0000779) | (0.0000979) | (0.000108) | (0.0000970) |
| Visibility | 0.000590 | -0.0000119 | -0.000189 | -0.000131 |
| | (0.000615) | (0.000256) | (0.000209) | (0.000180) |
| Wind Speed | 0.000870 | 0.000441 | -0.000547* | -0.000744***|
| | (0.000765) | (0.000288) | (0.000212) | (0.000184) |
| Precipitation| -0.0105*** | -0.0119*** | -0.00865*** | -0.00833*** |
| | (0.00247) | (0.00188) | (0.00167) | (0.00159) |
| Pressure | 0.0000863 | 0.00125*** | -0.000200 | 0.0000782 |
| | (0.0000533) | (0.000162) | (0.000186) | (0.000174) |
Month_Station FE | Y | Y | Y |
Date FE | Y | Y |
Province_Year FE | Y |
R-squared | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.212 | 0.521 | 0.527 |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.202 | 0.515 | 0.521 |
Observations | 1620287 | 1427966 | 1427950 | 1427950 | 1427950 |
Standard errors in parentheses = ** p<0.05 * p<0.01 *** p<0.001
Standard errors are clustered by the city level.
Valid is 1 when the daily data is valid, 0 otherwise.
5.2 Dynamic Effect
Considering that it may take time to take action, Table 5.4 is the specifications including the AOD lagged for 1 day, for 2 days and one week. $\beta_1$ and $\beta_2$ keep significant. And the effect of AOD on missing ratio is -0.003 for all the columns (Table 5.5 Row 1), which also keeps consistent and significant. For the coefficients of variables related to
lagged AOD (Table 5.5 Row 2-4), none of them is significant, as well as the joint test. In addition, they don’t make a big difference to the missing ratio in the perspective of magnitude.
**Table 5.4: Regression Results with Lagged AOD (City-by-Day)**
| Missing Ratio(OLS) | m0 | LagDay1 | LagDay2 | Lag2Day | Lag1Week |
|--------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| AOD | -0.00928** | -0.0101*** | -0.00984** | -0.00983*** | -0.00915** |
| | (0.00335) | (0.00287) | (0.00311) | (0.00293) | (0.00337) |
| AOD*AvgAOD | 0.0150* | 0.0166** | 0.0160** | 0.0160** | 0.0148* |
| | (0.00614) | (0.00506) | (0.00563) | (0.00522) | (0.00622) |
| AOD Lagged 1 Day | | 0.00179 | | -0.0000310 | |
| | | (0.00275) | | (0.00201) | |
| AOD Lagged 1 Day*AvgAOD | | -0.00329 | | 0.000172 | |
| | | (0.00531) | | (0.00382) | |
| AOD Lagged 2 Days | | | 0.00354 | 0.00356 | |
| | | | (0.00315) | (0.00288) | |
| AOD Lagged 2 Days*AvgAOD | | -0.00661 | | -0.00669 | |
| | | (0.00605) | | (0.00549) | |
| AOD Lagged 1 Week | | | | | -0.00223 |
| | | | | | (0.00339) |
| AOD Lagged 1 Week*AvgAOD | | | | | 0.00602 |
| | | | | | (0.00652) |
| Weather | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Month_City FE | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Date FE | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Province_Year FE | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
R-squared: 0.631, 0.632, 0.632, 0.632, 0.632
Adjusted R-squared: 0.626, 0.626, 0.626, 0.626, 0.626
Observations: 333397, 333184, 332974, 332974, 331920
Standard errors in parentheses = ** p<0.05 * p<0.01 *** p<0.001
Standard errors are clustered by the city level.
The 5 variables for weather are included in all these five models as above.
**Table 5.5: Joint Test for Effect of AOD or Lagged AOD on Missing Ratio**
| | m0 | LagDay1 | LagDay2 | Lag2Day | Lag1Week |
|----------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| AOD | -0.003* | -0.003** | -0.003* | -0.003** | -0.003* |
| AOD Lagged 1 Day | 0.0004 | | | 0.00005 | |
| AOD Lagged 2 Day | 0.0007 | | | 0.0007 | |
| AOD Lagged 1 Week | | | | | 0.0004 |
Standard errors in parentheses = ** p0.05 * p0.01 *** p0.001
5.3 Heterogeneous Effect
In Table 5.6, mayors’ promotion pressure and education background are added to capture how the leader of a city affects the missing ratio. For most of the cities in China, the age of the position higher than their current position cannot be beyond 58 years old, which means whether they are below 57 years old when they are eligible for promotion. This measures whether they are pressured for a better evaluation. For the provincial capital cities, the threshold is 62 years old. For Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing, which is equal to province, the threshold is 66 years old. I also include whether their highest degree is bachelor, master or PhD to capture the education background of the city’s leader. Triple interactions for AOD, average AOD level and these four dummies are also added into the models. The results suggest no significant impact of promotion threshold and education background on the missing ratio, in terms of either the coefficient alone or the joint test\(^1\) of the two related coefficients. However, the magnitude of these four is relatively large. The reason for this may be that the highest degree for one person almost remains the same or the mayor doesn’t change too much in such a short time (2014-2017) so that changes in several cities lead to the variation.
\(^1\)Use mean of AOD and mean of average AOD for the test, which means this is based on a city of average air quality level and of average AOD on that day.
Table 5.6: Regression Results with Mayors(City-by-Day)
| Missing Ratio(OLS) | m0 | Young | Educ | All |
|--------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| AOD | -0.00928** | -0.00908* | -0.00930** | -0.00899* |
| | (0.00335) | (0.00351) | (0.00341) | (0.00348) |
| AOD*AvgAOD | 0.0150* | 0.0101 | 0.0146 | 0.00817 |
| | (0.00614) | (0.0223) | (0.0157) | (0.0215) |
| Young | | -0.00126 | | 0.00444 |
| | | (0.00810) | | (0.0173) |
| AOD*AvgAOD*Young | | 0.00486 | | 0.0123 |
| | | (0.0207) | | (0.0315) |
| Bachelor | | | 0.0102 | 0.00609 |
| | | | (0.0106) | (0.0181) |
| AOD*AvgAOD*Bachelor| | | 0.00272 | -0.00347 |
| | | | (0.0185) | (0.0265) |
| Master | | | -0.0000555 | -0.00415 |
| | | | (0.00826) | (0.0171) |
| AOD*AvgAOD*Master | | | -0.00256 | -0.00888 |
| | | | (0.0163) | (0.0245) |
| PhD | | | -0.0210 | -0.0250 |
| | | | (0.0118) | (0.0186) |
| AOD*AvgAOD*PhD | | | 0.00626 | 0.000262 |
| | | | (0.0180) | (0.0260) |
| Weather | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Month.City FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Date FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Province Year FE | Y | Y | Y | Y |
R-squared 0.631 0.631 0.633 0.633
Adjusted R-squared 0.626 0.626 0.627 0.627
Observations 333397 333397 333397 333397
Standard errors in parentheses = “*” p<0.05 ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001”
Standard errors are clustered by the city level.
The 5 variables for weather are included in all these four models as above.
Young is 1 if the mayor is below 57 years old(otherwise, 0) for most of the cities.
For provincial capital cities, threshold for Young is 62 years old.
For Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing, threshold for Young is 66 years old.
Bachelor is 1 if mayor’s degree of is bachelor. The same for Master and PhD.
5.4 Robustness Check
In this data set, there are part of observations without $PM_{2.5}$ data. This is one kind of missing values. However, there is also another kind of missing. When a station is open, theoretically it should have data reported every hour. The truth is there are some hours that we have no observations. It is hard to figure out why there are these two cases and tell which one makes more sense than the other one. Summary statistics by different dimensions are shown in Appendix already, but this is not enough. So Table 5.7 is to compare these two types of missing ratio to see whether they make a big difference to our empirical analysis. As we can see, the results turn out to be very similar. The joint test show the same significance as well, for an effect around -0.003. There is no big difference how we define and calculate missing ratio.
Table 5.7: Regression Results by Different Missing Ratio(City-by-Day)
| Missing Ratio(OLS) | m1 | m2 |
|--------------------|-------------|-------------|
| AOD | -0.00928** | -0.00952** |
| | (0.00335) | (0.00341) |
| AOD*AvgAOD | 0.0150* | 0.0151* |
| | (0.00614) | (0.00625) |
| Temperature | -0.000190** | -0.000199** |
| | (0.0000701) | (0.0000729) |
| Visibility | 0.000199 | 0.000200 |
| | (0.000160) | (0.000163) |
| Wind Speed | 0.000462*** | 0.000486*** |
| | (0.000134) | (0.000138) |
| Precipitation | 0.00480*** | 0.00490*** |
| | (0.000835) | (0.000849) |
| Pressure | -0.0000941 | -0.0000849 |
| | (0.000111) | (0.000115) |
| Month_City FE | Y | Y |
| Date FE | Y | Y |
| Province_Year FE | Y | Y |
| R-squared | 0.631 | 0.450 |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.626 | 0.441 |
| Observations | 333397 | 333397 |
Standard errors in parentheses = "* p<0.05 ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001"
Standard errors are clustered by the city level.
m1 is the missing ratio including hours without observations.
m2 is missing ratio calculated only by observations without $PM_{2.5}$.
Table 5.8: Joint Test for Effect of AOD on Different Missing Ratios
| | m1 | m2 |
|----------------|-------------|-------------|
| $\beta_1 + 0.43\beta_2$ | -0.003* | -0.003* |
Standard errors in parentheses = "* p0.05 ** p0.01 *** p0.001"
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
This paper uses $PM_{2.5}$ data from 2014 to 2017 to test whether the local officials selectively report air quality data by discarding data. When I look into the cut-off for the number of missing values to make the data valid, there is little evidence of discontinuity around the threshold, as well as empirical evidence of the correlation between air pollution and the possibility of the daily data to be valid, in terms of magnitude. When applying AOD data as a proxy for air pollution, the empirical method shows there exists a little negative effect of air pollution on missing ratio. This relationship is weaker in dirty cities measured by the average AOD during the sample period and is reversed in very dirty cities. The dynamic check shows that the air quality one day before, two days before and one week before doesn’t affect the missing ratio. In addition, I find no evidence for effect of officials’ promotion pressure and education background on missing ratio as well.
About the negative general effect, the question is why when air pollution is higher, the missing ratio is lower for some cities? There may be two possible reasons. One is that the AOD data is the satellite data, which means it is not exactly the data represents the air pollution around the monitors which is much closer to the ground. Then the relations shown by this specification may be biased. And using AOD as a proxy for $PM_{2.5}$ could also lead to bias. However, the differences between cities of different air quality level tell us some story about manipulation, since the relative relations between these cities are not affected by the bias that much. Another possible reason is that when air pollution is high, it is easy for the public to feel the bad air quality. Then both the public and the government pay more attention to the data published, which leads to higher risk and allows less space for missing values. This may lead to
a negative effect. However, officials do have pressure when air quality is bad which means incentives to drop some high readings could also play an important role at the same time. This offsets the negative effect to some extent. This may be the reason why for the cities of extremely bad air quality, when air pollution is higher, there are more missing values.
There are also some directions this paper can be further developed in. First, Based on the fact that some measures are taken to prevent data misreporting, this paper works only on whether manipulation in terms of missing values exists. For future work, the discontinuity test for the air quality data after 2012 could also be done to check whether this kind of manipulation exist, since falsification by blocking monitors or just improving the environment around the monitor is still feasible. Besides, the data I use is day-by-city level. However, there is variation between different hours within a day (Figure C.1 and Figure C.2). The number of missing values is high around noon and low around evening. The pattern of this can be further tested if the hour-by-city level data using as the proxy for $PM_{2.5}$ is available. It is possible that there are other patterns of manipulation by hour level, which is neglected in our day-by-city analysis. Last, about the officials’ promotion pressure, the time period for the tenure should also be considered if the data is available, since before promotion to a higher level position, the official should have been on the current level (it could be different positions on the same level) for 5 years. This means the cut-offs of 57, 62 and 66 years old could only be a rough approximation to represent the promotion pressure. If the time period could be also be taken into consideration, the analysis of officials’ promotion would make more sense. These three may be potential directions for future research on air quality data manipulation in China for the time period after 2012.
A.1 Missing Ratio
Missing ratio is calculated by city-and-day level.
(1) Ratio of missing values
number of observations without values / number of total observations we have
(2) Ratio including the hours we don’t have observations
number of observations without values and no observations/ number of total observations we should have
Table A.1: Summary Statistics of Missing Ratios of $PM_{2.5}$
| Missing Ratio | Obs | Mean | Std | Min | Max |
|------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-----|-----|
| missing value | 375,880 | .0610 | .1138 | 0 | 1 |
| including no obs. | 375,880 | .0915 | .1359 | 0 | 1 |
Table A.2: Missing Ratios by City Tiers
| Tier | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| Obs | 3,894 | 19,469| 44,123| 73,954| 72,787| 113,728| 47,925|
| Mean (missing value) | .0541 | .0749 | .0660 | .0744 | .0465 | .0511 | .0760 |
| Mean (including no obs.) | .1027 | .1054 | .0967 | .1047 | .0774 | .0813 | .1053 |
Table A.3: Missing Ratios by Seasons
| Season | Spring | Summer | Fall | Winter |
|--------|---------|--------|--------|--------|
| Obs | 84,071 | 100,587| 100,651| 90,571 |
| Mean (missing value) | .0539 | .0685 | .0655 | .0541 |
| Mean (including no obs.) | .0836 | .1010 | .0949 | .0846 |
Table A.4: Missing Ratios by Location
| Location | Northern | Southern |
|----------|----------|----------|
| Obs | 198,378 | 177,502 |
| Mean (missing value) | .0621 | .0600 |
| Mean (including no obs.) | .0923 | .0907 |
Table A.5: Missing Ratios by Pollution Level
| AOD Level | [0,1) | [1,2) | [2,3) | [3,4) | [4,5) | [5,6) | [6,7) |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
| Obs | 354,039 | 21,245 | 559 | 29 | 7 | 0 | 1 |
| Mean (missing value) | .0611 | .0585 | .0676 | .0816 | .0234 | - | 0 |
| Mean (including no obs.) | .0918 | .0862 | .0949 | .1659 | .1375 | - | .0833 |
### A.2 AOD
#### Table A.6: Summary Statistics of AOD
| AOD | Obs | p25 | Mean | p75 | SD | # of Cities |
|-------|--------|------|------|------|------|-------------|
| All | 441,228| 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.32 | 332 |
| Spring| 97,940 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.69 | 0.33 | 332 |
| Summer| 122,176| 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.33 | 332 |
| Fall | 120,848| 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 332 |
| Winter| 100,264| 0.13 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 332 |
| 2014 | 77,356 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.61 | 0.35 | 332 |
| 2015 | 121,180| 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.61 | 0.33 | 332 |
| 2016 | 121,512| 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.58 | 0.32 | 332 |
| 2017 | 121,180| 0.18 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.29 | 332 |
APPENDIX B
CUT-OFFS FOR VALID AIR QUALITY DATA
Note: To ensure the validity of daily $PM_{2.5}$ data, at least 20 hours should be reported. The threshold here is 4, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.1: Number of Missing Hours(Station-by-Day)
Note: To ensure the validity of daily $PM_{2.5}$ data, at least 20 hours should be reported. The threshold here is 4, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.2: Number of Missing Hours(Station-by-Day) for Selected Cities
Note: To ensure the validity of $PM_{2.5}$ data for the month, at least 27 daily data should be reported. The threshold here is 4, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.3: Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Month with 31 days)
Note: To ensure the validity of $PM_{2.5}$ data for the month, at least 27 daily data should be reported. The threshold here is 3, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.4: Number of Missing Days (Station-by-Month with 30 days)
Note: To ensure the validity of $PM_{2.5}$ data for the month, at least 27 daily data should be reported. The threshold is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.5: Number of Missing Days (Station-by-Month)
Note: To ensure the validity of $PM_{2.5}$ data for the year, at least 324 daily data should be reported. The threshold here is 41, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.6: Number of Missing Days (Station-by-Year with 365 days)
Note: To ensure the validity of $PM_{2.5}$ data for the year, at least 324 daily data should be reported. The threshold here is 42, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.7: Number of Missing Days (Station-by-Year with 366 days)
Note: Average AOD is calculated by city level, using the AOD data during the whole time period this data set covers. And they are divided equally into 9 levels, to show the variations between cities with better air quality and cities with worse air quality. Here, Level 1 indicates the lowest AOD level and Level 9 indicates the highest AOD Level. The threshold here is 4, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.8: Number of Missing Hours by Average AOD Level
Note: AOD Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.8. The threshold here is 4, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.9: Number of Missing Days for Month(with 31 days) by Average AOD Level
Note: AOD Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.8. The threshold here is 3, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.10: Number of Missing Days for Month(with 30 days) by Average AOD Level
Note: AOD Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.8. The threshold here is 41, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.11: Number of Missing Days for Year(with 365 days) by Average AOD Level
Note: AOD Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.8. The threshold here is 42, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.12: Number of Missing Days for Year(with 366 days) by Average AOD Level
Note: Missing Level is calculated by city level, using the daily missing ratio during the whole time period this data set covers. And they are divided equally into 9 levels. The threshold here is 4, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.13: Number of Missing Hours(Station-by-Day) by Missing Ratio Level
Note: Missing Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.13. The threshold here is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.14: Number of Missing Days(Station-by-Month) for Missing Level 1
Note: Missing Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.13. The threshold here is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.15: Number of Missing Days (Station-by-Month) for Missing Level 9
Note: Missing Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.13. The threshold here is 41, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.16: Number of Missing Days for Year (with 365 days) by Missing Ratio Level
Note: Missing Level is defined in the same way in Figure B.13. The threshold here is 41, which is denoted by the red line in the figure.
Figure B.17: Number of Missing Days for Year (with 366 days) by Missing Ratio Level
APPENDIX C
VARIATION IN HOUR
Figure C.1: Number of Missing Values by Hour (Missing Value)
Figure C.2: Number of Missing Values by Hour (Including No Obs.)
Brunekreef, Bert and Stephen T Holgate, “Air pollution and health,” *The Lancet*, 2002, 360 (9341), 1233 – 1242.
Chan, Chak K. and Xiaohong Yao, “Air pollution in mega cities in China,” *Atmospheric Environment*, 2008, 42 (1), 1 – 42.
Chen, Yuyu, Ginger Zhe Jin, Naresh Kumar, and Guang Shi, “Gaming in Air Pollution Data? Lessons from China,” Working Paper 18729, National Bureau of Economic Research January 2013.
Chen, Zhu, Jin-Nan Wang, Guo-Xia Ma, and Yan-Shen Zhang, “China tackles the health effects of air pollution,” *The Lancet*, 2013, 382 (9909), 1959 – 1960.
Chu, D. A., Y. J. Kaufman, C. Ichoku, L. A. Remer, D. Tanr, and B. N Holben, “Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval over land,” *Geophysical Research Letters*, 2002, 29 (12), MOD2–1–MOD2–4.
Donaldson, Dave and Adam Storeygard, “The View from Above: Applications of Satellite Data in Economics,” *Journal of Economic Perspectives*, November 2016, 30 (4), 171–98.
Ghanem, Dalia and Junjie Zhang, “Effortless Perfection: Do Chinese cities manipulate air pollution data?,” *Journal of Environmental Economics and Management*, 2014, 68 (2), 203 – 225.
Kampa, Marilena and Elias Castanas, “Human health effects of air pollution,” *Environmental Pollution*, 2008, 151 (2), 362 – 367. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution (With Emphasis on Trace Elements).
Kan, Haidong and Bingheng Chen, “Particulate air pollution in urban areas of Shanghai, China: health-based economic assessment,” *Science of The Total Environment*, 2004, 322 (1), 71 – 79.
Koelemeijer, R.B.A., C.D. Homan, and J. Matthijsen, “Comparison of spatial and temporal variations of aerosol optical thickness and particulate matter over Europe,” *Atmospheric Environment*, 2006, 40 (27), 5304 – 5315.
Li, Hongbin and Li-An Zhou, “Political turnover and economic performance: the incentive role of personnel control in China,” *Journal of Public Economics*, 2005, 89 (9), 1743 – 1762.
M.D., Xiping Xu, Douglas W. Dockery, David C. Christiani, Baoluo Li, and Huiying Huang, “Association of Air Pollution with Hospital Outpatient Visits in Beijing,” *Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal*, 1995, 50 (3), 214–220. PMID: 7618954.
Montinola, Gabriella, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, “Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China,” *World Politics*, 1995, 48 (1), 5081.
Rohde, Robert A. and Richard A. Muller, “Air Pollution in China: Mapping of Concentrations and Sources,” *PLOS ONE*, 08 2015, 10 (8), 1–14.
Sullivan, Daniel M. and Alan Krupnick, “Using Satellite Data to Fill the Gaps in the US Air Pollution Monitoring Network,” 2018. Working Paper. http://www.rff.org/valuables/research/publications/using-satellite-data-fill-gaps-us-air-pollution-monitoring-network.
van Donkelaar, Aaron, Randall V. Martin, Michael Brauer, Ralph Kahn, Robert Levy, Carolyn Verduzco, and Paul J. Villeneuve, “Global Estimates of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations from Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depth: Development and Application,” *Environmental Health Perspectives*, 2010, 118 (6), 847–855.
Wang, Jun and Sundar A. Christopher, “Intercomparison between satellite-derived aerosol optical thickness and PM2.5 mass: Implications for air quality studies,” *Geophysical Research Letters*, 2003, 30 (21).
Xu, Chenggang, “The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development,” *Journal of Economic Literature*, 2011, 49 (4), 1076–1151.
Xu, Zhaoyi, Dogian Yu, Libin Jing, and Xiping Xu, “Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Shenyang, China,” *Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal*, 2000, 55 (2), 115–120. PMID: 10821512.
Zou, Eric, “Unwatched Pollution: The Effect of Intermittent Monitoring on Air Quality,” 2018. Working Paper. https://files.webservices.illinois.edu/7199/zouericjmp.pdf.
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VIEW ON THE CREEK
Quarterly Newsletter from Energy Insurance Services, Inc., Volume 4, Issue 2
June 30, 2020
In this Issue:
Operational Considerations
Focus on Benefits
View from the Corner (Good-bye Corner, Hello Creek!)
Since our last newsletter, several changes have occurred:
* Megan Ogden hired to replace Jeff Tkacz
* Our "view" is temporarily from home
* EIS/ECM office moved to new quarters
Megan Ogden joined our staff as Controller of ECM, replacing Jeff Tkacz who was promoted to CFO of EIM. Megan comes to us from Marsh Management Services, Charleston. She is a CPA with public accounting experience before joining Marsh in the Cayman Islands to begin her career in captive management in 2004. After ten years with Marsh, Megan and her family moved to South Carolina in 2014 where she opened the JLT Insurance Management office and served as a Senior Account Executive and its US Chief Operations Officer until Marsh's acquisition of JLT.
Her captive experience includes most industry sectors including energy and all forms of captive structures including protected cell or sponsored captives. Megan received her B.A. in Accounting from the University of Alabama and holds her CPA designation from North Carolina. Presently, Megan is serving as Chairman and Director of the South Carolina Captive Association.
Our move to Mt. Pleasant is somewhat complete except for the unpacking of file boxes, supplies, etc. and final arrangement of office furnishings. The new address is
410 Mill Street, Suite 401 Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464
With this address change, as you may have noticed, we are changing the newsletter's name to VIEW ON THE CREEK. This references our proximity to Shem Creek, a vibrant blended area of Mt. Pleasant's
commercial and recreational scene that captures the mystique of the South Carolina Lowcountry environment.
Working from home (along with all our associates, colleagues, service providers and participants) has introduced us to Zoom, MS Teams and other means for virtual face-to-face visits and meetings. Even with the change in scenery, we remain as productive as ever during our work-from-home mode. Planning for our return to the office environment is underway, and we look forward to returning once we can do so safely. One of those little details is having masks on hand, and we just got our supply of EIS masks, thanks to Jill Dominguez, Jane Murphy and Katie Imm in Tampa. We will wear them proudly (and yes, if you noticed, it has been a while since my last haircut).
Captive Optima
Hamlet's soliloquy asks the oft quoted question "to be or not to be?". Shakespeare portrays Hamlet in this tragedy considering perhaps the unthinkable in rational thought with a dire consequence at hand.
This is not to suggest that utilization of a captive is a tragedy, but to adapt this question to ask "to have a captive or not" can present a challenge of dealing with risk financing that over time that may prove to have substantial consequences.
When done well (using rational risk management practices and modeling methods), a captive insurance solution can create value for an owner or participant by meeting tactical challenges and contributing to the participant's strategic mission.
Many, if not most, captives are established as a tactical response to an immediate problem faced by a risk manager. As EIM Members face an ever hardening and harsh insurance market, now is the time to explore how a captive solution may be deployed to meet tactical challenges.
Over time, with attentiveness to underwriting and investment risk, a captive tactical solution will evolve into a strategic advantage for many companies.
Focus on Benefits
Do you remember the EIS initiative with the Department of Labor? This initative seeks an Advisory Opinion Letter to provide certainty under ERISA regulations that insuring employee benefits in a dedicated protected cell will not be construed as a "prohibited transaction" and that the assets of the cell will not be treated as "plan assets." This will enable our participants to write benefit insurance coverage in EIS with certainty that they will not need to file for an exemption under ERISA’s prohibited transaction rule.
Last year, we were advised that our inquiry had finally arrived on the desk of the decision maker at the Undersecretary level of the DOL and was supported by a positive recommendation by DOL staff.
Unfortunately, the DOL has been as lethargic as ever since then. About six months ago, we decided to put a hold on "pushing" the issue with the DOL. We now deem it opportune to, again, move aggressively to bring our proposal to a finality.
Operational Considerations
One of the many consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic is that large group gatherings and meetings have been and may well continue to be restricted. Due to this situation as well as woes associated with travel, we have all had to face the complication and general uncertainty of the level of infection and changing complexion of outbreaks in different areas across the country. After due deliberation, EIM is postponing many activities that require our Members to travel.
As such, EIS will be conducting the 2020 EIS Program Advisory Committee (PAC) Meetings and Conference via an online platform where our Participants can meet virtually with EIS and ECM staff. We are working out the details on the format and time slots for the individual PAC meetings.
Additionally, Taniyka Ragland is exploring options to provide subject matter expert presentations to be available via a live broadcast and/or on-demand.
For now, we appreciate your understanding and flexibility as we work to bring a virtual PAC Meeting to you in October or early November.
EIS Financials
Energy Insurance Services, Inc.
General Account - Key Financial Data
| | | As of March 31 | | | Full Year | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (In thousands) | | 2020 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2020 | 2019 |
| | | Actual | Budget | Actual | Forecast | Budget | Actual |
| | Revenue | $508 | $486 | $641 | $1,891 | $1,944 | $2,530 |
| | Expenses | $418 | $452 | $389 | $1,840 | $1,824 | $1,691 |
| | Surplus | $4,250 | $4,220 | $3,700 | $4,206 | $4,260 | $4,166 |
Disclaimer – This publication is for informational purposes only. It is not a solicitation of insurance or management services.
Energy Insurance Services, Inc.
Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464
410 Mill Street, Suite 401
www.eimltd.com/EIS
EIS Mission Statement – "To provide a facility to meet EIM Members' dynamic and specific business requirements for the placement and management of alternative risk solutions."
Contact Us:
Randy Martin email@example.com
Taniyka Ragland
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Internal Audit – Follow-up audits noted – Instruction to Head of Audit and Inspection.
9 There was submitted a report by the Head of Audit and Inspection regarding the outcome of follow-up audits by Internal Audit in relation to Strathclyde Pension Fund Office.
After consideration, the committee
(1) noted that the recommendations of 13 of the 14 follow-up audits had now been implemented; and
(2) instructed the Head of Audit and Inspection to submit a further report to this committee, following the next review date of the 1 outstanding recommendation.
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OVERVIEW
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ART ACROSS THE CURRICULUM | ENGLISH THE ART OF STORYTELLING INSPIRED BY ROSEMARY LAING'S GROUNDSPEED (RED PIAZZA) #2, 2001
LEVELS 7–9
In this resource students will analyse and interpret groundspeed (red piazza) #2, 2011. Through exploration of the image, they will consider how artist Rosemary Laing uses visual elements to communicate and how this creates opportunities to stimulate narrative writing. Students will develop vocabulary through descriptive writing, simile and metaphor, and craft powerful sentences for their own short story.
* Analyse and interpret groundspeed (red piazza) #2
* Use art as a stimulus to construct different narratives
* Develop strategies for expanding vocabulary and developing written expression
* Use appropriate language features and vocabulary to write and present a short story narrative inspired by Rosemary Laing's groundspeed (red piazza) #2
LINKS TO THE VICTORIAN ENGLISH CURRICULUM
Level 7
* Analyse how point of view is generated in visual texts by means of choices, including gaze, angle and social distance (VCELA370)
* Compare the ways that language and images are used to create character, and to influence emotions and opinions in different types of texts (VCELT372)
* Analyse and explain the ways text structures and language features shape meaning and vary according to audience and purpose (VCELY379)
Level 8
* Recognise that vocabulary choices contribute to the specificity, abstraction and style of texts (VCELA401)
* Investigate how visual and multimodal texts allude to or draw on other texts or images to enhance and layer meaning (VCELA402)
* Analyse and evaluate the ways that text structures and language features vary according to the purpose of the text and the ways that referenced sources add authority to a text (VCELY413)
Level 9
* Identify how vocabulary choices contribute to specificity, abstraction and stylistic effectiveness (VCELA432)
* Experiment with the ways that language features, image and sound can be adapted in literary texts (VCELT447)
* Create imaginative, informative and persuasive texts that present a point of view and advance or illustrate arguments, including texts that integrate visual, print and/or audio features (VCELY449)
Rosemary LAING
groundspeed (red piazza) #2 2001 type C photograph 110.8 × 205.1 cm (image) 125.9 × 225.2 cm (sheet) ed. 11/15 National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne Purchased with funds from the Victorian Foundation for Living Australian Artists, 2004 © Courtesy of the artist and Tolarno Galleries, Melbourne
ABOUT THE WORK
1. ROSEMARY LAING GROUNDSPEED (RED PIAZZA) #2, 2001
Rosemary Laing's groundspeed (red piazza) #2, 2001, is part of a photographic series called groundspeed. The image depicts an area of bushland in the Morton National Park on the New South Wales coast of Australia. Working with a team of people, Laing carefully placed an industrially produced carpet over the forest floor, blending it seamlessly with the contours of the surrounding environment.
The artist unsettles our sense of reality by bringing the warmth and cosiness of a domestic interior into the wilderness, a concept at odds with the traditional practice of displaying decorative images of rural landscapes on the walls of homes.
The carpet, entitled 'red piazza', is influenced by memories of carpet designs from Laing's childhood, and resembles the type of luxurious carpets often found in affluent European homes. It could symbolise the invasion of Australia by European colonisers, or the impact of Western culture on the environment, including the destructive effects of introduced plants and animals.
1.1 THE ARTIST
Rosemary Laing (b. 1959) is an Australian contemporary artist, renowned for creating meticulously staged photographs on a cinematic scale. The panoramic colour photographs, which involve no digital manipulation, are often referred to as strange, uncanny or unquiet due to the imaginative juxtaposition of incongruous elements.
Although documentary in style, Laing's images are in fact scenes that have been carefully constructed to tell a story. The placement of artificial, commercial objects in natural Australian environments creates metaphorical relationships. Laing intends to inspire viewers to reflect on the political, social and environmental issues of our day, both locally and globally.
1.2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The groundspeed series references the work of early colonial painters who tended to interpret the new and 'strange' continent of Australia through a European lens. Landscape paintings of the colonial period often combined features of the Australian landscape with aspects of the more familiar countryside of the artist's homeland, perhaps alleviating the sense of alienation experienced by early settlers.
Laing has been influenced by British artist John Glover, who settled in Tasmania in 1831; in particular, his work A view of the artist's house and garden, in Mills Plains, Van Diemen's Land, 1835. 1 Glover settled in Tasmania in 1831 and although he was excited by the exotic native flora and fauna in the new colony, this painting celebrates a typical English garden. Planted in a neat and orderly fashion with introduced species, it suggests an Arcadian perfection, so different from the wild and unstructured nature of the Australian bush. 2
Note: The NGV Collection houses many of Rosemary Laing's photographs which can also be explored through the activities in this resource. The welcome to Australia and flight research series, explore immigration issues and flight respectively. 3
IN THE GALLERY
WARM UP
2. DESCRIBING DETAILS
Before starting the warm up, look closely at groundspeed (red piazza) #2 for three minutes. Let your eyes wander over every part of the photograph and try to notice the colours, the shapes of the rocks and trees, the pattern on the carpet.
2.1 READING THE PHOTOGRAPH
Reading an artwork is very similar to reading a story. While writers use words to tell a story, artists predominantly use visual elements and images to communicate meaning. Use the following questions to describe the photograph in as much detail as possible.
* What can you see? List all the objects and colours you can see.
* What aspects of the image stand out most to you? What makes these aspects of the image stand out?
* Where do you think this scene might be set and what makes you think this?
* Where might you find a carpet like this?
* What story or ideas might the artist be communicating about contemporary issues? Justify your response by referring to specific features of the image.
* In what way might this photograph be seen as commenting on Australia's history of colonisation?
2.2 EXPLORING OPPOSITION
Rosemary Laing has included many opposing concepts and objects in her photograph (for example, inside vs outside). Make a list of all the opposing concepts that you can see in the photograph.
2.3 SURREALIST TECHNIQUES
JUXTAPOSITION
You might have been surprised by the bizarre contrast between the objects in groundspeed (red piazza) #2. This technique is called juxtaposition. Artists and writers can use juxtaposition to inspire their imagination and also to make others think more deeply about the concepts explored in a visual or written text. In the 1920s, a group of artists began a movement called Surrealism. Surrealists are famous for their use of juxtaposition. The imaginative and peculiar ways in which they contrast objects and concepts has been so popular that even the literature, art and advertising of today takes inspiration from them.
The following words are techniques used by Surrealist artists. Discuss their meaning with your class or research them online. Write a definition for each term.
* Metamorphosis
* Juxtaposition
* Dislocation
How might Rosemary Laing have employed these techniques in groundspeed (red piazza) #2?
IN THE GALLERY
ACTIVITY
3. DEVELOPING LANGUAGE TO TELL A POWERFUL STORY
Stories can be used to inspire, teach, entertain and escape. The way that we tell our stories and the words that we choose are therefore the most important choices that we make as writers. Authors deliberately select the most precise and expressive words they can find to communicate meaning. They use sensory experiences, imagery, similes and metaphors to create an atmosphere for the reader and immerse them into an entirely different world.
3.1 TITLES
Titles can tell us a lot about a piece of writing or an artwork. They often help us make predictions about what we think the piece of writing or image might be about. Sometimes a title can even make us think of something we may not have otherwise considered.
1. What can we learn about the image from the title that Laing has provided for us? Write a definition for 'groundspeed and 'piazza'. Why do you think she has chosen this title?
2. Imagine if the artist hadn't given groundspeed (red piazza) #2 a title. What would you call it?
3. Consider how you can use language to adapt the artwork for different audiences. Create a title for each of the following publications:
a. A headline for an article in an environmental magazine
b. A title for a children's picture story book
c. A slogan for an advertisement in a magazine or on a billboard
3.2 SENSORY EXPERIENCES
Imagine if you were able to step inside groundspeed (red piazza) #2, how would you feel? What might you perceive through your five senses? For each sense, make a note of at least five words.
* Sight
* Smell
* Touch
* Sound
* Taste
3.3 SETTING THE SCENE
Reading an artwork is like reading a piece of writing except artists use different techniques to communicate. Consider how Laing uses colour, light and composition to create atmosphere.
* Describe the colours of the carpet as imaginatively as possible. Try to avoid obvious words like 'red' or 'yellow'. What other words could you use to describe these colours. You might like to think of fruit/vegetables or colours you have seen in nature (for example apple green, or ruby red)
* How many different ways can you describe the light or quality of light? For example, 'gleaming'.
* Reflect on your descriptions of the colour and light in the photograph. How would you describe the atmosphere or mood of the scene?
3.4 CREATING SIMILES & METAPHORS
Writers use similes and metaphors to make their writing more vivid, interesting and imaginative. Similes are phrases that use comparison words such as 'like' or 'as' to compare two things with similar characteristics. Metaphors are direct statements that describe one thing as if it is another.
* Use a simile to compare the pattern in the carpet to something else it reminds you of (e.g. 'The pattern looks like an extravagant display of fairy lights at Christmas').
* Create three metaphors to describe each of the following elements. (e.g. 'The trees are guardians of the forest, stretching their arms to the sky').
— Tree
— Rock
— Carpet
IN SCHOOL
PROJECT
4. SHORT STORY WRITING
Artworks can fire our imaginations and bring stories to life. Writing a short story is a great opportunity to experiment with how different techniques are used to communicate a message.
SHORT STORIES
Short stories are like works of art – they have a particular structure, a message and are centered on one experience or significant moment captured in a particular time and context. They:
Have action which moves quickly and gets straight to the point.
Have a small cast of characters.
Often use sensory language.
Tend to communicate a single, focused idea (theme).
Follow the plot structure of orientation, complication, climax and resolution.
Often finish with a climax or have an unexpected plot twist.
4.1 BEGINNING, MIDDLE AND END
groundspeed (red piazza) #2 lends itself well to the short story form – the bizarre opposing concepts suggested by the photograph could inspire many possible ideas for narrative writing. What story do you think groundspeed (red piazza) #2 is telling?
Consider whether the scene shown in the image groundspeed (red piazza) #2 belongs at the beginning, middle or end of a story. Make notes on each of the following prompts. This will help you begin your own story.
* If this image is the beginning of a story, what might happen next?
* If this image is the middle of a story, what might have happened before? What might be about to happen?
* If this image is the end of a story, what might the whole story be?
4.2 WHEN? WHERE? WHAT?
Have a go at writing a when, where, what sentence. Looking at the photograph, think about a time, place and an action that took place.
* When did it happen?
* Where did it happen
* What happened?
For example: Winter, 1943, snow fell and he never came back.
4.3 EVERY SENTENCE COUNTS
Short stories are very different from novels. Novelists can take entire chapters to develop characters and set the scene and plot. Short stories need to be succinct and economical; there is no opportunity to slowly draw the reader in. The short story writer needs to captivate their audience in one powerful opening sentence.
Opening sentences frequently create a sense of intrigue or mystery. Have a go at crafting a captivating first sentence.
Experiment with two of the following techniques to create to very different opening lines. Choose the one that you like best to begin your story.
* Use a strange combination of sensory details to set the scene.
* Start with the end! Create a sense of intrigue for your reader and encourage them to read the backstory of how a harrowing, somber or unusual circumstance came about.
* Reveal an unusual or private thought about your character. You might choose to do this through a first or third person voice.
* If you are setting this story in an alternate universe or in a different time or place, provide your reader with some curious details about the setting that makes it immediately different from the world in which we live.
4.4 AUTOMATIC WRITING – STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Now that you have your opening line, you are going to try using a technique called automatic writing. This is commonly used by Surrealist writers and involves freely writing whatever comes to your mind. It is a good way to brainstorm ideas for your short story.
Write your opening line at the top of a blank page and give yourself three minutes to write freely.
Are there any interesting ideas you can use?
4.5 ALL TOGETHER NOW!
1. Now it is time to write your story. If you are stuck, use one of the premises below to help:
a. A character has woken up in the area depicted in groundspeed (red piazza) #2 and has no memory of how they arrived there. The character only remembers feeling dehydrated and then passing out.
b. She knew that despite everything that had happened, she would remember the red carpet – every detail of it. Every morning she set to work to lay the carpet further and further into the forest.
2. Use the following questions to develop and plan your ideas for a short story:
3. Now that you have a plan, write your story.
NGV SCHOOLS PROGRAM PARTNERS
NOTES
1. For a reference image of John Glover, A view of the artist's house and garden, in Mills Plains, Van Diemen's Land, 1835, visit the Art Gallery of South Australia's website https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/works/aview-of-the-artists-house-and-garden-in-mills-plains-van-diemens-land/24282/, accessed 8 October 2020.
2. To read more about John Glover visit NGV resource 'Colony to nation changes to Australia's environment' https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/school_resource/artand-history-colony-to-nation-changes-to-australias-environment/, accessed 8 October 2020.
3. To view the NGV Collection of Rosemary Laing's photographs online visit the NGV website https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/14104/, accessed 8 October 2020
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Referenzen
Folgende E-Mail nehmen wir zum Anlass, unsere Referenzliste komplett neu zu gestalten. Es wird verlangt, dass wir ein ISO 9001 Zertifikat erlangen, ansonsten unsere Software nicht mehr bestellt oder weiter genutzt werden dürfe. ISO bedeutet «Internationale Organisation für Normung», wobei es bei der ISO 9001 um Qualitätsmanagementsysteme geht.
Von: FRITSCHE Dirk (Framatome) <email@example.com>
Gesendet: Montag, 26. Oktober 2020 09:54
An: firstname.lastname@example.org
Cc: email@example.com;firstname.lastname@example.org
Betreff: HVAC APPLIKATIONEN
Sehr geehrter Damen und Herren,
Wir arbeiten schon länger mit Ihren HVAC Applikationen.
Jetzt ist es so, dass wir aufgrund der nukleartechnischen Besonderheiten der Firma Framatome (Ausrüster für kerntechnische Anlagen), nur bei Herstellern bestellen dürfen bzw. die Software nutzen dürfen, die in unserer „Approved Vendor List" auftauchen.
Wir benötigen deshalb von Ihnen das ISO 9001 Zertifikat inklusive aller Anhänge und weitere verfügbare Zertifikate, wie z.B. ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, o.Ä. Bei Rückfragen stehe ich Ihnen selbstverständlich zur Verfügung.
Mit besten Grüßen aus Erlangen
Dirk Fritsche Fire Protection Engineer Framatome
Office +49 9131 900 96520
Paul Gossen Str. 100
91052 Erlangen, Germany
In der ISO 9001 für Softwareentwicklung wird so ziemlich alles vorgeschrieben, ausgenommen das Wichtigste, nämlich in unserem Fall die thermodynamische Korrektheit, einem Spezialgebiet der Physik, wovon die Leute bei der ISO nicht den blassesten Schimmer haben. Genau in diesem Spezialgebiet können wir auf 50 Jahre Praxiserfahrung und einem vorangehendem Ingenieurstudium zurückblicken.
Doch zurück zum Thema ISO 9001 im Generellen, erläutert z.B. an allen Automobilkonzernen, welche dieses ISO 9001 Zertifikat besitzen und trotzdem einen ungeheuren Dieselabgas-Skandal verursachten. In den USA, dem Land der möglichen Sammelklagen, musste man in aussergerichtlichen Vergleichen dutzende Milliarden Dollar für den ungeheuren Beschiss der Teppich-Etagen-Manager zahlen, was in der Schweiz nicht möglich ist, weil die Wirtschaftslobby über Politiker Sammelklagen per Gesetz verbieten liessen.
Ein weiteres Beispiel geben die Atomkraftwerke ab, welche alle ein ISO 9001 Zertifikat vorweisen können. Trotzdem konnten Supergaus in Tschernobyl und Fukushima nicht verhindert werden, ganz zu schweigen, dass die Endlagerung von hochradioaktiven Abfällen mit Halbwertszeiten von mehreren tausend Jahren nicht einmal ansatzweise einer Lösung entgegenschauen können. All dies hat uns zu folgender Antwort veranlasst:
Von: email@example.com <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Gesendet: Montag, 26. Oktober 2020 10:19
An: 'FRITSCHE Dirk (Framatome)' <email@example.com>
Betreff: AW: HVAC APPLIKATIONEN
Guten Tag Herr Fritsche,
Wir sind eine Einzelfirma bestehend aus mir zu 200 % und meiner Frau zu 10 %. Im Weiteren bin ich 76,5 Jahre alt und werde keine Zertifikate wie ISO 9001 vornehmen lassen. Auf der anderen Seite haben wir mehr als 5'000 Kunden weltweit, welche immer wieder folgendes bestätigen: Es gibt kostenlose Software, wobei man vielfach feststellen muss, dass wenn etwas nichts kostet, dies auch nicht viel Wert ist. Es gibt Software, welche nur die Hälfte kostet, wobei man sagen muss, dass diese vielleicht auch nur die Hälfte der Möglichkeiten bietet. Es gibt unsere Software, welche von mehr als 5'000 Ingenieuren genutzt wird. Es kann zwischen Einzel-Lizenzen und Netzwerk-Lizenzen ausgewählt werden, wobei für Netzwerk-Lizenzen der Preis davon abhängt, wie viele Benutzer gleichzeitig die Software an irgendeinem Arbeitsplatz im gesamten Netzwerk nutzen möchten. Im Weiteren haben wir schon immer für Transparenz gesorgt, siehe Anhänge, was wohl mehr wert ist als so ein gottverdammter ISO-Unsinn, den wir schon viel zu viel bei unseriösen Firmen angetroffen haben.
Mit freundlichen Grüssen
Marin Zeller
Zeller Consulting Suisse, Jurastrasse 35, CH-3063 Ittigen, +41 79 222 66 42, www.zcs.ch
Natürlich haben wir unter Bcc eine Kopie mehreren langjährigen Kunden zukommen lassen, in der Annahme auf ein Feedback, was auch postwendend von einem Kunden eingetroffen ist, welcher unsere neutrale Software zur Berechnung von Wärmeaustauschern schon mehr als 20 Jahre mit Erfolg einsetzt. Früher wurde bei diesem Kunden mit kostenloser Software von Lieferanten gearbeitet, welche keine zufriedenstellenden Ergebnisse lieferte.
Mit Verwunderung mussten wir feststellen, dass alle ausser einem die E-Mail erhalten haben, wobei der Eine genau Hr. Fritsche von Framatome war, welcher keine PDF-Anhänge durch die Firewall passieren liess. Ohne Anhänge konnte er jedoch auch noch bedient werden.
Von: Angele Fabian <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Gesendet: Montag, 26. Oktober 2020 15:46
An: email@example.com
Betreff: AW: HVAC APPLIKATIONEN
Sehr geehrter Herr Zeller, wenn es Ihnen hilft kann ich Ihnen hiermit bestätigen, dass die Firma SIEGLE + EPPLE GmbH & Co. KG seit Jahren Ihre Software (CCS, HEH, DEH, AHH und weitere) für den Bereich der Auslegung und Dimensionierung von RLT-Geräten einsetzt. Vorwiegend kommt Ihre Software hier bei Wärmeübertrager (Luft/Wasser, LE, LK und WRG) auch auf Basis der Kreislauf-Verbund-Systeme (KVSWRG) zum Einsatz. Wir sind mit unseren RLT-Geräten EUROVENT zertifiziert und können weiter folgende Zertifikate vorweisen:
- Eurovent Zertifikat (S+E N° 98.12.003)
- ISO 9001:2015 Qualitätsmanagement – Zertifikat
- ISO 14001:2015 Umweltmanagement – Zertifikat
- ISO 50001:2018 Energiemanagement – Zertifikat
- BS OHSAS 18001:2007 Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz-Management – Zertifikat
Wir setzten Ihre Software seit Jahren erfolgreich ein und haben bis heute noch immer die Leistungs-/ und Druckverlustwerte bei unseren Factory Acceptance Tests (FAT – Werksabnahme) immer erreicht. Ein Beispiel eines solchen Testaufbaus finden Sie unter:
https://www.siegleundepple.de/energieeffizienz/innovationszentrum/. Die entsprechenden Unterlagen können Sie auf unserer Homepage downloaden: https://www.siegleundepple.de/unternehmen/downloads/. Gerne können Sie die Firma SIEGLE + EPPLE GmbH & Co. KG und mich als als Referenz angeben.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen i. V. Fabian Angele
SIEGLE + EPPLE GmbH & Co. KG
Lufttechnischer Anlagen- und Gerätebau
Gebäude-, Reinraum- und Verfahrenstechnik
Max-Planck-Str.8
71254 Ditzingen
Telefon: +49 (711) 8808 347
Telefax: +49 (711) 8808 389
Mobil: +49 (162) 2851887
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Homepage: www.siegleundepple.de
Das Ganze funktioniert jedoch bei SIEGLE + EPPLE nur so gut, weil Hr. Angele ausnahmslos alle Wärmeaustauscher mit unserer Software selber auslegt, was natürlich fundierte Kenntnisse bezüglich der Wärmeaustauscher diverser Lieferanten voraussetzt.
Da Hr. Angele neben der thermodynamischen Auslegung zudem auch noch die interne hydraulische Schaltung mit einem Höchstanteil an Gegenstrom, basierend auf unserer Software vorgibt, ist der Lieferant von wesentlichen Garantieansprüchen und Angebotsaufwendungen befreit, was andererseits die Basis für tiefere Einkaufspreise bedeutet, schlechthin eine optimale Win-Win-Situation!
Von: email@example.com <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Gesendet: Montag, 26. Oktober 2020 10:19
An: <email@example.com>
Cc: <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Betreff: AW: HVAC APPLIKATIONEN
Sehr geehrter Herr Angele,
Vielen Dank für Ihr Feedback, welches für uns sehr hilfreich ist, sind Sie doch mit 800 Mitarbeitern das führende Unternehmen für Klimaanlagen mit RLT-Geräten in Deutschland. Bei dieser Grösse ist es natürlich wichtig, alle erforderlichen Zertifikate ausweisen zu können. Wir werden Sie deshalb mit dieser E-Mail der FRAMATOME als absolut integres Unternehmen wärmstens empfehlen.
Mit freundlichen Grüssen
Marin Zeller
Zeller Consulting Suisse, Jurastrasse 35, CH-3063 Ittigen, +41 79 222 66 42, www.zcs.ch
Korrekte Software
Korrekte thermodynamische Berechnungen basieren auf korrekt funktionierender Software und nicht unbedingt auf einem ISO 9001 Zertifikat, was schon viel zu viele gutgläubige Endverbraucher in die Irre führte, wobei wir wieder einmal mehr bei den wirklichen Referenzen angelangt wären: Der Mundpropaganda, dem Stellenwechsel, dem Blick auf die Konkurrenz, wo unsere Software, entwickelt von einer Einzelfirma ohne ISO 9001 Zertifikat, zur Anwendung kommt, siehe nächste Seite.
Software applications
AHH Mollier diagram and Carrier chart with all air processes. Range -100 / 300°C, 0 / 1000 g/kg, -5000 / 15000 m, 0.03 / 16 bar. 150 meteorologcical data locations, further locations from www.meteonorm.com. 3 different ranges of comfort zone from DIN and ASHRAE. Show your individual measurement points.
MDI
Meteorological data interface, possibility to define the service times. Meteorological data based on www.meteonorm.com.
AHU
Air-handling unit configurator, element handling per drag and drop. Approximately measurements, weights, pressure drops, prices.
EAC Economy comparison of circuit connected heat recovery systems. Variable air volume flows, amortization time, capital costs.
DEH Economy of air-handling units with different heat recovery systems. Variable air volume flows, amortization time, capital costs.
HEH Calculation of fin coils like heater, cooler,condenser, evaporator. Heater split, cooler split, services like dry, adiabatic and hybrid.
CCS Calculation of heat recovery circuit systems with fin coils. Different systems with foreign energy in the circuit.
ESH Glycol Re-Cooler with axial fans, outside or in air-handling units. Dry, adiabatic and hybrid service, container measurements.
Diverse GHH, Mollier-HT-diagram for different types of gases and steams. Spiral rib and circle rib heat exchangers.
Number of licenses
| No | Country | Software applications AHH HEH EAC Diverse Total MDI CCS DEH AHU ESH | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | Germany Switzerland Italy Netherlands Various countries Austria France Denmark United Kingdom Turkey | 1994 1136 694 503 345 331 331 107 24 7 | 317 198 80 64 180 12 0 34 67 78 | 108 47 2 6 15 11 3 2 6 10 | 40 18 27 3 8 3 0 4 7 9 | 2459 1399 803 576 548 357 334 147 104 104 |
| | Total | 5472 | 1030 | 210 | 119 | 6831 |
Heat recovery fin coils with internal ventings and drains
CCSX
Zeller Consulting Suisse HVAC Solutions Jurastrasse 35 CH-3063 Ittigen Marin Zeller TU, VDI
+41 79 222 66 42 email@example.com www.zcs.ch
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| 10,490
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Sistema centralizzato di iscrizione agli esami
Programma
LETTERATURA ROMENA TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO
EMILIA DAVID
Anno accademico CdS Codice CFU
2019/20
2019/20
LINGUE E LETTERATURE STRANIERE
LINGUE E LETTERATURE STRANIERE
1281L 1281L
9
Moduli
Moduli
Settore/i
Settore/i
Tipo Tipo
Ore Ore
Docente/i EMILIA DAVID
LETTERATURA ROMENA
LETTERATURA ROMENA L-LIN/17
L-LIN/17
LEZIONI
LEZIONI
54 54
Moduli
Moduli
Settore/i
Settore/i
Tipo Tipo
Ore Ore
Docente/i EMILIA DAVID
LETTERATURA ROMENA
LETTERATURA ROMENA
TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO
TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO
L-LIN/17
L-LIN/17
LEZIONI
LEZIONI
54 54
Obiettivi di apprendimento
Conoscenze
Dunque, si propone un percorso di letture e commenti intesi a introdurre, attraverso opportuni strumenti critici e interpretativi, gli autori di spicco e le loro opere, le personalità culturali esponenziali e le imprese epocali che hanno reso possibili e hanno illustrato i maggiori movimenti e tendenze letterarie del periodo premoderno, moderno, arrivando fino agli esiti più rilevanti degli anni '80-2000.
Il corso fornisce agli studenti un ampio ventaglio di modelli e registri poetici dedicati per lo più a due temi principali, vale a dire all'atto poetico nel suo farsi e alle declinazioni più diverse dell'amore, temi che si profilano con numerose variazioni man mano nella letteratura romena tra Otto e Novecento, in concomitanza col rapido succedersi di cambiamenti storici, di sensibilità, di mentalità, ma anche in funzione delle modalità stesse in cui intendiamo la letteratura nell'arco di due secoli particolarmente ricchi di stimoli e spinte di ogni genere.
Se per il codice di civiltà trobadorico saper amare significava necessariamente saper scrivere poesia d'amore, il corpus di testi letterari che sarà analizzato durante il corso consentirà di approfondire nella letteratura romena numerose arti poetiche e svariati discorsi ispirati dall'eros, ma anche la congiunzione tra questi due temi, che metteranno in luce, da una parte, proprio le ragioni di essere della poesia e la sua capacità a inglobare ed esprimere l'esistenza in generale e quella di chi dice io, d'altra parte, le modalità, le tecniche compositive e stilistiche specifiche ad ogni fase della storia letteraria, dalle più innovative e sperimentali a quelle profondamente connesse alle poetiche europee coeve, dai procedimenti che riprendono topos antichi in chiave intertestuale alle più svariate 'arti combinatorie', che aboliscono con virtuosità il passato, proiettando la storia della letteratura in una eterna e inesauribile simultaneità.
Contestualmente, il succedersi delle diverse fasi letterarie sarà esaminato in stretta connessione con le condizioni storiche, culturali, politiche e antropologiche in senso lato, che hanno segnato la società romena nello stesso arco di tempo.
Per quanto riguarda il secondo tema cardine annunciato in precedenza, si potrà osservare il modo in cui muta il monologo/il dialogo innamorato, il comportamento dell'amante e dell'amata, le scenografie prescelte dai poeti, le tonalità del sentimento e altri elementi che compongono ogni poetica e ciascun volume di versi, a seconda della tendenza letteraria e dell'epoca a cui risale ciascun messaggio lirico, nonché dell'indole di chi si presta a poetare sull'amore.
Oltre ad acquisire aspetti della spiccata individualità della lirica romena tra Otto e Novecento (riguardanti autori, opere, movimenti e tendenze artistiche, specie letterarie e i rispettivi procedimenti e tecniche poetiche), gli studenti avranno l'opportunità di completare e di allargare i propri orizzonti verso argomenti e fenomeni letterari comuni alle letterature a loro più note – inglese, francese, spagnola, polacca, russa ecc. –, e che hanno trovato ampi spazi di manifestazione anche in seno alla letteratura romena.
Modalità di verifica delle conoscenze
Durante le lezioni gli studenti avranno la possibilità di rispondere a quesiti puntuali su diversi argomenti e sarà apprezzata la loro intenzione ad esprimere i propri punti di vista, le considerazioni e le ipotesi di lavoro che considerano opportune rispetto ai testi e ai temi che faranno l'oggetto delle analisi letterarie.
Verso la fine del corso sarà svolta una prova in itinere, proponendo agli studenti un testo poetico a scelta fra due selezionati dal docente, da analizzare secondo le modalità utilizzate durante le lezioni e da inquadrare nel contesto storico-culturale e letterario di riferimento. Sarà sottoposta agli studenti una ulteriore domanda, di ordine più generale e di stampo storico-letterario, al fine di verificare la capacità di sintesi e la corretezza delle analogie e dei confronti, da una parte su argomenti teorici, d'altra parte, in prospettiva applicativa, tematici, stilistici e interpretativi.
La verifica in itinere servirà ai fini della valutazione orale, prevista in sede di esame.
Capacità
Gli studenti saranno in grado di individuare, analizzare e commentare determinati temi presenti nella lirica romena dall'Ottocento fino al periodo recente, nonché di stabilire opportune associazioni e parallelismi a partire e tra gli stessi temi. In special modo potranno acquisire conoscenze e
Il corso consentirà agli studenti di acquisire un quadro generale rispetto all'evolversi dei paradigmi letterari nella poesia romena nell'ampio periodo di tempo compreso tra Otto e Novecento, proponendo un percorso di letture e commenti intesi a introdurre, attraverso opportuni strumenti critici e interpretativi forniti dalla docente, gli autori di spicco e le loro opere, le personalità culturali esponenziali e le imprese epocali che hanno reso possibili e hanno illustrato i maggiori movimenti e tendenze letterarie del periodo premoderno, moderno, arrivando fino agli esiti più rilevanti degli anni '80-2000.
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capacità ermeneutiche rispetto alle valenze tematiche di due assi universali della lirica – il fare letteratura e l'amore sollevato ad atto poetico –, cui spesso nelle opere si affiancano altri motivi.
Postsimbolismo, Modernismo, Avanguardia storica romena, letteratura della Generazione '60 e '70, Postmodernismo.
Il corso metterà gli studenti in grado di collocare i diversi testi poetici che saranno approfonditi in aula nell'ambito delle principali tendenze letterarie che si sono manifestate nella letteratura romena nel periodo di riferimento indicato in precedenza e acquisiranno gli strumenti necessari per poter individuare rapporti fra queste direzioni e movimenti autoctoni e le correnti coeve europee: Premodernismo,
Contestualmente, gli studenti saranno in grado di collegare il succedersi delle diverse fasi letterarie e le condizioni storiche, culturali, politiche e antropologiche in senso lato, che hanno segnato la società romena nello stesso arco di tempo.
Oltre ad acquisire aspetti della spiccata individualità della lirica romena tra Otto e Novecento (riguardanti autori, opere, movimenti e tendenze artistiche, specie letterarie e i rispettivi procedimenti e tecniche poetiche), gli studenti avranno l'opportunità di completare e di allargare i propri orizzonti verso argomenti e fenomeni letterari comuni alle letterature a loro più note – inglese, francese, spagnola, polacca, russa ecc. –, e che hanno trovato ampi spazi di manifestazione anche in seno alla letteratura romena.
Modalità di verifica delle capacità
Nella prova in itinere e in altre occasioni di scambio e dialogo con gli studenti durante le lezioni, saranno valuatate in particolare le capacità di comprendere e tracciare con sicurezza il contesto storico-culturale, sia quello generale di ogni periodo ed evento fondamentale, sia gli elementi di dettaglio. Sarà inoltre valutata la capacità di esposizione critica degli argomenti storico-letterari, la precisione nell'analisi dei testi e l'abilità a individuare rapporti fra le direzioni e i movimenti letterari che si sono manifestati in Romania tra Otto e Novecento e le correnti coeve europee.
Comportamenti
Saranno acquisite opportune accuratezza e precisione nel definire, inquadrare e interpretare la lirica romena tra Otto e Novecento, nel suo sviluppo storico e nelle diverse fasi che l'hanno espressa, nonché gli strumenti critici utili a comprendere i contenuti e i fattori più specificamente storico-culturali che hanno determinato il percorso evolutivo di questo "segmento" fondamentale della letteratura romena. Si veda anche la rubrica "Capacità".
Modalità di verifica dei comportamenti
Saranno valutati il grado di accuratezza e precisione nell'acquisizione delle informazioni fornite dal docente attraverso discussioni in aula e domande aperte e chiuse, nonché le capacità a proporre ipotesi di lavoro, prospettive di lettura e commento dei testi.
Prerequisiti (conoscenze iniziali)
Non sono necessari particolari prerequisiti per poter frequentare il corso, oltre ad una preparazione letteraria di base (teorica e pratica).
Indicazioni metodologiche
Tipo di strumenti di supporto: oltre a materiali didattici su supporto cartaceo, che saranno forniti in fotocopia dal docente, altri materiali potranno essere scaricati e consultati da appositi siti web, anche al fine del lavoro condotto in gruppi o individualmente, , durante come pure indipendentemente dai momenti delle lezioni.
Il corso ha carattere monografico. Le lezioni saranno per lo più frontali, svolte con l'ausilio di materiali didattici su supporto cartaceo, , ma presentando anche dei brevi filmati, brani di interviste o di opere letterarie disponibili in formato digitale. . Si farà altresì ricorso a proiezioni di documenti letterari, di immagini di certa rilevanza scientifica e didattica e, sempre con l'ausilio delle proiezioni, saranno analizzati alcuni dei testi narrativi, nonché dei passi di letteratura critica scelti dalla docente.
Il corso sarà tenuto in italiano, con l'uso di testi letterari bilingui (in originale romeno e con traduzione italiana).
Programma (contenuti dell'insegnamento)
Il corso fornisce agli studenti un ampio ventaglio di modelli e registri poetici dedicati per lo più a due temi principali, vale a dire all'atto poetico nel suo farsi e alle declinazioni più diverse dell'amore, temi che si profilano con numerose variazioni man mano nella letteratura romena, in concomitanza col rapido succedersi di cambiamenti storici, di sensibilità, di mentalità, ma anche in funzione delle modalità stesse in cui intendiamo la letteratura nell'arco di due secoli particolarmente ricchi di stimoli e spinte di ogni genere.
Titolo del corso: Ars poetica e ars amandi nella poesia romena tra Otto e Novecento
Oltre a esporre dall'interno della letteratura romena le valenze tematiche di questi due assi universali della lirica – il fare letteratura e l'amore sollevato ad atto poetico –, cui spesso si affiancano altri motivi, dando nascita a vere e proprie costellazioni di significato, il corso offre un quadro generale che verte a tracciare l'evolversi dei paradigmi letterari della poesia romena nell'ampio periodo di tempo compreso tra Otto e Novecento. Dunque, si propone un percorso di letture e commenti intesi a introdurre, attraverso opportuni strumenti critici e interpretativi, gli autori di spicco e le loro opere, le personalità culturali esponenziali e le imprese epocali che hanno reso possibili e hanno illustrato i maggiori movimenti e tendenze letterarie del periodo premoderno, moderno, arrivando fino agli esiti più rilevanti degli anni '80-2000.
Per quanto riguarda il secondo tema cardine annunciato in precedenza, si potrà osservare il modo in cui muta il monologo/il dialogo innamorato, il comportamento dell'amante e dell'amata, le scenografie prescelte dai poeti, le tonalità del sentimento e altri elementi che compongono ogni
Se per il codice di civiltà trobadorico saper amare significava necessariamente saper scrivere poesia d'amore, il corpus di testi letterari che sarà analizzato durante il corso consentirà di approfondire nella letteratura romena numerose arti poetiche e svariati discorsi ispirati dall'eros, ma anche la congiunzione tra questi due temi, che metteranno in luce, da una parte, proprio le ragioni di essere della poesia e la sua capacità a inglobare ed esprimere l'esistenza in generale e quella di chi dice io, d'altra parte, le modalità, le tecniche compositive e stilistiche specifiche ad ogni fase della storia letteraria, dalle più innovative e sperimentali a quelle profondamente connesse alle poetiche europee coeve, dai procedimenti che riprendono topos antichi in chiave intertestuale alle più svariate 'arti combinatorie', che aboliscono con virtuosità il passato, proiettando la storia della letteratura in una eterna e inesauribile simultaneità.
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Programma
poetica e ciascun volume di versi, a seconda della tendenza letteraria e dell'epoca a cui risale ciascun messaggio lirico, nonché dell'indole di chi si presta a poetare sull'amore.
Il rito amoroso e le ragioni d'essere della poesia cambiano poi con il Modernismo (anticipato da influssi del Postsimbolismo francese) e con la sua componente più sperimentale, ovvero l'avanguardia storica romena, che ebbe estesi rapporti con il Futurismo, il Dadaismo, il Cubismo letterario, l'Espressionismo e il Surrealismo – ovvero con le formule più iconoclastiche, che hanno rivoluzionato dalle fondamenta la cultura europea all'inizio del secolo. Dall'arte poetica di George Bacovia "ambientata" in scenografia lacustre e tinte decadentistiche, all'immagine del poeta – fabbro della parola, salmista condannato al silenzio ma anche creatore di un universo ludico, in apparenza a portata dei bambini, nella triplice accezione accreditata da Tudor Arghezi, ovvero il poeta che ha saputo anticipare tutte le maggiori direzioni della lirica moderna romena e che introduce volti e gesti erotici ritenuti scandalosi, attirandosi l'accusa di "pornografia", il linguaggio e i registri poetici si arricchiscono in proporzione esponenziale nella lirica romena del primo Novecento. La fronda antisentimentale culmina con una dichiarazione poetica del futuro dadaista Tristan Tzara, che avrebbe gradito un'amante sarta, mentre Stephan Roll dedica alla sua "Magdalena paradistillata" la Ballata del parafulmine errante. .
L'amore ottocentesco sarà illustrato da poeti che hanno espresso attraverso la loro personalità poliedrica l'intero potenziale di novità e di conquiste culturali, istituzionali e democratiche del loro tempo: anzitutto da due innamorati dell'Italia, l'avveduto artigiano della poesia in forma fissa, Gheorghe Asachi, che ha emulato nei suoi versi italiani con ottimi esiti nomi di primo piano della tradizione poetica italiana, e Ion Heliade R?dulescu, spirito enciclopedico di assoluta rilevanza per la cultura romena del diciannovesimo secolo, il postromantico che ha amato più di ogni altro suo connazionale la lingua italiana. Inoltre, Dimitrie Bolintineanu, poeta che ha illustrato pressoché tutti i modelli poetici della letteratura a lui coeva e che incanta ancora oggi il lettore col suo esotismo raffinatissimo in cui avvolge il volto della giovane orientale Esmé, la protagonista dei Fiori del Bosforo. L'influenza prevalentemente francese e del Biedermeier, che si riscontra in questi poeti capaci ad accogliere anche influssi neoclassici, cede il posto a quella pienamente romantica di Mihail Eminescu, con cui la lingua poetica romena dell'Ottocento raggiunge vertici di straordinaria bellezza. Con questo ultimo grande poeta romantico europeo il High Romanticism e il Biedermeier proiettano la poesia e l'amore verso l'assoluto, nella dimensione delle cosmogonie e ai primordi della creazione del mondo, in un'avventura metafisica e mitica in cui il poeta dialoga con il Demiurgo e con l'amata, l'ultima essendo invitata nel capolavoro Espero ad incontrare l'amante-astro dalla natura immortale nei suoi palazzi di cristallo nelle profondità del mare e nei cieli per un'ora d'amore terreno e per una felicità che si rivela impossibile.
La metapoesia e le variazioni sull'erotismo sono all'origine di numerose "pièce di resistenza" negli anni '60 e '70 nei poemi di Ana Blandiana, Marin Sorescu, Nichita St?nescu, Mircea Iv?nescu, Leonid Dimov, Constant Tonegaru ed altri ancora, in cui le figure più ricorrenti sono la metafora e la parabola, abili anche a celare le urgenze e i drammi che hanno attraversato la storia romena ai tempi della dittatura e di cui la letteratura si discosta e si difende, trincerandosi dietro ai mezzi ad essa più propri e creando l'impressione di un eccesso di autoriflessività, inter- e meta-testualità, in realtà le poche ancore di salvezza per conservare il valore estetico nella guerra contro la censura. L'approdo al multiforme Postmodernismo negli ultimi decenni del Novecento – che ha seguito inizialmente modelli anglo-sassoni, sviluppando anche delle caratteristiche atte a rispecchiare la specificità della cultura romena attraverso la ripresa spesso ironica e ludica di molti aspetti della sua tradizione letteraria – indica la piena democratizzazione del linguaggio e del modo di concepire sia la poesia, sia l'esistenza nel suo insieme. In poemi il più delle volte lungi, narrativi, prosastici, l'atto di comporre versi, spesso intrecciato agli accadimenti nella sfera sentimentale diventa per il poeta, il più delle volte protagonista dei versi, esperienza affine alla performance, ovvero a una tecnica che usa i procedimenti del teatro, dello spettacolo in generale, includendo un'amplissima gamma di accorgimenti letterari atti a esaltare il piacere del testo, oppure, in altre parole, a proporre un'erotica testuale, con livelli molteplici di significato, intrisa dalle istanze più diverse che definiscono oggi la postmodernità in tutti i campi del sapere e dell'esistenza. I poeti – Matei Vi?niec, Mircea C?rt?rescu, Florin Iaru, Traian T. Co?ovei –, diventano dei virtuosi nel gioco con la letteratura, ma anche personaggi innamorati, capaci di sedurre il lettore /la lettrice grazie a mille stratagemmi, e per il quali tutto è degno di diventare oggetto poetico, senza poter più privilegiare un determinato tema a scapito degli altri. Contestualmente, il succedersi delle diverse fasi letterarie all'interno della letteratura romena sarà presentato in stretta connessione con le condizioni storiche e con i mutamenti epocali, antropologici in senso lato, che hanno segnato la società romena nello stesso arco di tempo. Oltre ad acquisire aspetti della spiccata individualità del panorama letterario romeno tra Otto e Novecento, gli studenti avranno l'opportunità di completare e di allargare i propri orizzonti verso argomenti e fenomeni letterari e culturali, verso rifondazioni nella storia delle idee e nella sensibilità, comuni alle letterature a loro più note – inglese, francese, spagnola ecc. –, e che hanno trovato ampi spazi di manifestazione anche in seno alla poesia romena.
Bibliografia e materiale didattico
Testi poetici: :
Bibliografia obbligatoria: :
Marco Cugno, La poesia romena del Novecento, studio introduttivo, antologia, traduzione e note di Marco Cugno, Alessandria, Edizioni dell'Orso, 2008 (le parti e gli autori da studiare saranno indicati a lezione). .
Al fine di procurare i testi poetici che illustreranno la lirica dell'Ottocento e altri poemi aggiuntivi, a completamento dei testi letterari del Novecento inclusi nelle due antologie menzionate in precedenza, sarà necessario consultare la Dispensa consegnata dalla docente alla copisteria Mistercopy, in via Santa Maria, 83.
Andrei Terian, Mihai Eminescu: From National Mythology to the World Pantheon, in Romanian Literature as World Literature, a cura di Christian Moraru, Mircea Martin e Andrei Terian, New York, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, pp. 35-54.
Cahiers roumains d'études littéraires et culturelles/ Romanian Journal of Literary and Cultural Studies, serie nuova, n. 1-4, 2009, intitolato Le postmodernisme alors et maintenant, Bucure?ti, Ed. Institutul Cultural Român. Reperibile anche on-line:
Dan Octavian Cepraga, Esperimenti italiani. Studi sull'italianismo romeno dell'Ottocento, Verona, Fiorini, 2015 (le parti da studiare saranno indicate a lezione).
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Poesia romena d'avanguardia. Testi e manifesti da Urmuz a Ion Caraion, a cura di Marco Cugno e Marin Mincu, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1980 (le parti e gli autori da studiare saranno indicati a lezione)
Testi critici: :
Sistema centralizzato di iscrizione agli esami Programma
http://icr.ro/uploads/files/euresis.pdf.
Emilia David, cap. I e II, in Futurismo, Dadaismo e avanguardia romena: contaminazioni fra culture europee (1909-1930), Torino, L'Harmattan Italia, 2006, pp. 19-138.
Marco Cugno, La poesia romena del Novecento: dal simbolismo alla "Generazione '80", saggio introduttivo dell'antologia La poesia romena del Novecento, traduzione e note di M. Cugno, cit., pp. V-LXXXI.
Bruno Mazzoni & Rodica Zafiu, Poesia romena di fine millenio, in Giorgio Manacorda (a cura di), Poesia '98. Annuario, Roma, Castelvecchi, 1999, pp. 183-203.
Ion Bulei, Breve storia dei romeni, Alessandria, Edizioni dell'Orso, 1999 (i capitoli che riguardano l'Ottocento e il Novecento).
Altri testi e materiali didattici verranno forniti a lezione.
:
Bibliografia opzionale:
Emilia David, Genera?ia '80: Intertextualitate ?i "performance", Bucure?ti, Editura Muzeul Literaturii Române, 2016, cap. I.
Rispetto alla tematica che concerne la poesia della Generazione '80, a seconda della padronanza della lingua romena, gli studenti potranno leggere:
Mircea C?rt?rescu, Postmodernismul românesc [Il postmodernismo romeno], postfazione di Paul Cornea, Bucure?ti, Humanitas, 1999 (dalla Parte quarta, i cap. Genera?ia '80 în context postmodern, Proza optzecist? e Scurt? privire asupra literaturii anilor '90).
Matei C?linescu, Reazioni culturali contro la modernità e la modernizzazione in Romania (1900-1940), in Geografia e storia della civiltà letteraria romena. Tomo II, a cura di Angela Tarantino e Bruno Mazzoni, Plus Pisa University Press, Pisa, 2010, pp. 59-90.
Rispetto alla tematica che concerne il Modernismo letterario romeno, gli studenti potranno leggere:
Rispetto alla tematica che concerne il Modernismo letterario romeno, gli studenti potranno leggere:
Indicazioni per non frequentanti
Il programma tematico del corso includerà gli stessi argomenti, opere e autori inseriti nella Bibliografia valida per i frequentanti.
Modalità d'esame
Sarà chiesto agli studenti di indicare opportune associazioni e parallelismi a partire e tra i temi più importanti analizzati durante le lezioni, nonché di poter individuare rapporti fra le principali tendenze letterarie che si sono manifestate nella letteratura romena nel periodo di riferimento indicato in precedenza e le correnti europee coeve.
L'esame è composto da una prova orale, durante la quale sarà analizzata con gli studenti anche la prova scritta, realizzata in itinere. La prova orale consiste in domande di tipo più generale (es. caratterizzare una determinata tendenza letteraria oppure esporre il profilo storicoletterario e la poetica di un autore) e in domande concernenti i testi letterari presentati durante il corso, al fine di verificare la precisione dell'analisi e del commento applicati ai rispettivi brani di testo.
Stage e tirocini
In più, gli studenti che frequenteranno il terzo anno di Romeno hanno l'ulteriore possibilità di partire per un semestre di mobilità e acquisire fino a 30 cfu presso la Facoltà di Lettere dell'Università di Bucarest, potendo scegliere diversi corsi (anche di Letteratura Romena) da un "pacchetto" più ampio, concordato dal Dipartimento FiLeLi con l'università della capitale romena. Per maggiori informazioni, contattare la Dott.ssa Emilia David e/o l'Ufficio Erasmus del Dipartimento FiLeLi.
Gli studenti potranno effettuare stage e tirocini in Romania, attraverso il programma di mobilità Erasmus Plus, nelle università con cui la disciplina Lingua e Letteratura Romena ha attivato degli accordi e specialmente presso le Università di Bucarest, Cluj-Napoca, Constan?a, Timi?oara e Suceava.
Pagina web del corso
https://esami.unipi.it/docenti/editProgCorso.php?c=42152
Altri riferimenti web
Pagina della disciplina Lingua e Letteratura Romena : https://www.facebook.com/Romeno.unipi
Pagina del CDS LIN reperibile sul sito del Dipartimento FiLeLi: http://siti.fileli.unipi.it/lin/
Pagina Facebook del Pisa Book Festival dell'edizione 2019, http://www.pisabookfestival.com/, evento nell'ambito del quale esisterà un Focus Romania. Parteciperanno gli scrittori Radu Pavel Gheo e Claudiu Florian, nonché Mauro Barindi, traduttore dal romeno all'italiano di numerosi romanzi e racconti letterari. .
Note
Link del corso: https://teams.microsoft.com/l/team/19%3a398eabbb363748e1a66863200f44c2db%40thread.tacv2/conversations?groupId=554a d054-536b-4ff4-9614-ffc90366b1b9&tenantId=c7456b31-a220-47f5-be52-473828670aa1
Gentili studenti, Dati i cambiamenti in atto che dobbiamo seguire nell'erogazione della didattica in tutti gli Atenei italiani in conseguenza dell'emergenza epidemiologica da Covid-19, vi comunico che noi ci "incontreremo" per le prossime lezioni con l'aiuto della piattaforma Microsoft Teams.
Vi pregherei di mantenere gli orari consueti del corso, perché così riusciamo a conservare le nostre abitudini giornaliere e la coerenza della nostra comune attività didattica e di studio.
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Ricevimento durante i mesi di didattica telematica (marzo-maggio):
La Dott.ssa Emilia David assicura il ricevimento con modalità a distanza (chiamate via WhapsApp e con l'aiuto della piattaforma Teams) durante l'orario prestabilito, vale a dire di mercoledì, dalle 10.00 alle 12.00 e, su appuntamento, anche in altri momenti.
Ultimo aggiornamento 15/04/2020 19:12
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Liite 9.6.2003
60. vuosikerta
Numero 2
Sivu 11
Luomumansikan harmaahomeelle etsittiin lääkkeitä
Soile Prokkola, Pirjo Kivijärvi ja Sirkka Luoma, MTT
Luomumansikan harmaahometta suositellaan torjuttavan erilaisilla kasvinhoitoaineilla ja biologisilla torjuntaeliöillä. MTT:n kokeissa testatut käsittelyt eivät kuitenkaan juuri tehonneet harmaahomeeseen. Harmaahometta tosin esiintyi kokeissa vähän ja sekin yleensä loppusadossa harmaahomeelle epäsuotuisten säiden takia.
Tautien ja tuholaisten aiheuttamat satotappiot ovat suuri riski luomumansikan viljelyssä. Taudeista harmaahometta pidetään suurimpana ongelmana ja sen torjuntaan ei luomuviljellyssä ole tehokkaita menetelmiä. Harmaahomeen torjunta perustuukin yleensä lajikevalintaan ja sellaisiin viljelyteknisiin toimenpiteisiin, jotka vähentävät kosteuden pysymistä kasvustossa. Tällaisia keinoja ovat esimerkiksi tavanomaista pitempi taimiväli ja taimien istuttamisen yhteen riviin. Kirjallisuudessa neuvotaan lisäksi käyttämään luomumansikan kasvinsuojelussa erilaisia kasvinhoitoaineita ja biologisia torjuntaeliövalmisteita.
Näin harmaahometta torjuttiin
MTT:n kokeissa selvitettiin, miten erilaiset kasvienhoitoaineet ja biologiset torjuntaeliöt tehoavat harmaahomeeseen. Testatut aineet olivat merilevä (Biolan Oy), pii, Binab-TF-WP (Trichoderma spp.), Prestop (Gliocladium catenulatum), kompostiuute ja valkosipuliuute. Aineet ovat kaupallisia valmisteita kahta viimeistä lukuun ottamatta. Ruotsissa on jo pitkään käytetty Binab-valmistetta joko ruiskutteena tai kimalaisten levittämä jauheena harmaahomeen torjunnassa. Binab- ja Prestop-torjuntaeliövalmisteista on rekisteröinti vireillä myös Suomessa. Piiliuos poistettiin luonnonmukaiseen viljelyyn sallittujen aineiden listalta vuonna 2002. Merilevän käyttö lannoitteena on sallittu luomuviljelyssä. Kaikki testatut aineet ruiskutettiin kasvustoon kerran viikossa. Kesällä 2001 ruiskutuskertoja oli viisi paitsi Prestopvalmisteella, jota ruiskutettiin neljä kertaa. Kesällä 2002 kaikki ruiskutuskäsittelyt tehtiin neljä kertaa. Ruiskutukset aloitettiin 1–13 vuorokautta ennen kukintaa kesästä ja koepaikasta riippuen ja lopetettiin viikko ennen sadonkorjuuta. Ruiskuteliuoksen väkevyydessä ja käyttömäärissä pyrittiin noudattamaan valmistajan ohjeita. Kompostiuute ja valkosipuliuute valmistettiin itse olemassa olevien tutkimustulosten ja suositusten perusteella. Tosin niistäkin on maailmalla kaupallisia valmisteita saatavilla.
Luomumansikkaa Ruukissa ja Mikkelissä
Harmaahomeen torjuntaa tutkittiin kolmessa MTT:n kenttäkokeessa. Ruukkiin vuonna 1999 perustetussa kokeessa taimet olivat tavanomaisia ja ne istutettiin yksittäisriviin Mypex-katekankaaseen. Tässä kokeessa ruiskutuskäsittelyt olivat Binab, Prestop, kompostiuute ja valkosipuliuute. Vuonna 2000 perustettiin Ruukkiin ja Mikkeliin kaksi koetta. Testattavina oli Binab, merilevä, pii, kompostiuute ja valkosipuliuute. Luonnonmukaisesti tuotetut taimet istutettiin paririviin mustaan muovikatteeseen. Kaikissa kokeissa verranteena oli ruiskuttamattomat ruudut. Kokeet perustettiin ja hoidettiin nykyisten luomusääntöjen mukaan. Mansikkapunkkia torjuttiin petopunkeilla ja hillanälvikkäitä luonnon pyretriinillä (Bioruiskute S). Lajikkeena kokeissa oli Jonsok, jonka alttiutta harmaahomeelle pidetään keskinkertaisena.
Harmaahometta vähän
Vuonna 1999 perustetussa kokeessa harmaahomeen pilaamaa satoa oli ensimmäisenä satovuonna saman verran kuin vuonna 2000 perustetuissa kokeissa. Vuonna 2002 sen määrä väheni 0,6 %:iin. Kauppakelpoisen sadon osuus kokonaissadosta oli 80,3 % vuonna 2001 ja 77,4 % vuonna 2002. Yleensä harmaahomeen osuus lisääntyy kasvuston vanhentuessa, mutta näin ei tapahtunut kokeissamme. Selityksenä saattaa olla mansikoiden istutus vanhemmassa kokeessa yhteen riviin, jolloin kasvusto pysyy ilmavampana kuin paririvi-istutuksessa.
Vuonna 2000 perustetuissa kokeissa harmaahomeisten mansikoiden osuus kokonaissadosta oli Ruukissa 5,4 painoprosenttia kesällä 2001. Mikkelissä niitä oli 3,5 % kokonaissadosta. Vuonna 2002 harmaahometta oli edellisvuotta vähemmän. Ruukissa harmaahomeen pilaaman sadon osuus oli 2,7 % ja Mikkelissä 1,8 % kokonaissadosta. Kauppakelpoinen sato oli molempina vuosina merkitsevästi suurempi Ruukissa kuin Mikkelissä. Ruukissa pieniä marjoja oli vähemmän ja kauppakelpoiset marjat olivat suurempia molempina vuosina. Kesällä 2001 kauppakelpoisen sadon osuus kokonaissadosta oli Ruukissa 90,2 % ja Mikkelissä 76,6 %. Toisena satovuonna kauppakelpoisen sadon osuus oli pienempi kuin edellisenä vuonna: Ruukissa 82,5 % ja Mikkelissä 69,6 %.
Kokeissa kauppakelvottomat marjat olivat joko pieniä marjoja (alle 22 mm), harmaahomeisia, nappipäisiä ja tai hillanälvikkäiden vioittamia. Lisäksi ruohonajo riviväleistä ja verkkojen käsittely aiheuttivat marjoihin mekaanisia vaurioita.
Ruiskutuksilla ei vaikutusta
Käsittelemättömissä ruuduissa harmaahomeen aiheuttamat satotappiot olivat 0,6–6,6 % vuodesta ja koepaikasta riippuen. Testaamillamme ruiskutteilla ei ollut vaikutusta harmaahomeeseen näissä koeolosuhteissa. Eräänä syynä tähän lienee harmaahomeen vähäisyys. Molempina kesinä kukinta-aika oli vähäsateinen ja harmaahometta esiintyi vasta satokauden loppupuolella, yleensä kolmannella tai neljännellä poimintaviikolla. Harmaahomeen esiintyminen satokauden lopulla saattaa osaltaan vaikuttaa siihen, että eroja ei saatu käsittelyjen välille. Muissa tutkimuksissa on havaittu, että niin kukinnan aikana tehtyjen Binab- käsittelyjen kuin kemiallisten torjunta-ainekäsittelyjenkin teho heikkenee satokauden loppua kohti.
Lisätietoja: email@example.com
(08) 2708 4508
Lue lisää julkaisusta: Luomumansikan viljelytekniikka ja kasvinsuojelu. Kirjallisuusselvitys. Prokkola ym. Tilaukset: (03) 4188 2329, firstname.lastname@example.org. (verkkojulkaisu osoitteessa: www.mtt.fi/met/pdf/met26.pdf).
Säiden suosiessa harmaahome ei ole ongelma luopmumansikan tuotannossa.
Torjuntakäsittelyjen vaikutus luomumansikan kokonais- ja kauppakelpoiseen satoon sekä pienten marjojen ja harmaahomeisten mansikoiden määrään Ruukissa ja Mikkelissä vuosina 2001 ja 2002.
Sateinen sää tai rehevä kasvusto lisää harmaahomeen aiheuttamia satotappioita.
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BMT of Columbia, LLC has requested partial sidewalk, alley and street closures, and long term restrictions, to allow for the construction of a 5-story commercial and residential building, The Lofts on Broadway, located at the northeast corner of Tenth and Broadway.
BMT of Columbia, LLC is seeking permission to close approximately 160' of sidewalk east of Tenth Street, between E Broadway and the alley north of E Broadway, beginning immediately and ending June 2015. The Broadway sidewalk will be covered and will remain open for the duration of the project. Additionally, they are requesting to periodically close 160' of the alley between E Broadway and E Walnut Street, for the same period of time.
Beginning July of 2014, BMT of Columbia, LLC is requesting to periodically close Tenth Street, between E Broadway and E Walnut Street, through December 2014. However, closure will only be allowed during nights and possibly weekends, except during special events such as Roots n Blues n BBQ, home football games, etc. Additionally, the Public Works director will require a written request to close the street at any time, at least two days prior to the planned closure. It is anticipated that Tenth Street will not be closed for more than 30 days during the entire project. BMT of Columbia, LLC has contacted businesses located on Tenth Street informing them of the proposed closures (see attachments).
Staff has reviewed the attached traffic control plans, and is currently reviewing building plans, and has no issues with their request. BMT of Columbia, LLC shall be responsible for all signs and barricades necessary for the protection and convenience of the general public, and shall be responsible for notifications to the media and emergency personnel.
Fiscal Impact
Short-Term Impact: None. When the street is closed, meter hoods will be purchased so there is no loss in revenue.
Long-Term Impact: None
Vision, Strategic & Comprehensive Plan Impact
Vision Impact: Not Applicable
Strategic Plan Impact: Not Applicable
Comprehensive Plan Impact: Not Applicable
Suggested Council Action
Adopt the legislation authorizing BMT of Columbia, LLC to close approximately 160' of sidewalk east of Tenth Street, between E Broadway and the alley north of E Broadway; periodically close 160' of the alley between E Broadway and E Walnut, and to periodically close Tenth Street, between E Broadway and E Walnut, to facilitate construction of a 5-story commercial and residential building at the northeast corner of Tenth and Broadway.
Legislative History
None
[Signatures]
John D. Howard
Department Approved
Misty Matt
City Manager Approved
A RESOLUTION
authorizing the temporary closure of a sidewalk on the east side of Tenth Street between East Broadway and the alley north of Broadway, and the temporary closure of the alley between East Broadway and East Walnut Street, and the periodic closure of Tenth Street between East Broadway and East Walnut Street, subject to conditions, to allow for construction of a commercial and residential building located on the northeast corner of Tenth Street and Broadway.
BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF COLUMBIA, MISSOURI, AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1. The City Council hereby authorizes BMT of Columbia, LLC to temporarily close a portion of the sidewalk on the east side of Tenth Street between East Broadway and the alley north of Broadway, the alley between East Broadway and East Walnut Street, and the periodic closure of Tenth Street between East Broadway and East Walnut Street, as shown on “Exhibit A,” from May 6, 2014 to June 30, 2015 to allow for construction of commercial and residential building located on the northeast corner of Tenth Street and Broadway. The temporary closures are subject to the following conditions:
1. The sidewalk on the north side of Broadway shall be covered and remain open for the duration of the project.
2. The alley between East Broadway and East Walnut Street shall remain open to emergency vehicles and shall be open in the evenings.
3. A written request for the periodic closure of Tenth Street must be submitted at least two (2) workdays prior to the planned closure for approval by the City’s Public Works Director.
SECTION 2. BMT of Columbia, LLC shall close portions of the sidewalk, alley and street only in accordance with the closure plan submitted and approved by the City’s Director of Public Works. In the interest of public safety, the Director of Public Works may require additional traffic control measures by notifying BMT of Columbia, LLC, in writing, of such requirements. BMT of Columbia, LLC shall be responsible for all signs and barricades necessary for the protection and convenience of the general public and shall be responsible for the repair of the sidewalk, alley and street due to any damage caused by the construction activity. BMT of Columbia, LLC shall be responsible for notifications to the media and emergency personnel.
SECTION 3. BMT of Columbia, LLC shall proceed with construction activities which require the sidewalk, alley and street closures without unnecessary delay so as to minimize disruption to the public. Failure to proceed without unnecessary delay may result in the revocation of the sidewalk, alley and street closure permit by the City Council.
ADOPTED this ______ day of ________________________, 2014.
ATTEST:
_________________________________________ _______________________________________
City Clerk Mayor and Presiding Officer
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
_________________________________________
City Counselor
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL NOTES
1. ALL TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MOST RECENT EDITION OF THE MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES (MUTCD).
2. THE CONTRACTOR IS SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR JOB SITE, WORKER, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY.
3. CONTRACTOR SHALL MODIFY THE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN TO ACCOMMODATE THEIR CONSTRUCTION MEANS, METHODS, SEQUENCE, AND TECHNIQUES OR PROCEDURES. ALL MODIFICATIONS TO THE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN SHALL BE APPROVED BY THE CITY OF COLUMBIA PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT IN WRITING, PRIOR TO IMPLEMENTATION.
4. CONTRACTOR SHALL DESIGNATE A TRAINED PERSON AT THE PROJECT LEVEL WHO HAS THE PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY, WITH SUFFICIENT AUTHORITY, FOR IMPLEMENTING THE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN AND OTHER SAFETY AND QUALITY ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT. CONTRACTOR SHALL SUBMIT PROOF THAT THE TRAINED PERSON HAS SUCCESSFULLY PASSED MODOT’S ADVANCED WORK ZONE OR EQUIVALENT TRAINING. (MODOT STANDARD SPEC 616.3.4(A))
5. CONTRACTOR SHALL MONITOR TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH THE WORK ZONE AND MAKE ADJUSTMENTS TO THE TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN AS REQUIRED WITH THE APPROVAL OF CITY OF COLUMBIA PUBLIC WORKS.
6. PROVIDE CONSTRUCTION FENCING AROUND WORK SPACE.
7. CONTRACTOR SHALL INSTALL MULTIPLE TYPE III BARRICADES TO COMPLETELY CLOSE TENTH STREET.
8. TEMPORARILY MOVE TAXI STAND TO SOUTH SIDE OF BROADWAY (BY CITY).
9. TEMPORARILY MOVE BAGGED METERS TO SOUTH SIDE OF BROADWAY (BY CITY).
ROAD WORK AHEAD
W20-1 "ROAD WORK AHEAD" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
DETOUR AHEAD
W20-2 "DETOUR AHEAD" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
ROAD CLOSED AHEAD
W20-3 "ROAD CLOSED AHEAD" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
SIDEWALK CLOSED AHEAD
CROSS HERE
R9-11L "SIDEWALK CLOSED AHEAD" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
TYPE III BARRICADE
* WARNING LIGHTS
** RAIL STRIPE WIDTHS SHALL BE 150 MM (6 IN.), EXCEPT THAT 100 MM (4 IN.) WIDE STRIPES MAY BE USED IF RAIL LENGTHS ARE LESS THAN 900 MM (36 IN.). THE SIDES OF BARRICADES FACING TRAFFIC SHALL HAVE RETROREFLECTIVE RAIL FACES.
M4-9R "DETOUR W/ RIGHT ARROW" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
M4-9L "DETOUR W/ LEFT ARROW" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
M4-10R "DETOUR RIGHT ARROW" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
M4-10L "DETOUR LEFT ARROW" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
NO RIGHT TURN
R3-1 "NO RIGHT TURN" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
NO LEFT TURN
R3-2 "NO LEFT TURN" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
ROAD CLOSED
R11-2 "ROAD CLOSED" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
ROAD CLOSED TO THRU TRAFFIC
R11-4 "ROAD CLOSED" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
SIDEWALK CLOSED
R9-9 "SIDEWALK CLOSED" SIGN
NOT TO SCALE
TENTH STREET ROAD CLOSURE
LOFTS ON BROADWAY
COLUMBIA, BOONE COUNTY, MISSOURI
JANUARY 29, 2014
REVISED: APRIL 11, 2014
SHEET 2 OF 5
Engineering Surveys and Services
1113 Fay Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201
573 - 449 - 2646 – www.ESS-Inc.com
Missouri Engineering Corporation # 2004005018
ES&S NO. 12551
STATE OF MISSOURI
MATTHEW JARON, PLS
ENGINEER
PE-00002811
MATTHEW A. KRIESE
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
PE-2007002811
NOTES:
1. WALKWAYS ADJACENT TO THE PROJECT SITE SHALL BE COVERED PER OSHA AND IBC REQUIREMENTS.
2. NO COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS SHALL BE STORED ALONG THE RED MANGO BUILDING.
TENTH STREET SIDEWALK CLOSURE
LOFTS ON BROADWAY
COLUMBIA, BOONE COUNTY, MISSOURI
JANUARY 29, 2014
REVISED: APRIL 11, 2014
SHEET 3 OF 5
Engineering Surveys and Services
1113 Fay Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201
573 - 449 - 2646 - www.ESS-Inc.com
Missouri Engineering Corporation # 2004005018
ES&S NO. 12551
STATE OF MISSOURI
MATTHEW A. KRIETE
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
PE-2007002811
NOTE:
TEMPORARILY MOVE BAGGED METERS TO SOUTH SIDE OF BROADWAY
LANE CLOSURE GENERAL NOTES
1. FLAGGERS SHALL CONTINUALLY MONITOR TRAFFIC TO ENSURE TRAFFIC QUEUES DO NOT BACK UP INTO THE SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION AT BROADWAY AND TENTH STREET.
2. ALL FLAGGERS SHALL HAVE PASSED MODOT'S FLAGGER TRAINING OR EQUIVALENT TRAINING.
3. METER BAGS SHALL BE USED TO CLOSE THE PARKING SPACES AS SHOWN ON THE PLAN.
4. NORTH FLAGGER SHALL MONITOR TRAFFIC AT THE ALLEY AND DIRECT TRAFFIC FROM THE ALLEY ONTO TENTH STREET IN COORDINATION WITH THE ONE-WAY TRAFFIC.
5. WALKWAYS ADJACENT TO THE PROJECT SITE SHALL BE COVERED PER OSHA AND IBC REQUIREMENTS.
LANE CLOSURE DURATION NOTES
SHORT TERM STATIONARY - SINGLE DAYLIGHT PERIOD
1. TWO LANES OF TRAFFIC SHALL BE RESTORED AT NIGHT.
INTERMEDIATE TERM STATIONARY - (MORE THAN ONE DAYLIGHT PERIOD UP TO 3 DAYS OR NIGHTTIME WORK LASTING MORE THAN ONE HOUR)
1. FLAGGER LOCATIONS SHALL BE ILLUMINATED AT NIGHT.
2. AN AUTOMATED FLAGGER ASSISTANCE DEVICE MAY BE USED ON THE NORTH END WITH A FLAGGER ON THE SOUTH END.
LONG TERM STATIONARY - CONTINUAL LANE CLOSURE FOR MORE THAN 3 DAYS
1. REMOVE EXISTING PAVEMENT MARKINGS WITHIN LANE CLOSURE LIMITS AND INSTALL TEMPORARY WHITE PAVEMENT MARKINGS AS SHOWN ON THE PLAN.
TENTH STREET
TEMPORARY LANE CLOSURE
LOFTS ON BROADWAY
COLUMBIA, BOONE COUNTY, MISSOURI
JANUARY 29, 2014
REVISED: APRIL 11, 2014
SHEET 4 OF 5
Engineering Surveys and Services
1113 Fay Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201
573-449-2646 • www.ESS-Inc.com
Missouri Engineering Corporation # 2004005018
ES&S NO. 12551
MATTHEW A. KRIETE
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
PE-2007002811
ALLEY CLOSURE
DURATION NOTES
LONG-TERM STATIONARY - MORE THAN 3 DAYLIGHT PERIODS
1. ALLEY SHALL BE FULLY OPEN EACH NIGHT AND ALL TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES REMOVED OR COVERED.
2. ALLEY SHALL BE KEPT OPEN FOR EMERGENCY VEHICLES. CONTRACTOR SHALL MOVE EQUIPMENT AS NECESSARY FOR EMERGENCY VEHICLES.
3. NO CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SHALL BE STORED IN THE ALLEY.
LEGEND
TYPE III BARRICADE
ALLEY CLOSURE
LOFTS ON BROADWAY
COLUMBIA, BOONE COUNTY, MISSOURI
APRIL 11, 2014
SHEET 5 OF 5
Engineering Surveys and Services
1113 Fey Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201
573 - 449 - 2646 - www.ESS-Inc.com
Missouri Engineering Corporation # 2004005018
ES&S NO. 12551
STATE OF MISSOURI
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
MATTHEW A. KRIETE
PE-2007002811
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS INCLUDED WITH THIS AGENDA ITEM ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Maps, Misc Correspondence
OVERHEAD PROTECTION - ELEVATION
OVERHEAD PROTECTION - SECTION
UNIVERSAL U766K
ALLOWABLE LOADING/LEG AS CONFIGURED
360# (2' 5.1") 150PSF x 3' = 450#
W6x9 STRINGER
Sx=5 Ix=148 A=2.65 Fy=35ksi E=29,000ksi
ALLOWABLE LOADING AS CONFIGURED
1,885#/LF 6' SPAN 1,500#/LF
ALUM JOISTS
Sx=4.3 Wx=17 Ix=7.57 Fy=35ksi E=10,200ksi
ALLOWABLE LOADING AS CONFIGURED
10'-0" 2-SPAN: 580#/LF 300#/LF
3/4" BB FORMPLY
PER APA RECOMMENDATIONS
ALLOWABLE LOADING AS CONFIGURED
18#/SF @ 24" SUPPORT 150#/SF
ALUM JOISTS @ 24" MAX SPACING
3/4" BB FORMPLY LOAD RATED FOR 150 PSF
LOAD RATED FOR 150 PSF
CONNECTION DETAIL
STEEL STRINGER & ALUM JOIST
21" ALUM JOIST (2-SPAN)
3/4" BB FORMPLY
10"H CROSS BRACE
10"H CROSS BRACE
U766K FRAME
SCREWJACK
SCREWJACK
W6x9x7'-6"
8'
4'-8"
6'
1'-3½"
April 15, 2014
Mayor and City Council
City of Columbia Community Development
P.O. Box 6015
Columbia, MO 65205-6015
RE: Long-term Restrictions and Closures
Application #14-1101
The Lofts on Broadway
1007 W. Broadway
Columbia, Missouri
Dear Mayor and City Council:
This long term restrictions and closures application is for the Lofts on Broadway, a 5 story commercial and residential building at the NE corner of Tenth and Broadway. We request that the Tenth Street east sidewalk, north from Broadway to the alley, be closed from April 2014 to June 2015. The Broadway sidewalk will be covered and will remain open for the duration of the project. The Tenth Street alley will be closed periodically from April 2014 to June 2015, but will remain open to emergency vehicles and will be open in the evening. Tenth Street will be closed periodically during the red iron process and again during framing (roof truss) process. Tenth Street will also be closed one evening in order to tap the water main. Tenth Street should not be closed for 30 days or more during the entire project. Parking meter bags for specific parking spaces will be essential in order to keep the construction process running smooth, safe and efficient. Please see attached traffic control plans and letter from Travis McGee for BMI of Columbia LLC.
Yours truly,
Matthew A. Kriete, P.E.
cc: Travis McGee, w/ enclosure by email
1-File ESS Job G12551
10th and Broadway
Matthew Kriete <email@example.com>
To: Shane Creech <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Cc: email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, "Timothy J. O'Connor" <email@example.com>
Shane,
The short term closures on 10\textsuperscript{th} Street for the Lofts on Broadway construction are necessary for safe building construction and are intended to occur at night, whenever practical. This closure is very similar to the closures on 9\textsuperscript{th} Street.
Let me know if you have any questions.
Matthew A. Kriete, P.E.
Engineering Surveys and Services
1113 Fay Street
Columbia, MO 65201
Phone: (573) 449-2646
Fax: (573) 499-1499
www.ess-inc.com
| Business Name | Address | Phone Number |
|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------|
| Newton & Joyce Riley | 2000 E Broadway, Columbia, MO | Not Listed |
| Parker Funeral Service | 22 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-449-4153 |
| Nash Vegas | 928 Broadway, Columbia, MO | 573-999-3443 |
| 16 N 10th Street LLC | 1123 Wilkes Blvd, #200, Columbia, MO | Not Listed |
| Missouri Art Gallery | 9 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-443-5010 |
| Hollywood Rebels Tattoo | 11 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-499-1200 |
| Dudley Kent Roth Revocable Trust | 10201 E Highway WW, Columbia, MO | 573-443-0202 |
| Dan Viets & Associates | 15 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-443-6866 |
| Aardvarx | 17 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-874-8600 |
| IOOF | PO Box 204, Columbia, MO | 573-443-3479 |
| "We Always Swing" Jazz Series | 21 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-449-3009 |
| Columbia Access TV | 23 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-442-4447 |
| Captain's Quarters | 25 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-449-2629 |
| Little Owl Boutique | 27 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-442-3690 |
| Stuart Insurance Agency | 29 N 10th Street, Columbia, MO | 573-449-5395 |
| Rice Investments LLC | c/o Bruce B. Rice | 573-449-4153 |
RE: 10TH STREET CLOSURE DATES & INFORMATION
To Whom It May Concern,
This letter is to inform you of the street closures BMT of Columbia, LLC has requested from the City of Columbia in order to build the 5 story commercial and residential building at the NE corner of 10th and Broadway. We are requesting that the 10th Street east sidewalk, north from Broadway to the alley, be closed from April 21, 2014 to June 30, 2015. The Broadway sidewalk will be covered and will remain open for the duration of the project. The 10th Street alley will be closed periodically from April 2014 to June 2015, but will remain open to emergency vehicles and will be open in the evening. 10th Street will be closed periodically during the red iron process and again during framing (roof truss) process. 10th Street will also be closed one evening in order to tap the water main. 10th Street should not be closed for more than 30 days during the entire project. Parking meter bags for specific parking spaces will be essential in order to keep the construction process running smooth, safe and efficient.
Please let me know if you have questions.
Sincerely,
Travis H. McGee
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Sydnärkes
Miljöförvaltning
Entreprenörsrapport minireningsverk
Sydnärkes Miljöförvaltning 695 80 Laxå 0584 473 400
* = Obligatorisk uppgift
□
□ Nej
□ Ja
□ Nej
□ Ja
□ Nej
□ Ja
Tillstånd/beslut
Datum*
Paragraf *
Diarienummer*
Fastighet
Fastighetsbeteckning*
Kontrollpunkter
1. Minireningsverk
Fabrikat*
2. Förankring
Finns förankring?*
Ja, ange hur …..………………………………………………………………….
3. Slamavskiljare
Storlek, m 3
4. Efterpolering
Storlek, m 2
5. Larm
Finns larm?*
6. Manlucka/inspektionslucka
Finns manlucka/inspektionslucka?*
Modell*
Typ (märke/tvåkammare/trekammare)
Typ (infiltration/markbädd)
Är manlucka/inspektionslucka lätt tillgänglig för inspektion efter avslutat anläggningsarbete?
□ Nej
Sydnärkes Miljöförvaltning
Sydnärkes Miljöförvaltning
Övriga upplysningar/avvikelser (mer än ett alternativ kan vara aktuellt)
□ är utförd helt enligt insänd ansökan/anmälan och meddelat beslut
□ är utförd helt enligt läggningsanvisningar från tillverkaren
□ avviker från insänd ansökan/anmälan och meddelat beslut på nedanstående punkter
Avloppsanordningen*
Avvikelser
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Hantering av personuppgifter:
Kommunen blir personuppgiftsansvarig för personuppgifterna först när den ifyllda blanketten tagits emot av kommunen. Uppgifterna kommer att behandlas enligt dataskyddsförordningen.
För mer information om hur personuppgifterna behandlas i ditt ärende hänvisas till kommunens hemsida.
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<urn:uuid:2a482636-4df5-4606-8471-e9f800ab01dd>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/swe_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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swe_Latn
| 1,846
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Saksgang
Møtedato
Valg av representant til Salten Kultursamarbeids kulturutvalg
Rådmannens forslag til vedtak:
Det fremmes ikke forslag til vedtak i denne sak.
Bakgrunn for saken:
Salten Kultursamarbeid er et underutvalg av Salten Regionråd. Salten Kultursamarbeid ledes av et utvalg på 9 oppnevnte representanter m/vara fra kommunene og et arbeidsutvalg på 34 personer. Årsmøtet utgjøres av Salten Regionråd.
Ved valg av representanter til kulturutvalget tilstrebes det en miks av administrativt ansatte innenfor kultur og politiske representanter. Dersom representanten som velges er politisk valgt skal vararepresentanten være administrativt ansatt og vice versa.
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<urn:uuid:d698ba4e-4d10-49c4-aee2-efc47b53c04c>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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nob_Latn
| 673
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Post sur Facebook où un internaute se moque de l'Europe et de la Californie qui interdisent la vente de véhicules thermiques à partir 2035
Secondaire supérieur— inférieur
Niveau d'enseignement
Thématique
Fake News
Méthode
Fact-cheking
Compétences visées
* Analyser un post sur Facebook et en vérifier la fiabilité
* Faire la critique de la représentation graphique de faits de société
* Rechercher ou créer des représentations graphiques pertinentes
Une initiative de Média Animation asbl−
L'Europe est-elle la seule à passer à la voiture électrique ?
Un message a abondamment circulé sur les réseaux sociaux. Il représente une mappemonde sur laquelle sont colorés en bleu les pays qui ont décidé d'interdire la vente de véhicules thermiques neufs (essence, diesel ou hybride) à partir de 2035. Il s'agit de l'Europe et la Californie. La carte est généralement accompagnée de commentaires moqueurs, ridiculisant cette décision en considérant qu'elle n'aura pas d'impact puisqu'elle ne concerne que très peu de pays. Cependant, le message est trompeur. Les pays en bleu représentent une partie significative du parc automobile mondial. De plus, une série d'autres pays se sont engagés à prendre des mesures comparables. L'analyse de ce message est l'occasion de développer une approche critique des représentations visuelles telles que les cartes ou graphiques, qui sont parfois utilisées de façon fallacieuse.
Une carte trompeuse
En mars 2023, les pays membres de l'Union européenne ont approuvé la décision d'interdire la commercialisation des voitures thermiques neuves à partir de 2035. C'est une des mesures phares de son plan climat et de l'objectif européen de neutralité carbone en 2050.
Dans les jours qui ont suivi cette décision, une carte du monde a été publiée sur les réseaux sociaux et relayée des milliers de fois. Elle colore en bleu les pays qui ont fait ce choix, c'est-à-dire l'Europe et la Californie. Les commentaires orientent clairement la lecture de la carte en tournant en dérision les décisions prises. "En bleu, les pays où il sera interdit de vendre des véhicules à moteur thermique en 2035. Cela représente 1/16 de la population mondiale [sic]. Je me sens de suite mieux desinfo.education
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avec ma bonne conscience de citoyen européen responsable". D'autres s'expriment de façon plus virulente: "Et c'est l'Europe qui va changer le climat ?... Ils nous prennent vraiment pour des cons".
Cependant, l'Europe et la Californie ne sont pas les seuls à avoir opté pour la fin des véhicules thermiques dans les décennies à venir. Bien d'autres États ont pris des initiatives en ce sens. D'autre part, représenter le poids du parc automobile d'un pays en le représentant par la surface de son territoire n'est pas pertinent. Une telle façon de faire relève de la désinformation. Une analyse approfondie du document permet d'en prendre conscience et de développer une approche critique des représentations visuelles de faits de société.
Déroulement
Introduisez l'activité en expliquant que la classe va analyser un message qui circule sur les réseaux sociaux et qui affiche une mappemonde où l'Europe et la Californie sont colorées en bleu. Ils sont identifiés comme les seuls pays ayant décidé d'interdire la vente de véhicules thermiques neufs (essence, diesel et Hybride) à partir de 2035. Les commentaires sont clairement ironiques.
1. Observation et analyse du message
Dans un premier temps, le message est présenté aux élèves. L'enseignant·e leur demande s'ils/ elles ont déjà rencontré ce type de message et ce qu'ils/elles en pensent. Est-ce crédible, exact ou erroné et pourquoi. Les élèves donnent les arguments pour et contre.
2. Cette carte est-elle représentative ?
Cette carte mérite d'être interrogée de deux façons: l'Europe et la Californie sont-elles les seules régions à bannir la vente de véhicules thermiques neufs en 2035 ? Et sont-elles quantités négligeables comme semble l'indiquer la carte.
A. Les seules régions à renoncer aux véhicules thermiques neufs en 2035 ?
Les élèves peuvent faire une recherche afin de savoir si d'autres pays ont pris une décision semblable. Les données suivantes sont fournies par l'Agence France-Presse(AFP):
* La Norvège vise 100% de ventes de voitures neuves "zéro émission" à l'échappement (électriques ou hydrogène) à partir de 2025.
* Le Royaume-Uni, Singapour et Israël interdiront les moteurs à combustion en 2030.
* La Chine vise 20% de véhicules fonctionnant aux "énergies nouvelles" (électrique, hybride, pile à combustible) d'ici à 2025. Ils devraient devenir "le courant dominant" en 2035.
* Aux États-Unis, la moitié des voitures vendues devront être "sans émissions" en 2030.
* La Californie et l'État de New York interdisent la vente de moteurs thermiques à partir de 2035.
* Le Canada prévoit également d'interdire la vente de moteurs thermiques à partir de 2035.
* Le Japon vise une interdiction des véhicules neufs à essence ou diesel d'ici au milieu des années 2030, mais les hybrides et les véhicules à hydrogène resteront dans le jeu.
* L'Inde vise 30% de ventes de véhicules électriques en 2030.
* Le Cap-Vert vise 100% de voitures électriques en 2035.
Une initiative de Média Animation asbl−desinfo.education
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* le Chili s'est engagé pour en faveur des voitures électriques pour 2035.
* Le Costa Rica prévoit la fin des véhicules thermiques pour 2050.
Source: "Automobile: les pays qui vont interdire les moteurs à essence", AFP, 28 mars 2023. (https://www.autoactu.com/actualites/automobile-les-pays-qui-vont-interdire-les-moteurs-a-essence)
L'initiative de l'Europe et de la Californie n'est pas isolée. Elle fait partie d'une tendance de fond qui se manifeste dans de nombreux états.
B. L'Europe et la Californie font-elles le poids ?
La carte utilisée suggère que l'Europe et la Californie sont quantité négligeable, car leur surface est peu étendue. À ce niveau, on peut recueillir les données suivantes :
* Total des terres émergées: 148 millions de km 2
* Europe: 4 millions de km 2
* Californie: 423.000 km 2
L'Europe et Californie représentent moins de 3% des terres émergées.
Cependant, en termes de population, la proportion n'est pas la même :
* Population mondiale: 7,8 milliards
* Europe: 450 millions
* Californie: 40 millions
L'Europe et Californie représentent 7,5 % de la population mondiale
Au niveau du parc automobile, c'est encore différent :
* Parc automobile mondial : 1,4 milliard
* Europe : 286 millions
* Californie : 31 millions
L'Europe et Californie représentent environ 20 % du parc automobile mondial
Source: Marie Genries, AFP Belgique, "Cette carte est incomplète et ne prend pas en compte l'impact carbone considérable de l'Europe et de la Californie", 31 mars 2023. (https://factuel.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33C978X)
La carte représente le "poids" de l'Europe et de la Californie en matière automobile non pas en fonction du nombre de véhicules (20% du parc mondial) mais en fonction de la surface de ces régions (3% des terres émergées). La carte ne donne donc pas un reflet adéquat de l'impact du parc automobile de ces deux régions.
3. Des représentations graphiques plus pertinentes
Dans la foulée de ce travail, il est possible de creuser la question des représentations graphiques en recherchant ou en créant par exemple :
* une mappemonde intégrant, avec différentes couleurs, les objectifs des autres pays engagés en faveur des véhicules électriques
* des graphiques (histogrammes, camemberts...) qui représentent mieux le poids de l'industrie automobile dans les différents continents.
Une initiative de Média Animation asbl−desinfo.education
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Ressources
Articles
* L'Europe, dindon de la farce ? Sommes-nous réellement les seuls à interdire la vente de véhicules thermiques neufs d'ici 2035 ? : rtbf.be
* Interdiction des moteurs thermiques en Europe : et ailleurs dans le monde ? : dhnet.be
* Élimination progressive des véhicules à combustion : fr.wikipedia.org
* La carte des pays où les véhicules thermiques vont être interdits : blog.direct-assurance.fr
* Interdiction des moteurs thermiques : l'Europe est-elle vraiment la seule à prendre cette décision ? : moustique.lalibre.be
* Cette carte est incomplète et ne prend pas en compte l'impact carbone considérable de l'Europe et de la Californie : factuel.afp.com
Supports pour l'activité
Source : https://defacto-observatoire.fr/Medias/20-Minutes/Fact-checks/Gare-a-cette-cartesur-l-impact-de-la-fin-de-la-vente-des-vehicules-thermiques-neufs-en-2035/
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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fra_Latn
| 8,576
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CERES GOVERNANCE PROGRAM
Board Oversight of Climate and Sustainability
Sustainability issues such as climate change, water scarcity, and human rights abuses call for bold action by the private sector. Corporate boards are a crucial stakeholder to driving the needed change at the pace and the scale we need to see: Boards sit at the top of a company's organizational structure, have the responsibility to hire, fire and incentivize management, and act as stewards for corporate performance for investors and other stakeholders. Given the materiality of sustainability issues to corporate performance, boards have a responsibility to integrate systemic change on sustainability within business performance.
"Boards need to be aware of the business impact that sustainability issues pose — and that those companies who do not take action to future-proof their business from these impacts will be left behind. Those companies who do will be the outstanding success stories of the future."
RINALDO BRUTOCO
FOUNDING PRESIDENT OF WORLD BUSINESS ACADEMY; BOARD MEMBER AT TAILORED BRANDS, INC
Boards need to be structured to exercise informed and effective oversight of corporate performance, including sustainability. When an environmental or social issue could materially affect corporate performance, boards have a responsibility to educate themselves on the issue in order to make smart business decisions.
Investors and other stakeholders are calling for greater board oversight of the financial risks and opportunities posed by material sustainability issues. While financial markets are clear on the board's critical role in overseeing sustainability, surveys of U.S. corporate directors show there is work to be done before corporate boards address these issues as material priorities.
Ceres' governance program positions U.S. corporate boards to achieve a competitive advantage by understanding how sustainability issues can be material to their enterprise and how to make better decisions for strong sustainability performance.
C E RE S WWW.CERES.O RG
STRATEGY
Our strategy includes developing leading practices; partnering with corporate board members and governance professionals; and leveraging our company and investor partners to engage on board sustainability oversight.
* Develop leading practices: Provide strategies and tools for boards to effectively oversee sustainability issues, including within discussions on corporate strategy, risk management and executive compensation.
* Inform corporate directors: Integrate Ceres' insights and recommendations within director education and training opportunities offered by director professional associations. Convene directors to discuss effective board sustainability oversight in a candid peer environment.
* Engage governance professionals: Integrate sustainability within the job responsibilities of corporate secretaries and general counsel as key legal advisors to corporate boards.
* Engage companies and investors: Drive the uptake of leading governance for sustainability practices through the members of Ceres' Company and Investor Networks and beyond.
REPORTS
Our reports provide standards of leading practice and company analysis on board sustainability oversight from the results of director interviews and additional governance research.
* Getting Climate Smart: A Primer for Corporate Directors (2018) is a tool for corporate directors looking to educate themselves on climate change, addressing why it is a director's job to oversee business impacts from climate change and how directors can oversee these impacts with leading practices and tools.
* Systems Rule: How Board Governance Can Drive Sustainability Performance (2018) analyzes 475 of the world's largest publicly traded companies and finds that companies with the most robust board systems to oversee sustainability issues are well positioned for sustainability performance.
* Lead from the Top: Building Sustainability on Corporate Boards (2017) details how boards can build competence on material sustainability issues, through recruitment, education and engagement.
* View from the Top: How corporate boards can engage on sustainability performance (2015) explains how board oversight for sustainability issues should be structured to allow for performance impacts, and provides detailed recommendations on board systems and decisions that allow for this.
"Expanding board expertise on sustainability should be part of every company's board strategy."
CAROL BROWNER FORMER EPA ADMINISTRATOR, BOARD MEMBER, BUNGE LEAD FROM THE TOP
"By identifying key principles that focus on the director nomination process, director education and stakeholder engagement, Ceres has provided companies with a roadmap for strengthening board quality as it related to sustainability."
RAKHI KUMAR HEAD OF ESG INVESTMENTS AND ASSET STEWARDSHIP AT STATE STREET GLOBAL ADVISORS LEAD FROM THE TOP
FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT
VEENA RAMANI, SENIOR PROGRAM DIRECTOR, CAPITAL MARKETS SYSTEMS AT firstname.lastname@example.org, 617-247-0700 EXT 138
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<urn:uuid:3341d16b-2b1f-4005-a282-affdd39299d7>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
| 5,080
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ОБЩИНА КОПРИВЩИЦА
З А П О В Е Д
РД №158
гр. Копривщица 13.04.2020 година
На основание чл.44, ал.2 от ЗМСМА и писмо с вх.№1077/13.04.2020 годна на картофопроизводители в гр.Копривщица,
НАРЕЖДАМ:
Горските стражари и охранители към ОП „Копривщица“ ежедневно да обхождат района на землището на Копривщица и прибират в капана всички свободно движещи се животни (безстопанствено) по имотите на земеделските производители.
Контрол по изпълнение на заповедта възлагам на инж.Марин Георгиев Златарев – Директор на ОП „Копривщица“.
Настоящата заповед да се сведе до знанието на директора на ОП „Копривщица“ за сведение и изпълнение.
Кмет на община Копривщица:
Бойка Рашкова Дюлгярова
2077 Копривщица, ул."Любен Каравелов"16
тел: +359 7184 21 24
e-mail: email@example.com
web: www.koprivshtitsa-bg.com
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<urn:uuid:fbd08306-ffac-4e29-b6fb-433ad9bbfab8>
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train
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finepdfs
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bul_Cyrl
| 800
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Molecular phylogeny of *Monomorium pharaonis* (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on rRNA sequences of mitochondrial gene
REEM ALAJMI\(^1*\), RANIA HADDADI\(^1\), REWAIDA ABDEL-GABER\(^{1,2*}\) and MOHAMMED ALKURJI\(^3\)
\(^1\)Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
\(^2\)Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
\(^3\)National Centre of Agricultural Technology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
*For correspondence. E-mail: Reem Alajmi, email@example.com; Rewaida Abdel-Gaber, firstname.lastname@example.org.
Received 18 December 2019; revised 10 January 2020; accepted 13 January 2020
**Abstract.** Many studies on forensic entomology have focussed on Diptera and lack the Hymenopteras population. Nonetheless, hymenopterans are part of the entomofaunal colonization of a corpse. Morphologically, it is difficult to identify and distinguish between them. In this study, using mitochondrial DNA knowledge, the molecular analysis was performed to classify the recovered species of hymenoptera collected from rabbit carcass, quickly and accurately. A molecular identification method with a 251-bp fragment of the 16S ribosomal gene RNA (16S rRNA) from a single ant species was evaluated. The maximum likelihood method analysis has recovered a generally well-supported phylogeny, with most taxa and species groups currently being recognized as monophyletic. The aculeate consists of some Hymenoptera’s best known. Their sister group has traditionally been considered in Ichneumonoidea. In addition, Trigonaloidea was found as the aculeates’ sister group and Crabronidae in Apoidea forming the Formicidae’s sister group. These results will play an important role in the implementation of the Saudi database forensically relevant ants.
**Keywords.** forensic entomology; ant phylogeny; formacidia; mitochondrial genes.
**Introduction**
Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants and bees) is one of four mega-diverse insect orders (Aguiar et al. 2013; Peters et al. 2017). Ants are one of the most successful groups of eusocial insects (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990; Lach et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2013). Currently, there are more than 13,000 species of ant recognized worldwide (Bolton 2014). The most frequently used species to examine a crime scene are flies and beetles (Biavati et al. 2010). Although less studied, ants and other insects are also part of the corpse fauna, actively participating in the fractionation and decomposition of vertebrate carcass (Moretti and Ribeiro 2006). Since some of the ant species are necrophagous, they can help to solve crime in forensic entomology studies (Amendt et al. 2000, 2010; Cameron and Williams 2003; Grassberger and Frank 2003; Tabor et al. 2005; Byrd and Castner 2010; Prado e Castro et al. 2014; Paula et al. 2016; Maciel et al. 2016; Mashaly et al. 2018).
All the species of ant are grouped into a single family, the Formicidae, divided into 17 subfamilies based on a morphological and behavioural cladistic analysis (Baroni Urbani et al. 1992; Derr et al. 1992; Ohnishi et al. 2003; Brady et al. 2014), but four of these subfamilies, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Ponerinae are made up almost 90% of all the known species (Bolton 2014). The Myrmicinae subfamily is the most biologically complex and prolific of these ‘big four’. With ~6475 species described, the myrmicines are a hyperdiverse clade that inhabits most of the earth’s surface and includes a wide variety of lifestyles including generalist and specialist predators, scavengers, omnivores, granivores and herbivores (Kugler 1979; Brown 2000). *Monomorium* Mayr 1855 is one of the most important genera of myrmicine ants, comprising a total of 359 species (Heterick 2006).
In many respects, the higher phylogeny and ants classification remains controversial (Astruc et al. 2004). Within the Formicidae family, sequences of mitochondrial or...
ribosomal DNA genes were often used to define phylogenetic relationships at the generic or tribal or subfamily level (Baur et al. 1993; Crozier et al. 1995; Ayala et al. 1996; Wetterer et al. 1998; Brandão et al. 1999; Chiotis et al. 2000; Feldhaar et al. 2003; Astruc et al. 2004; Ward and Downie 2005; Moreau et al. 2006; Ouellette et al. 2006; Rabeling et al. 2008; Ward et al. 2010).
To date, in Saudi Arabia, the molecular phylogenetic analysis has not been performed on Myrmicinae subfamily. Therefore, the objective of this study was to document the presence of ants in the ecological habitat of the carcass experiment in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the phylogenetic position of *Monomorium pharaonicum* within Formicidae belonging to the Hymenoptera was determined and this was done on the basis of the sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene.
**Materials and methods**
The ant specimens were collected from rabbit carcasses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and fixed in 70% ethanol until they were used for molecular analysis. DNA was extracted from whole ants using QIAamp DNA mini kit (Qiagen, Germany), following the manufacturer’s protocol. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications were performed with a total volume of 20 µL using Thermo Cycler (Perkin Elmer) with an amplification profile consisting of an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles each consisting of denaturation at 95°C for 15 s, annealing at 48°C for 15 s, extension at 72°C for 1 min and an extension at 72°C for 5 min. The 16S rRNA gene region was amplified with 16S RNA forward universal primers 5’-CGC TGT TAT CCC TAA GGT AA-3’ and 16SRNA reverse 5’-CTG GTA TGA AAG GTT TGA CG-3’, as mentioned by Li et al. (2010). The amplified PCR products were purified and suspended in a 25 µL TE buffer with a DNA-purification kit (Qiagen). All PCR products were sequenced in both directions using Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (Perkin Elmer) on 3130×1 Genetic Analyzer (factory refurbished) (Biosystems 3130, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). All procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national guides on the care and use of laboratory animals and have been approved and authorized by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
To identify the related sequences in the NCBI database, a BLAST search was performed. CLUSTAL-X v1.83 aligned the obtained sequences (Thompson et al. 1997). The alignment was manually adjusted using the BioEdit 4.8.9 software (Hall 1999). The data were analysed in MEGA 7.0 with maximum parsimony (neighbour-interchange (CNI) level 3, random addition trees 100) (Tamura et al. 2007). Bootstrap analyses (1000 replications) were used on distance trees to obtain estimates of nodal support. Tree was drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer phylogenetic tree.
**Results**
A total of 251 bp with a GC content of 19.12% was analysed and the resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession number MN588189.1, for the mt16S rRNA gene region of the present hymenoptera species. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the basis of a comparison with 27 related species using the maximum likelihood method based on the Jukes–Cantor model representing the Hymenoptera order (figure 1).
Comparison of nucleotide sequences and divergence showed that the 16S rRNA of this species revealed sequence identities with taxa belonged to Hymenoptera as 83.64–76.23% with Formicidae, 81.48% with Trigonidae, 76.86% with Crabronidae, 77.19% with Braconidae, 76.62–79.26% with Bethylidae, and 76.71–78.22% with Chrysidae. While, Formicidae had sequence identities with taxa as 76.23–83.64% with Myrmicinae, and 77.68–78.38% with Formicinae. The maximum identity with lowest divergent values were reported with formicoid species, *M. pharaonis* (83.64%, gb| DQ023051.1), *Aphaenogaster cardenai* (82.70%, gb| LT623127.1), *Cardiocondyla bulgarica* (79.11%, gb| DQ023040.1), *C. sahbergi* (78.85%, gb| DQ023056.1), *C. utianini* (78.83%, gb| DQ023059.1), *Pheidole gagates* (78.74%, gb| HM015951.1), *Myrmica scabrinodis* (78.40%, gb| LN607806.1), *Solenopsis invicta* (78.38%, gb| HQ215538.1), *S. geminata* (78.07%, gb| HQ215537.1), *P. cramptoni* (77.58%, gb| HM015943.1), *Protomognathus americanus* (76.38%, gb| DQ023055.1), and *Pristomyrmex punctatus* (76.23%, gb| AB556947.1).
The constructed dendrogram is divided into two clades, the first clustered some formicoids representing the subfamily Formicinae and only two genera *Aphaenogaster* and *Pheidole* within Myrmicinae, in addition to species belonging to Bethylidae within Ichneumonoidea, Chrysidae within Chrysidoidea, and Braconidae within Ichneumoidea. Nevertheless, the second clade consisted mainly of species belonging to the subfamily Myrmicinae, Crabronidae and Trigonidae within Trigonaloidea, with strong nodal support. Formicidae forming a sister group for Bethylidae + Chrysidae + Braconidae with low support values. Crabronidae formed a sister group to Formicidae with strong nodal support. In addition, Trigonidae formed a sister group to Formicidae by low support value. The ME tree showed a well-resolved distinct clade with other hymenopteran members of the Formicidae family and deeply embedded in the *Monomorium* genus for the present formicid species, closely related to the previously recorded *M. pharaonis* (gb| DQ023051.1) in the same taxon with a moderate support value (44).
Figure 1. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood method based on the Jukes–Cantor model. The tree with the highest log likelihood (−4101.45) is shown. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying neighbour-joining and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the maximum composite likelihood approach, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.
Discussion
Carrion insects help to clarify the cause of death and neglect cases (Catts and Goff 1992; Benecke 2001). Ants can both inhibit carrion colonization by necrophagous flies and predate large amounts of immatures (eggs and larvae) on animal carcasses and human corpses. This behaviour is particularly important because it may interfere with the calculation of the post-mortem interval (PMI), as demonstrated by Wells and Greenberg (1994), Lindgren et al. (2011) and Moretti et al. (2013).
There are currently few studies dealing with morphological identification of different ant species because of high morphological characters conflict (Agosti 1991; Baroni Urbani et al. 1994; Lorite et al. 2004; Schneider et al. 2018; Ma et al. 2019). Molecular phylogenetic studies can provide better resolution of ant phylogeny than morphology studies only and can show an accurate relationship between subfamilies (Dowton and Austin 1994; Gimeno et al. 1997; Sullander 1998; Ohnishi et al. 2003). Previous molecular studies of hymenopteran phylogeny used mitochondrial 16S and COI and small fragments of 18S and 28S ribosomal (D2–D3). Such experiments are usually either based on Symphyta (Schulmeister 2003, Schulmeister et al. 2002; Kuo et al. 2003; Zheng et al. 2018) or on Apocrita (Castro and Dowton 2006; Dowton and Austin 1994, 2001; Dowton et al. 1997). In the present study, the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene is used strongly to support the recovered hymenoptera species, which was in agreement with previous studies by Avise (1986, 1991, 1994) and Ballard and Whitlock (2004), who reported that the mtDNA genomes generally have several properties that are ideally suited for phylogenetic studies of closely related ant species.
Many relationships were found in this study, such as the relationship between Parasitica (parasitic wasps) represented by Bethylidae within Ichneumonoidea and Aculeata (aculeate wasps) represented by Chrysididae within Chrysidoidea and Formicidae within Vespoidea, agreed with observations by Rasplus et al. (2010). Similarly, Ronquist et al. (1999) and Sharkey (2007) reported that Hymenoptera was divided into the Symphyta (sawflies) and Apocrita, the latter further divided into Parasitica (parasitic wasps) and Aculeata (aculeate wasps) and supported Apocrita and Aculeata monophyletic classification. Brothers and Carpenter (1993) have claimed that the relationship between Formicidae and Chrysididae might be due to the maxilla involving the relative sizes of the galea and lacinia. Similarly, Carpenter and Wheeler (1999), Dowton and Austin (1994), Dowton et al. (1997), Whiting (2002), Davis et al. (2010), Vilhelmsen et al. (2010), and Cockx et al. (2016) reported that Bethylidae and Chrysididae within Chrysidoidea are a fairly well-supported sister pairing due to the synapomorphic state of the reduced metapostnotum, which has also been shown to be sister to alternative families. Dowton et al. (1998) and Grimaldi and Engel (2005) stated that the Ichneumonoidea (Ichneumonidae + Braconidae) is often considered to be the sister group of Aculeata.
Johnson et al. (2013) followed by Branstetter et al. (2017) considered ants to be Apoidea’s sister, which agreed with our Crabronidae findings in Apoidea that Formicidae’s sister group was formed with strong nodal support. In addition, in the molecular analyses by Heraty et al. (2011) and Klopfstein et al. (2013), Trigonaloidea was retrieved as the sister group of the aculeates, this was accepted with our findings as Trigonaliidae within Trigonaloidea forming sister group to Formicidae by weak support value. Sharkey et al. (2012) and Zimmermann and Vilhelmsen (2016) confirmed that the presence of a secondary tentorial bridge and a subforaminal cup in Evanioidea and Aculeata and a bent cibarium in Trigonalidiae, Evanioidea and Aculeata add morphological evidence to the molecularly validated hypothesis of Trigonalidiae + (Aculeata + Evanioidea) sister group relationship. Peters et al. (2011) also noted that Trigonaloidea was the sister group of Aculeata in paraphyletic Evaniomorpha through a combination of morphology and molecular analysis with low branch support.
In addition, the present study focussed on the generic relationship within subfamily-level groups of ants such as Myrmicinae and Formicinae within Formicidae, two subfamilies which traditionally regarded as belonging to separate groups but closely related in this analysis, as agreed with previous reports by Hölldobler and Wilson (1990), Schmitz and Moritz (1998), Ohnishi et al. (2003), Krieger and Ross (2003), Fisher and Cover (2007), Ward (2007), and Brady et al. (2014) claimed that Formicidae was divided into 21 subfamilies, including Myrmicinae, the largest Formicidae subfamily with 138 genera, followed by Formicinae with 39 genera and Ponerinae with 25 genera. Several species-rich genera of myrmicine in this study, including *Aphaenogaster* Mayr 1853, *Pheidole* Westwood 1839, *Monomorium* Mayr 1855, *Protomognathus* Wheeler 1905, *Myrmica* Linnaeus 1758, *Pristomyrmex* Mayr 1866, *Solenopsis* Westwood 1840, and *Cardiocondyla* Emery 1869, with a strong support values; this was in line with data from Ward et al. (2015), where, the recovered hymenopteran species belongs to the genus *Monomorium*. The species studied here, *M. pharaonis*, as previously defined by morphological taxonomic study, was reported to be distinct species with a very close relationship to the *M. pharaonis* previously described (gb| DQ023051.1).
In conclusion, the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene is useful in distinguishing between the forensic ant species in our study. Further, experiments are recommended to collect more specimens of Hymenoptera in a wider area of Saudi Arabia and then improve the molecular method by using different and more genes to classify appropriate forensic ants.
**Acknowledgments**
This study was supported by Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2019/99), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Corresponding editor: H. A. RANGANATH
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train
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finepdfs
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eng_Latn
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INANI MARBLES & INDUSTRIES LTD.
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"RESOLVED THAT Pursuant to the provisions of section 61 and other applicable provisions, if any, of the Companies Act, 2013 (including any statutory modifications or
re-enactment thereof for the time being in force), and in accordance with Article 55 of the Articles of Association of the Company and subject to the approvals, consents, permissions and sanctions, if any, required from any authority and subject to such conditions as may be agreed to by the Board of Directors of the Company (hereinafter referred to as "the Board", which term shall also include any Committee thereof), consent of the Members be and is hereby accorded to sub-divide each Equity Share of the Company having Face value of Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten only) into 5(Five) Equity Shares of Face value of Rs. 2/- (Rupee Two only) each fully paid-up and consequently, the Authorized Share Capital of the Company of Rs. 10,00,00,000/- (Rupees Ten Crores only) would comprise of 5,00,00,000 (Five Crores) Equity Shares of Rs. 2/- (Rupee Two only) each with effect from the "Record Date" to be determined by the Board for this purpose.
RESOLVED FURTHER THAT Pursuant to the sub-division of the Equity Shares of the Company each Equity Share of the Face value of Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten only) as existing on the Record Date shall stand sub-divided into 5(Five) Equity shares of the Face value of Rs. 2/- (Rupee Two only) each fully paid-up, with effect from the record date.
RESOLVED FURTHER THAT on sub-division, the 5(Five) Equity Shares of the Face value of Rs. 2/- (Rupee Two only) each be issued in lieu of one Equity Share of Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten only) each, subject to the terms of Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company and shall rank pari passu in all respects with and carry the same rights as the existing fully paid Equity Shares of Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten only) each of the Company.
RESOLVED FURTHER THAT Upon sub-division of Equity Shares of the Company as aforesaid, the existing share certificate(s) in relation to the existing Equity Shares of Face value of Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten only) each held in physical form shall be deemed to have been automatically cancelled and be of no effect on and from the Record Date of subdivision. The Company may, without requiring the surrender of existing share certificate(s) directly issue and dispatch the new share certificate(s) of the Company in lieu of such existing share certificate(s) within the period prescribed or that may be prescribed in this behalf from time to time and in the case of shares held in dematerialized form, the number of sub-divided Equity Shares be credited to the respective beneficiary accounts of the shareholders with the Depository Participants, in lieu of the existing credits representing the Equity Share before sub-division.
RESOLVED FURTHER THAT the Board be and is hereby authorized to fix a Record Date and to take such steps as may be necessary for obtaining approvals, statutory, contractual or otherwise, in relation to the above and to settle all matters arising out of and incidental thereto, and to execute all deeds, applications, documents and writings that may be required, on behalf of the company and generally to do all such acts, deeds, matters and things and to give such directions as may be necessary, proper and expedient or incidental for the purpose of giving effect to this resolution.
RESOLVED FURTHER THAT the Board be and is hereby authorized to delegate all or any of its powers to any Committee thereof as it may deem appropriate in this regard."
6. To consider and if thought fit, to pass with or without modification(s), the following resolution as an Ordinary Resolution:
Amendment to clause V of the Memorandum of Association of the Company.
"RESOLVED THAT pursuant to the provisions contained in Section 13, 61 and other applicable provisions, if any, of the Companies Act, 2013 (including any statutory modification(s), amendment or re-enactment thereof), the existing Clause V of the Memorandum of Association of the Company be and is hereby amended by deletion of the existing Clause V and by substitution thereof by the following clause: "V. The Authorized Shares Capital of the Company is Rs. 10,00,00,000/- (Rupees Ten Crores only) divided into 5,00,00,000 (Five Crores only) Equity Shares of Rs. 2/- (Rupee Two) each, with the rights, privileges and conditions attached thereto as are provided by regulations of the Company for the time being in force, with power to increase and reduce the Capital of the Company and to divide the shares in the capital for the time being into several classes and to attach thereto respectively such preferential rights, privileges or conditions as may be determined by or in accordance with the regulations of the Company and to vary, modify or abrogate any such rights, privileges or conditions in such manner as may for the time being be provided by the regulations of the Company.
RESOLVED FURTHER THAT the Board of Directors or a Committee thereof be and is hereby authorized to do all such acts, deeds, matters and things as may be considered necessary, desirable and expedient for giving effect to this resolution and/or otherwise considered by them in the best interest of the Company."
By Order of the Board of Directors
For INANI MARBLES & INDUSTRIES LIMITED
Place : Chittorgarh
Date : 13/08/2016
(TUSHITA SISODIA)
Company Secretary
NOTES:
1. A MEMBER ENTITLED TO ATTEND AND VOTE AT THE MEETING IS ENTITLED TO APPOINT A PROXY TO ATTEND AND VOTE IN MEETING INSTEAD OF HIMSELF/HERSELF AND SUCH PERSON NEED NOT BE A MEMBER OF THE COMPANY. The Instrument appointing the proxy, duly completed, must be deposited at the Company's Registered Office of the Company not less than 48 hours before the commencement of Meeting.
2. A person can act as a proxy on behalf of members not exceeding 50 and holding in aggregating not more than 10% of the total share capital of the Company carry voting rights may appoint a single person as a proxy and such person shall not act as a proxy for any other person or member. A proxy form for the Annual General Meeting is enclosed.
3. In case of joint holders attending the Meeting, only such joint holder who is higher in the order of names will be entitled to vote.
4. The Members are requested to:
a) Intimate changes, if any, in their registered addresses immediately.
b) Quote their ledger folio/DPID number in all their correspondence.
c) Hand over the enclosed attendance slip, duly signed in accordance with their specimen registered with the Company for admission to the meeting place.
d) Bring their Annual Report and Attendance Slips with them at the AGM venue.
e) Send their Email address to us for prompt communication and update the same with their Depository Participants to receive softcopy of the Annual Report of the Company.
5. The Register of Members and share transfer book of the Company will remain closed during the period from Saturday 24th Day of September, 2016 to Friday 30th Day of September, 2016 (both days inclusive) for the purpose of payment of dividend to those members whose name stand on the Register of Members as on Friday, 23rd September, 2016. The Dividend in respect of equity shares held in electronic form will be payable to the beneficial owner of the equity shares as at the end of business hours on Friday, 23rd September, 2016, as per the details furnished by the depositories for this purpose.
6. A Statement pursuant to Section 102(1) of the Companies Act, 2013, relating to the Special Business to be transacted at the Meeting is annexed hereto.
7. Members may also note that Notice of this Annual General Meeting and the Annual Report for financial year 2015-16 will also be available for the Company's website i.e., www.inanimarbles.com
8. The Members who still hold share certificate(s) in physical form are advised to dematerialize their shareholding to avail the benefits of dematerialization, which include easy liquidity, since trading is permitted in dematerialized form only, electronic transfer, savings in stamp duty and elimination of any possibility of loss of documents and bad deliveries.
9. Subject to the provision of the Companies Act, 2013, dividend as recommended by the Board of Director, if declared at the meeting, will be paid on or after Saturday, 01st October, 2016 to those members whose names appear on the Register of Members as on Friday, 23rd September, 2016.
10. Members are requested to send their queries, if any at least 7 days in advance so that information can be made available at the meeting.
11. Members wishing to claim dividends, which remain unclaimed, are requested to correspond with Mrs. Tushita Sisodia, Company Secretary & Compliance officer at the Company’s registered office. Members are requested to note that dividends not claimed within seven years from the date of transfer to the Company’s Unpaid Dividend Account, will, as per Section 124 of the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 205A of the erstwhile Companies Act, 1956), be transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund.
12. Members holding shares in the same name under different Ledger Folios are requested to apply for consolidation of such folio and send relevant share certificates to companies Registrar and Share Transfer Agent for their doing needful.
13. Members are requested to contact the Registrar and Share Transfer Agent for all matter connected with Company’s shares at Ankit Consultancy Private Limited, 60 Pardeshipur, Electronic Complex, Indore (M.P)-452010.
14. The Company has designated an exclusive email ID firstname.lastname@example.org which would enable the members to post their grievances and monitor its redressed. Any member having any grievance may post the same to the said Email address for its quick redressal.
15. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has mandated the submission of the Permanent Account Number (PAN) by every participant in the securities market. Members holding shares in electronic form are, therefore, requested to submit their PAN to their Depository Participant(s). Members holding shares in physical form shall submit their PAN details to the Company.
16. Additional information pursuant to Regulation 27 the Listing Regulation with the stock exchanges in respect of the Directors seeking appointment/re-appointment.
at the AGM is furnished and forms a part of the Annual Report. The Directors have furnished the requisite consents / declarations for their appointment / re-appointment.
17. Copy of Annual Report 2015-2016 is being sent by electronic mode to all the members whose email ids are registered with the company / depository participant(s) for communication purpose unless any member has requested for a hard copy of the same. Members who have not registered their e-mail addresses so far are requested to register the same with the Company (if shares are held in physical form) or Depository participant (if shares are held in demat mode). Members are also requested to intimate to the Company the changes, if any in their e-mail address.
18. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs ('MCA') has taken a "Green Initiative in the Corporate Governance" by allowing paperless compliance by companies and has issued Circular No. 17/2011 dated April 21, 2011 and 18/2011 dated April 29, 2011. The Company proposes to send the documents to its Members like notices, annual report, etc. in electronic form. Members are requested to provide their email ID to the depositories who are holding their shares in demat form and the members who are holding their shares in physical form may send the duly filed form to our Registrar Ankit Consultancy Private Limited, 60, Electronics Complex, Pardeshipura Indore-452010 M.P. for sending the document in electronic form.
19. Voting for transaction of business:
The businesses as set out in the Notice may be transacted through electronic voting system and the Company shall provide a facility for voting by electronic means. In compliance with the provisions of section 108 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with Rule 20 of the companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014, the company is pleased to offer the facility of the voting through electronic means, as an alternate, to all its members to enable them to cast their votes electronically instead of casting their vote at the meeting. If a member has opted for e-voting, then he/she should not vote by physical ballot also and vice-versa. However, in case members cast their vote both via physical ballot and e-voting, then voting through electronic mode shall prevail and voting done by physical ballot shall be treated as invalid. For E-voting facility, the Company has entered into an agreement with the CDSL for facilitating E-voting. The Procedure and instructions for E-voting given below:
Instructions for shareholders voting through electronic means:
(i) The e-voting period begins on Tuesday, 27th September, 2016 from 9.00 A.M. and ends on Thursday, September, 29th 2016 at 5.00 p.m. During this period
shareholders' of the Company, holding shares either in physical form or in dematerialized form, as on the cut-off date (record date) of 23rd September, 2016, may cast their vote electronically in proportion to their shares in the paid up equity share capital of the company. The e-voting module shall be disabled by CDSL for voting thereafter.
(ii) The shareholders should log on to the e-voting website www.evotingindia.com during the voting period
(iii) Click on "Shareholders" tab.
(iv) Now Enter your User ID
a. For CDSL: 16 digits beneficiary ID,
b. For NSDL: 8 Character DP ID followed by 8 Digits Client ID,
c. Members holding shares in Physical Form should enter Folio Number registered with the Company.
(v) Next enter the Image Verification as displayed and Click on Login.
(vi) If you are holding shares in demat form and had logged on to www.evotingindia.com and voted on an earlier voting of any company, then your existing password is to be used.
(vii) If you are a first time user follow the steps given below:
| PAN | Enter your 10 digit alpha-numeric *PAN issued by Income Tax Department (Applicable for both demat shareholders as well as physical shareholders)
- Members who have not updated their PAN with the Company/ Depository Participant are requested to use the first two letters of their name and the 8 digits of the folio sequence number in the PAN Field.
- In case the folio number is less than 8 digits enter the applicable number of 0's before the number after the first two characters of the name in CAPITAL letters. Eg. If your name is Ramesh Kumar with sequence number 1 then enter RA0000001 in the PAN Field. |
| DOB | Enter the Date of Birth as recorded in your demat account or in the company records for the said demat account or folio in dd/mm/yyyy format. |
| Dividend Bank Details | Enter the Dividend Bank Details as recorded in your demat account or in the company records for the said demat account or folio.
- Please enter the DOB or Dividend Bank Details in order to login. If the details are not recorded with the depository or company please enter the member id / folio number in the Dividend Bank details field as mentioned in instruction (iv). |
(viii) After entering these details appropriately, click on "SUBMIT" tab.
(ix) Members holding shares in physical form will then directly reach the Company selection screen. However, members holding shares in demat form will now reach 'Password Creation' menu wherein they are required to mandatorily enter their login password in the new password field. Kindly note that this password is to be also used by the demat holders for voting for resolutions of any other company on which they are eligible to vote, provided that company opts for e-voting through CDSL platform. It is strongly recommended not to share your password with any other person and take utmost care to keep your password confidential.
(x) For Members holding shares in physical form, the details can be used only for e-voting on the resolutions contained in this Notice.
(xi) Click on the EVSN for the relevant <INANI MARBLES & INDUSTRIES LTD> on which you choose to vote.
(xii) On the voting page, you will see "RESOLUTION DESCRIPTION" and against the same the option "YES/NO" for voting. Select the option YES or NO as desired. The option YES implies that you assent to the Resolution and option NO implies that you dissent to the Resolution.
(xiii) Click on the "RESOLUTIONS FILE LINK" if you wish to view the entire Resolution details.
(xiv) After selecting the resolution you have decided to vote on, click on "SUBMIT". A confirmation box will be displayed. If you wish to confirm your vote, click on "OK", else to change your vote, click on "CANCEL" and accordingly modify your vote.
(xv) Once you "CONFIRM" your vote on the resolution, you will not be allowed to modify your vote.
(xvi) You can also take out print of the voting done by you by clicking on "Click here to print" option on the Voting page.
(xvii) If Demat account holder has forgotten the same password then enter the User ID and the image verification code and click on Forget Password & enter the details as prompted by the system.
(xviii) Shareholders can also cast their vote using CDSL's mobile app m-Voting available for android based mobiles. The m-Voting app can be downloaded from Google Play Store. Apple and Windows phone users can download the app from the App Store and the Windows Phone Store respectively on or after 30th June 2016. Please follow the instructions as prompted by the mobile app while voting on your mobile.
• **Note for Non-Individual Shareholders and Custodians**
• Non-Individual shareholders (i.e., other than Individuals, HUF, NRI etc.) are required to log on to https://www.evotingindia.com and register themselves as Corporate.
• A scanned copy of the Registration Form bearing the stamp and sign of the entity should be emailed to email@example.com.
• After receiving the login details they have to create a user who would be able to link the account(s) for which they wish to vote on.
• The list of accounts should be mailed to firstname.lastname@example.org and on approval of the accounts they would be able to cast their vote.
• A scanned copy of the Board Resolution and Power of Attorney (POA) which they have issued in favor of the Custodian, if any, should be uploaded in PDF format in the system for the scrutinizer to verify the same.
• In case you have any queries or issues regarding e-voting, you may refer the Frequently Asked Questions ("FAQs") and e-voting manual available at www.evotingindia.com under help section or write an email to email@example.com.
• M/S. Anil Somani & Associates, Practicing Company Secretary (Membership No. A36055) has been appointed as the scrutinizer to receive and scrutinize the completed ballot forms and votes casted electronically by the members in a fair and transparent manner.
• The scrutinizer shall within a period not exceeding three (3) working days from the conclusion of the e-voting period unblock the votes in the presence of at least two (2) witness not in the employment of the company and make a scrutinizer's report of the votes cast in favor or against, if any, forthwith to the chairman of the Company.
• The Results, shall be declared on or after the AGM of the Company. The results declared along with the scrutinizer's Report shall be placed on the Company's website www.inanimarbles.com and website of CDSL and will be communicated to the stock exchange.
Relevant documents referred to in this Notice are open for inspection at the Registered office of the Company on all working days (except Saturdays) between 11.00 a.m. to 1.00 p.m. up to the date of ensuing annual general meeting.
Statement pursuant to Section 102(1) of the Companies Act, 2013
Item No. 5 & 6
The Equity Shares of the Company are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the shares are being traded on BSE. With a view to enhancing the investor base of the company by encouraging the participation of the small investors and also to increase the liquidity of the equity shares of the Company, the Board of Directors at its meeting held on 30th May, 2016 has approved to sub-divide the nominal value of the equity share capital of the Company from Rs. 10/- per share to Rs. 2/- per share, subject to approval of members.
Accordingly, each paid up equity share of nominal value Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten Only) each of the Company, existing on the Record Date as may be fixed by the Board of Directors, shall stand subdivided into 5 (five) Equity Shares of Nominal Value of Rs. 2/- (Rupees Two only) each.
The Record Date for the aforesaid Sub Division of the equity shares will be fixed after the approval of the shareholders is obtained, pursuant to this Annual General Meeting.
At present, the Authorised Share Capital of the Company is Rs. 10,00,00,000/- (Rupees Ten Crores only) divided into 1,00,00,000 (One Crores only) Equity Shares of Rs. 10/- (Rupee Ten) each. The issued, subscribed and paid up capital of the Company is divided in to 32,52,500 (Thirty two lakhs fifty two thousand five hundred) equity shares of Rs. 10/- each amounting to Rs. 3,25,25,000/- (Three Crores twenty five lakhs twenty five thousand only).
The proposed subdivision of equity shares of the Company from Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten only) per Equity share to Rs. 2/- (Rupees Two only) per equity share, requires alteration of the Memorandum of Association of the Company. Accordingly, Clause V of the Memorandum of Association is proposed to be altered in the manner set out in Resolution at Item No. 5.
The Board recommends the Ordinary Resolutions under Item Nos. 5 and 6 of the notice for approval of the Members.
A copy of the Memorandum of Association of the Company along with the proposed amendments is available for inspection by the members at the registered Office of the Company on all working days during the office hours of the Company till the conclusion of the Annual General Meeting.
The Directors /key managerial personnel of the Company or their respective relatives are deemed to be concerned or interested in the Resolutions mentioned at Item No. 5 & 6 of the Notice only to the extent of shares held by them, if any, in the Company.
By Order of the Board of Directors
For INANI MARBLES & INDUSTRIES LIMITED
Place: Chittorgarh
Date: 13/08/2016
(TUSHITA SISODIA)
Company Secretary
FORM NO.MGT- 11
PROXY FORM
[Pursuant to section 105(6) of the Companies Act, 2013 and rule 19(3)
of the Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014]
CIN : L14101RJ1994PLC008930
Name of company : INANI MARBLES & INDUSTRIES LIMITED
Registered office : F-17 & 58, RIICO Ind. Area,
Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)-312001
Name of the member(s) :
Registered address :
E-mail Id :
Folio No/ Client Id :
Dp ID :
I/We, being the member(s) of .............. shares of the above named company, hereby appoint
1. Name : .......................
Address :
E-mail Id :
Signature : ................., or failing him
2. Name : .......................
Address :
E-mail Id :
Signature : ................., or failing him
3. Name : .......................
Address :
E-mail Id :
Signature : .................,
as my/our proxy to attend and vote (on a poll) for me/us and on my/our behalf at the Annual general meeting of the company, to be held on the Friday 30th September, 2016 at Inani Marble & Granites ARAJI No. 1312, Mataji Ki Pandoli, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)-312001 at 10.30 A.M. and at any adjournment thereof in respect of such resolutions as are indicated below:
Ordinary Resolution
1. Receive, Consider and adopt Audited Financial Statement, reports of the Board of Directors and Auditor as at 31st March 2016.
2. Declaration of Dividend @ 5% for the year ended 31st March 2016
3. To appoint a Director in place of Shri Harish Kumar Inani who retires by rotation at this Annual General Meeting and being eligible, offers himself for reappointment
4. Re-appointment of Auditor and Fixing their remuneration
5. To pass Ordinary Resolution under section 61 of the Companies Act, 2013 for subdivision of each equity share of the Company of face value of Rs. 10 each into five equity shares of face value of Rs. 2 each.
6. To pass Ordinary Resolution under section 13, 16 of the Companies Act, 2013 for amendment of clause 'V' of Memorandum of Association of the Company.
Signed this…… day of……… 2016
Signature of shareholder
Signature of Proxy holder(s)
Note: This form of proxy in order to be effective should be duly completed and deposited at the Registered Office of the Company, not less than 48 hours before the commencement of the Meeting.
ATTENDANCE SLIP
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING ON 30th DAY SEPTEMBER, 2016
R.F. No./DPID ...............................................................
Mr./Mrs./Miss ...............................................................
(Shareholders' name in block letters)
I/We certify that I/We am/are registered shareholder / proxy for the registered shareholder of the company.
I/We hereby record my/our presence at the Annual General meeting of the company on Friday 30th September, 2016 at Inani Marble & Granites, ARAJI No. 1312, Mataji Ki Pandoli, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)-312001 at 10.30 A.M.
(If signed by proxy, his name should be
Written in block letters)
(Shareholders/proxy's Signature)
Note:
1. Shareholders / proxy holders are requested to bring the attendance Slips with them when they come to the meeting and hand over them at the entrance after affixing their signatures on them.
2. If it is intended to appoint a proxy, the form of proxy should be completed and deposited at the Registered Office of the Company at least 48 hours before the Meeting.
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the essays raise provocative questions in Ukrainian Canadian history. Among the attractions of this volume are the articles on the Ukrainian Canadian left-in particular, the essay by Donald Avery, "Divided Loyalties: The Ukrainian Left and the Canadian State," and that by Nelson Wiseman, "Ukrainian-Canadian Politics." With the end of the Cold War and the declaration of Ukrainian independence in 1991, the role of the left in Ukrainian Canadian politics may now be studied without the strong emphasis on ideological interpretation. The left certainly played a significant role in the dynamics of Canadian politics; the large numbers of files compiled by the RCMP over the years on Ukrainian Canadian left wing leaders and organizations certainly attest to this role.
The three publications are useful tools and welcome additions to the field of Canadian ethnocultural and multicultural studies. Although there have been numerous publications in this field over the last twenty-five years, the history and philosophy of multiculturalism in Canada is still inadequately understood. These publications will contribute to a better understanding of the multi-faceted aspects of Canadian history and the evolving nature of the Canadian identity.
Myron Momryk Manuscript Division National Archives of Canada
Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s. LOUIS ROSENBERG. MORTON WEINFELD, ed. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993. xxiv, 424 p. ISBN 0-7735-1 109-1.
Few works of scholarship can claim to be virtually definitive more than a half-century after their appearance. Louis Rosenberg's Canada's Jews, originally published in 1939, is one of those. Its reprinting with a fine introductory essay by McGill sociologist Morton Weinfeld will be welcomed by students of Canadian Jewry and, indeed, by sociologists and historians of Canadian ethnicity in general.
Rosenberg (1893-1987), a Polish Jew whose childhood was spent in Leeds, England, where he received a liberal arts education, settled in Canada in 1915 as Hebrew teacher to the Jewish agricultural colony of Lipton, Saskatchewan. From 1919 to 1940 he served in Regina as Western Manager of the Jewish Colonization Association and from 1940 to his retirement in 1972, as Chair and only staff of the Bureau of Social and Economic Research, an arm of Canadian Jewish Congress in Montreal.
It was during his Regina years that he completed Canada's Jews, a socio-demographic study of the Jews in this country during the 1930s. Unable to find a commercial or academic publisher, Rosenberg turned to the Canadian Jewish Congress, which reluctantly printed 2,000 copies and distributed them half-heartedly, primarily within the Jewish community. The book was, therefore, virtually ignored by Canadian academics. When, with the emergence of interest in ethnic studies during the past twenty years, researchers finally began to look for it, copies had become so scarce that archives and libraries tended to treat theirs as if they were rare manuscripts.
This is not a volume to be perused briefly in a reading room. It is a masterly statistical work comprising thirty-two chapters, each introduced by Rosenberg's incisive commentary and analysis. The chapters cover a panoply of subjects-geographical distribution, vital statistics, immigration, occupational trends, and antisemitism, to name only a few-and include 273 tables as well as twenty-one diagrams and maps. Considering that he worked alone in the relative isolation of Regina, with neither financial support nor computers, Rosenberg produced, as Weinfeld rightly comments, "by any yardstick, an impressive work of social science"(~. xvii). His major sources were census data compiled by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, as well as their reports on immigration and judicial and criminal trends. He also employed armed forces records, statistical studies produced by the League of Nations and the United States Commission General of Immigration, Canadian Jewish Congress records on education and the rabbinate, and his own Jewish Colonization Association materials for information on farmers. With the exception of the latter, all information was acquired by mail.
Weinfeld's introduction enhances the usefulness of the reprint. It discusses Rosenberg's background and the broader context in which the book was written, pointing out the probable influence on Rosenberg of contemporary trends in scholarship and attitudes toward Jews in the period. As a sociologist, he notes the sophistication of Rosenberg's approach: the comparison of the Canadian scene to that of the,United States and of Jews to other ethnic groups in Canada, enabling the reader "to identify patterns which may be specific to Jews in general ... or to Canadian Jews in particular" (p. viii). Moreover, he is impressed by Rosenberg's transcending of disciplinary boundaries and his avoidance of jargon. The work was, after all, intended for the educated layman as well as the professional.
Granted, Weinfeld maintains, the book is not without flaws. Rosenberg, for instance, occasionally failed to clarify how he arrived at certain surprising findings. Sometimes, as in the case of intermarriage, his use of particular data led to conclusions that later scholars have discovered to be false. Yet, the errors are rare, probably reflecting the conventions of demographic analysis at the time and Rosenberg's "occasional tendency to accept without question the data and techniques received from DBS" (p. xix). Nevertheless, his methods were sometimes superior to other approaches of the period.
Rosenberg did not hesitate to inject his personal views into his analysis of the statistics, attempting to debunk stereotypes about Jews and commenting on Canadian policy issues of the time. For example, he shows that, contrary to popular belief, Jews were underrepresented in the financial elite and overrepresented among those who volunteered and were decorated in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I. He found that Jewish rates of crime, illegitimacy, and fertility were below the Canadian average and that more Jews were employed in farming than in finance. Incidentally, Rosenberg countered stereotypes about South Europeans and Orientals as well, with a view to defending minority rights and opposing exclusion of immigrants on the basis of race, national origin, and religion. Finally, in the belief that Canadian business would eventually be concentrated in the hands of an antisemitic elite, he urged Jews to find employment in agriculture and the skilled trades. However, as Weinfeld points out, Rosenberg's advocacy does not diminish the importance of the work as a scientific study. The statistics were never manipu- lated to prove a point, a fact long appreciated by researchers who have used the book.
Rosenberg did not set out to write a work of history, although there is much in Canada's Jews, derived primarily from the published works available to him. Had he wished to consult primary documents, he would have found scant resources at archives he might have visited. But the establishment, during the past several decades, of Jewish archival collections across the country, containing both communal records and private papers, permits scholars to build upon Rosenberg's efforts with resources beyond the statistical. Indeed, some of the material from which Rosenberg, himself, worked-the Jewish Colonization Association records, for example-are now at the Canadian Jewish Congress Archives in Montreal and Rosenberg's own papers are divided between that institution and the National Archives of Canada. Moreover, Canada's Jews could serve as a model for the study of other ethnic groups in Canada whose records, through the efforts of the archival profession, are becoming increasingly available for research.
For this reprint, produced on acid-free paper, Weinfeld has added a bibliography of Rosenberg's work, much of which adheres to the same high standard of scholarship as this volume. However, the editor has deleted the original introduction by the European sociologist Arthur Ruppin and Rosenberg's own preface. A more serious deletion is a very useful and detailed table of contents and a list of tables and maps. These made the first edition easy to use and would have been a considerable asset to the reprint.
In any case, by making this work available again, Weinfeld and McGill-Queen's have not only provided Louis Rosenberg with well-deserved recognition; they have also performed a significant service to the Canadian scholarly community.
Stephen Speisman The Ontario Jewish Archives
Planting the Province: The Economic History of Upper Canada, 1784-1870. Ontario Historical Studies Series. DOUGLAS MCCALLA. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1993.446 p. ISBN 0-8020-341 1-X (paper); 0-8020-3407-1 (cloth).
Douglas McCalla has written an ambitious, extensively researched book that will now be the standard work on the economic history of early Ontario. Other scholars and graduate students should happily graze in his pastures and hew their own refinements and refutations from the timber he provides them. Since it will have wide influence amongst their users, it behooves archivists who work with sources relating to Ontario to be familiar with Planting the Province. Likewise, McCalla's intensive and imaginative use of his sources can be instructive.
Until McCalla's book, the economic development of Ontario before 1850 has largely been interpreted as being driven by the development of two staples, wheat and squared pine timber. Staples, as McCalla explains, are "resource-based commodities, typically subject to relatively limited processing and destined primarily for export markets. From a staples perspective, economic growth in a region is a process of unbalanced growth, in which one or two sectors lead or propel the entire regional economy forward" (p. 4).
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